LEADING VARIETIES OF CHERRIES
ABBESSE D'OIGNIES
_Prunus avium_ × _Prunus cerasus_
=1.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:182. 1866. =2.= Leroy _Dict.
Pom._ =5=:161, 162 fig. 1877. =3.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 276, 277.
1884. =4.= _Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 329. 1888. =5.= Budd-Hansen _Am.
Hort. Man._ =2=:284. 1903. =6.= _Ia. Sta. Bul._ =73=:62 fig. 1907.
=7.= _N. Y. Sta. Bul._ =385=:307, 308, Pl. 1914.
Abbesse d'Oignies has so many good characters that it is well worth
trying commercially wherever cherries are grown in the United States.
Curiously enough, it seems so far to have been tried only in the Middle
West, Professor Budd having introduced it in Iowa from Russia in 1883.
In the unfavorable soil and climatic conditions of the Mississippi
Valley, Abbesse d'Oignies grows as well as any cherry of its class, if
we may judge from the accounts of it. We do not know of its having been
tried elsewhere in the East than on our grounds and here we find it, in
competition with practically all of the varieties of its class, one of
the best of the Dukes. At this Station it does so well that we described
it, in the reference given, as one of the noteworthy fruits in our
collection. The trees are large, vigorous, hardy, fruitful and very free
from fungus diseases. The cherries are large, dark red, of most
excellent quality, combining the flavor of the Dukes with a firmer and
yet tenderer flesh than the Montmorency. The high quality, handsome
appearance and good shipping qualities of the fruit, combined with the
splendid characters of the tree, ought to make Abbesse d'Oignies a very
good commercial variety.
This cherry probably originated in Belgium about the middle of the
Nineteenth Century. At least it was first listed in Belgian nursery
catalogs in 1854. It is now a greater or less favorite wherever cherries
are grown in the Old World, Professor Budd having found it, as we have
said, in 1883, in Russia and immediately transported it to America.
[Illustration: ABBESSE d'OIGNIES]
Tree characteristically large and vigorous, upright-spreading,
round-topped but with drooping branchlets, hardy, productive;
trunk stocky, with shaggy bark; branches thick, smooth, ash-gray
over reddish-brown, with many lenticels; branchlets short, with
short internodes, brownish, roughened by transverse wrinkles and
by numerous conspicuous, small, raised lenticels.
Leaves two and one-half inches wide, five and one-half inches
long, folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface glossy, dark
green; lower surface light green, slightly pubescent, distinctly
ribbed by the larger veins; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin
with small, black glands, coarsely and doubly serrate; petiole
one and one-quarter inches long, thick, lightly tinged with red,
grooved, with one or two small, globose, reddish-orange glands.
Buds rather long, pointed, free, arranged often in elongated
clusters at the ends of long spurs; leaf-scars very prominent;
season of bloom medium, averaging five days in length; flowers
white, one and three-sixteenths inches across; borne in dense
clusters at the ends of long spurs or spur-like branches, well
distributed, varying from one to three; pedicels one-half inch
long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube reddish, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged red, long, narrow, somewhat
acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
roundish-oval, entire, nearly sessile, with a broad, shallow notch
at the apex; filaments one-quarter inch long; pistil glabrous,
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit late; three-fourths inch long, seven-eighths inch thick,
roundish-oblate, slightly compressed; cavity of medium depth,
wide, regular; suture a line; apex roundish, slightly depressed;
color dark red; dots numerous, small, light russet, conspicuous;
stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering to the fruit;
skin tough; flesh yellowish-white, with colorless juice, slightly
stringy, tender and soft, sprightly subacid; of very good quality;
stone free, about three-eighths inch in diameter, roundish,
turgid, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces; ridged along the
ventral suture.
ARCH DUKE
_Prunus avium_ × _Prunus cerasus_
=1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 571. 1629. =2.= Rea _Flora_ 205. 1676.
=3.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2:=135. 1832. =4.= Downing _Fr. Trees
Am._ 189, 190. 1845. =5.= Floy-Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 97,
98. 1846. =6.= _Mag. Hort._ =13=:398 fig. 1847. =7.= Elliott _Fr.
Book_ 203. 1854. =8.= _U. S. D. A. Rpt._ 135. 1867. =9.= _Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat._ 12. 1871. =10.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 278, 279. 1884.
_Griotte de Portugal._ =11.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =1=:190,
191, Pl. XIII. 1768. =12.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:297, 298 fig.
1877.
_Portugiesischer Griottier Weichselbaum._ =13.= Kraft _Pom. Aust._
=1=:6, Tab. 16 fig. 1. 1792.
_Herzogskirsche._ =14.= Christ _Handb._ 670. 1797. =15.= Christ
_Wörterb._ 282. 1802. =16.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._
371-376. 1819.
_Portugiesische Griotte._ =17.= Christ _Handb._ 674. 1797.
_Cerise Royale de Hollande._ =18.= _Ann. Pom. Belge._ =1=:81, Pl.
1853.
_Cerise de Portugal._ =19.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:148 fig.
37, 149, 150. 1866.
Parkinson, nearly three hundred years ago, thought the Arch Duke "one of
the fairest and best of cherries." It is now, however, quite surpassed
by several others of the Dukes. The concensus of opinion of those who
have known the true fruit of this name is that either May Duke or Late
Duke is better. We give it prominence only because of its worthy past
and that it may be better distinguished from May Duke with which it is
often confused. As compared with the last-named variety it is two weeks
later; the tree is more vigorous but not as productive; and the
branches are larger, more divergent and more pendulous. The cherries
are not as well flavored but are larger and have a shorter stalk.
This old English variety was first mentioned by Parkinson in _Paradisus
Terrestris_, 1629. For many years previous to the middle of the last
century the true Arch Duke cherry was very scarce and was often confused
with other varieties, some writers asserting that it was the May Duke;
others, the Late Duke. In 1847, however, the true Arch Duke cherry was
discovered in the nurseries of Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England,
having been grown there, according to Mr. Rivers, by his ancestors for
nearly a century. It was then found that the fruit was quite unlike that
of either May Duke or Late Duke, though the habit of the tree was
similar. It is not known when Arch Duke was introduced into America but
the American Pomological Society placed it upon its fruit list in 1871.
[Illustration: ARCH DUKE]
Tree medium in size, vigorous, somewhat upright, hardy,
productive; trunk stocky, smooth; branches slender, long, smooth,
reddish-brown, marked with considerable scarf-skin, with numerous,
rather large lenticels; branchlets of medium length, curved, with
short internodes, brown mottled with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous,
with few small, slightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, about two inches wide, three inches long, folded
upward, short-oval to obovate, of medium thickness; upper surface
dark green; lower surface light green, very slightly pubescent;
apex acutely pointed; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular;
petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, slender, with one or
two, rarely three small, globose, brownish glands at the base of
the blade.
Buds small, short, conical, plump, free, arranged singly as
lateral buds or in clusters of variable size; leaf-scars rather
prominent; season of bloom medium; flowers white, one and
one-sixteenth inches across; borne in clusters of twos and threes;
pedicels three-fourths inch long, rather slender, glabrous,
greenish; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes with a trace of red, of medium length and breadth,
acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
roundish, entire, nearly sessile, the apex entire or with a
shallow, wide notch; anthers yellowish; filaments three-sixteenths
inch long; pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; one and one-eighth inches in
diameter, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed, flattened at the
extremities; cavity of medium depth, narrow, somewhat obtuse;
suture distinct; apex flattened or depressed; color light red
becoming dark red or almost black at full maturity; dots numerous,
of medium size, russet, rather inconspicuous; stem slender, one
and one-half inches long, rather stout at its point of insertion
in the fruit, adherent to the fruit; skin moderately thick; flesh
light to dark red, firm, crisp, slightly astringent at first,
becoming a very pleasant subacid at full maturity, juicy, good
to very good in quality; stone semi-clinging, seven-sixteenths
inch long, three-eighths inch wide, oval, compressed, with smooth
surfaces.
BALDWIN
_Prunus cerasus_
=1.= _Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ =23=:81. 1898. =2.= Kan. Hort. Soc.
_Cherry, The_, 15, 16, Pl. 1900. =3.= _Ia. Sta. Bul._ =73=:63.
1903. =4.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 27. 1909.
Baldwin is supposed to have grown from a sprout of a stock on which
Early Richmond had been budded on the farm of S. J. Baldwin, Seneca,
Kansas. The Early Richmond bud was in some manner broken off and the
sprout, springing from the stock, was allowed to grow and first fruited
in 1891. On the grounds of this Station Baldwin trees which came fairly
direct from the originator turned out to be Olivet. The published
descriptions that can be found are so scant and fragmentary that we
cannot make out whether the variety is really distinct or, as in the
case of our trees, is Olivet renamed. The variety has been rather widely
disseminated in the Middle West but has not shown much merit either for
home or for commercial orchards in the rather lengthy probationary
period it has had in the East. The American Pomological Society added
Baldwin to its fruit list in 1909. The description we give is a
compilation.
Tree vigorous, upright, round-topped; leaves large, broad; flowers
white, changing to pink.
Fruit ripens early; usually borne in pairs; large, round; stem
of medium length, rather thick; color very dark red, yet almost
transparent; flavor slightly acid, yet considered one of the
sweetest and richest of the Morello class.
BAUMANN MAY
_Prunus avium_
=1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 168 fig. 60. 1845. =2.= _Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat._ 74. 1862. =3.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 279. 1884.
_Frühe Maiherzkirsche._ =4.= Kraft _Pom. Aust._ =1=:1, Tab. 1.
1792. =5.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._ 140, 141, 142. 1819.
=6.= _Ill. Handb._ 49 fig., 50. 1860. =7.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._
348, 349. 1889.
_Süsse Maiherzkirsche._ =8.= Christ _Handb._ 662. 1797.
_May Bigarreau._ =9.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 234. 1841. =10.= _Mag.
Hort._ =7=:288. 1841. =11.= _Cultivator_ N. S. =4=:280 fig. 1.
1847. =12.= Hovey _Fr. Am._ =1=:55, 56, Pl. 1851.
_Guigne Précoce de Mai._ =13.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:54 fig.
2, 55, 56. 1866. =14.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:51, 52, fig. 26. 1882.
_Bigarreau Baumann._ =15.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:176 fig., 177.
1877.
_Guigne de Mai._ =16.= _Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom._ 102 fig.,
103. 1904.
Baumann May is an early Sweet Cherry which at one time held high place
among its kind but a century of culture proved that it had little value
except for extreme earliness and it is now but sparingly or not at all
grown either in America or abroad. If the variety could be obtained it
might be worth growing for breeding work because of its earliness and
great productiveness. At one time this variety was rather largely grown
in central and western New York and specimens of it must yet remain in
this region.
From the latter part of the Eighteenth Century, when we first find an
account of this variety in Kraft's _Pomona Austriaca_, to the last of
the Nineteenth, writers have described Baumann May under many different
names. From all accounts it originated toward the latter part of the
Eighteenth Century, in Germany. From Germany it was introduced into
Alsace where F. J. Baumann, a nurseryman at Bollweiler, grew it in his
nursery under the name Bigarreau Baumann and disseminated it throughout
the French provinces. The cherry was received in America, with several
others, by Colonel M. P. Wilder of Boston, Massachusetts, from Messrs.
Baumann, about the year 1838. The American Pomological Society listed
the variety, in 1862, in its fruit catalog as Bauman's May but dropped
it again in 1871. The following description is a compilation:
Tree vigorous, somewhat spreading, regular in form, compact, very
productive; branches stocky, nearly horizontal but often curved
downward; branchlets with short internodes, reddish-brown nearly
covered with silver-gray scarf-skin; leaves medium to large, dark
green, ovate-oblong, coarsely and deeply serrate; petiole rather
short, with two large, reniform glands near the base of the leaf;
buds large, ovate; flowers of medium size, opening very early.
Fruit matures very early; medium to rather small, ovate-cordate,
angular, irregular in outline; color dark red becoming nearly
black when fully ripe; stem one and three-quarters inches long,
rather thick; flesh purplish-red, with abundant juice, soft and
tender, sweet, well flavored; of good quality; stone medium in
size, roundish-ovate.
BESSARABIAN
_Prunus cerasus_
=1.= _Ia. Agr. Col. Bul._ 53. 1885. =2.= _Ia. Sta. Bul._ =2=:38.
1888. =3.= _Ibid._ =19=:549. 1892. =4.= _Can. Exp. Farm Bul._
=17=:6. 1892. =5.= _Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 244. 1894. =6.= _U. S.
D. A. Pom. Rpt._ 39, 40. 1895. =7.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 17. 1897.
=8.= _Del. Sta. An. Rpt._ =12=:122, 123 fig. 8, 124. 1900. =9.=
_Wash. Sta. Bul._ =92=:12. 1910.
By general consent Bessarabian has a place in home orchards in the
colder parts of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Plains. It is very
hardy and is said to thrive even under neglect--standing as much abuse
as a forest tree. As compared with standard commercial cherries of the
East the fruit is distinctly inferior in size and quality, being hardly
fit to eat out of hand, and is sour and astringent even when cooked. The
trees, though hardy and healthy, are dwarfish and not productive because
of the smallness of the cherries. It is an early cherry but the fruit
hangs long. The variety is said to root well from cuttings, which, if
true, might make it worth while trying as a stock. Bessarabian is a
variant of English Morello, the fruit of which sort greatly excels it
wherever the trees can be equally well grown.
This variety was brought to America from Russia about 1883, by Professor
J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, who believed it to belong to a race of
cherries originally found in central Asia.
Tree of medium size, upright, becoming somewhat spreading,
compact, healthy, unproductive, very hardy; branches somewhat
drooping, long, slender; leaves abundant, medium to small, oval,
coarsely serrate, dark green, broad, flat; glands few, usually on
the stalk at the base of the leaf.
Fruit matures medium early, remaining on the tree a long time
in good condition; medium in size, roundish-oblate to cordate,
irregular, bright red becoming dark red; stem long, varying
from one and three-fourths to two inches in length, slender,
curved; skin tender; flesh light to dark red, with abundant
colored juice, variable in firmness, sprightly subacid becoming
milder when fully ripe; fair in quality; stone variable in size,
roundish-oval, semi-clinging.
BIGARREAU PÉLISSIER
_Prunus avium_
=1.= _Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom._ 92 fig., 93. 1904. =2.= _Cat.
Cong. Pom. France_ 30 fig. 1906.
_Pélissiers Knorpelkirsche._ =3.= _Proskauer Obstsort._ 57. 1907.
This variety originated in France as a chance seedling about 1883 and
fruited first in 1891. It was introduced a few years later by M. Auguste
Pélissier, a nurseryman at Château-Renard, Bouches-du-Rhône, France.
Although not yet well established even in France, this cherry is
considered promising for market, because of its firm flesh, handsome
appearance, high quality and good tree-characters. It is included among
the major varieties in _The Cherries of New York_ that the attention of
American cherry-growers may be called to it. As yet it seems not to have
been tried in this country. The following description is compiled:
Tree upright, vigorous, very productive; branches rather long,
large, bearing large, oval leaves; flowers large, semi-open;
blooming season early.
Fruit matures from early June to the last of June; large or very
large, obtuse-cordate, slightly depressed at the apex, with a
shallow yet distinct suture; stem short, thick; skin rather thick,
firm, yellowish almost entirely overspread with vivid red which
becomes darker at maturity but often showing streaks of clear red;
flesh fine-grained, firm, juicy, red with streaks of white, sweet,
aromatic; quality good to very good; stone of medium size, oval,
with a pronounced suture.
BING
_Prunus avium_
=1.= _U. S. D. A. Rpt._ 262, Pl. 4 fig. a. 1892. =2.= _Wash. Bd.
Hort. Rpt._ 126, 128. 1893. =3.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 24. 1899.
=4.= _W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 112. 1900. =5.= _Ibid._ 26. 1904.
=6.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 192. 1907. =7.= Wickson _Cal. Fruits_
187. 1908. =8.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 26. 1909. =9.= _Wash. Sta.
Bul._ =92=:23. 1910.
Bing is one of the best of the several very good cherries from the
Pacific Northwest. But few Sweet Cherries equal it in size and
attractiveness and none surpass it in quality, so that it may be said to
be as good as any of the dessert cherries. It is, too, a very good
shipping fruit, ranking with the best of the Bigarreaus, to which group
it belongs, as a cherry for distant markets. Another quality commending
the variety is that it hangs well on the trees and the crop ripens at
one time so that the harvest consists of but one picking. While many
cherry-growers speak well of the trees, unfortunately we cannot do so
from their behavior on the grounds of this Station. They have not been
as vigorous, as healthy or as productive as cherry trees should be in a
commercial variety of first rank. The cause, however, may be in the
location rather than in the variety, for in an orchard but a few miles
distant Bing does much better than on these grounds. The variety, though
comparatively new, is no longer on probation. It has a niche in the
cherry flora of the country, deserving a place in the collection of
every amateur by virtue of its splendid fruit. When it is happy in soil
and climate, Bing is bound to be one of the leading commercial cherries.
Seth Lewelling of Milwaukee, Oregon, the originator of several of our
finest cherries, grew Bing from the seed of Republican in 1875. The
variety was named after a Chinese workman. In 1899 the American
Pomological Society placed the variety on its fruit list.
Tree large, vigorous, erect becoming upright-spreading, rather
open, productive; trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches
brownish with numerous, small lenticels; branchlets thick, long,
with long internodes, greenish-brown, smooth, pubescent, with
small, raised, conspicuous lenticels.
Leaves abundant, large, folded upward, ovate to obovate of medium
thickness; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light
green, pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, or acute, base abrupt;
margin slightly serrate, glandular; petiole long, pubescent,
thickish, tinged red, with from one to three large, reniform,
reddish glands on the stalk.
Fruit matures in mid-season or later; very large, one inch in
diameter, broadly cordate, somewhat compressed, slightly angular;
cavity deep, of medium width, abrupt, regular; suture a dark
line; apex roundish or slightly depressed; color very dark red,
almost black; dots small, russet, inconspicuous; stem variable
in thickness, one and one-fourth inches long; skin of medium
thickness, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh purplish-red with
dark purple juice, rather coarse, firm, very meaty, brittle,
sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-free, large, ovate to
oval, blunt, with smooth surfaces.
BLACK GUIGNE
_Prunus avium_
=1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:112. 1832.
_Scheur-Kers._ =2.= Knoop _Fructologie_ =2=:36, 43. 1771.
_Frühe Schwarze Herzkirsche._ =3.= _Christ Wörterb._ 274. 1802.
_Guigne Bigaudelle_. =4.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:113. 1832.
_Coburger Maiherzkirsche._ =5.= _Ill. Handb._ 51 fig., 52. 1860.
=6.= Oberdieck _Obst-Sort._ 377. 1881. =7.= Lauche _Deut. Pom._
=III=:No. 1, Pl. 1882.
_Guigne Noire Commune._ =8.= _Leroy Dict. Pom._ =5=:328, 329 fig.,
330. 1877.
_Noire Hâtive de Cobourg._ =9.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:123, 124,
fig. 62. 1882.
There is much confusion in the history of this old cherry. It
undoubtedly originated in France and in that part of the country later
conquered by the Germans, though Mas, in his _Pomologie Générale_,
mentioned it as probably of German origin. In the time of Louis XIII
this variety was known as the Guigne Noire Commune and was cultivated
quite extensively in France and northern Italy. It was esteemed both for
its earliness and its fine quality and was known as Guigne Guindoulle by
the peasants of central France and by the Tuscans in Italy as Corbini
because of the color of its skin. Black Guigne, Black Heart, and Early
Purple, which, while similar in many characters, are entirely distinct,
have been badly confused by both French and German writers and it is
only with the greatest difficulty that the three can be separated. While
this cherry was formerly considered of worth in Continental Europe, it
is scarcely recognized there now and was probably never brought to
America. The following description is compiled from European
fruit-books:
[Illustration: BING]
Tree very large, round-topped, spreading, irregular in outline,
productive; branches long, large, straight, brownish, mottled with
gray scarf-skin; internodes long and unequal; leaves large, oval
or oblong, acuminate; margin irregularly serrate; petiole long,
slender, with large glands; blooming season late; flowers small.
Fruit matures the last of June to the middle of July, usually
attached in pairs but sometimes in threes; medium to large in
size, obtuse-cordate; color bright reddish-black changing to deep
purple; suture indistinct; stem slender, inserted in a deep,
broad cavity; skin thin, tender; flesh dark purple, with abundant
colored juice, half-tender, somewhat stringy, sweet yet sprightly,
pleasantly flavored; quality good; stone small, oval.
BLACK HAWK
_Prunus avium_
=1.= _Horticulturist_ =6=:360, 361 fig. 1851. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt._ 45, 235. 1854. =3.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 190 fig. 1854. =4.=
Hooper _W. Fr. Book_ 258, 270, 271. 1857. =5.= _U. S. D. A. Rpt._
382. 1875.
_Épervier Noir._ =6.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:41, 42, fig. 21. 1882.
Despite the fact that Black Hawk was lauded by the horticulturists in
the middle of the last century as one of the best of all black Sweet
Cherries, it is now almost unknown. According to the older pomologists
it was unsurpassed for eating out of hand but was only mediocre in all
other characters of either fruit or tree. In particular it was surpassed
in many ways by the better-known Eagle which fills about the same place
in cherry culture. The variety was very popular in southern Ohio about
Cincinnati where many trees may still be found and where it is still
more or less planted. Possibly because of the excellent quality of the
fruit, the amateur might well try a tree or two. The description is
compiled.
Black Hawk originated with Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleveland, Ohio,
sometime previous to 1845. It is one of the best of the many seedlings
fruited by him. The American Pomological Society in 1854 named this sort
as one of the promising new fruits and it still remains on the
fruit-list of this organization.
Tree large, vigorous, spreading, round-topped, resembling Yellow
Spanish in habit, productive, healthy; branches stout, smooth,
dark reddish-brown, straight; branchlets slender, with short
internodes.
Leaves large, folded upward, obovate, rather thick; upper surface
dark green; lower surface pale green; apex abruptly pointed;
margin coarsely and deeply serrate; petiole short, stout, bright
red, with two or more orange-red, reniform glands.
Buds of medium size, rather short, free; flowers small or medium
in size; pedicels long, very slender; calyx-lobes straight, finely
serrate, obtuse; petals roundish, broadly and deeply notched at
the tip.
Fruit matures about the middle of June, a few days later than
Black Tartarian; medium to large, obtuse-cordate, surface uneven,
sides compressed; cavity deep, broad, abrupt, nearly regular;
color glossy, dark purplish-black changing to almost black
at complete maturity; stem usually thick but often variable,
of medium length; skin thick, adhering to the pulp; flesh
purplish-black, tender, with abundant colored juice, aromatic,
well flavored, sweet; of very good quality; stone of medium size,
with uneven surfaces.
BLACK HEART
_Prunus avium_
=1.= Rea _Flora_ 205. 1676. =2.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:115. 1832.
=3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 169 fig. 1845. =4.= _Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt._ 195. 1854. =5.= Thompson _Gard. Ass't_ 526. 1859. =6.= _Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat._ 74. 1862.
_Guignier à Fruit Noir._ =7.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =1=:158,
159, 160, Pl. 1 fig. 1. 1768.
_Frühe Schwarze Herzkirsche._ =8.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._
116-119. 1819. =9.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 340, 349. 1889.
_Guigne Noire Ancienne._ =10.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:66 fig.
7, 67, 68. 1866.
_Bigarreau Noir d'Espagne._ =11.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:223 fig.,
224. 1877.
Although one of the oldest cherries under cultivation, Black Heart is
still largely grown the world over. Prince, in 1832, said that it was
more widely cultivated in the United States than any other variety and
Downing, in 1845, said Black Heart was then better known than any other
cherry in the country. While neither of these two statements would hold
for Black Heart now, it having long since passed its heyday of
popularity, it is still, because of the fruitfulness of the tree and the
high quality and beauty of the fruit, a variety of much merit. Black
Heart fails in the commercial fruit growing of nowadays, as compared
with the cherry culture of the fruit connoisseurs of a generation ago,
because it does not meet market demands, failing to do so through two
defects: it does not ship well and when brown-rot is rife it quickly
succumbs to this fungus. It is, too, now difficult to obtain the variety
true to name, the trees at this Station, as an example, in several
attempts, turning out untrue, which forces the use of a compiled
description in this text.
This cherry was mentioned by John Rea in 1676 but there can be no doubt
but that it originated many years previous to this date. Probably it is
the cherry mentioned by Robert Dodonée, a naturalist of Malines,
Belgium, in 1552. When or by whom it was introduced to America is not
known but it was being grown here very early in the Nineteenth Century
and ever since has been considered a valuable variety for general
planting. Nearly every nurseryman throughout the United States lists
Black Heart, a fact attesting its popularity. The American Pomological
Society placed Black Heart on its catalog of fruits in 1862, a place
which it has since retained.
Tree large, very vigorous, tall, wide-spreading, productive;
branches stout, brownish, mingled with yellow, mottled with gray
scarf-skin; lenticels numerous, small.
Leaves very large, oblong, waved, acuminate, nearly flat; upper
surface dark green; margin deeply and coarsely serrate; petiole of
medium length, lightly tinged with red, with greenish glands.
Buds large, oval, pointed; season of bloom early or very early;
flowers medium in size; petals roundish, imbricated.
Fruit matures early, season long; large, obtuse-cordate, somewhat
compressed; cavity broad; suture deep; surface somewhat irregular;
color dark purple becoming black; stem one and three-fourths
inches long, slender; skin slightly shrivelled; flesh dark
red, firm to very firm becoming tender at full maturity, with
abundant colored juice, sweet; good in quality; stone large,
roundish-ovate; dorsal suture deep.
BLACK TARTARIAN
_Prunus avium_
=1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._ 130-132. 1819. =2.= _Pom.
Mag._ =1=:44, Pl. 1828. =3.= _Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat._ 55. 1831.
=4.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:113, 114. 1832. =5.= _Proc. Nat. Con.
Fr. Gr._ 52. 1848. =6.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:21. 1858.
=7.= _Ill. Handb._ 61 fig., 62. 1860. =8.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._
=5=:228, 229 fig., 230. 1877. =9.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 377, 378.
1889. =10.= _Cat. Cong. Pom. France_ 37. 1906.
_Ronald's Large Black Heart._ =11.= Forsyth _Treat. Fr. Trees_ 42,
43. 1803.
_Guigne Noire à Gros Fruit._ =12.= _Cat. Cong. Pom. France_ 36.
1906.
_Tartarian._ =13.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 26. 1909.
Black Tartarian is probably the favorite dooryard and roadside Sweet
Cherry in New York and ranks second or third among commercial cherries
in the State, as it probably does for the whole region east of the
Mississippi. It is known by all who grow or eat cherries. The
preeminently meritorious characters which give it so high a place in
cherry culture are: first, and most important, the elasticity of its
constitution whereby it adapts itself to widely different soils and
climates; second, the fruitfulness, healthfulness and robustness of the
trees which also bear regularly, live to an old age and grow to a
prodigious size, oftentimes attaining a diameter of two feet; third,
this variety is comparatively free from the worst of cherry diseases,
brown-rot; lastly, the cherries, though not as large as some similar
sorts, are tempting to the eye through their rotund form and glossy
black color and are a delight to the palate, the handsome purplish-red
flesh being firm and crisp, yet juicy, with a sweet, rich flavor which
all agree gives the quality the rank of "very good to best." It is a
virile variety and from it have come several promising seedlings and it
is one of the parents of a number of cross-bred cherries. Black
Tartarian is earlier than most of the Sweet Cherries with which it must
compete--under most conditions a help in marketing. Unfortunately it is
a little too soft to handle well in harvesting and marketing or to hold
its shape as a canned product. Its small size is also against it for the
canner's trade. The several defects noted prevent Black Tartarian from
taking first rank in commercial orchards but for the home plantation it
is one of the best.
Black Tartarian came originally from Russia. It was introduced into
England in 1794 from Circassia, by Hugh Ronalds of Brentford, Middlesex,
as Ronald's Large Black Heart. Two years later, John Fraser introduced a
variety, a native of Crimea, which he purchased in St. Petersburg, as
Fraser's Black Tartarian. This turned out to be the same as the cherry
from Circassia. Some go farther back and say that Black Tartarian was
carried to Russia from Spain, thence to England. It owes its
introduction into this country to William Prince of Flushing, Long
Island, probably in the early part of the Nineteenth Century. It was
recognized in 1848 and placed on the schedule of fruits at the National
Convention of Fruit Growers which later became the present American
Pomological Society. The variety still retains a place among the
recommended cherries but under the name Tartarian. The variety quickly
became popular in America, finding a place in every orchard and in the
lists of all nurserymen. Some nurserymen claim to have superior strains
of the old variety; as, Green's Tartarian and Black Tartarian Improved.
Comparisons show no differences. Black Russian, listed by some firms, is
probably Black Tartarian as it is used many times as a synonym by
foreign writers.
[Illustration: BLACK TARTARIAN]
Tree characteristically large, vigorous, upright, vasiform,
productive; trunk of medium thickness, smooth; branches smooth,
reddish-brown, slightly overspread with ash-gray, with large
lenticels; branchlets rather long, brown almost entirely
overspread with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with inconspicuous,
slightly raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, obovate to elliptical, thin; upper
surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, slightly
pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin varies from serrate to
crenate; petiole two inches long, thick, tinged with red, with
a few hairs, with from one to three reniform, reddish glands of
medium size usually on the stalk.
Buds pointed or obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds, or in small clusters on spurs of variable length; leaf-scars
very prominent; season of bloom medium; flowers white, one and
one-fourth inches across, borne in scattering well-distributed
clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube faintly tinged with red,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, long,
broad, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
roundish, entire, with short, blunt claws; anthers yellowish;
filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than
the stamens.
Fruit matures early; less than one inch in diameter, cordate,
compressed; cavity intermediate in depth and width, flaring;
suture indistinct; apex pointed and slightly depressed; color
purplish-black; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem
slender, one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin
thin, separating readily from the pulp; flesh purplish-red, with
dark colored juice, firm, meaty, crisp, pleasant flavored, mild,
sweet; of very good quality; stone free, ovate, slightly flattened
and oblique, with smooth surfaces.
BLEEDING HEART
_Prunus avium_
=1.= Rea _Flora_ 205. 1676. =2.= Forsyth _Treat. Fr. Trees_ 42.
1803. =3.= Floy-Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 104. 1846. =4.=
Elliott _Fr. Book_ 215. 1854.
_Gascoigne._ =5.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 571, 572. 1629. =6.=
Gerarde _Herball_ 1504. 1636. =7.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 298. 1884.
_Red Heart._ =8.= Rea _Flora_ 206. 1676. =9.= Brookshaw _Hort.
Reposit._ =2:=183, Pl. 96 fig. 1. 1823.
_Blutherzkirsche._ =10.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._ 224, 225,
226. 1819.
_Gascoigne's Heart._ =11.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 174. 1845.
_Blutrothe Molkenkirsche._ =12.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_
=3:=29. 1858.
_Guigne Rouge Hâtive._ =13.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5:=338 fig., 339.
1877.
Bleeding Heart goes back almost as far as the history of cultivated
cherries. It is only of historical interest now and this chiefly because
it has been the parent of many sorts of present worth. According to the
old writers it took highest rank in the cherry lists of a century and
more ago by virtue of its high quality and handsome appearance, the name
being indicative of color and form. So far as can be made out at this
late date the variety has been grown but little or not at all in
America, the description here given coming from old pomologies.
This, like the preceding sort, is a cherry of several names, having been
mentioned first by Parkinson in 1629 as the Gascoign Cherry. In England
three different names have been applied to this variety, Gascoigne, Red
Heart and Bleeding Heart. At least there seems to be little doubt that
the Bleeding Heart and Red Heart listed by John Rea in 1676 were the
Gascoign of Parkinson and Gerarde.
Tree of largest size, very vigorous, not very productive; branches
numerous, large, long, diverging, brownish-red, mottled with gray
scarf-skin; leaves very large, oblong, acuminate; margin crenate;
petiole thick, long, reddish, with well-developed glands; blooming
season early.
Fruit matures the latter half of July; usually in pairs, large,
elongated heart-shaped, with pointed apex; color bright red
changing to dark red, somewhat mottled; stem two inches long,
slender; flesh reddish, rather tender although firm, with abundant
juice, highly flavored, sweetish; good in quality; stone large,
oblong.
BOURGUEIL
_Prunus cerasus_
_Cerise de Bourgueil._ =1.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:205. 1866.
_Montmorency de Bourgueil._ =2.= Mas _Le Verger_ =8=:123, 124,
fig. 60. 1866-73. =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5:=364, 365 fig. 1877.
Bourgueil is a variant form of Montmorency hardly differing enough in
fruit from Large Montmorency to be distinguished from it and yet since
it seems to be more productive than the last-named sort it is possibly
worth adding to the cherry flora of the country. The variety, it must be
remembered, is still on probation, but if trees true to name can be
obtained it is worth planting in small numbers where growers want a
cherry of the Montmorency type.
This variety was found by a Doctor Bretonneau about 1844 in Bourgueil,
Indre-et-Loire, France. It is known by the name of the finder as well as
that of the locality in which it originated and through having the same
place of origin is often confused with Cerise Rouge Pale. The United
States Department of Agriculture received this variety in 1905 from
Ferdinand Jamin, Bourg-la-Reine, Seine, France, and in turn forwarded it
to this Station where it has been fruiting for the past few seasons.
Nurserymen do not as yet offer it for sale and it is doubtful if it is
known in more than a few places in America.
[Illustration: BOURGUEIL]
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, vasiform, productive; branches
slender, smooth, reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with
numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, long, brown, with some
ash-gray, smooth, with numerous inconspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, folded upward,
obovate to ovate, thick; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower
surface light green, pubescent along the veins; apex and base
variable in shape; margin doubly crenate; petiole one inch long,
thick, with a dull tinge of red, pubescent, with none or with from
one to three globose, yellow or brownish glands on the base of the
blade.
Buds small, short, variable in shape, plump, free, arranged singly
as lateral buds and on short spurs in clusters variable in size;
leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers white, one and
one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering, well-distributed
clusters, usually in threes; pedicels short, one-half inch
long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube faintly tinged with red,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, broad,
serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals crinkled,
roundish, entire, sessile, with apex entire; filaments one-fourth
inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths inch long, one inch
wide, nearly oblate, somewhat compressed; cavity deep, wide,
medium flaring, regular; suture indistinct; apex roundish to
flattened; color bright red; dots small, russet, inconspicuous;
stem stout, one and one-eighth inches long, adherent to the fruit;
skin tender, free; flesh yellowish-white with colorless juice,
tender and melting, sprightly, sour; of good quality; stone free,
large, roundish-ovate, pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with
red, with a prominent ventral suture.
BRUSSELER BRAUNE
_Prunus cerasus_
1. Christ _Handb._ 676. 1797. 2. Christ _Wörterb._ 288. 1802. 3.
Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._ 533-536. 1819. 4. Dochnahl _Führ.
Obstkunde_ =3=:63, 64. 1858. 5. Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 333, 341.
1889. 6. _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 24. 1899. 7. _Del. Sta. An. Rpt._
=12=:124, 125, fig. 8. 1900.
_Brüsselsche Bruyn_. 8. Krünitz _Enc._ 75, 76. 1790.
_Zweite Grösser Herzkirschweichsel._ 9. Kraft _Pom. Aust._ =1=:9,
Tab. 22 fig. 1. 1792.
_Ratafia._ 10. Hogg _Fruit Man._ 309, 310. 1884.
From the standpoint of commercial cherry culture, Brusseler Braune has
little value. The trees are uncertain in bearing; the cherries are
small, sour, and astringent; and, worse than the faults named, the crop
ripens very unevenly. It is of the English Morello type but in New York,
at least, is far inferior to this well-known sort. Brusseler Braune has
been much advertised for cold climates but there are many better
cherries that stand cold nearly or quite as well and are better in both
tree and fruit characters and, in particular, that will not vex the
souls of growers by ripening so unevenly. The variety has two marked
peculiarities: the leaves on the two-year-old wood are very small and
the fruit-stems bear a small leaflet at their base. These leaflets on
the fruit-stem would have to be removed in marketing the crop--another
serious defect.
No doubt Brusseler Braune originated in Holland but there is nothing
definite as to the time though Truchsess, a German, writes of having
received it in 1785 as Brüsselsche Bruyn. The synonyms of this variety
are more or less confused with those of English Morello. This cherry was
brought to America in 1883 by the late J. L. Budd with several other
varieties. In the collection of trees sent out from the original
importation, of which this was one, or from trees budded from them, were
Griotte du Nord, Large Long Late, Shadow Amarelle, Lutovka, George
Glass, Orel No. 27, or Gibb, and Bessarabian. Unfortunately the
varieties were badly mixed and much confusion has resulted. It is not
impossible that the first three are synonyms but the Lutovka, George
Glass, Bessarabian and possibly the Gibb are distinct varieties. In
1895, this Station recommended a new cherry for trial for home and
market and distributed buds throughout the state under the name Lutovka.
Later it was found that an error had been made regarding the trees sent
us as Lutovka, they being the Brusseler Braune. The American Pomological
Society added Brusseler Braune to its fruit catalog list in 1899 but
dropped it in 1909.
[Illustration: BRUSSELER BRAUNE]
Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading but with drooping
branchlets, dense, round-topped, unproductive; trunk and branches
smooth, stout; branches brownish, overspread with ash-gray,
with numerous small lenticels; branchlets slender, with short
internodes, nearly covered with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with
small, lightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths
inches wide, folded upward, obovate, thick, grooved along the
midrib; upper surface very dark, dull green; lower surface light
green, pubescent; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin finely
and doubly serrate; petiole one and one-eighth inches long, tinged
with dull, dark red, grooved along the upper surface, with from
one to four small, globose, yellowish-green glands.
Buds pointed, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds and in
clusters on scattering, short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season
of bloom late; flowers one inch across, white; borne in scattering
clusters in threes and fours; pedicels one and one-eighth inches
long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube furrowed, tinted
with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red,
acuminate, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed;
petals oval to obovate, entire, nearly sessile, with a shallow,
wide notch at the apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures very late; nearly one inch in diameter, although
variable in size, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity
of medium depth, narrow, abrupt; suture very shallow, indistinct;
apex roundish, with a small depression at the center; color light
red changing to dark red as the season advances; dots numerous,
small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem two and one-fourth inches
long, with small leaflets at the base, strongly adherent to the
fruit; skin thin, tender, separates readily from the pulp; flesh
dark red, with dark colored juice, tender and melting, somewhat
astringent, sour; of fair quality; stone nearly free when fully
mature, fifteen-thirty-seconds inch long, roundish-oval, rather
plump, blunt-pointed; surfaces smooth; ventral suture slightly
enlarged near the base.
BUNTE AMARELLE
_Prunus cerasus_
1. Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 652-655. 1819. 2. _Ia. Hort.
Soc. Rpt._ 330. 1885. 3. _Ia. Sta. Bul._ =2=:40. 1888. 4.
Budd-Hansen _Am. Hort. Man._ =2=:272. 1903.
So far Bunte Amarelle has found a place only in the trying cherry
climate of Iowa and neighboring States. It is not attractive enough in
appearance, good enough in quality, or certain and fruitful enough in
bearing to compete with other Amarelles, to which group this variety
belongs. Its saving grace is extreme hardiness of tree, though vigor and
health help make it somewhat desirable in cold, prairie regions of the
Mid-West where cherry growing is more or less precarious. There has been
much uncertainty as to the true variety and we have had to discard the
trees on the Station grounds and compile a description.
This variety probably originated in Germany in the latter part of the
Eighteenth Century. Truchsess, a German, in 1819, called the cherry
Bunte Amarelle because of its variegated color before full maturity. The
variety was introduced from Poland to America sometime previous to 1885
and has usually gone under the name of Amarelle Bunte. From all accounts
Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, the authority on these hardy
cherries during his time, had two different cherries under the name
Amarelle Bunte; for in his report at the Iowa Horticultural Society in
1885, he mentioned a variety under that name as being a large, dark
purple and nearly sweet sort which could not have been the true Bunte
Amarelle of Truchsess. Budd and Hansen in 1903 described a variety
which agrees very closely with the true variety of Truchsess which we
herewith describe.
Tree vigorous, upright, hardy; foliage large, coarse.
Fruit matures the second week in June; medium to large, roundish,
flattened at the base; cavity variable in depth; suture shallow,
indistinct; apex depressed; color yellow overspread with light
red; stem green, straight, rather slender, one and one-half to
two inches long; flesh slightly colored, juicy, firm but tender,
pleasantly subacid; very good in quality; stone variable in size,
broad.
CALIFORNIA ADVANCE
_Prunus avium_
1. Wickson _Cal. Fruits_ 289, 292. 1889. 2. _Wash. Sta. Bul_.
=92=:25. 1910.
_Advance_. 3. _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt_. 130. 1897.
_Ulatis_. 4. _Mich. Sta. Bul_. =177=:32. 1899.
California Advance is a Sweet Cherry, one of the "Hearts" of common
parlance, distinguished and worth growing only because it is extra
early, though when fully ripe it is of very good quality. It is usually
described as a cherry of "large size" but on the grounds of this Station
the cherries run small, as they are occasionally reported elsewhere to
do, suggesting that the variety requires good care and a choice cherry
soil for a finely finished product. On these grounds the variety seems
to be preeminently free from fungus diseases but the robin and other
birds take greater toll from it than from almost any other cherry,
beginning their harvest long before the fruit is fit for human fare.
California Advance might well be planted in a small way for a local
market in New York, or a tree or two for home use, but it has no place
in large numbers in this State.
California Advance came from a seed of Early Purple sown by W. H.
Chapman of Napa, California, the seedling being saved because the
cherries were larger and ripened earlier than those of its parent. It
has sometimes been confused with the Chapman cherry, of somewhat similar
characteristics, which also originated in Napa, but the two are quite
distinct.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive; trunk
and branches stout, smooth; branchlets of medium thickness,
brownish-bronze partly covered with ash-gray, glabrous; leaves
numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches
wide, long-obovate to elliptical, thin, medium green, slightly
rugose; margin serrate, glandular; petiole nearly two inches long,
slender, tinged with red, pubescent along the upper side and with
a shallow groove, with from two to four large, reniform, reddish
glands, usually on the stalk; buds large, obtuse or pointed,
plump, arranged singly as lateral buds or in clusters of variable
size on numerous short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of
bloom early; flowers one and one-eighth inches across; pistil
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit ripens very early, season averaging eleven days; about
three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, compressed;
color purplish-black; stem of medium thickness, often one
and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin,
tender, separates from the pulp; flesh reddish, with dark red
juice, meaty, tender, mild, sweet; of very good quality; stone
semi-clinging, three-eighths inch by eleven-thirty-seconds inch in
size, roundish-oval, compressed, oblique, with smooth surfaces.
CARNATION
_Prunus cerasus_
=1.= Rea _Flora_ 205. 1676. =2.= Langley _Pomona_ 86, Pl. 16 fig.
3. 1729. =3.= Forsyth _Treat. Fr. Trees_ 42. 1803. =4.= Coxe
_Cult. Fr. Trees_ 251. 1817. =5.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:138, 139.
1832. =6.= Downing
_Fr. Trees Am._ 194 fig. 83. 1845. =7.= Thompson _Gard. Ass't_
529. 1859. =8.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 74. 1862. =9.= Mas _Le
Verger_ =8=:91, 92, fig. 44. 1866-73. =10.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 289.
1884.
_Cerise d'Orange._ =11.= Knoop _Fructologie_ =2=:36, 41. 1771.
_Rothe Oranienkirsche._ =12.= Krünitz _Enc._ 55, 56. 1790. =13.=
Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._ 456-463. 1819. =14.= _Ill. Handb._
175 fig., 176. 1860.
Carnation is a conspicuous cherry because of its beautiful color--red, a
little variegated with white or yellow, hence the name. It is one of the
Amarelles, similar to Montmorency except in color in which character it
is more pleasing than the better-known sort. The stone separates from
the pulp very readily leaving the flesh unusually bright and clean.
Because of their sprightly refreshing flavor, the cherries are pleasing
to the palate, as well as attractive to the eye. Unfortunately the trees
are but moderately vigorous and fruitful and these qualities count so
heavily against it as a commercial cherry that Carnation cannot be more
than a fruit for amateurs unless under exceptional conditions. For a
home plantation, however, it would be hard to name a better cherry of
its kind.
Carnation is another of the choicely good, old cherries, being first
mentioned by John Rea in 1676 and later by Langley in 1729. Having been
cultivated for so long and disseminated among so many growers who kept
meagre records in early days, this sort became badly confused with other
varieties, especially with the "Cerisier à gros fruit rouge-pale,"
mentioned by Duhamel in 1768. How old the variety truly is or where it
originated cannot be said. Carnation seems to have been first mentioned
in America by William Coxe in 1817 and a few years later it was growing
on the grounds of William Prince, Flushing, New York. Since that time it
has been quite widely disseminated throughout the United States but is
grown less extensively now than formerly. The American Pomological
Society, in 1862, placed Carnation on its list of recommended fruits
where it still holds a place.
[Illustration: CARNATION]
Tree medium in size, spreading, becoming drooping, not
very productive; trunk intermediate in thickness; branches
reddish-brown overspread with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels
variable in size; branchlets brown or ash-gray, smooth, with
numerous conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves very numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, folded
upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green,
roughened; lower surface dull, light green, thinly pubescent; apex
acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole two
inches long, slender, dull red on the upper surface, with one or
two large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds, or in small clusters on numerous, short spurs; season of
bloom late; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across;
borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch
long, of medium thickness, glabrous, green; calyx-tube light
reddish-green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with
red, of medium length, broad, acute, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals roundish-oval, entire, with short, broad claws,
the apex notched; filaments in four series, the longest averaging
one-half inch in length; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season or later; three-fourths of an inch
long, one inch in thickness, roundish-oblate, compressed; cavity
deep, abrupt; suture indistinct; apex flattened or with a deep
depression; color medium to dark red; dots numerous, small,
russet, inconspicuous; stem one and one-half inches long, adherent
to the fruit; skin tender, separating readily from the pulp;
flesh yellowish-white, with abundant colorless juice, tender and
melting, sprightly; of very good quality; stone free, nearly
one-half inch in diameter, roundish, blunt, with smooth surfaces.
CENTENNIAL
_Prunus avium_
=1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 17, 159. 1885. =2.= Wickson _Cal.
Fruits_ 289. 1889. =3.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 24. 1899.
In California, Centennial is passing from the period of probation to one
of general acceptance as a standard variety. Unfortunately it has not
been well tested in the East but trees growing in a commercial orchard
at Geneva show the variety to be a close competitor, in this instance at
least, with its parent, Napoleon, the mainstay of Sweet Cherry growers
in New York. In some respects it quite surpasses Napoleon. It is larger,
sweeter and better flavored and has a smaller pit. The trees fall short
of those of its well-known parent, however, in being less fruitful. Even
more serious defects are, in the orchard under observation, that
Centennial cracks and is less successful in resisting brown-rot than
Napoleon though it surpasses many other well-known sorts in these
respects. The two varieties under comparison may be further
distinguished by the more oblate fruits of Centennial, by a more
mottled color and by the pits which are longer and more pointed in the
newer variety. Centennial is recommended for home orchards and
experimentally for commercial plantations.
Centennial is a seedling of Napoleon grown by Henry Chapman, Napa,
California. It came in fruit in 1876 but was not introduced until 1885,
Leonard Coates of Napa, California, being the introducer. Despite its
many merits, Centennial did not win a place on the fruit list of the
American Pomological Society until 1899.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive;
trunk thick, roughish; branches stout, smooth, brownish, with
many large lenticels; branchlets thick, with internodes of medium
length.
Leaves numerous, large, flattened, long-oval to obovate, thick;
upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface pale green, thinly
pubescent; apex taper-pointed; margin coarsely serrate, with small
and inconspicuous glands; petiole one and one-fourth inches long,
pubescent, tinged with red, with from two to four large, reniform,
greenish-red, flattened glands, usually on the stalk.
Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as
lateral buds or in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars
prominent; blooming season about the middle of May; flowers one
and one-fourth inches across, usually arranged in twos and threes;
pedicels variable in length averaging one and one-eighth inches,
slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube faintly tinged with red,
obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, acute, glabrous on both
surfaces, reflexed; petals oval, entire, tapering to short, narrow
claws, with a slightly crenate apex; anthers greenish; filaments
one-eighth inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil glabrous,
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures the last week in June, length of season rather
short; very large, short-cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide;
suture distinct, broad, shallow; apex roundish or slightly
depressed; color amber-yellow, speckled and overlaid with crimson;
dots whitish, inconspicuous; stem thick, one and one-fourth
inches long, adherent to the pulp; skin thin, tender, cracks
badly, adherent to the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice,
meaty, crackling, sprightly, sweet; of very good quality; stone
semi-clinging, three-eighths inch in length, eleven-thirty-seconds
inch in width, ovate, plump, oblique, with smooth surfaces; ridged
on the ventral suture.
CHOISY
_Prunus avium_ × _Prunus cerasus_
_Cerisier à Fruit Ambré, à Fruit Blanc._ =1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb.
Fr._ =1=:185, 186, 187, Pl. XI. 1768.
_Schöne von Choisy._ =2.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._ 452-455.
1819. =3.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 333, 334, 376. 1889.
_Belle de Choisy._ =4.= _Pom. Mag._ =1=:42, Pl. 1828. =5.=
Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:137. 1832. =6.= _Cultivator_ =10=:150 fig.
1843. =7.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 190 fig. 79. 1845. =8.= Poiteau
_Pom. Franc._ =2=: No. 27, Pl. 1846. =9.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 37,
38, 102. 1852. =10.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =1=:63, fig. 2. 1853. =11.=
Elliott =Fr. Book= 189. 1854. =12.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 74. 1862.
=13.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:169, 170 fig. 45, 171, 172.
1866. =14.= Mas _Le Verger_ =8=:113, 114, fig. 55. 1866-73. =15.=
Hogg _Fruit Man._ 276, 280. 1884. =16.= _Soc. Nat. Hort. France
Pom._ 80 fig., 81. 1904. =17.= _Cat. Cong. Pom. France_ 18. 1906.
It seems to be the consensus of opinion of a score or more of European
and American pomologists who have known Choisy that it is the handsomest
and most delicious of all Duke cherries--one of the very best of all
dessert cherries. In it are delicately combined the richness of the
Sweet Cherry and the sprightliness of the Sour Cherry. Unfortunately,
while it bears early and regularly, the trees are seldom fruitful. As an
offset to unfruitfulness, however, the trees are vigorous, hardy and
healthy. The cherries keep and stand the wear and tear of marketing as
well as those of any other Duke. Its qualities all commend it for the
home orchard and for a local market. In particular it may be recommended
for cold climates where a true Sweet Cherry is not quite hardy, this
hybrid being nearly as hardy as the other parent, the Sour Cherry.
Unfortunately suitable specimens of this beautiful cherry could not be
obtained for a color-plate and the description has had to be compiled in
part.
Duhamel describes two amber-colored cherries, one of which is listed by
Leroy as Belle de Choisy. The Cerise Blanche, or Cerise Ambrée (Grosse),
according to Leroy, was cultivated in Central France as early as 1628
and in 1667 Merlet wrote of it as the most curious and rare of all
cherries. Kenrick, _American Orchardist_, 1832, lists a variety, Ambrée,
which according to Floy-Lindley's and Duhamel's descriptions must be
Choisy. Some writers, however, say that Choisy was first grown by M.
Gondouin, a gardener for Louis XV, in 1760, at the village of Choisy
near Paris. The American Pomological Society, in its report for 1852,
mentioned this variety as having promise and ten years later listed it
in the Society's fruit catalog where it has since remained.
Tree large, vigorous, spreading, somewhat open, hardy, but
moderately productive; branches thick, of a clear grayish color
with brownish-red tips; lenticels very numerous, large, roundish.
Leaves numerous, very broad, obovate, rather abruptly pointed;
upper surface shining dark green, deeply and regularly serrate to
rather dentate.
Buds large, thick, conical, clear brown somewhat covered with
gray; season of bloom rather early; flowers white, large,
numerous, borne in large clusters; petioles short, scarcely an
inch in length; petals broadly round, edges dentate; calyx-lobes
short, large; pistil longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in some localities just before May Duke, in others
just after that variety, ordinarily ripe, however, at the end of
June; usually attached in pairs, large, roundish to somewhat oval,
flattened toward the base; cavity shallow, wide; suture shallow,
indistinct; apex depressed; color attractive bright red mottled
with yellow and amber; stem thick at the base, one and one-half
to two inches long, generally forking at about one-half inch
from the base; skin thin, somewhat firm, semi-transparent showing
the netted texture of the pulp beneath; flesh pale amber, with
abundant colorless juice, tender, melting, sweet, pleasant flavor;
very good in quality; stone medium to small, roundish, pointed at
the apex; dorsal suture indistinct; surfaces nearly smooth.
CLEVELAND
_Prunus avium_
1. _Horticulturist_ =2=:60 fig. 1847-48. 2. Elliott _Fr. Book_ 191
fig., 192. 1854. 3. _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 74. 1862. 4. Mortillet
_Le Cerisier_ =2=:131. 1866.
_Knorpelkirsche von Cleveland_. 5. _Ill. Handb_. 45 fig., 46. 1867.
Cleveland is a Bigarreau which falls so far short of its near kin, as it
grows in New York at least, as not to be worth planting except as an
early cherry of its type--earliness being its one saving asset. The
cherries closely resemble Rockport in size, color, shape and flavor, are
in no way better than that somewhat mediocre sort and are even more
subject to brown-rot. It ripens with Black Tartarian and can never
compete in orchard or market with that sort. Possibly Cleveland has too
much merit to be wholly neglected yet it certainly is not worth planting
in New York unless in a locality where it does exceptionally well and
when an early cherry of its kind is wanted.
Cleveland is said by its introducer, Professor J. P. Kirtland, to be a
seedling from Yellow Spanish. Its close similarity to Rockport suggests
that it may have come from a pit of that variety. It was brought out in
1842 but was not adopted by the American Pomological Society for its
fruit list until 1862. Despite rapidly passing popularity it is still on
this list.
Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, open, very
productive; trunk of medium diameter and smoothness; branches
smooth, reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, with many
small lenticels; branchlets slender, brown partly overspread with
ash-gray, smooth, with numerous small, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-half inches wide,
folded upward, obovate to long-elliptical, thin; upper surface
medium green, slightly rugose; lower surface light green, lightly
pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly
serrate, glandular; petiole often two inches long, reddish, rather
slender, hairy, grooved, glandless or with from one to four
reniform, reddish glands, usually on the stalk.
Buds small, short, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as
lateral buds or in clusters of variable size on rather short
spurs; leaf-scars prominent; flowers white, one and one-fourth
inches across; borne in scattered clusters, usually in twos;
pedicels three-fourths inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube
green, tinged with red, light green within, broadly campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, broad, acute, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, with
short, broad claws, notched and crinkled at the apex; filaments in
four series, the longest averaging one-half inch in length; pistil
glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
cordate, compressed, cavity wide, flaring, irregular; suture
shallow, indistinct; apex somewhat obtusely-pointed; color light
red overspreading yellow; dots numerous, small, yellowish,
obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adherent to
the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp;
flesh light yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting,
sweet; of good quality; stone clinging, large, one-half inch long,
oval, flattened at the base, plump, with smooth surfaces.
CLUSTER
_Prunus cerasus_
1. Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 572, fig. 10. 1629. 2. Gerarde _Herball_
1505 fig. 6. 1636. 3. Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:132, 133. 1832. 4.
Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 194 fig., 195. 1845. 5. Hogg _Fruit Man._
290. 1884.
_Flanders Cluster_. 6. Ray _Hist. Plant._ 1539. 1688.
_Cerisier à Bouquet._ 7. Duhamel _Trait Arb. Fr._ =1=:176, 177,
178, Pl. VI. 1768. 8. Poiteau _Pom. Franc._ 2: No. 16, Pl. 1846.
9. Mas _Le Verger_ =8=:47, 48, fig. 22. 1866-73.
_Tros-Kers._ 10. Knoop _Fructologie_ =2=:43. 1771.
_Trauben oder Bouquet Amarelle._ 11. Truchsess-Heim
_Kirschensort._ 621-629. 1819. 12. Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_
=3=:70, 71. 1858. 13. Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 340. 1889.
_Griotte à Bouquet._ 14. Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:278, 279 fig.,
280, 281. 1877.
Cluster is a curiosity, characterized by fruits borne in clusters at the
extremity of a single peduncle. The pistils vary from one to a dozen,
setting from one to five perfect fruits in the cluster or from eight to
twelve as the trees become older. The variety is little known in America
but is well known in Europe, having first been described by Daléchamp in
1586, according to Leroy. Its origin is uncertain. Parkinson speaks of
it as Flanders Cluster, in 1629, and as it was cultivated in Germany
before 1613 and nearly as soon in Switzerland it may be assumed that
either South Germany or Flanders is its native home. It appears under
several names in European fruit books, the terms trochet, bouquet,
buschel, and trauben all signifying that the fruits are borne in
clusters and usually referring to this variety. The Cerisier à Trochet
of Duhamel is probably a distinct variety. The fruit has little value
and is cultivated chiefly as a curiosity. The following description is
compiled:
Tree small and bushy, moderately vigorous, dense, productive;
branches numerous, long, slender, somewhat curved, drooping and
often breaking under a load of fruit; internodes long; leaves
small, oblong, acuminate; margin doubly serrate; petiole thick,
short, rigid, with small, roundish, conspicuous glands; blooming
season late; flowers small.
Fruit matures the last of June, attached in twos or threes, with
from two to eight fruits per cluster; variable in size, roundish,
flattened at the extremities; suture prominent; color clear red
becoming darker at maturity; skin tough, transparent; stem long,
inserted in a deep cavity; flesh nearly white, transparent, with
abundant juice which is usually uncolored but sometimes tinged
red, very tender, sour, yet agreeable; quality fair; stone small,
roundish, compressed.
COE
_Prunus avium_
1. _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 26. 1909.
_Coe's Transparent._ 2. _Horticulturist_ =2=:71, 72 fig. 1847-48.
3. _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 211. 1856. 4. Mortillet _Le Cerisier_
=2=:87 fig., 88. 1866. 5. _Cult. & Count. Gent._ =36=:326. 1871.
6. Thomas _Guide Prat._ 15, 206. 1876.
_Guigne Coé._ 7. Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:319 fig., 320. 1877.
_Coe's Bunte Transparent._ 8. Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 343. 1889.
Even earlier and certainly better than Cleveland, which we have just
discussed, is Coe, long known as Coe's Transparent. This is the first of
the light-colored cherries to ripen and is a splendid fruit in quality
and appearance. The color-plate shows this variety very well--possibly
too well, since one of its defects is variability in color, the variant
usually being very light colored and not as attractive as the type. A
second defect is that the fruit runs rather small. The tree-characters
are in the main very good. The variety can be distinguished, as a rule,
by the large, spreading tree and to a lesser extent by its hardiness,
vigor, healthfulness and fruitfulness. Coe is worthy of a place in every
home plantation, in orchards for local markets and in favored localities
as an early cherry for the general market.
Curtis Coe of Middletown, Connecticut, grew this variety early in the
Nineteenth Century from a pit of what he supposed to be Ox Heart. The
American Pomological Society included Coe in its list of recommended
fruits in 1856.
[Illustration: COE]
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open, very productive;
trunk stocky, shaggy; branches thick, smooth, dark reddish-brown
overlaid with ash-gray, with many raised lenticels; branchlets
stout, short, brown nearly covered with gray, smooth, glabrous,
with numerous small, conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four and one-fourth inches long, two
and one-fourth inches wide, folded upward or flattened,
long-elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green;
lower surface light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute, base
abrupt; margin coarsely serrate, with small, black glands;
petiole one and three-fourths inches long, thick, tinged with
red, grooved, hairy, with from one to three large, reniform,
greenish-yellow or reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds large, long, conical, plump, free, in clusters on spurs
variable in length; leaf-scars very prominent; season of bloom
intermediate; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white;
borne in dense clusters, thickly distributed over the tree in twos
and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, green;
calyx-tube green, broadly campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes
tinged with red, broad, obtuse, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals roundish, entire, with a shallow notch at the
apex; filaments one-quarter inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to
the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; nearly one inch in diameter,
roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity regular, abrupt;
suture indistinct; apex blunt-pointed or slightly depressed;
color pale amber faintly mottled with red; dots small, light
yellow, inconspicuous; stem slender, one and one-half inches long,
adherent to the fruit; skin thin, of medium toughness, separating
from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender,
meaty, mild, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone semi-free
or free, one-half inch long, less than one-half inch wide,
roundish, somewhat flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces; ridged
along the ventral suture.
DIKEMAN
_Prunus avium_
1. _Del. Sta. Bul._ =35=:16, 17 fig. 1897.
Dikeman has some merit as a very late Sweet Cherry but here its
usefulness ends. The cherries are too small and the pits too large for
this variety to have great worth. The tree is somewhat remarkable for
its spreading habit and stout branches. Plant-breeders seeking for a
very late sort might well choose Dikeman as a parent.
Two very similar cherries, with a variation in the spelling, pass under
this name. Late in the Eighteenth Century there appeared a cherry on the
Dyckman farm near New York City. Some thought it to be identical with
Black Tartarian; others said it was distinct and called it Dyckman. It
was never more than of local note. Some few years ago the late S. D.
Willard of Geneva introduced the Dikeman cherry from the farm of George
B. Dikeman, Oceana County, Michigan. This variety often goes under the
name Dykeman but from the information at hand we feel certain that
Dikeman is the correct spelling. On our grounds this variety and Black
Tartarian, although similar, are two distinct sorts, the Dikeman being
later, firmer and a clingstone.
Tree large, vigorous, broadly-spreading, open-topped, productive;
trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches reddish-brown covered
with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels which are variable in size;
branchlets short, brown, partly covered with ash-gray, smooth,
glabrous, with inconspicuous, slightly raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-fourth
inches wide, folded upward, obovate to long-elliptical, thin;
upper surface medium green, slightly rugose; lower surface light
green, faintly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely
and doubly serrate; petiole about one and one-half inches long,
tinged with red, with a few hairs, with from one to four reniform,
reddish glands, usually on the stalk.
Buds large, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds or in clusters variable in size on short spurs; leaf-scars
prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and
three-eighths inches across; borne in scattering clusters, in
ones, twos or threes; pedicels one and one-fourth inches long,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube tinged with red, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes with reddish tinge, broad, acute, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly
sessile, with a shallow notch at the apex; filaments one-half inch
long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures late; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
cordate; cavity wide, flaring; suture shallow, indistinct; apex
slightly pointed, with a small depression at the center; color
purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous;
stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the
fruit; skin thin, tender, adherent to the pulp; flesh dark red,
with dark colored juice, very meaty, crisp, mild, somewhat
aromatic, sweet; of good quality; stone clinging, longer than
wide, ovate, flattened, with smooth surfaces, somewhat marked with
a reddish tinge.
DOUBLE GLASS
_Prunus avium_ × _Prunus cerasus_
1. Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._ 440-451, 487-490, 689. 1819. 2.
Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:51, 52. 1858. 3. _Ill. Handb._ 163
fig., 164. 1860. 4. _Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 329. 1888. 5. _Ia.
Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 80. 1890. 6. _Can. Exp. Farm Bul._ =17=:7. 1892.
7. Budd-Hansen _Am. Hort. Man._ =2=:274. 1903.
_Amarelle Double de Verre._ 8. Mortillet _Le Cerisier_
=2=:197-201, fig. 55. 1866.
_Great Cornelian._ 9. Hogg _Fruit Man._ 299. 1884.
_Glass._ 10. _Ia. Sta. Bul._ =73=:70. 1903.
Double Glass is a Duke, a hybrid more nearly resembling the Sweet Cherry
than the Sour Cherry. The trees grow remarkably well in nursery and
orchard and their behavior so pleased growers when the variety was
brought to notice that it became for a time quite the vogue. But the
trees turned out to be unproductive and the cherries so mediocre that
the variety rapidly passed through its heyday of popularity. The fruits
are curiously marked, the suture being so deep as to make them appear
double--hence the name. The variety has no value where sweet sorts are
hardy but possibly might find a niche somewhere in regions where a more
tender Sweet Cherry cannot be grown.
This variety, of ancient and unknown origin, dates back at least to 1792
when Truchsess received it from Christ under the names Grosse
Frühkirsche and Englische Erzherzogskirsche, both of which were
incorrect, the first because it was not characteristic since the fruit
did not ripen early, and the second because it denoted a class of
dark-fleshed cherries. In France, Double Glass has long been cultivated
under the name Amarelle Double de Verre. The variety was brought to
America from Russia in 1883 by Professor J. L. Budd. While grown for a
time in the Central States it was never highly regarded and has now
nearly passed from cultivation. The following description is a
compilation:
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading becoming divergent with
age, usually hardy, rather unproductive; branchlets thick,
reddish-brown; leaves healthy, small to medium, ovate, with
serrated margins; buds large, prominent.
Fruit matures the latter part of June; usually large,
roundish-oblate, with a very deep suture; color light red becoming
much darker at maturity; stem long, thick; skin thin, tough,
translucent; flesh yellowish, with abundant uncolored juice, firm,
tender, sprightly; good in quality; stone medium in size, roundish.
DOUBLE NATTE
_Prunus cerasus_
1. Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._ 538, 539. 1819. 2. Hogg _Fruit
Man._ 292. 1884. 3. _Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 327. 1888. 4._Ia. Sta.
Bul._ =73=:67. 1903.
_Cerise van der Nat._ 5. Knoop _Fructologie_ =2=:41. 1771.
_Kirsche von der Natte._ 6. Krünitz _Enc._ 69, 70. 1790. 7.
Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._ 539-542. 1819. 8. _Ill. Handb._ 509
fig., 510. 1861.
Budd's importations of Russian cherries, to which reference is so often
made in this text, brought forth almost universal praise for any and all
of the foreign sorts. Cultural tests soon demonstrated, however, that
most of the varieties were comparatively worthless; Double Natte is one
of these. It is a very mediocre cherry of the Morello group in nowise
equal to English Morello except when earliness is a prime requisite,
this sort being one of the earliest of the Morellos. In flavor it is
equal to English Morello but is no better. At Geneva the trees are
seldom very fruitful. From the eulogistic reports of its behavior in the
Middle West it would seem that it was better adapted to Iowa, for
instance, than for New York.
This variety was first mentioned by Knoop, the Dutch pomologist, in
1771--origin not given. Some years ago Professor J. L. Budd also
imported from Russia a cherry under the name Riga No. 18. This cherry
has been grown as a separate variety under the name Riga but the
descriptions of it are all identical with those of Double Natte and
there can be no doubt but that they are one and the same.
[Illustration: DOUBLE NATTE]
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, somewhat
vasiform, productive; trunk and branches smooth; branches brown
nearly covered with ash-gray, with a few large lenticels;
branchlets long, with short internodes, brown partly covered with
ash-gray, smooth, with a few very large, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and three-eighths inches long, one and
three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, short-obovate, thick,
stiff; upper surface glossy, slightly rugose; lower surface pale
green, thinly pubescent; apex sharp-pointed, tapering toward the
base; margin coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole thick, dull red,
grooved on the upper surface, nearly one inch long, glandless or
with one or two small glands at the base of the blade.
Buds conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds and in small clusters on spurs; leaf-scars inconspicuous;
season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth
inches across; borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes;
pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube
with a faint reddish tinge, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes
tinged red, long, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed;
petals obovate, entire, tapering to short, narrow claws, with a
broad but shallow notch at the apex; filaments about one-fourth
inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
cordate to conical, compressed; cavity somewhat abrupt, regular;
suture deep, distinct, often extending entirely around the fruit;
apex depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, brownish,
obscure; stem slender, one and three-fourths inches long, adheres
strongly to the fruit; skin thin, tough, separating readily from
the pulp; flesh dark red, with reddish juice, tender and melting,
sprightly, sour; good to very good in quality; stone nearly free,
longer than wide, nearly round, slightly flattened, with smooth
surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral suture.
DOWNER
_Prunus avium_
=1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 218. 1835. =2.= Hovey _Fr. Am._ =2=:93,
94, Pl. 1851.
_Downer's Red Heart._ =3.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 276. 1832.
_Downer's Late._ =4.= _Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr._ 52. 1848. =5.=
_Ann. Pom. Belge_ =2=:65, Pl. 1854.
_Guigne Tardive de Downer._ =6.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:95
fig., 96, 97. 1866.
Downer is a Sweet Cherry, one of the so-called "Hearts" much prized by
those who know it as a late cherry delicately and richly flavored.
Possibly it is the best of the late Sweet Cherries. Several defects keep
it from being of any considerable worth; it thrives only in the choicest
soils; the trees are often unhealthy as well as lacking in vigor; the
flesh is thin and the stone is large; and, though the cherries set
abundantly, the yield is small because the fruits are small. So, while
the variety is almost indispensable in a home orchard, ripening after
almost all of the dessert cherries have gone, Downer has small place in
a commercial plantation. It should be said further in its favor,
however, as a commercial fruit, that it stands harvesting and shipping
very well.
Downer takes the name of Samuel Downer, Dorchester, Massachusetts, who
grew it some time before 1832 when it first found a place in pomological
works. It was included by the American Pomological Society in its
schedule of fruits in 1848 as Downer's Late. It now appears as Downer
with Downer's Late Red as a synonym in accordance with the rules of the
Society.
[Illustration: DOWNER]
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, productive;
trunk thick, with shaggy bark; branches thick, roughened, dark
brown overspread with dark gray, with numerous large lenticels;
branchlets slender, long, brown partly covered with ash-gray,
smooth, with inconspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches
wide, folded upward, obovate, rather stiff; upper surface dark
green; lower surface light green, hairy along the veins; apex
acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one
inch long, thick, dark red, grooved, glandless or with from one to
three large, globose or reniform glands on the stalk.
Buds small, except the terminals which are large, pointed, plump,
free, arranged singly as lateral buds, or in small clusters
on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; flowers white, one and
one-fourth inches across; borne in thin clusters in ones and in
twos; pedicels variable in length often one inch long, glabrous;
calyx-tube faintly tinged with red, campanulate, glabrous;
calyx-lobes tinged with red, acuminate, glabrous within and
without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, somewhat sessile, with
a shallow notch at the apex; pistil glabrous, nearly equal to the
stamens in length, often defective.
Fruit matures among the latest; three-fourths of an inch in
diameter, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity very
shallow, flaring; suture obscure; apex variable in shape usually
somewhat pointed; color light to dark red frequently showing an
amber background on the shaded side; dots numerous, small, russet,
inconspicuous; stem one and three-fourths inches long, adherent
to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale
yellow, with colorless juice, somewhat stringy, tender, with soft
flesh, mild and pleasant, sweet when fully ripe; good to very
good in quality; stone large, free, ovate, flattened, with smooth
surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral suture.
DYEHOUSE
_Prunus cerasus_
=1.= _Horticulturist_ =25=:176, 177. 1870. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees
Am._ 3rd App. 161. 1881. =3.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 17. 1897.
Dyehouse is conspicuous among cherries for its earliness and for the
beauty of its fruit. Early Richmond is the standard early cherry yet
Dyehouse is a week earlier, just as attractive in appearance and equally
well flavored. It is near of kin to Early Richmond but the two may be
distinguished by the difference in time of ripening and by its brighter,
clearer color, greater opaqueness, more highly colored juice and
slightly smaller size. Possibly this cherry would supersede the
better-known Early Richmond were it not for the defect in size and for
the further faults of being less productive and more capricious to
environment, as it fails to thrive in localities where the older sort
is quite at home. It is a worthy rival of Early Richmond, however, and
ought to be grown both for home and commercial purposes far more than it
is.
To H. T. Harris of Stamford, Kentucky, belongs the honor of introducing
this well-known cherry. Although its parentage is unknown, it is almost
certain that a Mr. Dyehouse, Lincoln County, Kentucky, raised the tree
from a pit sixty or more years ago. At the time of its introduction its
characteristics were not clearly drawn and many believed it to be the
Early Richmond. In time, however, differences were shown, as we have set
forth in the preceding paragraph. It was added to the fruit list of the
American Pomological Society in 1897.
[Illustration: DYEHOUSE]
Tree small, vigorous, spreading, with drooping branchlets, dense,
round-topped, productive; trunk and branches slightly roughened;
branches reddish-brown covered with dark ash-gray, with large,
elongated, raised lenticels; branchlets slender, willowy, variable
in length, brown overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with a few
small, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and one-half inches wide,
slightly folded upward, obovate to long-oval; upper surface
very dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, with a few
hairs along the midrib; apex acute, base variable in shape;
margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one-half
inch long, tinged with dull red, with a few hairs along the
grooved upper surface, with from one to three small, globose,
greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly and in
clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom
intermediate; flowers one inch across, white; borne in dense
but well-distributed clusters, usually at the ends of spur-like
branches, in twos, threes or fours; pedicels one and one-half
inches long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic,
glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, serrate, glabrous within
and without, reflexed; petals roundish-obovate, entire, almost
sessile, with entire apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, nearly equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; more than one-half inch in diameter,
oblate, slightly compressed; cavity of medium depth, narrow,
abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex flattened, with a small
depression at the center; color dark red; dots numerous, small,
obscure; stem one inch long, adhering to the pulp; skin thin,
tough; flesh light yellowish-white, with pinkish juice, tender,
sprightly, tart; of very good quality; stone nearly free, ovate,
slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along
the ventral suture.
EAGLE
_Prunus avium_
=1.= _Mich. Sta. Bul._ =104=:84. 1894. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._
17. 1897.
_Black Eagle._ =3.= Prince _Treat. Hort._ 31. 1828. =4.= _Pom.
Mag._ =3=:127, Pl. 127. 1830. =5.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 274,
275. 1832. =6.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 170 fig. 62. 1845.
=7.= Floy-Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 102. 1846. =8.= _Mag.
Hort._ =14=:386, 387 fig. 37. 1848. =9.= _Proc. Nat. Con. Fr.
Gr._ 52. 1848. =10.= Hovey _Fr. Am._ =1=:85, Pl. 1851. =11.=
_Horticulturist_ N. S. =4=:287. 1854. =12.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._
108, 186. 1856. =13.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:77-79, fig. 12.
1866. =14.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:83, 84, fig. 42. 1882. =15.= Hogg
_Fruit Man._ 285, 286. 1884. =16.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =98=:491
fig. 86. 1895.
We hesitatingly follow the American Pomological Society in calling this
variety Eagle when it has so long been known as Black Eagle, the name
given it by the great pomologist, Knight. Were this choicely good cherry
larger in size, it would still be a prime favorite with growers for in
many respects it is one of the best varieties of its species. Its flavor
is excellent; the trees are usually fruitful; it ripens at a good time
in the cherry season, just after Black Tartarian; the cherries are less
liable to crack than many of its rivals; and the trees are as hardy,
healthy and vigorous as those of any Sweet Cherry. Some complain that
the trees do not bear well at first but are productive only with age.
But, after all, it is its high quality that gives Eagle so much merit
that it ought not to be forgotten--makes it worth a place in every home
orchard and commends it highly to commercial growers of cherries who
want a finely finished product for either local or general market. The
fruit-stems of this variety are characteristically long.
Eagle was grown about 1806 by Sir Thomas Andrew Knight at Downton
Castle, Wiltshire, England, by fertilizing the Bigarreau of the old
writers, our Yellow Spanish, with pollen of the May Duke. The
correctness of the parentage as given has been questioned because of its
inherited characteristics. But if the May Duke is a hybrid between a
Sweet and a Sour, a pure Sweet offspring is not an impossibility. In
1823, Honorable John Lowell of Massachusetts received Eagle from Knight.
Prince mentioned this cherry in his _Treatise of Horticulture_, 1828,
but the exact date of its introduction into New York is unknown. In 1848
it was placed on the list of fruits adopted by the National Convention
of Fruit Growers and since then it has been retained on the fruit list
of the American Pomological Society.
[Illustration: EAGLE]
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, unproductive at
first but improving with age; trunk and branches thick, smooth;
branches reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with numerous
small lenticels; branchlets thick, brownish partly covered with
light ash-gray, the surface slightly ribbed and with small,
raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-half inches wide,
folded upward, long, obovate to elliptical, thin; upper surface
dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent;
apex variable in shape; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, with
dark glands; petiole nearly two inches long, tinged with red,
with a few hairs, with from two to four reniform, brownish glands
usually on the stalk.
Buds large, conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly
as lateral buds and in clusters on spurs of medium length;
leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom medium; flowers white, one
and one-eighth inches across; borne in scattered clusters in twos
and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube green faintly tinged with red, campanulate; calyx-lobes
with a trace of red, obtuse, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals irregular-oval, crenate, with short, blunt claws
and with a crenate apex; anthers yellowish; filaments one-fourth
inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblate,
somewhat cordate, compressed; cavity regular, flaring; suture a
faint groove; apex pointed or slightly depressed; color dark red
almost black; dots small, russet, medium in number, obscure; stem
slender, two inches long; skin thin, tender; flesh dark red, with
wine-colored juice, meaty, tender, crisp, pleasant flavored, mild,
sweet; very good to best in quality; stone free except along the
ventral suture, rather small, ovate, slightly flattened, blunt,
with smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral suture.
EARLY MAY
_Prunus fruticosa_
=1.= Langley _Pomona_ 86, Pl. 17 fig. 2. 1729. =2.= Prince _Pom.
Man._ =2=:131. 1832. =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 479. 1869. =4.=
Hogg _Fruit Man._ 295. 1884.
_May._ =5.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 571. 1629.
_Cerisier Nain à Fruit Rond Précoce._ =6.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb.
Fr._ =1=:168, 169, 170, Pl. III. 1768.
_Frühe Zwergweichsel._ =7.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._
492-498. 1819. =8.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 349, 350, 372. 1889.
_Amarell-Weichsel._ =9.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:57, 58.
1858.
_Précoce de Montreuil._ =10.= Mas _Le Verger_ =8=:141, 142, fig.
69. 1866-73.
_Griottier Nain Précoce._ =11.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:293 fig.,
294. 1877.
As the only cultivated representative of the European Dwarf Cherry,
Early May should be of especial interest to cherry-growers. It is a true
dwarf variety, the trees seldom attaining a height of more than six or
seven feet. Both tree and branches are very flexible so that Early May
is well adapted to the wall-training of European countries. It has
further value in its earliness, being the earliest of all cherries. It
is doubtful whether the variety can now be obtained in America but it
ought to be reintroduced both for the fruit and because it is a handsome
ornamental. Early May has several characters to recommend it to
plant-breeders. The description herewith given is compiled from European
fruit-books.
Pliny in his _Natural History_ mentions the Macedonian and the
Chamaecerasus cherries, both of which we now believe to have been
_Prunus fruticosa_, the European Dwarf Cherry. Early May, according to
European botanists, is a variety of this dwarf species and may be the
identical cherry that Pliny described. Following Pliny it was mentioned
by Estienne, a Frenchman, in 1540, by Knoop, the Dutch pomologist, in
1771, by Parkinson, the English herbalist, in 1629, and, as the
references show, by most pomologists since. The names May and Early May
have been applied to several varieties, and especially in the West to
the Early Richmond but all are distinct and ought not to be confused
with this, the true variety.
Tree very small, rather weak; branches numerous, slender, somewhat
curved, flexible, branchlets slender, pendant; leaves abundant,
very small, obovate or oblong, acuminate; margin irregularly and
deeply serrate; petiole short, slender, without glands; blooming
season very early; flowers small; petals oval.
Fruit matures very early, usually attached in pairs; small,
roundish, slightly flattened; suture indistinct; color bright red
becoming dark red at full maturity; stem one inch long, slender,
set in a small, regular cavity; skin thin; flesh yellowish-white,
sometimes tinged red under the skin, tender, juicy, brisk but
pleasant subacid; quality fair; stone very small, roundish.
EARLY MORELLO
_Prunus cerasus_
=1.= _Del. Sta. An. Rpt._ =12=:118. 1900. =2.= Budd-Hansen _Am.
Hort. Man._ =2=:275. 1903.
_Orel No. 23._ =3.= _Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 327. 1888. =4.= _Ia.
Sta. Bul._ =73=:68, 77 fig. 17. 1903.
This, which we think is the true Early Morello, is worthy an extended
description in _The Cherries of New York_ chiefly because there are
several cherries of this name. The confusion results in much vexation to
cherry-growers in the West where, only, these cherries have been
planted. The full description should make clear at least the character
of the variety which is being grown at this Station as Early Morello.
About all that can be said of the variety as it grows here is that the
trees are hardy, healthy, vigorous, fruitful and regular in bearing. The
cherries show the variety to be of the Amarelle group but are such as to
make it far inferior to Montmorency and other well-known Amarelles. The
name is misleading, as the variety has little in common, in tree or
fruit, with the true Morellos.
The cherry described here as Early Morello was introduced by Professor
J. L. Budd from Orel, Russia, as Orel No. 23. It has proved very
productive and hardy throughout the West and resembles Early Richmond,
though smaller, a trifle darker, less acid and a week later. A
dark-fleshed variety from Erfurt, Prussia, was sent out from Rosedale,
Kansas, where it is known as Early Morello. This, and one by D. U. Reed,
Blue Springs, Nebraska, appear to be very similar to the Northwest, or
Wier No. 29.
Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, very productive;
trunk rather thick, shaggy; branches with numerous large
lenticels; branchlets slender, short; leaves two and three-fourths
inches long, one and one-half inches wide, thick, stiff, dark
green, rather glossy, smooth; margin finely and doubly serrate,
with small, dark glands; petiole glandless or with from one to
three small, globose, brown or yellowish glands variable in
position; buds small, short, obtuse, in small clusters at the ends
of slender, branchlike spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of
bloom late; flowers one inch across; pistil equal to or slightly
longer than the stamens, sometimes defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; about three-fourths of an inch in
diameter, oblate, compressed; color attractive dark red; stem one
inch long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating
from the pulp; flesh light yellow, with pinkish juice, tender and
melting, sprightly, tart; of very good quality; stone free, ovate,
flattened, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces, somewhat tinged
with red.
EARLY PURPLE
_Prunus avium_
=1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 26. 1909.
_Purple Cherry._ =2.= Ray _Hist. Plant._ 1540. 1688.
_Early Purple Guigne._ =3.= _Cultivator_ N. S. =4=:280 fig. 2.
1847. =4.= Hovey _Fr. Am._ =1=:93, 94, Pl. 1851. =5.= _Am. Pom.
Soc. Rpt._ 55. 1852. =6.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 211. 1856. =7.=
Mas _Le Verger_ =8=:129, 130, fig. 63. 1866-73. =8.= Mortillet
_Le Cerisier_ =2=:57 fig. 3, 58, 59. 1866. =9.= _Horticulturist_
=25=:71 fig. 1870. =10.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:334, 335 fig.,
336. 1877. =11.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 295. 1884. =12.= _Guide Prat._
6, 193. 1895.
_Purple Guigne_. =13.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 195 fig. 1854.
Early Purple is a valuable cherry on account of its earliness, its
attractive color and high quality. The trees bear well and regularly
after having become established in the orchard. The variety has the
reputation of being a poor grower in the nursery and as a young tree in
the orchard but with age it takes on vigor and at all times is as
healthy as those of any Sweet Cherry. More than most cherries, this
variety responds to good care and a choice cherry soil--a warm,
free-working loam being best. A rather unusual and serious defect of
this variety is that the fruit-spurs are easily broken during picking
and the crop of the next season thereby cut short. Another fault is that
it is the favorite food of the robin where this, the worst of all cherry
pests, abounds. The cherries of this variety do not attain their rich
purple color until full maturity is reached. Hogg, the English
pomologist, maintains that Early Purple does better on the Mahaleb than
on the Mazzard stock. No home collection should be without this variety
and it can often be profitably grown as an early cherry for the local
market.
Early Purple is the Early Purple Guigne of most fruit-books, the name
having been shortened by the American Pomological Society, though, since
the variety goes back to the Early Purple of Ray in 1688, the name here
used has the right of precedence. As to what the origin and history of
the variety were before Ray mentioned it, we can find no record. Early
Purple was brought to America over a hundred years ago. According to
Elliott, eastern growers received it directly from England, while in the
West it was brought over by a party of German emigrants, under the name
"German May Duke" and as such it is still much grown in localities in
the Central West. In 1852, the American Pomological Society listed Early
Purple as one of the promising new fruits and later, in 1856, it was
given a place, which it has since retained, on the Society's catalog of
fruits recommended for general cultivation.
[Illustration: EARLY PURPLE]
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very
productive; trunk thick, smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown
partly covered with ash-gray, with large lenticels; branchlets
short, brown partly covered with ash-gray, roughened, with a few
small, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four inches long, one and three-fourths inches
wide, folded upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark
green, rugose; lower surface light green, very lightly pubescent;
apex and base acute; margin finely serrate, with small, dark
colored glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long,
slender, tinged with red, with few hairs, with two or three small,
globose, reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds variable in size and shape, rather long, plump, free,
arranged singly as lateral buds and in small clusters on spurs
variable in length; season of bloom early; flowers white, one and
one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering clusters, usually in
twos; pedicels characteristically long, often one and one-fourth
inches, slender, glabrous; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red,
campanulate; calyx-lobes tinged with red, long, acute, serrate,
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broadly oval,
serrate, with short, blunt claws and a shallow, notched apex;
filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the
stamens.
Fruit matures very early; one inch in diameter, cordate, slightly
compressed; cavity regular; suture a faint line; apex pointed;
color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, grayish, obscure; stem
tinged with red, slender, nearly two inches long, adhering to the
fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh
dark reddish-purple, with dark colored juice, tender, melting,
mild, sweet; of very good quality; stone free except along the
ventral suture, rather large, broadly oval, compressed near the
apex, with smooth surfaces.
EARLY RICHMOND
_Prunus cerasus_
=1.= Thacher _Am. Orch._ 217. 1822. =2.= Prince _Pom. Man._
=2=:142. 1832. =3.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 194, 195 fig. 1854. =4.=
_Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 12. 1871. =5.= _Del. Sta. An. Rpt._ =12=:115
fig., 116. 1900.
_Flanders._ =6.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 571. 1629.
_Kentish._ =7.= Miller _Gard. Kal._ 154. 1734. =8.= Truchsess-Heim
_Kirschensort._ 660, 661. 1819. =9.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 196
fig., 197. 1845. =10.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 74. 1862. =11.= Mas
_Le Verger_ =8=:25, 26, fig. 11. 1866-73.
_Cerisier Hâtif._ =12.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =1=:170, 171,
Pl. IV. 1768. =13.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._ 657, 658, 691.
1819. =14.= Poiteau _Pom. Franc._ =2=: No. 13, Pl. 1846. =15.=
Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:343, 344 fig., 345. 1877.
_Cerise de Volger._ =16.= Knoop _Fructologie_ =2=:36, 43. 1771.
_Frühzeitige Amarelle._ =17.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._
616-618. 1819. =18.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:70. 1858.
_Early Griotte._ =19.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:131, 132. 1832.