E. HIGGINS, Seabrook, Shawnee county: I _The Apple The Kansas Apple, the Big Red Apple; the Luscious, Red-Cheeked First Love of the Farmer's Boy; the Healthful, Hearty Heart of the Darling Dumpling. What It Is; How to Grow It; Its Commercial and Economic Importance; How to Utilize It.

years; have an apple orchard of 250 trees twenty-five years old. For

market I prefer Winesap, Jonathan, Maiden's Blush, Smith's Cider, and

Ben Davis; for family orchard, Winesap, Jonathan, Maiden's Blush, Red

June, and Grimes's Golden Pippin. Have tried and discarded Kansas Keeper

on account of blight. I prefer hilltop; best below lime rock, with a

northeast slope. I prefer two-year-old, low-headed trees, set thirty

feet each way. I plant to corn for four years, then cease cropping, and

seed to clover. I have a windbreak on the south side made of Osage

orange, to keep the hot winds off. I prune lightly to thin out some of

the middle branches; I think it pays. I do not thin my fruit. I

fertilize my orchard with stable litter, and plow it under. I think it

beneficial, and would advise its use on all soils. I sow my orchard to

oats, and pasture with hogs with rings in their noses; they live on the

oats, and don't hurt the trees, but with the help of the chickens they

keep the canker-worms off. My trees are troubled with round- and

flathead borers. I do not spray. I hand-pick my apples; sort into two

classes--shipping and cider. I sell my apples in the home market; sell

second and third grades to the cider-mills. Never tried distant markets.

I do not dry any. I am successful in storing apples in bulk in a cellar;

find Winesap to keep best. Prices have been from fifty to sixty cents

per bushel. I employ young men at seventeen dollars per month.

* * * * *

J. C. BECKLEY, Spring Hill, Johnson county: I have lived in the state

thirty years; have an apple orchard of 130 trees, twenty-eight years old

and large for their age. For a commercial orchard I prefer Ben Davis,

Jonathan, and Missouri Pippin; and for family use Early Harvest,

Maiden's Blush, Jonathan, and Winesap. I have tried and discarded

Smith's Cider, Talman (Sweet), Rambo, Fameuse, Willow Twig, White Winter

Pearmain, Roman Stem, Dominie, Fallawater, Wagener, Baldwin, and White

Pippin, because they mature too soon, fall off and rot long before it is

time to pick them. I prefer hilltop with a dark mulatto soil and a clay

subsoil, with a western aspect. I prefer two-year-old trees, with plenty

of fibrous roots, and a well-developed top, set forty by forty feet. I

cultivate my orchard till it is six or seven years old with a common

plow and harrow. In a young orchard I plant potatoes, corn, pumpkins,

melons, and garden-truck; I cease cropping after eight or nine years,

and seed bearing orchard to clover. Windbreaks are not essential, unless

on the south and north sides; would make them of cedar or evergreens. I

would not make a windbreak at all. For rabbits I wrap the trees. When

hunting borers I take knife and chisel and pare all gum and dirt off of

the roots; then I cut wherever I see signs of a borer until I get him,

and if he has gone too deep to cut out I take a No. 20 wire six or eight

inches long, bend a very small hook on one end, and run it up in the

hole he has made, and ninety-nine times out of 100 pull him out. When

done put some alkali of some kind around the tree, such as lime, ashes,

or soft soap; then cover up.

I prune with a saw or knife, cutting out the crossed limbs and shaping

the top. I think it pays while the trees are young. I never thin the

fruit while on the trees. My trees are in mixed plantings. I fertilize

my orchard with stable and hog manure; I think it very beneficial, and

advise its use on all soils, especially on old orchards. I pasture my

orchard with hogs, and think it advisable at times. It pays. My trees

are troubled with canker-worms, roundhead borers, and leaf rollers, and

my apples with codling-moths. I have never sprayed, but intend to this

spring, in April and May. I am going to use a dust sprayer with London

purple and Paris green for canker-worm. I pick my apples by hand from a

ladder into a sack, sort into two classes by hand, pack in a two-bushel

crate, fill full, with blossom end up, mark with the grade, and ship to

market-place by freight. I retail apples in the orchard; sell my best

ones in crates; feed the culls to hogs. Best market is at home; never

tried distant markets. We sun-dry some apples for home use, then heat on

the stove and put into paper sacks. I am quite successful in storing

apples in bulk, boxes and barrels in a cellar. Ben Davis, Winesap and

Little Romanite keep best. Sometimes I have to repack stored apples

before marketing, losing about one per cent. of them. Prices have been

about sixty cents per bushel, and dried apples five to six cents;

evaporated apples, seven to eight cents.

* * * * *

ALBERT PERRY, Troy, Doniphan county: Have lived in Kansas forty-one

years; have an apple orchard of 5000 trees, planted from five to

twenty-four years. I grow for commercial purposes, first, Jonathan;

second, Ben Davis, York Imperial, and Mammoth Black Twig. Ten years

hence those who now plant Ben Davis will probably regret it. [?] There

is a growing demand for a better eating apple. I now plant Jonathans and

York Imperial. The latter is a good bearer, and a vigorous tree, however

aged. For family orchard, I would advise adding to these Rambo and Fall

Strawberry [Chenango]. I have tried and discarded many others. Prefer

bottom, loess formation, near Missouri river. No slope has any advantage

over another. Cultivate with plow and harrow, growing corn as an orchard

crop for five years; then seed to clover and blue grass only. Do not

care for windbreaks. Where there are windbreaks apples on trees do not

get sufficient air. I protect from rabbits by tying corn-stalks about

young trees. Prune some. I believe all apple blossoms are

self-pollinating, and there is no advantage in mixed plantings. Need no

fertilizers but clover in my locality. Believe it pays to pasture the

orchard with horses in the winter; if you have a stack of hay for them

to go to they will not harm the trees. Am troubled with codling-moth and

apple curculio. Spray for codling-moth ten days after the apple is

formed, and believe I have reduced their number. I use the knife for

borers. Pick in baskets; deliver to packers in orchard. The aphis

appears to do no particular injury to tree or fruit. Burn fall web-worm

with a coal-oil torch. Sort into number one, fancy, number two, fair but

defective in shape, color, or otherwise, and culls. Pack in three-bushel

barrels, pressed so they will not shake. Sell firsts in orchard; sell

seconds in car lots in bulk; sell culls in bulk for cider or vinegar. My

best market is in the orchard. Have tried consigning to distant markets,

but it did not pay. Have stored second grades for winter in boxes and

barrels and in bulk, and made it pay. Ben Davis, Winesap and Rawle's

Janet kept best. We sort and lose about one-fifth of the second grade

only. Prices have run from $1 to $1.50 per barrel, of late years, in the

orchard. For help in care of orchard I use men. In picking season I use

all kinds of help. No experts. Pay from $1 to $1.50 per day.

* * * * *

J. H. ROACH, Lowemont, Leavenworth county: Have been in Kansas forty-two

years. Have an apple orchard of 5500 trees; 800 planted thirty years,

1200 planted thirteen years, and 3500 planted three years. For

commercial purposes I prefer Jonathan, Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin,

Winesap, and Willow Twig. For family use I prefer Jonathan, Huntsman's

Favorite, and Winesap. I have discarded Yellow Bellflower, Rawle's

Janet, and Russets. I prefer black loam with red gravel subsoil, hilltop

with extreme north slope, no matter how steep. I plant thrifty

two-year-old trees, thirty-three feet apart each way, except Missouri

Pippin, which may be closer. Cultivate up to twelve years of age; grow

corn until seven, then clover two years; then corn one year, after that

clover with a little timothy, to keep the weeds down. I cease cropping

the clover when the orchard is from twelve to fourteen years old. I

consider windbreaks harmful. Any good axle grease or "dope" will keep

off rabbits. I trim until five years old with a pocket-knife, to give

shape and stout branches. I believe fertilizers are beneficial, put on

every second or third year. I pasture my bearing orchard with horses and

cattle, after the fruit is gathered until the 1st of January; think it

is advisable and a benefit; allow no hogs in at any time. Am bothered

some with borers and codling-moth. Have never tried spraying, but would

advise it. We pick in sacks fastened over the shoulder with a snap and

ring. Usually sell in the orchard. Have tried artificial cold storage

satisfactorily, and think it the most reasonable plan. Prices have

ranged from $1 to $1.50 per barrel, for firsts and seconds, in the

orchard. I employ men at seventy cents per day.

* * * * *

A. D. ARNOLD, Longford, Clay county: Have lived in Kansas twenty years.

Have 300 apple trees, sixteen years planted, from ten to fifteen inches

in diameter. Grow only Ben Davis, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin for all

purposes. I prefer bottom land in this locality, sandy loam with a

northern aspect. Plant two-year, stocky trees, with a low top. I

cultivate with the plow and disc, and grow no crop in the orchard. I

believe a windbreak of box-elder or evergreens is beneficial but not

essential. I prune very little, using my knife with judgment. I use

stable litter as a mulch, and think it pays. I never pasture my orchard.

Have few insects but codling-moth. I shade the body of the tree to keep

borers out, and dig them out if any get in. I use ladders, and pick into

baskets, and sort into two classes--perfect and imperfect. My trees have

never borne a full crop, only enough for home use and the neighbors. We

have had several dry seasons, causing the fruit to fall badly.

* * * * *

J. S. GAYLORD, Muscotah, Atchison county: Have lived in Kansas

twenty-six years; have 5000 apple trees, planted from one to twelve

years. For market I prefer Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis, Winesap, and York

Imperial, and for family would add Yellow Transparent, Cooper's Early

White, Maiden's Blush, Grimes's Golden Pippin, Jonathan, Rawle's Janet,

and Little Romanite. I prefer hilltop with eastern slope, and would

plant only two-year-old trees. I have grown both seedlings for stock and

root grafts, in the nursery. I believe in thorough cultivation with

two-horse cultivator and double-shovel plow, using a five-tooth

cultivator near the trees. I crop with corn from seven to nine years,

and then sow to clover. I do not think windbreaks essential. For rabbits

and to prevent borers I use equal parts of carbolic acid and water as a

wash. I prune a little by cutting back on the north side and keeping out

the watersprouts, which I think pays. I think it pays to thin apples by

hand in July and August. I have used some stable litter in the orchard,

and think it pays. I pasture horses in my orchard during winter, but no

stock at any other time. I spray, after blossoms fall, three times, two

weeks apart, with Paris green, for the codling-moth, and my apples are

quite free from worms. I dig out borers and pick off worm nests. I pick

by hand in half-bushel baskets, sell at wholesale, and the buyer sorts

to suit himself. I have never dried or stored any. Prices in 1896 and

1897, seventy-five cents per barrel; spring of 1898, $1.25 to $1.65. I

use laborers at one dollar per day.

* * * * *

ALEX. SPIERS, Linn, Washington county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-eight

years. For commercial orchard I prefer Jonathan, Cooper's Early White,

Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Rawle's Janet, Dominie, Winesap; and for

family orchard Jonathan, Winesap, Cooper's Early White, and Ben Davis.

Have tried and discarded Yellow Bellflower on account of shy bearing. I

prefer rolling upland, black, sandy loam with porous subsoil, and a

southeast slope. I prefer two-year-old trees; have tried root grafts and

seedlings with good success. I cultivate with a diamond plow up to

bearing age. Windbreaks are essential, and I would make them of ash,

box-elder, maple, and elm; I would plant either the young trees or seed.

I prune with a saw, and use a chisel on watersprouts. I think it

beneficial. I thin by shaking the tree when the fruit is small. I

fertilize; think it benefits the trees, by making them grow stronger,

and they fruit better; think it advisable on all soils. I pasture my

orchard with hogs, but would not advise it; does not pay. Flathead borer

and fall web-worm affect my trees. I spray, as soon as the bloom falls,

with London purple. I sometimes sell my apples in the orchard, and

sometimes from the cellar. I store apples in the cellar, and am

successful. I do not irrigate. Prices have been from twenty-five cents

to one dollar per bushel.

* * * * *

THEO. BEDKER, Linn, Washington county: I have lived in Kansas thirty

years; have an apple orchard of 100 trees from two to twelve years old.

For market I prefer Ben Davis, and for a family orchard Winesap. I

prefer bottom land with a sandy loam and a northeast aspect. I plant my

trees in squares thirty feet apart. I cultivate my orchard for three

years with a single-horse cultivator. Plant corn and potatoes in a young

orchard; cease cropping after four years; plant timothy and clover mixed

in bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of

willows, by planting on north and south sides of the orchard. For

rabbits I wrap the trees with corn-stalks in the winter, and dig the

borers out. I prune my trees with a saw to make thinner; I think it

beneficial, and that it pays. I do not thin the fruit while on the

trees. I do not think it would pay. I fertilize my orchard with slaked

lime, and would advise it on all soils. It helps to keep off borers. I

do not pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable. My apple trees are

troubled with bud moth, twig-borer, and leaf-crumpler, and my apples

with curculio. I have sprayed when in bloom with London purple, but do

not think I have reduced the codling-moth. I pick my apples by hand, and

sort into two classes--good keepers and cider apples. Put them all in

one pile and then sort. I prefer barrels or boxes, from three to twenty

bushels; fill them full. I retail my apples. I sell the best in sacks by

the bushel. Make cider for vinegar of the culls. Never tried distant

markets. I dry some for home use in the sun; this is satisfactory. I am

successful in storing apples in boxes and barrels in the cellar. I find

the Rawle's Janet and Winesap keep best. I never tried artificial cold

storage; I lose about one-twentieth of my stored apples. I do not

irrigate. Prices have been from thirty-five to fifty cents per bushel.

* * * * *

JOHN FULCOMER, Belleville, Republic county: Have lived in Kansas

twenty-seven years; have raised for market Ben Davis, Winesap, and

Jonathan; would prefer for family orchard Early Harvest, Red June,

Duchess of Oldenburg, Cooper's Early White, Smith's Cider, Minkler,

Missouri Pippin, Winesap, Ben Davis, Golden Sweet, and Maiden's Blush.

Have tried and discarded about all varieties excepting the above named

on account of being tender and unprofitable. I prefer bottom land,

limestone soil with a gravel subsoil, and a northeast or eastern slope.

I prefer for planting strong, stocky yearlings--never over two years

old--set at the crossing of furrows plowed with a lister. I cultivate my

orchard to potatoes, pumpkins, squashes, melons, or any low hoed crop. I

use an ordinary ten- or twelve-inch plow, and a five-tooth cultivator,

and keep this up until they begin to bear; then seed to clover, mow it,

and let it rot on the ground; then let the clover seed fall under,

harrow, and let come up again. Windbreaks are beneficial; would make

them of ash and Osage orange, by planting a few rows of trees inside of

the hedge. To protect against rabbits, I wrap the trees. I prune with a

saw and knife to remove chafing and dead limbs, and to make the tree

more healthy and vigorous. I think it beneficial. I never thin the fruit

on the trees. I fertilize my orchard with coal and wood ashes; think it

beneficial, and would advise their use on all soils. I do not pasture my

orchard. My trees are troubled with canker-worm, and my apples with

codling-moth. I never have sprayed to any extent. I hand-pick my apples,

in one-half bushel splint baskets; sort into two classes as soon as

picked.

* * * * *

LOW. MILLER, Perry, Jefferson county: Have lived in Kansas thirty years.

Have an apple orchard of 2400 trees from one to fifteen years old. For

commercial purposes I prefer Jonathan, Missouri Pippin, and Ben Davis,

and for family orchard Early Harvest, Red Winter Pearmain, Cooper's

Early White, and Rambo. I prefer bottom land, clay soil and a porous

subsoil, with a north and east slope. I prefer two-year-old, low-headed,

stocky trees, planted twenty-five by thirty feet. I cultivate my orchard

to corn for six years, using a plow, cultivator, and harrow, and cease

cropping after six or seven years. Grow only weeds in a bearing orchard.

Windbreaks are essential; would make them of maples, planted two rods

apart around orchard. For rabbits I keep two hounds and a shot-gun. I

get after the borers with a knife. I prune with a knife to keep out

watersprouts. Never have thinned fruit on the trees. I fertilize my

orchard with stable litter, and think it has proven beneficial, but

would not advise its use on all soils. I pasture my orchard with horses,

but would not advise it. I doubt if it pays. My trees are troubled with

borers, and my apples with codling-moth. I do not spray. Pick my apples

by hand into sacks. I sort into three classes--first, second, and

culls--into baskets from the ground. I sell apples in the orchard at

wholesale. I market my best apples in barrels; sell second and third

grades to vinegar and cider-mills. My best market is at home. Never

tried distant markets. Do not dry any. I store some apples in bulk in a

cellar, and am successful. Ben Davis and Missouri Pippin keep best.

Prices have been seventy-five cents to $1.50 per barrel. I employ men

and boys at one dollar per day.

* * * * *

WM. GURWELL, Fanning, Doniphan county: I have lived in Kansas

thirty-five years; have 5000 apple trees, planted from two to thirty

years. For commercial orchard I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, Jonathan,

White Winter Pearmain, and Rawle's Janet; and would add for family use

Early Harvest and Dominie. Have tried and discarded Yellow Bellflower;

not prolific in this climate. I prefer hill with black loam and clay

subsoil; any slope but southwest is good. I prefer two-year-old trees,

and set them in holes dug two and half to three feet square with a

spade, and set the trees two or three inches deeper than they stood in

the nursery. Have tried home-grown root grafts, and was successful. I

cultivate to corn, potatoes, pumpkins, and melons, using plow and

harrow. I crop a bearing orchard lightly, and cease when in full

bearing. I kill the rabbits. I prune with saw, knife, and clippers, and

think it beneficial. I seldom thin fruit on the trees. My trees are

planted in blocks. I fertilize the land near the trees with stable

litter; I would advise its use on thin soil. I pasture my orchard with

calves and hogs, and think it advisable; it pays in some orchards. Trees

are troubled with borers; I hunt the borers with a wire. We pick

carefully in large baskets and sacks from a step-ladder; I pack in

barrels. My best market is northwest of here; I sometimes sell in the

orchard at wholesale, retail, and peddle; dry and make cider of the

culls; never dry for market. I sometimes store a few apples, and find

the Winesap, White Winter Pearmain and Rawle's Janet keep the best. We

have to repack stored apples before marketing them. Do not irrigate.

Prices have been from 60 cents to $1.25 per barrel. I employ all kinds

of help, and pay one dollar per day.

* * * * *

SAMUEL H. BERT, Moonlight, Dickinson county: Have been in Kansas

nineteen years; have 500 apple trees from four to twenty-two years

planted; the oldest are twelve inches in diameter. For commercial

purposes use Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and Janet, and for family use

would add Red June and Maiden's Blush. Have tried and discarded Red

Streak, Romanite, Rambo, and Bellflower. I prefer bottom in this

locality with a northeast slope. I plant twenty-eight or thirty feet

apart. I plant two-year-old trees; rather plant a yearling than

three-year-olds. Have never tried root grafts or seedlings. I cultivate

even my oldest trees, using a plow and harrow; it pays. I grow corn in

young orchard until too large; then nothing, just cultivate. Windbreaks

are essential, and should be made of Osage orange or mulberries; but not

too close to the orchard. I tie corn-stalks around the trees to protect

from rabbits, and keep the trees low, to shade the trunks to protect

against borers. I prune to prevent forks, to keep from splitting. I thin

apples when necessary; this should be done when they are about half

grown. I prefer to plant my trees in blocks. An orchard should be

fertilized with fine stable litter. I would advise the use of it,

especially on upland soil. Never pasture my orchard. My trees are

troubled with flathead borers. Never sprayed much, but think it would be

beneficial. I pick in sack hung over shoulder. We make three classes of

our apples--large, small, and specked. Have no particular way to market;

sell any way I can, but never in the orchard. We make cider, boiled

cider and apple-butter of the culls. Never have tried distant markets.

Never dry any. Store some for winter in bulk and in barrels in cellar;

am successful; find that the Winesaps keep best. Have never tried

artificial cold storage. We have to repack stored apples before

marketing; lost very few this winter, as I kept them out of the cellar

until December; then they kept well. I do not irrigate. Prices have been

from 60 cents to $1.50 per barrel.

* * * * *

G. E. SPOHR, Manhattan, Riley county: Have resided in Kansas twenty-six

years. Have an orchard of 3000 trees, nineteen years planted. Originator

of the Spohr apple (described elsewhere). Plants for commerce Winesap,

Missouri Pippin, and Ben Davis; for family orchard, Winesap, Missouri

Pippin, Maiden's Blush, and Early Harvest. Have tried fifty varieties,

but think none of them paid better than those named. I live on bottom

land, eight feet to water. Any slope is good. Prefer sandy loam. Plant

two-year-old, well-pruned trees, in large holes. Cultivate thoroughly,

planting to corn until seven years old; then seed to alfalfa. I favor

windbreaks of Scotch or Austrian pines, planted in three rows ten feet

apart. I believe in pruning, and always have my knife open when in the

orchard, and trim at all times; like to have trees, not brush piles.

The deity governing Kansas winds thins the fruit sufficiently. Apple

trees are more fruitful if varieties are mixed in planting. Use all the

two- and three-year-old stable litter I can get. Do not pasture my

orchard. Spray with London purple one week before and two weeks after

blooming, for canker-worm, leaf-roller, and codling-moth, and have

reduced the latter by it. I hunt the borers and go after them with a hot

(?) iron. Pick by hand, and sort to suit customers. Pack in eleven-peck

barrels, and mark with stencil. Sell my best apples to shippers, and

make vinegar and hog and cattle feed of culls. My best market is

Colorado, but I sell in orchard. I store successfully for winter in a

cave in bulk, and find Winesap and Missouri Pippin the best keepers,

losing about ten per cent. Prices average fifty cents per bushel. Pay

help from $12.50 per month to 75 cents per day and board.

* * * * *

R. D. OSBORNE, Soldier, Jackson county: Have lived in the state

thirty-one years; have 500 apple trees, from three to sixteen years

planted. For commercial purposes I prefer Ben Davis, York Imperial,

Gano, and Winesap; for family orchard, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and,

for summer, Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, and Cooper's Early White.

Have tried and discarded Vandevere, as it does not bear, and Willow Twig

on account of blight; Rawle's Janet no good on market. I prefer hilltop

if well cultivated; otherwise bottom, with a loam soil and a sandy

subsoil, and a southeast slope to protect from southwest winds. I plant

two-year-old trees, three feet to head, not less than three limbs to

form head, thirty feet each way. I cultivate with plow, harrow and spade

the square immediately surrounding the tree. I plant corn in the young

orchard and seed the bearing orchard to clover; cease cropping at five

or six years. I think windbreaks essential on southwest, and would plant

Osage orange or Russian mulberry. I wrap with grass or tarred paper to

protect from rabbits. I prune in May to spread the top and thin the

fruit. I seldom thin the fruit, but it will pay to thin the last of May.

I fertilize with stable litter, but would advise it only on hill

orchards. I pasture the orchard with hogs and horses, and think it

advisable, and that it pays. My apples are troubled with codling-moth. I

spray during May, after the blossom has fallen, with kerosene emulsion,

sulphate of copper, and London purple, for codling-moth, blight, and

insects generally. I think I have reduced the codling-moth. I treat

borers with crude carbolic acid diluted with water. I dig around tree

down to the roots, dam outside, fill around tree with water and acid

strong enough to tingle your tongue. I hand-pick from ladders by the

ordinary method. Never sell in orchard; make cider of second- and

third-grade apples; feed culls to stock. My best markets are Holton and

Topeka; never have tried distant markets. Never dry any. Store but few

apples in an orchard cave, nine feet deep, eight feet wide by

twenty-four feet long. The apples are put on shelves about ten inches

deep.

* * * * *

H. L. JONES, Salina, Saline county: Have lived in Kansas forty-four

years; have an apple orchard of 6000 trees, planted from five to

twenty-five years. For market I prefer Missouri Pippin, Winesap,

Jonathan, Lowell, Cooper's Early White, Grimes's Golden Pippin, and

Wealthy. For family orchard would plant Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush,

Jonathan, Winesap, Missouri Pippin. Have tried and discarded Alexander

as a shy bearer which rots on the tree. Prefer bottom land here, sandy

soil, free from clay or hard-pan. Preferable with northeast slope. Plant

well-branched two-year-old trees; turn deep cross-furrows the distance

the trees are wanted apart; cultivate in corn until the trees are five

or six years old; after that use the plow and disc harrow and plant

nothing. I emphatically believe that windbreaks are essential. They may

be made of anything hardy and suitable, as Osage orange, box-elder,

walnut, etc. To protect from rabbits, wrap with grass or corn-stalks. I

only prune with shears and saw, to clear the limbs off the ground a

little. I believe stable litter is good for an orchard. I pasture very

little, and do not think it good for an orchard. I spray as soon as the

leaves start, with Paris green or London purple, mostly for canker-worm,

and doubt its effect upon codling-moth. Thrifty trees are not usually

bothered with borers, and unthrifty trees should be made into firewood.

Our pickers use sacks with strap over the shoulder. We sort into four

classes: First, large, sound fruit; second, small sound fruit; third,

slightly damaged fruit; fourth, culls. Very little packing is done here;

apples are usually sold to shippers in bulk. I sell my culls to hundreds

of farmers in this and adjoining counties for canning, apple-butter,

etc. My best market is here in Salina. I have tried distant markets, but

it did not pay very well. Have never dried any; stored but few for

winter in baskets and barrels. I find the Missouri Pippin, Winesap,

Rawle's Janet and Romanite are the best keepers. Our loss in keeping

varies with the season and the condition of the apples at picking time.

Have never irrigated any. Prices during the past six years have varied

from twenty-five to fifty cents per bushel. I use men and boys to help

pick and at spraying time in the spring, usually paying one dollar per

day.

* * * * *

N. CHRISTENSEN, Mariadahl, Pottawatomie county: I have lived in Kansas

forty years. Have an apple orchard of four acres, from five to

twenty-five years planted. For all purposes I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri

Pippin, and Winesap. I prefer second-bottom land with a black loam, a

clay subsoil, and a northeast slope. I prefer good two-year-old trees

planted thirty feet apart, alternated with peaches. I have cultivated my

orchard to corn, but do not think it advisable. I used a plow,

cultivator and disc for eight years. I have cultivated the young orchard

both ways twelve times, and shall keep on with the disc and harrow. I

cease cropping after six or eight years, and then grow alfalfa.

Windbreaks are not essential. I use wire-cloth as a protection against

rabbits; I would not risk an apple or pear tree without it. I prune with

a knife, saw and shears when the trees are young; I think it beneficial,

as it makes the trees healthier. I fertilize my orchard with stable

litter; I spread it all over the ground and then harrow it in. I pasture

my orchard with calves after it is six or eight years old and has been

seeded to grass; I think it pays in an old orchard. My trees are

troubled with tent-caterpillars and borers. I have not sprayed yet, but

think I shall this spring with Bordeaux mixture. I pick my apples by

hand; sort into two classes. I feed my second and third grades and culls

to the calves and hogs; have made cider of them, but could not find

market for it. I have tried shipping apples to distant markets, but it

did not pay. I dry some apples for home use, using stove and sun;

neither way is satisfactory. I store my best apples in bulk in a cellar

under the house; am not very successful; I find Ben Davis and Winesap

keep the best. Prices have been from twenty-five to fifty cents per

bushel. I do not hire any help; the family does the work.

* * * * *

H. R. ROBERTS, Perry, Jefferson county: I have lived in Kansas since

1859; have an apple orchard from four to twenty-eight years old. For a

commercial orchard I prefer Jonathan, Ben Davis, Winesap, Missouri

Pippin, and Maiden's Blush; and for a family orchard Red June, Maiden's

Blush, Jonathan, Winesap, and Rawle's Janet. I prefer midland altitude

or bottom, with a rich loam and a clay subsoil, and a northeast slope.

I prefer two-year-old trees with upright heads, set 30x40 feet in

squares. I cultivate my trees with a plow and cultivator until they

occupy most of the ground. I plant corn and potatoes in a young orchard,

and cease cropping when the size of the trees renders it impossible. I

seed the bearing orchard to red clover. Windbreaks are not essential; a

hedge fence is all that is necessary, and this ought not to be nearer

than forty feet of the trees. For rabbits I wrap the trees; and dig the

borers out with a knife. I prune sparingly with a knife or sharp ax to

remove all dead or injured limbs; I think it pays. I thin the fruit when

the trees are overloaded, by taking off one-half after they are the size

of marbles. My trees are planted in blocks for convenience in picking. I

fertilize my orchard with all the barn-yard litter I can get, scattered

broadcast; would advise its use on all soils unless already very rich. I

am sorry to confess I have pastured my orchard with hogs; it is not

advisable. My trees are troubled with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar,

root aphis, roundhead borers, and buffalo tree-hopper; and my apples

with codling-moth, curculio, and gouger. I have sprayed just as the buds

open for canker-worm; have also sprayed for codling-moth. I pick all the

apples I can reach from the ground in baskets, and the rest from ladders

into sacks; I handle very carefully. I sort into two classes from a

table as they come from the trees; pack in eleven-peck barrels for fall

use, and twelve-peck barrels for winter use, carefully shaken and

pressed; mark with the grade and name of variety and haul to market on

wagon. I always sell in the orchard by car lots, when I can. I retail

the scattered ones; send the third grade to the cider-mills. My best

markets are sometimes both east and west of here. I never ship to

commission men; it don't pay. I don't dry nor store any. I do not

irrigate. I employ men and boys (men preferred). Pay one dollar per day

and dinner.

* * * * *

W. D. KERN, Baldwin, Douglas county: I have resided in Kansas

thirty-nine years. Have an apple orchard of 775 trees four years old.

For market I prefer Missouri Pippin, Ben Davis, and Willow Twig, and for

family orchard Yellow Transparent, Maiden's Blush, and Jonathan. I

prefer a loose, porous subsoil on a north slope. I prefer one- or

two-year-old trees, set twenty-two feet apart north and south and

thirty-three feet east and west. I plant my orchard to corn, potatoes,

and clover, and keep up the cultivation until they are bearing well,

using a diamond plow and one-horse cultivator. I never cease cropping.

Windbreaks are not essential, but if they were I should make them of

four or five rows of maple or some quick-growing trees, on the south and

west sides of the orchard. For rabbits I use wooden tree wrappers, and

dig the borers out. I prune to give the tree shape and let in the sun; I

think it pays, as it keeps the tree from overbearing. I do not thin the

fruit while on the trees, but think it would pay. I fertilize my orchard

with barn-yard litter, and would advise it on all soils when it needs

it. I pasture my orchard with hogs; I think it advisable, and that it

pays. My trees are troubled with canker-worms, tent-caterpillars,

borers, tree-hoppers, and leaf-rollers, and my apples with codling-moth

and curculio. I do not spray. I hand-pick my apples into buckets and

sacks from step-ladders. I sell my apples in the orchard at wholesale. I

sell the best to shippers, and the second and third grades the best way

I can. I sell or feed the culls to the stock. Never tried distant

markets. I do not dry any. Some years I am successful in storing apples

in barrels and boxes in a cellar. Winesap and Missouri Pippin keep best.

I never tried artificial cold storage. I have to repack stored apples

before marketing, losing about one-fourth of them. I do not irrigate.

Prices have been from sixty cents to one dollar per eleven-peck barrel.

I employ men at ten cents per hour.

* * * * *

JAMES SHARP, Morris county: Have been in Kansas twenty-eight years. Have

an orchard in Morris county of 8000 trees, planted from two to thirteen

years. I grow for market Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Jonathan, and York

Imperial; would add for family Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, and

Winesap. Have tried and discarded Yellow Bellflower, Lawver, Willow

Twig, and Smith's Cider; the former is barren, the others blight. I

prefer second bottom with northeast slope; soil loose, black loam, with

red clay subsoil. I plant in furrows each way, 16x30 feet, running a

subsoiler in the furrows, and use straight, smooth, two-year-old trees.

Have tried root grafts, but they need nursery care at first. I cultivate

at all ages, while young with plow, and old orchard with reversible

disc. I grow corn in young orchard, and after five or six years keep the

ground bare with the disc. I think windbreaks essential, and use Osage

orange, elm, ash, Austrian pine, and cedars. Catch the rabbits; and

cultivate well as a protection from borers. Do not prune much; take out

a little brush if necessary to more readily reach the fruit. Never have

thinned apples. Have never fertilized, and am decidedly opposed to

pasturing orchards with any kind of stock. Am troubled with canker-worm,

tent-caterpillar, flathead borer, woolly aphis, twig-borer, fall

web-worm, leaf-roller, leaf-crumbler, and codling-moth. Spray regularly

with London purple; cannot say it has reduced the codling-moth any; for

borers I keep my trees thrifty by constant cultivation. We pick in candy

pails, but find it bruises the fruit too much. I sort by hand in three

classes, commercial size Nos. 1 and 2, and culls. I pack in three-bushel

barrels, stenciled with name of variety and grower, and ship by freight.

Sell any way I can; have never sold in the orchard; sell culls for

apple-butter, and make some cider; have marketed at good prices at

Pueblo, Colo.; have never dried any for market. I store some for winter

in boxes, barrels and in bulk in a cellar, and find that Ben Davis and

Missouri Pippin keep best. I usually have to sort over those kept

through, and lose perhaps one-fifth. Have never irrigated. My average

returns are about fifty cents per bushel. For help I use men at one

dollar per day.

* * * * *

JAMES WILSON, Assaria, Saline county: Lived in Kansas twenty years; has

an orchard of five acres, twenty-three years planted. For commerce he

uses Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and Jonathan, and for family use would

add Maiden's Blush, Grimes's Golden Pippin, and Rawle's Janet. Has

discarded Rambo as too shy a bearer. Prefers light soil, with a heavy

subsoil in the bottom, with a southern slope. Plants thirty feet apart

each way. Grows no crop in orchard, and cultivates with stirring plow

and cultivator until the trees completely shade the ground. Believes

windbreaks necessary, and would plant box-elder, three feet apart, in

rows three feet apart, so as to shut out all wind. Binds with

corn-stalks to protect against rabbits. Prunes by cutting off lower

limbs and thinning center; says it is beneficial, and makes fruit larger

and of better color. Thins apples on trees when the size of marbles, and

believes it pays. On pollination he says: "I had one tree that stood

alone, and never bore fruit until I got honey-bees; then it bore all

right." Uses no fertilizers. Allows no live stock in the orchard. Has

sprayed just after the blossom fell, with London purple and Bordeaux

mixture, for the last five years, and it has reduced codling-moth. Uses

knife and soap-suds for borers. Picks and sorts into three

classes--sound and big, medium and affected, and culls. Sells in orchard

and in Salina; makes vinegar and hog feed of culls. Never shipped any

apples. Stores for winter by burying in bulk, and is successful. The

Missouri Pippin and Rawle's Janet keep best. Prices from fifty to

seventy-five cents per bushel. Uses boys from fourteen to twenty years

of age for help, and pays fifty cents to one dollar per day with board.

* * * * *

J. W. WILLIAMS, Holton, Jackson county: I have lived in the state forty

years; have an apple orchard of 225 trees of various ages, the oldest

being thirty-nine years. For market I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin,

Winesap, and Jonathan; and for a family orchard Red Astrachan, Early

Harvest, Dominie, Lowell, and Winesap. Have tried thirty varieties and

discarded all excepting the above mentioned. I prefer a rich soil with a

porous subsoil and a north slope; can see little difference between

hilltop and bottom orchards. I prefer two-year-old trees, with

symmetrical form, for setting; when planting I trim all affected roots

and prune lightly; set them inclined to the southwest. I cultivate my

orchard as long as it lives with a plow and harrow--plow shallow; plant

the young orchard to potatoes, beans, vines, and sometimes corn, using a

one-horse diamond plow, and am careful to harrow afterward. I cease

cropping six or seven years after setting, and plant a bearing orchard

to red clover. I think windbreaks are essential; would make them of most

any kind of rapid-growing trees planted in groves on the east and south

sides of the orchard. For rabbits I wrap the trees, and dig the borers

out. I prune with a penknife to keep the trees in good shape. It pays if

properly done, and is not too severe. I have thinned my fruit by hand

when of the size of hickory-nuts. Think trees do best in mixed

plantings. I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter and ashes; I

think it beneficial, and would advise its use on all soils. I pasture my

orchard with hogs part of a day at a time when the apples fall badly.

Don't let them in at will. I think it pays and is advisable, for they

destroy the moth. My trees are troubled with both round- and flathead

borers, and my apples with codling-moth. I spray, using a hand sprayer,

with Bordeaux mixture and London purple, when the blossom falls, for

codling-moth and curculio. It has not been beneficial. I burn the [tent]

caterpillars. I pick my apples by hand in a sack over the shoulder, and

sort into three classes--first, finest; second, fair; third, culls. I

sort from the ground or a table. I sell apples in the orchard, wholesale

and retail, and have no trouble in selling my first-grade apples. I sell

and make cider of the second and third grades, and also dry some of

them. Feed the culls to hogs or other stock. My best market is at home.

We dry some in a common dry-house which is very satisfactory; after they

are dry we put them into sacks to keep from millers; we find a market

for them, but it does not pay well. I am fairly successful in storing

apples on shallow shelves in the cellar; Winesap and Rawle's Janet keep

best. I do not irrigate. Apples have been about fifty cents per bushel,

and dried apples three to five cents per pound.

* * * * *

ANDREW SWANSON, Dwight, Morris county: I have resided in Kansas

seventeen years, and have an apple orchard of 1800 trees eight years

old, eight to ten feet tall. For market I prefer Winesap, Ben Davis, and

Missouri Pippin; and for family orchard would add Jonathan and Maiden's

Blush. I have tried and discarded Rome Beauty, Huntsman's Favorite, and

Minkler. I do not like them. I have upland, with a poor soil and a gumbo

subsoil, with a north and east aspect. I prefer two-year-old trees, set

thirty feet apart each way. I cultivate my orchard with a stirring plow,

and intend to keep it up as long as I live; plant corn or any cultivated

crop in the young orchard, and cease when there is no room; plant

nothing in the bearing orchard. I think a hedge fence all around the

orchard as a windbreak would be beneficial. For rabbits, I wrap the

trees with wire screening, and leave it on. I prune my trees every

winter, or when I have time, to thin the top and to give shape; I think

it pays, and is very beneficial. I do not thin my fruit--the wind does

that for me. I fertilize my orchard, and think it beneficial, and would

advise it on all soils. I do not pasture my orchard; it is not

advisable and does not pay. My trees are troubled with leaf-rollers and

other insects. I give the culls to hogs. I am successful in storing

apples in bulk in an arched cellar; Winesap, Ben Davis and Missouri

Pippin keep best. I never tried artificial cold storage. I do not

irrigate. Price has been seventy-five cents per bushel; dried apples

eight to ten cents per pound.

* * * * *

F. B. HARRIS, White City, Morris county: I have lived in Kansas

twenty-five-years, and have an orchard of 800 trees, planted from ten to

fifteen years ago. For commercial purposes I prefer Maiden's Blush,

Cooper's Early White, Ben Davis, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin. For a

family orchard I would put out the same, adding Red June, Jonathan, and

Smith's Cider. I have discarded the Willow Twig, as it rots too easily.

I prefer hilltop, north slope, soil as deep as possible, and a gumbo

subsoil. Would plant two-year-old trees with perfect crown growth,

twenty feet north and south, thirty feet east and west. My last

planting, ten years ago, was of root grafts, and I like it first rate. I

grow corn in the orchard for about ten years, then nothing. I cultivate

thoroughly, plowing until the soil is doubled, and then use the disc

pulverizer. I believe windbreaks to be very, very, very essential, and

would make of Osage orange on the outside, and any quick-growing

forest-tree next to the orchard. For protection against rabbits, I tie

with weeds and twine. I prune with a jackknife, a two-inch thin-bladed

chisel, and mallet. It does pay, and is beneficial until the trees are

ten years old. I tried thinning, but it proved more injury than profit.

I use all the fertilizer from stables and stock-yards that I can get,

spread all over the ground, and believe it would pay on any soil. I

would allow no live stock in the orchard but poultry, and would not

allow them to roost in the trees.

I have some trouble with tent-caterpillars, roundheaded borers, fall

web-worm, and curculio. I spray with London purple, first when the bloom

falls, then every ten days until three times, with a spray pump, using

London purple. I do not know whether I have reduced the codling-moth any

or not. I treat the borers with penknife and probe, others with rough

handling--eternal, vigilant destruction. I pick from step-ladders into

pails; place in sack to haul to the barn or shed. We sort into two

classes--first, all sound and marketable, second for cider. I sort by

hand from the pile, three or four bushels at a time. We pack in

bushel-and-a-half sacks, filled from the half-bushel measure, mark with

the name of variety, and haul to market in spring wagon. I retail and

peddle them, making the culls into cider and vinegar. My best market is

our nearest town; tried distant market last fall and it paid. We dry

some, pack into tight boxes as soon as dried and store in dark place,

and find a ready market at the stores at six cents per pound. It does

not pay very well, but saves waste. I only store for family use, in

headless barrels; generally keep well. Ben Davis keeps the best. We lose

from one-fourth to one-half. I believe irrigation would be a good thing.

Prices have been from thirty-five cents to seventy-five cents per

bushel. Use only home help.

* * * * *

M. D. WELTNER, Westmoreland, Pottawatomie county: Have been in Kansas

eighteen years. Planted 800 apple trees ten years ago. I do not own this

orchard at present. I planted Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Winesap,

Jonathan, and Maiden's Blush. I prefer sandy or black loam, with clay

subsoil, bottom land or gentle slope to the north. I set good, thrifty,

clean, two-year-old trees. I thoroughly plow my ground, then run a

lister for the row, and throw out with spade or shovel where the trees

are to go. I cultivate with potatoes and corn, using the plow, harrow,

and five-tooth cultivator, until ten or twelve years old, then sow to

clover. I use no windbreaks. For rabbits I wrap with building paper or

wire screen. I believe it pays to prune with the knife and saw a little

each year, to train the tree to grace, beauty, and profit. I never tried

thinning fruit. Would fertilize with a little stable litter spread over

the ground. Never would pasture an orchard. Had some canker-worm and

curculio, but never tried spraying. I pick from a step-ladder into a

shoulder sack.

* * * * *

V. E. HATHAWAY, Council Grove, Morris county: Have lived in Kansas

thirty years; have an orchard of 1000 trees two to twelve inches in

diameter. Have tried and discarded Willow Twig and Smith's Cider on

account of blight. I prefer a gravel or clay bottom with northern slope.

I prefer healthy trees set forty by twenty feet. I cultivate my orchard

to corn until too large, plowing very shallow. Windbreaks are

beneficial; would make them of cedar. I prune by cutting out the inner

limbs that rub; I think it pays. I do not thin the fruit on the trees. I

sometimes fertilize with stable litter; would advise its use on all

soils. I do not pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable. My trees

are troubled with canker-worm, and my fruit by codling-moth. I spray

just after the blooms fall with London purple, and think I have reduced

the codling-moth. I dig out insects not affected by spraying. I pick my

fruit from inside of tree from a ladder. Sort into three classes. Pack

in apple barrels, pressed down, and marked with the quality; then

transport to market on a wagon. I wholesale, retail, and peddle;

sometimes sell in the orchard. Feed the culls to hogs. My best market is

at home; never tried distant markets. Do not dry any. I store apples in

boxes or barrels, and am successful. I find Missouri Pippin, Winesap and

Ben Davis keep best. We have to repack stored apples before marketing,

and lose about one-eighth or one-tenth. I do not irrigate. Prices have

been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel.

* * * * *

S. MARTY, Longford, Clay county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-eight

years; have an apple orchard of 200 trees from seven to fifteen years

old, eight to ten inches in diameter. Have tried and discarded Grimes's

Golden Pippin and Willow Twig. I prefer sandy bottom, loam soil, with a

north or northeast aspect. I prefer two-year-old, low, stocky trees, set

in rows thirty-six feet each way. Have tried root grafts with very good

success. I cultivate my trees eight years; first four to potatoes, using

a disc harrow; plow shallow among young trees; plant nothing in a

bearing orchard. Windbreaks are essential; would make them of Osage

orange and box-elder on both south and west sides of the orchard. I trap

and shoot the rabbits. I prune very little; only cut out the branches

that interfere. I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter; I think it

beneficial. I do not pasture my orchard; do not think it advisable. Do

not spray. Sort into two classes: good and bad.

* * * * *

J. L. STEELE, Minneapolis, Ottawa county: Have lived in Kansas fourteen

years. Have 200 apple trees from six to twelve years old. I prefer

bottom land with sandy loam and similar subsoil, north slope. I plant

two-year-old trees branched near the ground, in deep furrows made by

plow. Have tried root grafts with good success. I cultivate with corn

and potatoes, using disc and harrow all the time; plant nothing in

bearing orchard; cease cropping when about eight or ten years old.

Windbreaks are essential, on the south; would make them of honey-locust,

two or three feet apart in the row. I wrap the tree with corn-stalks to

protect from rabbits. Have not been troubled with borers. I only prune

out the limbs that interfere with others. Never thin apples. I fertilize

with stable litter, and think it beneficial; would advise its use on

all soils. I do not pasture my orchard; it does not pay. My trees are

troubled with canker-worm. I spray with London purple when the worms

first begin their work, to kill leaf-eating insects; do not think I have

reduced the codling-moth. I irrigate with a 4-1/2-inch-cylinder pump and

well.

* * * * *

J. C. CAMPBELL, Campbell, Washington county: Have lived in Kansas

fifteen years; have 250 trees from three to fourteen years old, eight to

twelve inches in diameter. I prefer for family orchard Ben Davis,

Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and Rawle's Janet. I prefer hilltop with deep

soil and red subsoil, and an eastern slope. I prefer three-year-old

trees, set 24x30 feet, as deep as they were in the nursery. I cultivate

in buckwheat for eight years with the plow; after that plant nothing.

Windbreaks are essential on the southwest or north and south; would make

them of Osage orange; plant them forty feet distant and do not trim. For

rabbits I wrap with corn-stalks and leave them on summer and winter. I

prune with a saw; then cover the wound with wax; I think it beneficial.

Have never thinned fruit. Never use fertilizer; do not think it

advisable. Do not pasture my orchard; would not advise it. My trees are

affected with twig-borer and leaf-roller. The codling-moth troubles my

apples. I do not spray. I pick my apples early and leave them in piles

in the orchard until cold weather.

* * * * *

WILLIAM YOUNG, Brantford, Washington county: Have lived in Kansas

twenty-one years. Have 200 apple trees, five to twenty-five years

planted, four to twelve inches in diameter. I prefer for commercial

orchard Winesap, Ben Davis, and Rawle's Janet. I prefer bottom land,

with black loam and clay subsoil. I prefer three-year-old trees, good,

smooth bark, and three or four branches. Have tried root grafts and

seedlings with good success. I cultivate in corn, using plow for

thirteen years; plow toward the trees one year, then away the next.

Windbreaks are essential, and I would make them of cottonwood, box-elder

or catalpa planted in rows on the north side. Am not troubled with

rabbits or borers. I prune with a saw and knife, to produce better

fruit; I think it beneficial. I fertilize with stable litter and wood

ashes; I would advise its use on all soils. I pasture my orchard with

hogs; think it advisable, and that it pays. My trees are troubled some

with insects; codling-moth troubles my apples. I pick my apples by hand

into a basket, then sort and put in the cellar. I sort into two classes,

good and bad; we sort as we pick them. I sell my apples at home and in

town, sometimes in orchard; retail, wholesale, or peddle. Make cider for

vinegar of culls. My best market is Clifton; never tried distant

markets. Never dry any. I store some for winter market in thin layers on

shelves, in cellar seven feet deep, and find the Winesap keeps best.

Prevailing price has been eighty cents.

* * * * *

H. E. PENNY, Hiawatha, Brown county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-eight

years. Have 1800 apple trees--600 planted fifteen years, 1200 planted

ten years. Grow nothing but Ben Davis. Planted two-year-old trees,

twenty-four by thirty feet, on a southern slope. Cultivate in corn for

ten years and then sow to clover. I prune only to keep the watersprouts

from bothering the tree. I believe fertilizing pays, although I have not

tried it. I never allow any stock but poultry in the orchard. I spray

after the bloom has fallen, and ten days later, with Paris green, to

destroy the codling-moth. We sort out only one grade, allowing the culls

to rot. We pack in three-bushel barrels, and usually sell in the orchard

at wholesale. Our best market is Minneapolis, Minn., but I have not made

shipping pay. I have tried artificial cold storage; they did not keep

satisfactorily, I do not know why. I had to repack, and lost over twenty

per cent. Prices have varied from 75 cents to $1.50 per barrel. For

help, I use boys at fifty cents to seventy-five cents per day.

* * * * *

J. D. HAZEN, Leona, Doniphan county: Have been in Kansas forty years;

have an apple orchard of 13,200 trees; 10,000 have been planted fourteen

years, and 3200 for two years. I would plant nothing but Ben Davis for

commercial purposes. For the family orchard I would add Winesap,

Jonathan, and Rawle's Janet. Prefer rather high land, well underdrained,

with a northeast slope. I plant good two-year-old trees, in rows two

rods apart east and west, and the trees one rod apart in the row north

and south. I grow corn or potatoes for six years, then seed down to

clover. I cultivate the trees while young with a small one-horse plow. I

think windbreaks essential on the south and west sides; Osage orange is

good, set the same as for a fence, and allowed to grow tall. I wrap my

trees against rabbits, and try all ways to destroy them. I prune with

the saw to get the trees up so I can get around them, and believe it

pays, or I would not do it. Have been at it fifteen years, and see no

harm. Don't think it would pay to thin apples on the trees. I believe it

is better to mix varieties in the orchard; I have 7000 Ben Davis and 300

Winesaps in one orchard, and where the Winesaps are mixed with the Davis

the trees are always fuller. I believe fertilizing would be good, but my

orchard is too large to practice it. I pasture with horses in the

spring, and believe it does no harm, and that it pays.

Canker-worm is my worst insect pest, and I have been spraying for many

years, using one pound of London purple to 160 gallons of water. I spray

when the blossoms fall, using a big tank and a small engine to pump. I

cannot say that I have reduced the codling-moth any by spraying. I cut

borers out. I sort into two classes, No. 1's and No. 2's, bests and

second bests; best ones go into firsts, and those that are not rotten in

No. 2. I have a table, or what I call a culler; the apples are picked

and put into these cullers; I have twelve men to each culler and a boss

over them. They stand and cull the apples. I have the cullers numbered,

so if any one puts up bad apples I can catch him. I use barrels for the

No. 1's; fill and press so they will not shake. I put them up in good

shape, and sell at wholesale to the first buyer that comes. I ship my

culls and second-grade apples to western Kansas and to Nebraska in cars

in bulk. I never send to commission men. I have never tried drying, or

storing apples for winter. For family use I put away some in barrels,

and keep the above varieties successfully. Prices, last year, two

dollars per barrel; a year ago, one dollar per barrel; two years ago,

$1.50 per barrel. I use any help I can get, paying seventy five cents

per day and board.

* * * * *

J. B. AVERY, Clifton, Washington county: Have lived in Kansas

twenty-eight years; have an apple orchard of 1500 trees, from five to

fourteen years planted, three to fifteen inches in diameter. For

planting I prefer two-year-old whips. I cultivate my orchard to potatoes

or any hoed crop, when it is first planted; keep this up as long as the

roots and branches will admit. I have used a disc and common drag harrow

for the last three years. I plant my bearing orchard to clover. I prune

my trees with a pruning knife and saw when necessary. I fertilize my

orchard with thoroughly rotted stable litter. I think it beneficial and

would advise its use on all soils. I have pastured eight acres of my

orchard with calves; have not seen any injury. I sort my apples into

three classes--first, second, and culls. I sell my apples to neighbors,

restaurants, stores, etc. The culls I dry, make cider, feed to pigs,

and give away. Clifton is my best market; have never tried distant

markets. I store some in boxes, barrels and sacks in a cellar.

* * * * *

T. S. ANDERSON, Oneida, Nemaha county: Have been in Kansas twenty-seven

years; have an orchard of 1000 trees fifteen years old, ten to eighteen

inches in diameter. Prefer for market Ben Davis and Winesap; for family

use, many kinds. Have discarded Rawle's Janet, Early Pennock,

Bellflower, and Russets. I prefer limestone soil; bottom land with

northern slope. I plant two-year-old, straight-bodied, thrifty looking,

live trees. I cultivate in corn, with riding plow, for six years, and

then seed to grass. I believe a windbreak is essential, and would make

it of Osage orange, maple, or cottonwood. I prevent rabbits and borers

by painting with ashes and lime. I prune with saw and knife to make

larger apples, and give them better color, and think it pays. I do not

thin, and would put fertilizer from the barn-yard on the land. I pasture

my orchard with cattle and hogs, but do not think it advisable. I am

troubled some with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, root aphis, borers,

codling-moth, and curculio, but do not spray. I gather only the best by

hand, and put them immediately in a bin in the cellar. I sell to stores,

use plenty at home, make cider, and feed the hogs on culls. My best

market is Seneca, Kan. Have never tried drying apples. I store for

winter on shallow shelves, six inches deep and two feet wide, in a dry

cellar, and keep them successfully; Ben Davis and Winesap keep the best.

Prices have ranged from twenty-five to seventy-five cents per bushel. I

use common laborers, and pay from one to two dollars per day.

* * * * *

HOWARD MORTON, Tescott, Ottawa county: I have lived in Kansas thirty-two

years; I have twenty old apple trees and 400 set two years ago. I prefer

Ben Davis, Gano and York Imperial for market, and Maiden's Blush, Early

Harvest and Winesap for family use. My orchard is in a bottom with a

north slope. I plant two-year-olds with a fair amount of large roots, in

furrows made with a lister, and enlarged with a spade where necessary. I

cultivate with a disc harrow as long as possible, and grow nothing on

the ground among the trees. I believe windbreaks are essential, and

would make them by planting Osage orange, Russian mulberry and

box-elders in rows six feet apart. I do not prune much; only thin out

inside shoots to prevent contact. I believe it pays to thin the fruit

some when the apples are perhaps half grown. I use no fertilizers. I do

not pasture my orchard. I spray a little before the buds swell, after

the blossoms fall, and two weeks later, with Bordeaux mixture, to

prevent wormy apples. I dig out borers with a jack-knife and a small

wire.

* * * * *

I. N. MACY, Longford, Clay county: Have lived in Kansas fifteen years;

have 150 apple trees nine years old, from fifteen to eighteen feet high.

For family orchard prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, and Jonathan. I prefer

bottom land. I plant two-year-old trees. I cultivate in corn for the

shade as long as there is room, using the plow, cultivator, and harrow,

and cease cropping when trees shade the ground. Windbreaks are

beneficial on the south. I prune to balance the top and prevent the

limbs from chafing; I think it beneficial. I never thin apples. I

fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter, keeping my ground as rich as

a garden, and would advise its use on all soils. I never pasture my

orchard; it is sure death to it; allow nothing larger than chickens in

it. I spray only for canker-worms, using Paris green and lime, when in

bloom; am successful. I do not irrigate.

* * * * *

A. C. GRIESA, Lawrence, Douglas county: I have lived in Kansas thirty

years. For market I prefer Ben Davis, Gano, Jonathan, and Missouri

Pippin, and, for a family orchard, the leading medium early and late

sorts. I prefer upland or second bottom with a clay subsoil; all slopes,

if well drained, are good, excepting south. I prefer good two-year-old

trees, set in land laid off with a plow. I plant my orchard to corn for

four years and use an eight-tooth cultivator; cease cropping when the

trees are four or six inches in diameter; plant clover in a bearing

orchard. Windbreaks are not essential in this locality. For rabbits I

wrap the trees, and dig the borers out. I prune when the trees are young

to thin the top; I think it beneficial and that it pays. I do not thin

the fruit while on the trees, but would advise doing so when the fruit

is one-third grown. I fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter, and

would advise its use, especially on uplands. I do not pasture my

orchard; do not think it advisable; it does not pay. My trees are

troubled with canker-worm, root aphis, flathead and roundhead borers,

and woolly aphis; and my apples with codling-moth. I do not spray, but

would advise it. I am sure it would reduce the codling-moth. I hand-pick

my apples in a sack over the shoulder.

* * * * *

A. G. AXELTON, Randolph, Riley county: I have lived in Kansas forty

years; have an apple orchard of 300 trees eighteen years old, sixteen

feet high. For a family orchard I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin,

Winesap, and Maiden's Blush. I prefer black bottom land with a clay

subsoil, and a northern slope. For planting I prefer two-year-old,

straight, smooth trees. I cultivate my orchard till the trees begin to

bear, with a cultivator and hogs, planting nothing. Windbreaks are not

essential. For rabbits I wrap the trees with paper. I do not prune my

trees, nor thin the fruit while on the trees. I do not fertilize. I

pasture my orchard with hogs at certain times in the spring when

worthless apples are dropping. My trees are troubled with canker-worm

and tent-caterpillar. I do not spray. I pick my apples by hand and carry

them to the cellar. I do not store any apples for winter market.

* * * * *

C. H. TAYLOR, Eskridge, Wabaunsee county: Have lived in Kansas

thirty-eight years. Have 1400 apple trees, five to fifteen years old,

six to twelve inches in diameter. For market I grow Ben Davis, Missouri

Pippin, and Jonathan; for family orchard I would advise Winesap, Rawle's

Janet, Cooper's Early White, Maiden's Blush, and Jonathan; and I would

discard nearly all others. I prefer bottom land, with black loam and

open subsoil, north slope. Would plant one- or two-year-old, low-top

trees, twenty-five feet apart each way. I have grown root grafts with

success. I shall cultivate as long as the trees live, growing corn among

them until the growth of the trees prevents it. I believe all the

windbreak necessary is an ordinary fence. I use traps for the rabbits

and a knife for the borers. I thin the fruit on the trees in the early

summer, after they are well set. I believe barn-yard fertilizer

beneficial to any orchard. I pasture my orchard with hogs, and think it

advisable, and that it pays. I have some insects, but do not spray; I

burn some. I pick by hand in half-bushel baskets; sort into two classes,

market and cider; pack into barrels, and usually sell in the orchard at

wholesale. Never shipped to a distant market. Do not dry any. Have

stored some for winter in the cellar in bulk, and find that the Missouri

Pippin, Winesap and Rawle's Janet keep the best. I do not irrigate.

Price averages about twenty-five cents per bushel. I use ordinary farm

hands at fifteen to twenty dollars per month.

* * * * *

FRANK SEIFERT, Strawberry, Washington county: I have lived in Kansas

twenty-eight years; have an apple orchard of 150 trees, from three to

twenty years planted. For commercial purposes I prefer Ben Davis,

Missouri Pippin, and Winesap, and for family orchard would add Maiden's

Blush. Have tried and discarded Willow Twig on account of blight. I

prefer limestone upland with an eastern aspect. I prefer three-year-old

trees for planting. I cultivate my orchard for eight or ten years with a

plow and harrow. I seed bearing orchard to red clover. Windbreaks are

essential; would make them of one row of box-elder and two rows of

plums. I fertilize my orchard with straw and hay, and think it

advisable, on all soils. I never pasture my orchard; it is not

advisable. I do not spray. I pick my apples the old way. [?] Sell my

apples in the orchard. I sometimes store for winter in bulk in an arched

cellar, and am successful. I find the Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin and

Winesap keep equally well. Prices have been from fifty to seventy-five

cents per bushel.

* * * * *

J. T. TRAVIS, Aurora, Cloud county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-six

years; have an apple orchard of seventy-five trees from five to twenty

years old. I prefer low land, black loam soil with clay subsoil, and a

northern slope. I prefer two-year-old trees, straight, with no forks,

the limbs low down, planted in furrows made by a plow. I cultivate my

orchard as long as I can get through it, with potatoes and sweet corn,

using a harrow often enough to keep weeds down and ground smooth. Cease

cropping when the trees get too large for sweet corn to do any good.

Windbreaks are essential; would make them of Russian mulberry, planted

in two or three rows, eight to ten feet apart, on all sides of the

orchard. I prune little, only enough to thin out the tops and keep limbs

from rubbing each other, and to give light. I fertilize my old orchard

with any kind of coarse stable litter; I pile it in heaps between the

trees and let it lay until it rots. I pasture my orchard with hogs when

it grows to wild rye and is too large for me to plow; I think it

advisable only when the trees get foul; it pays if not pastured with too

many and they are not kept on too long. My trees are troubled with

leaf-roller, and my apples with codling-moth. I have sprayed, but only

to a limited extent.

* * * * *

SAM KIMBLE, Manhattan, Riley county: Have been in Kansas thirty-eight

years. Have an orchard of 2500 trees not yet in bearing. They have been

planted three, four and five years. I have set out for market Ben Davis,

Missouri Pippin, and Winesap, and for family use about thirty kinds, in

variety. I am located on upland, with clay subsoil, mainly northwest

slope. I planted three-year-old trees, stocky and low headed, in holes

twenty-five by thirty feet apart, getting on my knees to work the soil

in about the roots. I crop to corn, cultivating well, and shall keep

this up as long as three rows can be fairly grown between two rows of

trees. I believe in plowing if you do not get too close to the trees.

When my orchard comes into bearing I shall keep up the cultivation but

grow no crop. I believe windbreaks are very desirable, and should make

them of cottonwood, elms, or any quick-growing forest-trees. To keep off

rabbits I tie on corn-stalks with binder twine. I prune carefully to

shorten the heads and keep down watersprouts, and believe it beneficial.

I believe thinning will pay when the fruit sets too thickly. I believe

in lots of fertilization, and use all the stable litter I can get; I

don't think you can use too much. I believe that young calves might be

pastured to advantage in an old orchard. Have not sprayed any, and

depend on rains for water.

* * * * *

J. B. STARNS, Fairmount, Leavenworth county: Have lived in the state

forty-one years; have 1800 apple trees, extra large, seventeen years

old. Planted for market Ben Davis, Winesap, Jonathan, and Missouri

Pippin; and for early use Early Harvest, Cooper's Early White, Maiden's

Blush, and the Gennettan. Have discarded the Red June as too small and

falling too badly. My ground is black loam upland, sloping north and

east. I planted two-year-old trees in furrows made by the plow, twenty

by thirty-two feet. Would cultivate in corn for five years, using the

breaking-plow and cultivator; then sow to clover. Windbreaks are not

necessary here. I trap the rabbits. For borers I bank around the trees

in May, and take it away in September; this exposes the tree, and the

borers are taken out easily with a knife. I prune some, and think it

pays to take off watersprouts and shape the tree a little. Do not thin,

and do not fertilize. I pasture in the spring and fall, after the apples

are gathered, with pigs; it is an experiment. I have some

tent-caterpillar, twig-borer, and codling-moth. Have never sprayed any.

I pick in sacks and baskets, emptying into bushel boxes, which are

hauled on wagons made for that purpose, to the place for packing. I make

three grades: shippers, seconds, and cider or driers. The boxes are

taken from the wagon and culled, and shippers packed in barrels; the

rest are put in piles, which are afterward culled, and the seconds put

by themselves. We mark barrels with name of variety, and haul to market

on wagons made for the purpose. We often sell at wholesale in the

orchard; we sell the seconds in bulk. My best market is Leavenworth;

have never shipped any away. Have never dried any, and do not store any

for winter. Prices have ranged from 50 cents to $1.75 per barrel. I use

men only, and pay $1.50 per day.

* * * * *

D. N. BARNS, Leavenworth, Leavenworth county: I have lived in Kansas

thirty-seven years; have 2000 apple trees twenty years old. The best for

commercial purposes is New York Pippin [Ben Davis]. For family orchard I

prefer Jonathan, Winesap, Minkler, Huntsman's Favorite, and Lowell. I

have tried and discarded Nonesuch. I prefer bottom land, with black loam

soil and clay subsoil, with south slope, in my locality. I plant good,

stout, thrifty trees, two to three years old, sixteen and one-half by

thirty-three feet apart. I cultivate until the trees are large enough to

shade the ground. In the young orchard, for the first seven or eight

years, I usually grow corn, wheat, or oats; in a bearing orchard I grow

orchard-grass and timothy and clover, separate or together. I have not

yet ceased cropping. I believe windbreaks are essential, made of hills,

trees, or hedge fence. For this purpose I would advise to first find the

hills; then plant the orchard and trees or hedge. I dig out the borers,

and trap or shoot the rabbits. I believe it pays to prune some to get

rid of surplus wood. I believe it pays to thin apples and I do it in

July. I fertilize by pasturing with cows, and believe it pays. Am

troubled with some insects, but have never sprayed. We pick from a

ladder, each man carrying two baskets; we sort into two classes on a

table. In the first class we put apples not damaged too much and large

enough, and in the other we place the small ones.

* * * * *

J. F. RUHLIN, Wetmore, Nemaha county: Has been in Kansas seventeen

years. Owns an apple orchard of 1150 trees, set out from one to three

years. Set Ben Davis, Jonathan, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and for family

orchard would add the Maiden's Blush, Rambo, Rome Beauty, and Grimes's

Golden Pippin. Has discarded Early Harvest, Red June, and Red Astrachan.

Wants upland always, north or northeast slope if possible, and a loose,

friable soil, with gravelly subsoil. On planting, he says he uses

two-year-old, short, stocky trees with bushy tops and lots of roots,

which he prunes back at setting. Sets trees deeper than they grew at the

nursery, 20x30 feet. Puts a barrel half full of soil and water on a

sled, and puts ten to twenty trees into it at a time; takes out a tree

and sets it with as little exposure of roots to the air as possible.

Cultivates well, keeping the ground clean in the tree row all summer.

This winter, 1897-'98, he saw fine ten-year-old trees completely girdled

by mice, in an orchard that was neglected last summer, and weeds and

grass allowed to grow next the trees; these held the snow around the

trees, and allowed the mice to burrow under to the tree. Grows corn as a

protection to the trees in summer, using a five-tooth one-horse

cultivator, shallow and often, near the trees, until they begin to bear,

when he sows to clover, and mows frequently. Thinks windbreaks are

essential, and if used would make them of Osage orange or mulberry, not

very close to trees on north and west sides. Protects from rabbits by

wrapping with corn-stalks and will try leaving them on this summer as a

protection from sun-scald. Prunes interlocking limbs to get into shape;

believes it beneficial. Believes thinning would pay on choice varieties

if tree was very full. Believes in using all the barn-yard litter

possible, especially on poor soil. Never has pastured orchard, but might

put in horses or sheep. Thinks it would hardly pay. Never has sprayed,

but believes in it. Digs out borers. Prefers to wholesale fruit in

orchard.

* * * * *

JOSEPH C. REA, Brenner, Doniphan county: Have been in Kansas

twenty-seven years. Have 4000 trees six to twelve years old. I prefer

for commercial orchard Ben Davis and Missouri Pippin; add, for family

orchard, Minkler. Discarded Lawver because it did not bear. I prefer

side-hill, clay loam, with a north slope. Prefer trees without forks,

and plant a little deeper than in the nursery. I cultivate with the plow

and cultivator until they begin to bear. I plant a young orchard to

corn, a bearing orchard to clover, and cease cropping when they begin to

bear. Windbreaks are not essential. I wrap my trees with corn-stalks to

protect from rabbits. I prune to improve the fruit, and think it

beneficial. Never dry apples. Think that if Jonathans are planted near

other trees they are better, bigger, and fuller. Winesap and Chenango

Strawberry are varieties adjoining mine. Do not fertilize; would not

advise its use. Do not pasture orchard; not advisable. My trees are

troubled with buffalo tree-hopper. I dig borers out. I pick by hand and

sort from a table. I sort into three classes--first, the fairest and

reddest; second, smaller and paler; third, rough and poor. I prefer

three-bushel barrels to pack in; fill as full as possible, and mark with

my name. I sell in orchard, also wholesale. Leave culls on ground. My

best market is home; the buyers come and get them. I store in barrels,

and find that Minkler and Mammoth Black Twig keep best. I got $1000 for

805 barrels last year. I employ young men and boys, and pay $1.25 to

$1.50 per day.

* * * * *

ELI HOFFMAN, Donegal, Dickinson county: Have been in Kansas nineteen

years. Have 500 apple trees, nine years planted, made up of 150 Ben

Davis, 150 Missouri Pippin, 75 Winesap, and 125 of summer and fall

varieties. I prefer bottom land; don't want hilltop, unless level; don't

want any slope; would subsoil the year before planting, then plant

twenty-four feet apart each way the following year. Grow corn or

potatoes the first four years, and after that, nothing. Cultivate up to

nine years old; the disc and corn cultivator are good the first years; I

keep it as clean as a California orange grove; cease cropping after four

years. I think windbreaks are necessary, and would make them of a double

row of mulberries eight feet apart. For rabbits I put wire screen around

the trees. I use the pruning-knife and saw to give air. I would not

pasture an orchard. Have not sprayed, but intend to, with London purple.

* * * * *

E. M. GLASPEY, Nortonville, Jefferson county: Have lived in Kansas

fourteen years. Have 700 apple trees from twenty to twenty-five years

old. Prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin and Winesap for market; and

Winesap, Golden Sweet and Early Harvest for family use. I prefer bottom

land with a north aspect, soil suitable for wheat is good for apples;

would turn in cattle after the crop is gathered, and think it pays. When

the bloom falls I spray with London purple. I pick in half-bushel

baskets and place in large piles in the orchard. I sort into three

grades; No. 1 is best, which I generally sell to shippers; No. 2 next,

which I sell in the city to families or to dealers; the culls I peddle

out, and also make into cider. My best market is Atchison. I shipped

once to a commission house in Topeka, but it did not pay. I never dry

any; sometimes I store for winter in bulk in the cellar, and find that

Missouri Pippin and Willow Twig keep the best. I employ men and boys at

seventy-five cents to one dollar per day.

* * * * *

W. H. TUCKER, Effingham, Atchison county: Has lived in Kansas

thirty-eight years; has an orchard of 500 trees, 200 of them planted

twenty years and 300 planted six years. Advises for commercial orchard

Ben Davis, Gano, and Missouri Pippin, and adds to them for family

orchard Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Genneting, and Jonathan. Has

discarded Smith's Cider. Prefers rich, sandy upland with red clay

subsoil, with a northeast slope. He planted vigorous four-year-old

trees, first plowing, then twice harrowing; then furrow out deeply each

way thirty feet apart, and set a tree at each crossing. He cultivates

with ordinary tools from six to eight years, until trees begin to bear,

growing corn, potatoes or beans in the orchard; then seeds to clover.

Believes windbreaks essential and makes his of soft maple, ash, and

walnut. For rabbits he uses Frazer's axle grease, and kills borers with

knife. Prunes little until after the trees are fifteen years old; prunes

only to give shape and keep from being too brushy. Uses stable manure

and lime as fertilizers and believes it would pay on all soils he ever

saw. Pastures his old orchard with hogs at certain times of the year,

and says it pays. Is troubled some with insects, and sprays twice each

year with London purple. Has not been fully successful. Picks in baskets

and sacks. Makes two grades--selects and sound fair size. Packs only in

barrels; often sells in orchard. For last few years has used a few culls

for vinegar, and let the rest rot on the ground. Best market is at home.

Has tried distant markets and made it pay. Never dries any, and for the

last six years has stored none for winter. Prices have ranged from

twenty to forty cents per bushel. Uses farm help at seventy-five cents

to one dollar per day.

* * * * *

J. F. HANSON, Olsburg, Pottawatomie county: Have lived in Kansas thirty

years; have an orchard of 1500 trees, ten and twelve years old. Use for

commercial purposes Winesap, Jonathan, and Missouri Pippin. For family

use I add Maiden's Blush and Early Harvest. My land is a black loam, in

the bottom, with an east slope. I plow deep, then list a furrow each

way, and plant at the crossing. I usually grow millet in the orchard for

seven or eight years, and then--if anything--clover or orchard-grass. I

believe windbreaks are essential, and would place on the north and west

sides Osage orange or mulberry trees. For rabbits, I wrap my trees. For

the borers, I use whitewash. I do not pasture. I have some insects, but

have not sprayed. I pick by hand, and sort into two classes, according

to size and quality. I retail my best in the orchard and elsewhere; of

the culls I make cider. I store for winter in barrels in the cellar; am

successful in keeping Winesap, Jonathan, and Missouri Pippin, losing

only about one-tenth. Prices have run from twenty cents to one dollar

per bushel. For picking, I use boys from town.

* * * * *

WILLIAM J. HENRY, Lowemont, Leavenworth county: Been in Kansas

twenty-seven years; have 2500 apple trees; 1600 bearing and 900 younger.

For market varieties I use Ben Davis and Jonathan; for family orchard,

Winesap, Rawle's Janet, Maiden's Blush, and Early Harvest. I prefer

bottom land for Ben Davis and hilltop for Jonathan; northeast slope is

best. The soil preferred for most apples should be clay, while for Ben

Davis I prefer black loam. I plant good healthy two-year-olds,

twenty-four by twenty-four feet on the hill, and thirty by thirty feet

in the bottom. I have grown root grafts with great success. I cultivate

in corn for six years, with a diamond and shovel plow, with a single

horse, and by all means avoid a turning plow. After this I grow weeds or

clover, but use a mowing-machine. Windbreaks are essential here, and

should be made of a heavy hedge or forest on the northwest. I wrap with

brown paper for mice and rabbits. Use a knife on borers, which are the

only insects that bother me. I prune to shape the tree when young, and

to increase the quality of the fruit when older; it is beneficial, and

pays. Winds in Kansas are more than sufficient for thinning purposes,

and often thin to excess. I have tried apple trees in blocks of a kind,

and also mixed, and can see no difference in fertility. I use stable

litter, rotten straw, etc.; it is next to cultivation. I would always

use such on thin soil, and on rich soil if it is not cultivated. I turn

any and all kinds of stock in after gathering the fruit, and think it

pays, but I would not allow any live stock in a young orchard. I am

troubled some with canker-worm, flathead borer, and codling-moth. I

spray from the shedding of the bloom until of the size of peas, using

London purple, to perfect the fruit. I believe I have reduced the

codling-moth some. For picking I use good careful hands, with baskets

and ladders. We sort on a cull table in the orchard into No. 1 and No.

2. I prefer eleven-peck barrels, filled full enough to head without

bruising, stencil the end and haul to market in a lumber wagon. I often

sell in the orchard my best apples in barrels; the second grade I often

sell in the orchard, too; third grade I peddle; culls I make into cider.

My best local market is Lowemont; best distant market is Denver, Colo. I

never dry any. I store in an out cellar covered with dirt, in barrels,

and find Winesap keeps the best. I lose about one-tenth. Prices for the

last four years have run from 75 cents to $1.50 per barrel. I use the

most careful men, and pay seventy-five cents and board, or $1.25 without

board.

* * * * *

CHAS. WARDEN, Leonardville, Riley county: I have lived in Kansas

twenty-seven years; have an apple orchard of 300 trees, from five to

sixteen years planted. For market I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, and

Missouri Pippin; and for family, Maiden's Blush, and some other

varieties. I prefer hilltop with black loam and clay subsoil, with an

eastern slope. I plant two- and three-year-old trees in deep furrows

thrown out with a plow. I plant my orchard to potatoes and beans for

eight years, using a cultivator, and cease cropping when the trees shade

the ground; plant nothing in a bearing orchard. Windbreaks are

essential; would make them of soft maple, Russian mulberry, or ash, two

rows around the orchard, three rods from the apple trees. To protect

from rabbits, I wrap the trees with stalks and straw. I prune my trees

with a saw, so that I can get in to pick the fruit. I think it

beneficial. I never thin the fruit while on the trees. I fertilize my

orchard; think it has been beneficial, and would advise it on all soils.

Do not pasture my orchard. Trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar. I

spray after the apples have formed, with London purple, to kill the

insects. After picking my apples, I leave them in piles in the orchard

until cold weather, when I carry them in. Sort into two classes--cider,

and selling; peddle my best apples, and make cider of the second and

third grades. Clay Center is my best market. Never dry any. I store some

for winter on shelves eight inches deep, and am successful. I find

Winesap keeps best. We have to repack stored apples before marketing,

losing about fifteen per cent. I do not irrigate. Price has been

seventy-five cents per bushel. I employ men at one dollar per day.

* * * * *

PHILLIP LUX, Topeka, Shawnee county: I have lived in Kansas thirty

years. Have an apple orchard of 1200 trees from six to nine years old.

For market I prefer Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, Jonathan, York Imperial,

and Grimes's Golden Pippin, and for family would add to the above

Benoni, Maiden's Blush, Early Harvest, Red June, Duchess of Oldenburg,

Early Ripe, and Yellow Transparent. Have tried and discarded Willow

Twig, Smith's Cider, Kansas Keeper, Wagener, Talman Sweet and White

Winter Pearmain on account of blight and other good reasons. I prefer

clay upland and subsoil, with northeast aspect. I use only number one

two-year-old trees, planted in furrows opened up with a plow, and deep

enough to receive them without the use of a spade. I plant sixteen by

thirty-two feet. I cultivate my orchard to corn for four or five years,

using a hoe, plow, and five-shovel cultivator with one horse; cease

cropping after four or five years; grow clover and weeds in a bearing

orchard, mowing twice a year and let lay on the ground. Windbreaks are

not absolutely necessary. For rabbits I find wood veneers to be best and

cheapest; they come in blocks; turn one end to the sun or fire to dry;

then put on coal-tar and stick this end in the ground. I prune a little

during the first five years after planting, keeping the heaviest part of

top to the southwest. It will always pay if judiciously done. I never

thin my apples while on the trees. Do not pasture the orchard with

anything but chickens; it pays in eggs. My trees are troubled with

roundhead borer, fall web-worm, leaf-roller, and canker-worm, and my

apples with codling-moth. Have not sprayed, but soon intend to, with

London purple. I dig borers out with a knife. I pick apples in

half-bushel baskets; sort into two classes, putting all fine, sound and

good size in first grade. I pack in three-bushel barrels and send to

market as soon as ready by railroad. I sometimes sell my apples in the

orchard. I also wholesale and retail, and sell the second and third

grades where I can get the most for them; feed the culls to stock or let

rot. Have tried distant markets and found it paid. Do not dry any.

* * * * *

FAYETTE A. SMITH, Belleville, Republic county: I have lived in Kansas

thirty-one years; have an orchard of 200 apple trees from six to eight

years old. For commercial purposes I prefer Ben Davis, Winesap, and

Missouri Pippin; and for family, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and Rawle's

Janet. I have tried and discarded Cooper's Early White; it is too

tender. I prefer two feet of good soil on a hill; don't care what is

below if drainage is good; think a northern slope best. I prefer fresh,

vigorous, two-year-old trees with well-formed top, set in land plowed

for two preceding years in deep furrows both ways; open holes with hoe,

then tramp dirt well around roots. I cultivate my orchard with corn or

potatoes for ten or fifteen years, using a small one-horse stirring

plow, wrapping the ends of the singletree. Cease cropping when the trees

get too large. Windbreaks are not essential, but think they might be

beneficial to some kinds, on the south side, to protect from hot winds.

Would make them of Russian mulberry or willows. Any smell of blood or

fresh meat will keep the rabbits off; I do not like wrappers, as they

harbor vermin. I prune my trees some, cutting out small limbs to let in

light; think it beneficial. I thin the fruit on my trees by knocking

them off with a pole, if I can't do better, at any time; it pays when

overloaded. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter; do not put it

close to trees; think it beneficial if not too coarse; would advise its

use on soils where it will not force too rank a growth. I pasture my

orchard with growing calves, but do not think it advisable; it does not

pay. My trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar, flathead borer, and

leaf-roller; and my apples with codling-moth and curculio. I do not

spray; but think it would be beneficial. I pick my apples from a common

orchard platform ladder. Do not raise any apples for market. Do not dry

or store any, or irrigate. Prices have been twenty-five to sixty cents

in the fall, fifty cents to one dollar in the winter. Average about

sixty cents per bushel for good apples. Dried apples have been five to

seven cents per pound.

* * * * *

J. F. CECIL, North Topeka, Shawnee county: I have lived in Kansas twenty

years. Have an apple orchard of 200 trees, six to eight years planted,

three to four inches in diameter. I prefer for market Winesap, Grimes's

Golden Pippin, York Imperial, and Missouri Pippin; and for family

orchard Red June, Benoni, Summer Rambo, Grimes's Golden Pippin,

Jonathan, Winesap, and Rawle's Janet. My orchard is situated on a hill.

I prefer mulatto soil, with red subsoil. I prefer young, thrifty trees,

planted in furrows made with a plow and subsoiler. I plant my orchard

four to six years with any cultivated crop; if it is corn or potatoes I

use an ordinary corn cultivator; at other times I use an Acme harrow. I

cease cropping when the trees begin to bear, and then plant to clover.

Windbreaks are essential; I would make them of Osage orange, evergreens,

or any body of timber, placed so remote that the orchard is not deprived

of its nourishment. For rabbits I wrap the trees, and use potash for

borers. I trim my trees while young with a knife, to encourage low

heads; it pays if done moderately. It pays to thin Winesap and Rawle's

Janet while on the trees. I fertilize my orchard with stable litter;

would advise its use on all soils. Do not pasture my orchard. Trees are

troubled with canker-worm, tent-caterpillar, bagworm, flathead borer,

buffalo tree-hopper, fall web-worm, leaf-miner, and leaf-crumpler; and

my apples with codling-moth and curculio. I have spayed with Paris green

for the above-mentioned insects; am satisfied that I have checked them.

* * * * *

JAMES M. WILLIAMS, Home, Nemaha county: I have lived in Kansas nearly

eighteen years. I have 400 apple trees, fifteen years planted, and of

good size. I prefer bottom land, black soil, with clay and limestone

subsoil, sloping a little to the south. I prefer to plant good

three-year-old trees, twenty-four by thirty feet apart; I cultivate all

the time with cultivator and harrow. I grow corn in the orchard from

eight to ten years, and oats after that. I think windbreaks are

essential, and would make them of native timber, planted south of the

orchard. I prune with a knife and saw, and believe it makes the fruit

larger and better; I never thin on the tree. I like to put plenty of

stable litter and old straw at the roots of the tree in winter. I

pasture with hogs after the oats come up; they eat all the windfall

apples and thus destroy insects. Am troubled some with caterpillars,

borers, and codling-moth. Have never sprayed any. I pick by hand in

sacks, from step-ladders, and put in piles. We sort by hand into three

classes--No. 1's and No. 2's for market, and No. 3 for the hogs. I sell

my best by the wagon-load in the orchard; my seconds I sell the same

way, but cheaper. I never dry any. I store in the cellar, in barrels,

for winter sales to winter dealers. I find the best keepers are Winesap

and Rawle's Janet. Prices in the fall, forty cents; in the winter,

seventy-five cents. I hire men for help and pay one dollar per day and

board.

* * * * *

H. C. COOPER, Morganville, Clay county: I have been in Kansas

twenty-eight years; have 300 apple trees, planted fifteen and nineteen

years. The best for commercial purposes are Winesap, Missouri Pippin,

Ben Davis, and Rome Beauty; for family use, Red Astrachan, Early

Harvest, Grimes's Golden Pippin and Winesap. I have tried and discarded

Willow Twig; it rots on the tree, and, by the time it gets to bearing,

dies. The Snow rots on the south side and dies. The Keswick Codlin is a

good bearer but too short-lived. I prefer side-hill, sloping to the

north, soil a black loam, without hard-pan or joint clay. I prefer trees

two years old, limbs two feet from the ground and not too heavy top, set

thirty-five feet apart, at the junction of furrows run out both ways

with a lister. I grow nothing in an orchard. Do not cultivate. I simply

keep down the weeds, and let the tree take care of itself. I don't think

the roots should be troubled in Kansas. I believe windbreaks are

essential; and would put them of box-elder on the north and west of the

orchard. For protection against rabbits, when you first set your tree

take a good handful of slough-grass long enough to reach to the first

limb, tie at the top, in the middle, and bottom, and leave it on till it

rots off; neither rabbits, borers nor sun-scald will trouble a tree thus

covered. Cut out watersprouts; but never cut off a limb without good

reason. Put stable litter around your trees in a circle for the first

three years. Never pasture the orchard. Am troubled with some insects,

and have never sprayed but four trees as an experiment; the apples did

not rot or fall off. We pick by hand from a ladder, and sort and place

in piles in the cellar, each kind by itself. I market my best apples at

home, selling some in the orchard; the culls I make into vinegar. I

store some for winter in bulk in a cellar cave, and find that the

Winesap and Missouri Pippin keep the best. I pay fifty cents per day for

help.

* * * * *

J. B. WILCOX, Muscotah, Atchison county: Have lived in Kansas

thirty-five years; have 4000 trees seventeen years planted. Prefer

Winesap, Missouri Pippin and Ben Davis for market, and would add

Grimes's Golden Pippin, and Jonathan for family orchard. Have tried and

discarded many varieties. I prefer a black loam, with clay subsoil, on a

northern slope. I cultivate for six or eight years in corn, and then

seed to clover. Do not think windbreaks are a necessity. I pasture my

orchard with horses and cattle; don't think it advisable, and don't

think it pays. I am troubled with canker-worm and round-headed borers. I

spray with Paris green for canker-worm, and dig borers out with the

knife. I sell my best fruit at wholesale, often in the orchard. With the

poorest culls I do nothing. I find my best market right at home. Prices

have ranged from seventy-five cents to two dollars per barrel. I pay

three cents per bushel for gathering.

* * * * *

GEO. A. WISE, Reserve, Brown county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-nine

years. Have an orchard of 22,000 apple trees; 150 are eighteen years

old, the rest are twenty-four years old. I have the Ben Davis, Gano,

Jonathan, York Imperial, Winesap, and Missouri Pippin, and for my own

use add to the above Grimes's Golden, and some summer varieties. I have

tried and discarded Willow Twig as short-lived, and Northern Spy for shy

bearing. In this county I would choose upland, northern slope, with

black loam soil. Would plant two-year-old, sound trees, without fork,

thirty-three feet apart each way, and three inches deeper than they grew

in the nursery. I cultivate thoroughly, planting to corn from six to

eight years. I use a disc harrow and one-horse, five-tooth cultivator; I

then sow to red clover, and cease cropping when the limbs reach out far

enough to prevent me passing through with the hay-rack. While I would

not object to a windbreak on the south side, I do not think it

necessary. I wrap my trees with grass and am not bothered with rabbits.

I believe in pruning trees while young; I cut off limbs that do not

stand at an angle of forty-five degrees, and thin out to prevent being

top-heavy. I have never thinned apples on the trees, but believe it

would pay. I fertilize the ground all over with stable litter. I believe

it does no harm and pays to pasture the orchard with hogs. I have never

sprayed any. I pick apples by hand from a step-ladder into half-bushel

measures, and sort into three grades--first, sound, and not wormy;

second, may be wormy, but otherwise sound; third, cider. I pack in

barrels, and sell at wholesale, usually in the orchard. I sell the

second-grade apples in bulk; make culls into cider and feed to horses

and cattle. Never have tried a distant market. Never dried any.

Sometimes store a few for winter in bulk in a cave; not satisfactory.

Find that the Winesap and Missouri Pippin keep best. Some years apples

keep better than they do others. Have never tried irrigation. Prices

have varied from sixty cents to $1.25 per barrel. I use all kinds of

help, paying from seventy-five cents to one dollar per day.

* * * * *

H. M. RICE, Muscotah, Atchison county: Have resided in Kansas

twenty-eight years. Have an apple orchard of 8000 trees--5000 one year

planted, 500 five years planted, 1000 seven years planted, 500 nine

years planted, 1000 ten years planted. Planted for commercial purpose

Ben Davis, Missouri Pippin, and Grimes's Golden Pippin, and for family

use advise Winesap, Grimes's Golden Pippin, Jonathan, Red June, Rawle's

Janet, and Romanite. Declare Golden Russet and Sops of Wine no good. Use

upland; prefer north or northeast slope; any good corn land will do.

Plant good, thrifty two-year-old trees, eighteen feet apart north and

south, and thirty-four feet apart east and west. Am trying 5000 root

grafts. Cultivate with five-tooth cultivator with twenty-inch

singletree, and a mule; up to bearing age, with corn and potatoes as a

ground crop; after that seed to clover. Do not think windbreaks

essential for large orchards; would advise three rows of soft maples

around small orchards. Use against rabbits a wash of equal parts

carbolic acid and water. It pays to remove watersprouts. Use all the

barn-yard litter available. Pasture with horses and colts in winter

only; it pays. Spray from the time the leaves appear until the apples

are as big as hickory-nuts, to kill canker-worm, codling-moth, and

leaf-crumpler. For borers, wash trees about June 1 with equal parts

carbolic acid and water, and if any get in after that dig them out with

a knife. Sort into firsts, seconds, and culls. Use barrels well shaken

and pressed, marked with variety and name of grower. Usually wholesale

as soon as picked. Make culls into vinegar when I cannot sell them in

bulk. Never dried any, and put none away for winter except a few in

boxes for family use. Find that Missouri Pippin, Rawle's Janet and

Romanite keep the best. Prices run from $1.50 to $3 per barrel. Use men,

women, and boys, and pay 1-1/2 to 2 cents per bushel for hand picking.

* * * * *

H. C. RIGGS, Wetmore, Nemaha county: Has lived in Kansas twenty-seven

years; has an orchard of 400 trees, set from two to twenty years.

Advises for market Ben Davis, Winesap, Missouri Pippin, and for family

use adds Cooper's Early White, Red June, and Jonathan. Has discarded

Willow Twig and White Winter Pearmain, because both "rot on the trees."

Prefers porous clay or loam in dry bottom, with north aspect. Plants

two-year-old, low-top, fibrous-rooted trees with a spade, after marking

out both ways with a plow. Grows corn and potatoes in orchard, and

cultivates up to eight or ten years with double-shovel plow. Would put

windbreaks of cottonwood or soft maple on southern exposure. Protects

from rabbits by wrapping. Prunes with saw and chisel, and says it pays.

Uses well-rotted stable litter while orchard is young. Thinks cautious

pasturing with hogs or young calves would pay. Is troubled with some

insects, but does not spray. Picks and sorts into three classes: "Winter

storage," "immediate use," and "cider apples." Sells mostly in orchard.

Dries only for family use. Stores in bulk, and finds that Ben Davis

keeps best. Says that his trees that got the waste water from the well

were much benefited. Price, about seventy-five cents per barrel.

* * * * *

P. S. TAYLOR, Eskridge, Wabaunsee county: Have been in Kansas thirty-two

years; have 1100 trees planted eleven years, that are now thirty-two

inches in circumference. I prefer for market Ben Davis, Jonathan,

Missouri Pippin, and York Imperial, and for family use would advise

Jonathan, Grimes's Golden Pippin, Winesap, and York Imperial. Have

discarded Rawle's Janet, Cooper's Early White, and Smith's Cider, also

Winesap as a market apple. Prefer a deep, sandy loam, with clay subsoil,

bottom or slope land, with northeast aspect. Plant thrifty,

medium-sized, three-year-old trees twenty feet apart north and south,

and forty feet east and west. I cultivate for six years in corn and

potatoes; then sow to clover, plowing this under every third or fourth

year, using the Acme harrow run shallow. I believe windbreaks are

beneficial, and would prefer two rows of white elms mismatched. I wrap

the trunks of trees, for protection against rabbits. I believe in

pruning out all watersprouts and crossing branches; it facilitates

gathering and the fruit colors better. I have tried thinning on Missouri

Pippins, Winesaps, and Romanites, knocking them off with a pitchfork. I

believe in fertilizing orchards on all prairie soils with barn-yard

litter. I pasture my orchard when the trees are vigorous and the soil

not wet, with calves and pigs; I believe it pays if done with

moderation. I spray after the petals fall, using Paris green for

codling-moth, and believe I have reduced them. For borers I use a knife

and wire. I pick by hand in half-bushel baskets and sort into three

classes: perfect, medium size, and culls. We sort from bins in a light,

airy shed, and pack carefully by hand into standard barrels, marked

firsts and seconds, and haul to market on springs. I sell my second

grade fruit to western wagoners; we feed culls to hogs and cows. We do

best in our home market. For winter we store in bins in the cellar, and

are usually successful. Prices have ranged from fifty cents to one

dollar. For help I employ only my three sons, and give them an interest

in the proceeds.

* * * * *

THOMAS ARBUTHNOT, Cuba, Republic county: Have been in Kansas thirty

years. Have 6000 apple trees nine years old. I prefer two-year-old

trees, five to six feet tall, planted after a lister run as deep as

possible. I cultivate with the plow and disc, growing corn in the

orchard for six or seven years; after that nothing. I believe in

windbreaks. I prune a little. Never thin the fruit. Do not use any

fertilizer on the ground, and never pasture the orchard. I do not spray,

but use a torch every evening to burn the insects; one torch will draw

the insects about 300 feet, and we think this better than spraying.

[Such lights are liable to destroy as many beneficial as noxious

insects.] I sell to wagons, as there is sufficient demand here from the

western counties to take in that way all that I have to spare. Have

never dried any, nor stored any for winter. I do not irrigate. Prices

have been, twenty-five cents for culls, and forty to fifty cents per

bushel for everything else. My orchard is only commencing to bear fruit

on all the trees.

* * * * *

ELBRIDGE CHASE, Padonia, Brown county: Have lived in Kansas thirty-nine

years. Have 2800 apple trees thirteen years old, running from five to

eight inches in diameter, made up of equal numbers of Ben Davis,

Jonathan, Winesap, and Rawle's Janet. I would discard the latter. I

prefer hilltop with deep vegetable or sandy loam. My trees are doing

best on an eastern slope. I plant thrifty four-year-olds. I believe in

cultivation with the plow and disc harrow until the trees shade the

ground so that weeds cannot grow much. I grow corn for a few years, then

clover for two years, after that no crop whatever. Have no use for

windbreaks, and use lath two feet long stuck in the ground around the

trees to protect from rabbits. I prune with a saw, knife, and shears, to

keep the trees in good shape and not too brushy, and believe it pays. I

do not believe it would pay to thin apples on the tree. I would not

pasture my orchard. I do not spray. I gather in sacks hung over the

shoulder, as for sowing grain. Sort into two classes, packed into

three-bushel barrels, pressed in and marked with the name of the

variety. I sell at wholesale, but never have sold in the orchard.

Minneapolis, Minn., has been my best market. We use part of the culls

for cider. Never dried any. Do not store any for winter, and do not

irrigate. Prices have ranged at from one dollar to two dollars per

bushel. I use men and boys, and pay from two to three cents per bushel

for fruit left in baskets at foot of trees. For other work than picking

I pay $1.25 per day.

* * * * *

J. H. BATEMAN, Holton, Jackson county: Have lived in Kansas forty years.

Have 900 apple trees; 200 have been planted twenty-five years, 700 have

been planted four years. Have made more money out of Ben Davis than any

other. For family use my choice is White Winter Pearmain and Rawle's

Janet. I have tried and discarded Dominie and Winesap. I prefer hilltop,

with northeast slope, and a deep, friable soil; hard clay is not good. I

would plant two- or three-year-olds, in a deep furrow, preferably

subsoiled. Would cultivate as long as it don't cut the roots, with a

two-horse cultivator, and would grow corn four or five years, then seed

to clover. I believe windbreaks are very beneficial; would make them of

walnut or maple. Osage orange is fairly good; all may be raised from

young trees or seed. I wrap young trees in the fall with paper to

protect from rabbits. I prune with the knife to prevent friction. Never

tried thinning on the trees; believe it would be beneficial. Fertilizers

make the trees thriftier, but cause the roots to run nearer the surface;

consequently the trees suffer more in drought. I have pastured to a

limited extent with calves and horses; hogs injure the trees. The worst

insects I have are the flat-headed borer, which I cut out, and the

curculio. Have never sprayed, but think I will. We pick from a ladder

into pails or baskets and sort into two classes; we pick the best from

the trees, and shake the others to the ground. I sometimes sell in the

orchard; I wholesale when I can, but sell more to the buyers at the

railroad station. I make some cider, and feed the balance of the culls

to hogs. Our best markets are the apple buyers at Holton. Have never

shipped any or dried any. I store only for home use, in boxes in my

cellar, and find that Rawle's Janet and Romanite are the best keepers. I

use farm hands at from seventeen dollars to twenty dollars per month.

* * * * *

JOHN GRAVES, Day, Washington county: Have lived in Kansas twenty-one

years. Have an orchard of 6025 trees; 25 of these have been planted

twenty years, 400 seventeen years, 1200 ten years, 400 seven years, 4000

two years. For market I grow Winesap and Ben Davis. For family use I add

Missouri Pippin, Snow, and Early Harvest. Winesap best of all. I prefer

hilltop, as the gophers are bad on the bottom. I prefer a black soil

with lots of gravel and small stones in it. Believe that north and east

slopes are best. I plant two-year-old trees with short bodies,

twenty-five feet apart each way. I cultivate with corn for about ten

years, using the stirring plow and cultivator. I believe windbreaks are

essential, and would use four rows of cherry trees set close together,

or a row of hedge or box-elder, mainly on the south; some on the north.

For protection from rabbits I tie corn-stalks around the trees, and keep

them on for three or four years, winter and summer. I prune some with

the pocket-knife and saw. I do not thin the fruit unless I think the

limbs are going to break. I would use no fertilizer unless the soil is

very poor. Never pasture the orchard. I sprayed one year with London

purple, using a barrel with a pump in it. I could not see that it did

any good, so I let them go. I pick in buckets from a step-ladder. People

come from the west with wagons and take the apples right out of the

orchard, and they don't sort much. I make some culls into cider and let

the rest lay under the trees and rot. The price last year was

seventy-five cents per bushel, and the year before thirty-five cents. I

store a few for winter in thin layers, one above another, in a rack in

the cellar, and am successful. Winesaps keep the best. For picking I use

good careful men at one dollar per day.

* * * * *

The Apple The Kansas Apple, the Big Red Apple; the Luscious, Red-Cheeked First Love of the Farmer's Boy; the Healthful, Hearty Heart of the Darling Dumpling. What It Is; How to Grow It; Its Commercial and Economic Importance; How to Utilize It. · 第 118 / 188 题

E. HIGGINS, Seabrook, Shawnee county: I have lived in Kansas twenty-six