SOME LAST REMARKS
That there is little prospect of an immediate adoption in the United
States of Montessori ideas of flexibility and unhampered individual
growth is apparent to anyone who knows even slightly the hierarchic
rigidity of our system of education with its inexorable advance along
fixed fore-ordained lines, from the kindergarten through the primary
school, on through the high school to the Chinese ordeal of the college
entrance examination, an event which casts its shadow far down the line
of school-grades, embittering the intellectual activities and darkening
the life of teachers and pupils (even pupils who have not the faintest
chance of going to college) for years before the awful moment arrives.
All really good teachers have always been, as much as they were
allowed to be, some variety of what is called in this book “Montessori
teacher.” But as the State and private systems of education have
swollen to more and more unmanageable proportions, and have settled
into more and more exact and cog-like relations with each other,
teachers have found themselves required to “turn out a more uniform
product,” a process which is in its very essence utterly abhorrent to
anyone with the soul of an educator.
Our State system of education has come to such an exalted degree of
uniformity that a child in a third grade in Southern California can
be transported to a third grade in Maine, and find himself in company
with children being ground out in precisely the same educational
hopper he has left. His temperament, capacity, tastes, surroundings,
probable future and aspirations may be what you will, he will find all
the children about his age of all temperaments, tastes, capacities,
probable futures and aspirations practically everywhere in the United
States, being “educated” exactly as he was, in his original graded
school, wherever it was. School superintendents hold conferences of
self-congratulation over this “standardizing” of American education,
and some teachers are so hypnotized by this mental attitude on the
part of their official superiors, that they come to take pride in
the Procrustean quality of their schoolroom where all statures are
equalized, and to labor conscientiously to drive thirty or more
children slowly and steadily, like a flock of little sheep, with no
stragglers and no advance-guard allowed, along the straight road
to the next division, where another shepherdess, with the same
training, takes them in hand. There is a significant anecdote current
in school-circles, of an educator rising to address an educational
convention which had been discussing special treatment for mentally
slow and deficient children, and solemnly making only this pregnant
exclamation, “We have special systems for the deficient child, and the
slow child and the stupid child ... but _God help the bright child_!”
Now it is only fair to state that this mechanical exactitude of program
and of organization has been in the past of incalculable service in
bringing educational order out of the chaos which was the inevitable
result of the astoundingly rapid growth in population of our country.
Our educational system is a monument to the energy, perseverance, and
organizing genius of the various educational authorities, city, county,
and state superintendents and so on, who have created it. But like all
other complicated machines it needs to be controlled by master-minds
who do not forget its ultimate purpose in the fascination of its
smoothly-running wheels. That there is plenty of the right spirit
fermenting among educators is evident. For, even along with the mighty
development of this educational machine, has gone a steadily increasing
protest on the part of the best teachers and superintendents, against
its quite possible misuse.
Few people become teachers for the sake of the money to be made in that
business; it is a profession which rapidly becomes almost intolerable
to anyone who has not a natural taste for it; and, as a consequence
of these two factors, it is perhaps, of all the professions, the one
which has the largest proportion of members with a natural aptitude
for their lifework. With the instinctive right-feeling of human beings
engaged in the work for which they were born, a considerable proportion
of teachers have protested against the tacit demand upon them by the
machine organization of education, to make the children under their
care, all alike. They have felt keenly the essential necessity of
inculcating initiative and self-dependence in their pupils, and in many
cases have been aided and abetted in these heterodox ideas by more or
less sympathetic principals and superintendents; but the ugly, hard
fact remains, not a whit diminished for all their efforts, that the
teacher whose children are not able to “pass” given examinations on
given subjects, at the end of a given time, is under suspicion; and
the principal whose school is full of such teachers is very apt to
give way to a successor, chosen by a board of business-men with a cult
for efficiency. To advise teachers under such conditions to “adopt
Montessori ideas” is to add the grimmest mockery to the difficulties
of their position. All that can be hoped for, at present, in that
direction, is that the strong emphasis placed by the Montessori method
on the necessity for individual freedom of mental activity and growth,
may prove a valuable reinforcement to those American educators who are
already struggling along towards that goal.
This general state of things in the formal education of our country is
one of the many reasons why this book is addressed to mothers and not
to teachers. The natural development of Montessori ideas, the natural
results of the introduction of “Children’s Homes” into the United
States, without this already existing fixed educational organization
convinced of its own perfection, would be entirely in accord with the
general, vague, unconscious socialistic drift of our time. Little by
little, various enterprises which used to be private and individual,
are being carried on by some central, expert organization. This is
especially true as regards the life of women. One by one, all the old
“home industries” are being taken away from us. Our laundry-work,
bread-making, sewing, house-furnishing, and the like, are all done
in impersonal industrial centers far from the home. The education of
children over six has already followed this general direction and is
less and less in the hands of the children’s mothers. And now here is
the Casa dei Bambini, ready to take the younger children out of our
yearning arms, and sternly forbidding us to protest, as our mothers
were forbidden to protest when we, as girls, went away to college, or
when trained nurses came in to take the care of their sick children
away from them, because the best interests of the coming generation
demand this sacrifice.
But as things stand now, we mothers have a little breathing-space in
which to accustom ourselves gradually to this inevitable change in our
world. At some time in the future, society will certainly recognize
this close harmony of the successful Casa dei Bambini with the rest of
the tendencies of our times, and then there will be a need to address
a detailed technical book on Montessori ideas to teachers, for the
training of little children will be in their hands, as is already the
training of older children.
And then will be completed the process which has been going on so long,
of forcing all women into labor suitable to their varying temperaments.
The last one of the so-called “natural,” “domestic” occupations will be
taken away from us, and very shame at our enforced idleness will drive
us to follow men into doing, each the work for which we are really
fitted. Those of us who are born teachers and mothers (for the two
words ought to mean about the same thing) will train ourselves expertly
to care for the children of the world, collected for many hours a day
in school-homes of various sorts. Those of us who have not this natural
capacity for wise and beneficent association with the young (and many
who love children dearly are not gifted with wisdom in their treatment)
will do other parts of the necessary work of the world.
But that time is still in the future. At present our teachers can
no more adopt the utter freedom and the reverence for individual
differences, which constitute the essence of the “Montessori method,”
than a cog in a great machine can, of its own volition, begin to turn
backwards. And here is the opportunity for us, the mothers, perhaps
among the last of the race who will be allowed the inestimable delight
and joy of caring for our own little children, a delight and joy of
which society, sooner or later, will consider us unworthy on account of
our inexpertness, our carelessness, our absorption in other things, our
lack of wise preparation, our lack of abstract good judgment.
Our part, during this period of transition, is to seize upon
regenerating influences coming from any source, and shape them
with care into instruments which will help us in the great task of
training little children, a complicated and awful responsibility, our
pathetically inadequate training for which is offset somewhat by our
passionate desire to do our best.
We can collaborate in our small way with the scientific founder of
the Montessori method, and can help her to go on with her system
(discovered before its completion) by assimilating profoundly her
master-idea, and applying it in directions which she has not yet had
time finally and carefully to explore, such as its application to the
dramatic and æsthetic instincts of children.
Above all, we can apply it to ourselves, to our own tense and troubled
lives. We can absorb some of Dr. Montessori’s reverence for vital
processes. Indeed, possibly nothing could more benefit our children
than a whole-hearted conversion on our part to her great and calm trust
in life itself.
INDEX
Adult analysis of children’s problems, 143, 147, 154.
Animal training different from child training, 155.
Apparatus:
Big stair, 72, 100.
Broad stair, 100.
Buttoning-frames, 13, 15, 55, 134.
Color spools, 73.
Explanation of, 99 ff.
Geometric insets, flat, 76.
Geometric insets, solid, 70.
How to use, 67 ff., 91, 92, 99.
Long stair, 100, 192.
The Tower, 71, 100.
Age of children in Montessori schools, 8.
Apathetic child, the, 41 ff.
Arithmetic, beginnings of, 16, 100.
“Bad child,” the, treatment of, 32.
Big stair, the. See Apparatus.
Buttoning-frames. See Apparatus.
Democracy, basis of Montessori system, 118, 187.
Discipline, 31, 141 ff.
Exercises, gymnastic, 146, 148;
for legs, 112;
for balance, 113, 115, 149.
Exercises, sensory:
Baric, 65, 101.
Blindfolded, 17.
Color games, 74.
Color matching, 73.
Hearth-side seed-game, 110.
In dimension, 16.
In folding up, 107 ff.
Instinctive desire for, 52-54.
Not entire occupation of children, 68.
Simplicity of, 54.
In smelling, 64.
Tactile, 59, 60, 100, 115.
In tasting, 64.
By use of water, 150, 151.
By use of weights, 65, 101.
Family life, how affected by Montessori system, 121.
Freedom, 31, 103, 118, 119, 123, 131.
Gardens, value of, in child-training, 201, 204.
Geometric insets. See Apparatus.
Individuality, respect for, of Montessori system, 40, 93.
Interest, a prerequisite to education, 30, 94 ff., 190.
Kindergarten compared with Montessori system, 20, 173, 179;
as to self-annihilation of teacher, 180;
as to absence of supervision, 180;
as to social life of children, 184;
as to overstimulation, 188, 189.
Lesson of silence, 43 ff.
Long stair. See Apparatus.
Mental concentration, 143, 145.
Music, 19.
New pupils, 37 ff.
Number of pupils in Montessori school, 8.
Obedience, 155, 159, 161.
Observation of children, necessity for, 92.
Overstimulation, 188, 189.
Patience of children, 137, 138, 190.
Plants, care of, for children, 202, 204.
Reading, 89.
Responsibility, inculcation of, 34, 35, 69, 70, 136, 201.
School day, length of, 37.
School-equipment, 8, 59.
Self-control of children, 142, 144, 145.
Self-dependence of children, 23, 102, 110, 133, 137, 156, 186.
Slowness of children, 21, 135.
Social life of children, 184, 206, 207.
Supervision, absence of, 10, 102, 103, 180, 191, 193.
Theoretic basis of Montessori system, vi, 49, 56, 103, 120, 123,--see
also under Democracy, Freedom, Interest, Individuality,
Responsibility, Self-dependence.
Touch, sense of, 57, 58;
exercises for,--see Exercises, Sensory.
Tower, the. See Apparatus.
Writing, training for, beginnings of, 59;
theory underlying, 79 ff.;
alphabet, 82;
spontaneous writing, 84;
time required to learn, 87.
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FOOTNOTES:
[A] At first he traces only the outline of the inside figure. Later the
square frame is also outlined.
[B] A note here may perhaps clear up a possible misconception. It is
to be remembered that all these statements about the necessity for
interest in the child’s mind refer only to _educative_ processes.
Occasions may arise when it is desirable that a child shall do
something which does not interest him--for instance, sit still in a
railway train until the end of the journey. But no one need think that
he will ever acquire a taste for this occupation through being forced
to it.
[C] Postage on net books is 8% additional.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:
Italicized text is surrounded by underscores: _italics_.
Emboldened text is surrounded by equals signs: =bold=.
Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized.
End of Project Gutenberg's A Montessori Mother, by Dorothy Canfield Fisher