THE GRAND CANYON.
THE Grand Canyon is a gorge 217 miles in length, through which flows a
great river with many storm-born tributaries. It has a winding way, as
rivers are wont to have. Its banks are vast structures of adamant, piled
up in forms rarely seen in the mountains.
Down by the river the walls are composed of black gneiss, slates, and
schists, all greatly implicated and traversed by dikes of granite. Let
this formation be called the black gneiss. It is usually about 800 feet
in thickness.
Then over the black gneiss are found 800 feet of quartzites, usually in
very thin beds of many colors, but exceedingly hard, and ringing under
the hammer like phonolite. These beds are dipping and unconformable with
the rocks above; while they make but 800 feet of the wall or less,
they have a geological thickness of 12,000 feet. Set up a row of books
aslant; it is 10 inches from the shelf to the top of the line of books,
but there may be 3 feet of the books measured directly through the
leaves. So these quartzites are aslant, and though of great geologic
thickness, they make but 800 feet of the wall. Your books may have
many-colored bindings and differ greatly in their contents; so these
quartzites vary greatly from place to place along the wall, and in
many places they entirely disappear. Let us call this formation the
variegated quartzite.
Above the quartzites there are 500 feet of sandstones. They are of a
greenish hue, but are mottled with spots of brown and black by iron
stains. They usually stand in a bold cliff, weathered in alcoves. Let
this formation be called the cliff sandstone.
Above the cliff sandstone there are 700 feet of bedded sandstones and
limestones, which are massive sometimes and sometimes broken into
380 CANYONS OF THE COLORADO.
thin strata. These rocks are often weathered in deep alcoves. Let this
formation be called the alcove sandstone.
Over the alcove sandstone there are 1,600 feet of limestone, in many
places a beautiful marble, as in Marble Canyon. As it appears along the
Grand Canyon it is always stained a brilliant red, for immediately
over it there are thin seams of iron, and the storms have painted these
limestones with pigments from above. Altogether this is the red-wall
group. It is chiefly limestone. Let it be called the red wall limestone.
Above the red wall there are 800 feet of gray and bright red sandstone,
alternating in beds that look like vast ribbons of landscape. Let it be
called the banded sandstone.
And over all, at the top of the wall, is the Aubrey limestone, 1,000
feet in thickness. This Aubrey has much gypsum in it, great beds of
alabaster that are pure white in comparison with the great body of
limestone below. In the same limestone there are enormous beds of chert,
agates, and carnelians. This limestone is especially remarkable for its
pinnacles and towers. Let it be called the tower limestone.
Now recapitulate: The black gneiss below, 800 feet in thickness; the
variegated quartzite, 800 feet in thickness; the cliff sandstone, 500
feet in thickness; the alcove sandstone, 700 feet in thickness; the red
wall limestone, 1,600 feet in thickness; the banded sandstone, 800 feet
in thickness; the tower limestone, 1,000 feet in thickness.
These are the elements with which the walls are constructed, from black
buttress below to alabaster tower above. All of these elements weather
in different forms and are painted in different colors, so that the wall
presents a highly complex facade. A wall of homogeneous granite, like
that in the Yosemite, is but a naked wall, whether it be 1,000 or 5,000
feet high. Hundreds and thousands of feet mean nothing to the eye when
they stand in a meaningless front. A mountain covered by pure snow
10,000 feet high has but little more effect on the imagination than a
mountain of snow 1,000 feet high--it is but more of the same thing;
but a facade of seven systems of rock has its sublimity multiplied
sevenfold.
Let the effect of this multiplied facade be more clearly realized. Stand
by the river side at some point where only the black gneiss
381 powell-canyons-245.jpg
A GABLE WITH PINNACLES.
382 powell-canyons-246.jpg
NICHES OR PANELS THE RED WALL LIMESTONE.
THE GRAND CANYON. 383
is seen. A precipitous wall of mountain rises over the river, with
crag and pinnacle and cliff in black and brown, and through it runs an
angular pattern of red and gray dikes of granite. It is but a mountain
cliff which may be repeated in many parts of the world, except that it
is singularly naked of vegetation, and the few plants that find footing
are of strange tropical varieties and are conspicuous because of their
infrequency.
Now climb 800 feet and a point of view is reached where the variegated
quartzites are seen. At the summit of the black gneiss a terrace is
found, and, set back of this terrace, walls of elaborate sculpture
appear, 800 feet in height. This is due to the fact that though the
rocks are exceedingly hard they are in very thin layers or strata, and
these strata are not horizontal, but stand sometimes on edge, sometimes
highly inclined, and sometimes gently inclined. In these variegated beds
there are many deep recesses and sharp salients, everywhere set with
crags, and the wall is buttressed by a steep talus in many places. In
the sheen of the midday sun, these rocks, which are besprinkled with
quartz crystals, gleam like walls of diamonds.
A climb of 800 feet over the variegated beds and the foot of the cliff
sandstone is reached. It is usually olive green, with spots of brown and
black, and presents 500 feet of vertical wall over the variegated sand-
stone. The dark green is in fine contrast with the variegated beds below
and the red wall above.
Climb these 500 feet and you stand on the cliff sandstone. A terrace
appears, and sometimes a wall of terraces set with alcoves of marvelous
structure. Climb to the summit of this alcove sandstone--700 feet--and
you stand at the foot of the red wall limestone. Sometimes this stands
in two, three, or four Cyclopean steps--a mighty stairway. Oftener the
red wall stands in a vertical cliff 1,600 feet high. It is the
most conspicuous feature of the grand facade and imparts its chief
characteristic. All below is but a foundation for it; all above, but an
entablature and sky-line of gable, tower, pinnacle, and spire. It is
not a plain, unbroken wall, but is broken into vast amphitheaters, often
miles abound, between great angular salients. The amphitheaters also are
broken into great niches that are sometimes vast chambers and sometimes
royal arches 500 or 1,000 feet in height.
384 powell-canyons-247.jpg
BOUNDED INWARD CURVES AND PROJECTING CUSPS OF THE WALLS.
THE GRAND CANYON. 385
Over the red wall limestone, with its amphitheaters, chambers, niches,
and royal arches--a climb of 1,600 feet--is the banded sandstone, the
entablature over the niched and columned marble, an adamantine molding
800 feet in thickness, stretching along the walls of the canyon through
hundreds of miles. This banded sandstone has massive strata separated
by friable shales. The massive strata are the horizontal elements in
the entablature, but the intervening shales are carved with a beautiful
fretwork of vertical forms, the sculpture of the rills. The massive
sandstones are white, gray, blue, and purple, but the shales are
a brilliant red; thus variously colored bands of massive rock are
separated by bands of vertically carved shales of a brilliant hue.
On these highly colored beds the tower limestone is found, 1,000 feet in
height. Everywhere this is carved into towers, minarets, and domes, gray
and cold, golden and warm, alabaster and pure, in wonderful variety.
Such are the vertical elements of which the Grand Canyon facade is
composed. Its horizontal elements must next be considered. The river
meanders in great curves, which are themselves broken into curves of
smaller magnitude. The streams that head far back in the plateau on
either side come down in gorges and break the wall into sections. Each
lateral canyon has a secondary system of laterals, and the secondary
canyons are broken by tertiary canyons; so the crags are forever
branching, like the limbs of an oak. That which has been described as
a wall is such only in its grand effect. In detail it is a series of
structures separated by a ramification of canyons, each having its
own walls. Thus, in passing down the canyon it seems to be inclosed by
walls, but oftener by salients--towering structures that stand between
canyons that run back into the plateau. Sometimes gorges of the second
or third order have met before reaching the brink of the Grand Canyon,
and then great salients are cut off from the wall and stand out as
buttes--huge pavilions in the architecture of the canyon. The scenic
elements thus described are fused and combined in very different ways.
We measured the length of the Grand Canyon by the length of the river
running through it, but the running extent of wall cannot be measured in
this manner. In the black gneiss, which is at the bottom, the wall may
stand above the river for a few hundred yards or a
386 CANYONS OF THE COLORADO.
mile or two; then, to follow the foot of the wall, you must pass into a
lateral canyon for a long distance, perhaps miles, and then back again
on the other side of the lateral canyon; then along by the river until
another lateral canyon is reached, which must be headed in the black
gneiss. So, for a dozen miles of river through the gneiss, there may be
a hundred miles of wall on either side. Climbing to the summit of the
black gneiss and following the wall in the variegated quartzite, it is
found to be stretched out to a still greater length, for it is cut with
more lateral gorges. In like manner, there is yet greater length of the
mottled, or alcove, sandstone wall; and the red wall is still farther
stretched out in ever branching gorges. To make the distance for ten
miles along the river by walking along the top of the red wall, it would
be necessary to travel several hundred miles. The length of the wall
reaches its maximum in the banded sandstone, which is terraced more than
any of the other formations. The tower limestone wall is less tortuous.
To start at the head of the Grand Canyon on one of the terraces of the
banded sandstone and follow it to the foot of the Grand Canyon, which by
river is a distance of 217 miles, it would be necessary to travel many
thousand miles by the winding Way; that is, the banded wall is many
thousand miles in length.
Stand at some point on the brink of the Grand Canyon where you can
overlook the river, and the details of the structure, the vast labyrinth
of gorges of which it is composed, are scarcely noticed; the elements
are lost in the grand effect, and a broad, deep, flaring gorge of many
colors is seen. But stand down among these gorges and the landscape
seems to be composed of huge vertical elements of wonderful form. Above,
it is an open, sunny gorge; below, it is deep and gloomy. Above, it is a
chasm; below, it is a stairway from gloom to heaven.
The traveler in the region of mountains sees vast masses piled up in
gentle declivities to the clouds. To see mountains in this way is to
appreciate the masses of which they are composed. But the climber among
the glaciers sees the elements of which this mass is composed,--that it
is made of cliffs and towers and pinnacles, with intervening gorges, and
the smooth billows of granite seen from afar are transformed into cliffs
and caves and towers and minarets. These two aspects of mountain scenery
have been seized by painters, and in their art
387 powell-canyons-248.jpg
THE EASTERN TEMPLE.
388 powell-canyons-249.jpg
THE WESTERN TEMPLE.
THE GRAND CANYON. 389
two classes of mountains are represented: mountains with towering forms
that seem ready to topple in the first storm, and mountains in masses
that seem to frown defiance at the tempests. Both classes have told the
truth. The two aspects are sometimes caught by our painters severally;
sometimes they are combined. Church paints a mountain like a kingdom
of glory. Bierstadt paints a mountain cliff where an eagle is lost
from sight ere he reaches the summit. Thomas Moran marries these great
characteristics, and in his infinite masses cliffs of immeasurable
height are seen.
Thus the elements of the facade of the Grand Canyon change vertically
and horizontally. The details of structure can be seen only at close
view, but grand effects of structure can be witnessed in great panoramic
scenes. Seen in detail, gorges and precipices appear; seen at a
distance, in comprehensive views, vast massive structures are presented.
The traveler on the brink looks from afar and is overwhelmed with the
sublimity of massive forms; the traveler among the gorges stands in the
presence of awful mysteries, profound, solemn, and gloomy.
For 8 or 10 miles below the mouth of the Little Colorado, the river
is in the variegated quartzites, and a wonderful fretwork of forms and
colors, peculiar to this rock, stretches back for miles to a labyrinth
of the red wall cliff; then below, the black gneiss is entered and soon
has reached an altitude of 800 feet and sometimes more than 1,000 feet;
and upon this black gneiss all the other structures in their wonderful
colors are lifted. These continue for about 70 miles, when the black
gneiss below is lost, for the walls are dropped down by the West Kaibab
Fault, and the river flows in the quartzites.
Then for 80 miles the mottled, or alcove, sandstones are found in the
river bed. The course of the canyon is a little south of west and is
comparatively straight. At the top of the red wall limestone there is
a broad terrace, two or three miles in width, composed of hills of
wonderful forms carved in the banded beds, and back of this is seen a
cliff in the tower limestone. Along the lower course of this stretch the
whole character of the canyon is changed by another set of complicating
conditions. We have now reached a region of volcanic activity. After the
canyons were cut nearly to their present depth,
390 CANYONS OF THE COLORADO.
lavas poured out and volcanoes were built on the walls of the canyon,
but not in the canyon itself, though at places rivers of molten rock
rolled down the walls into the Colorado.
The next 80 miles of the canyon is a compound of that found where the
river is in the black gneiss and that found where the dead volcanoes
stand on the brink of the wall. In the first stretch, where the gneiss
is at the foundation, we have a great bend to the south, and in the last
stretch, where the gneiss is below and the dead volcanoes above, another
great southern detour is found. These two great beds are separated by 80
miles of comparatively straight river. Let us call this first great bend
the Kaibab reach of the canyon, and the straight part the Kanab reach,
for the Kanab Creek heads far off in the plateau to the north and joins
the Colorado at the beginning of the middle stretch. The third great
southern bend is the Shiwits stretch. Thus there are three distinct
portions of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado: the Kaibab section,
characterized more by its buttes and salients; the Kanab section,
characterized by its comparatively straight walls with volcanoes on the
brink; and the Shiwits section, which is broken into great terraces with
gneiss at the bottom and volcanoes at the top.
The Grand Canyon of the Colorado is a canyon composed of many canyons.
It is a composite of thousands, of tens of thousands, of gorges. In
like manner, each wall of the canyon is a composite structure, a wall
composed of many walls, but never a repetition. Every one of these
almost innumerable gorges is a world of beauty in itself. In the Grand
Canyon there are thousands of gorges like that below Niagara Palls, and
there are a thousand Yosemites. Yet all these canyons unite to form
one grand canyon, the most sublime spectacle on the earth. Pluck up Mt.
Washington by the roots to the level of the sea and drop it headfirst
into the Grand Canyon, and the dam will not force its waters over the
walls. Pluck up the Blue Ridge and hurl it into the Grand Canyon, and it
will not fill it.
The carving of the Grand Canyon is the work of rains and rivers. The
vast labyrinth of canyon by which the plateau region drained by the
Colorado is dissected is also the work of waters. Every river has
excavated its own gorge and every creek has excavated its gorge. When
391 powell-canyons-250.jpg
GRANITE FALLS, KIABAB DIVISION, GRAND CANYON.
392 powell-canyons-251.jpg
DIKES IN THE CANYON WALL.
THE GRAND CANYON. 393
a shower comes in this land, the rills carve canyons--but a little at
each storm; and though storms are far apart and the heavens above are
cloudless for most of the days of the year, still, years are plenty in
the ages, and an intermittent rill called to life by a shower can do
much work in centuries of centuries.
The erosion represented in the canyons, although vast, is but a small
part of the great erosion of the region, for between the cliffs blocks
have been carried away far superior in magnitude to those necessary to
fill the canyons. Probably there is no portion of the whole region from
which there have not been more than a thousand feet degraded, and there
are districts from which more than 30,000 feet of rock have been carried
away. Altogether, there is a district of country more than 200,000
square miles in extent from which on the average more than 6,000 feet
have been eroded. Consider a rock 200,000 square miles in extent and a
mile in thickness, against which the clouds have hurled their storms and
beat it into sands and the rills have carried the sands into the creeks
and the creeks have carried them into the rivers and the Colorado has
carried them into the sea. We think of the mountains as forming clouds
about their brows, but the clouds have formed the mountains. Great
continental blocks are upheaved from beneath the sea by internal
geologic forces that fashion the earth. Then the wandering clouds, the
tempest-bearing clouds, the rainbow-decked clouds, with mighty power and
with wonderful skill, carve out valleys and canyons and fashion hills
and cliffs and mountains. The clouds are the artists sublime.
In winter some of the characteristics of the Grand Canyon are
emphasized. The black gneiss below, the variegated quartzite, and the
green or alcove sandstone form the foundation for the mighty red wall.
The banded sandstone entablature is crowned by the tower limestone.
In winter this is covered with snow. Seen from below, these changing
elements seem to graduate into the heavens, and no plane of demarcation
between wall and blue firmament can be seen. The heavens constitute
a portion of the facade and mount into a vast dome from wall to wall,
spanning the Grand Canyon with empyrean blue. So the earth and the
heavens are blended in one vast structure.
When the clouds play in the canyon, as they often do in the rainy
season, another set of effects is produced. Clouds creep out of canyons
394 CANYONS OF THE COLORADO.
and wind into other canyons. The heavens seem to be alive, not moving
as move the heavens over a plain, in one direction with the wind, but
following the multiplied courses of these gorges. In this manner the
little clouds seem to be individualized, to have wills and souls of
their own, and to be going on diverse errands--a vast assemblage of
self-willed clouds, faring here and there, intent upon purposes hidden
in their own breasts. In the imagination the clouds belong to the sky,
and when they are in the canyon the skies come down into the gorges and
cling to the cliffs and lift them up to immeasurable heights, for the
sky must still be far away. Thus they lend infinity to the walls.
The wonders of the Grand Canyon cannot be adequately represented in
symbols of speech, nor by speech itself. The resources of the graphic
art are taxed beyond their powers in attempting to portray its features.
Language and illustration combined must fail. The elements that unite
to make the Grand Canyon the most sublime spectacle in nature are
multifarious and exceedingly diverse. The Cyclopean forms which result
from the sculpture of tempests through ages too long for man to compute,
are wrought into endless details, to describe which would be a task
equal in magnitude to that of describing the stars of the heavens or
the multitudinous beauties of the forest with its traceries of foliage
presented by oak and pine and poplar, by beech and linden and hawthorn,
by tulip and lily and rose, by fern and moss and lichen. Besides the
elements of form, there are elements of color, for here the colors of
the heavens are rivaled by the colors of the rocks. The rainbow is not
more replete with hues. But form and color do not exhaust all the
divine qualities of the Grand Canyon. It is the land of music. The river
thunders in perpetual roar, swelling in floods of music when the storm
gods play upon the rocks and fading away in soft and low murmurs when
the infinite blue of heaven is unveiled. With the melody of the great
tide rising and falling, swelling and vanishing forever, other melodies
are heard in the gorges of the lateral canyons, while the waters plunge
in the rapids among the rocks or leap in great cataracts. Thus the Grand
Canyon, is a land of song. Mountains of music swell in the rivers, hills
of music billow in the creeks, and meadows of music murmur in the rills
that ripple over the rocks. Altogether it is a symphony of multitudinous
melodies. All this is the music of waters. The adamant
395 powell-canyons-252.jpg
PINNACLES OF THE KAIBAB. powell-canyons-253.jpg
VISHNU'S TEMPLE. powell-canyons-254.jpg
KEY TO THE PANORAMA FROM POINT SUBLIME.--LOOKING EAST.
E. C. Eastern Cloister. F. San Fraucisco Mount. K. Mount Kendricks.
1. Cherty limestone. 2. Upper Aubrey limestone. 3. Cross-bedded
sandstone. 4. Lower Anbrey sandstone.
5. Upper Red Wall.
6. Red Wall limestones.
7. Lower Carboniferous sandstones.
H. Hindoo Amphitheater. S. Shiva's Temple. R. Cape RoyaL
396 powell-canyons-255.jpg
KEY TO THE PANORAMA FROM POINT SUBLIME.--LOOKING WEST.
E. Mount Emma. I. Inner Gorge. P. Powell's Plateau. T. Mount TrumbulL
1. Cherty llmestone.
2. Upper Aubrey limestone
3. Cross-bedded sandstone
7. Lower Carboniferous sandstone
8. Quartzite base of Carboniferous.
9. Archaean. powell-canyons-256.jpg
A. Bill Williams Peak B. Tower of Babel C. Colorado River F. Mount
Floyd. '
G. Monnt Sitgreaven.
I. Inner Gorge
TT. Twin Temples. W.C. West Cloister.
KEY TO THE PANORAMA FROM POINT SUBLIME.--LOOKING SOUTH.
1. Cherry limestone, 240 feet.
3. Upper Aubrey limestone, 320 feet
3. Cross-bedded sandstone, 380 feet
4. Lower Aubrey sandstones, 950 feet. 5. Upper Red Wall sandstones, 400
feet. 6. Red Wall limestones, 1.500 fett.
7. Lower Carboniferous sandstones, 550 fret.
8. Quartzite base of Carboniferous, 180 feet.
9. Archaean. powell-canyons-257.jpg
GRAND CANYON AT THE FOOT OF THE TOROWEAP, LOOKING EAST.
powell-canyons-258.jpg
THE GREAT UNCONFORMITY AT THE HEAD OF THE GRAND CANYON.
THE GRAND CANYON. 397
foundations of the earth have been wrought into a sublime harp, upon
which the clouds of the heavens play with mighty tempests or with gentle
showers.
The glories and the beauties of form, color, and sound unite in the
Grand Canyon--forms unrivaled even by the mountains, colors that vie
with sunsets, and sounds that span the diapason from tempest to tinkling
raindrop, from cataract to bubbling fountain. But more: it is a vast
district of country. Were it a valley plain it would make a state. It
can be seen only in parts from hour to hour and from day to day and from
week to week and from month to month. A year scarcely suffices to see
it all. It has infinite variety, and no part is ever duplicated.
Its colors, though many and complex at any instant, change with the
ascending and declining sun; lights and shadows appear and vanish with
the passing clouds, and the changing seasons mark their passage in
changing colors. You cannot see the Grand Canyon in one view, as if it
were a changeless spectacle from which a curtain might be lifted, but to
see it you have to toil from month to month through its labyrinths. It
is a region more difficult to traverse than the Alps or the Himalayas,
but if strength and courage are sufficient for the task, by a year's
toil a concept of sublimity can be obtained never again to be equaled on
the hither side of Paradise.
399
INDEX.
PAGE
Apache Indians, home and character of the ....24
Art, ancient, vestiges of, in the Gila and Colorado valleys .24
Bad lands, formation and characteristics of the ....68,71
Bad lands of Green River ........124
Baker, John, a famous mountaineer ......131
Bierstadt, how he paints a mountain ......389
Boats and cargoes, description of ......119
Bosque Redondo, Navajos on a reservation at the ...52
Bradley, G. T., a member of the expedition .. . . . . . . v, 120
Bradley rescues others from the water ......284
Buttes, mesas, plateaus, distinction between ....46
Canyon cutting in the upper Colorado basin ....29
Cávate or cliff dwellings of the Tewan Indians ....56
Caves in a volcanic crater used as habitations by Indians .43
Caves in cliffs used as habitations by Indians ....41
Ceremony at Shupaulovi to bring rain .....338-342
Chambers excavated in volcanic ashes by Indians for habitations . . 42
Chumehueva Indians, low condition and former home of the 27
Church, how he paints a mountain ......389
Cinder-cone town formerly inhabited by Indians ...42
Cliff dwellings of the Tewan Indians ......56
Cliff village of Walnut Cany on .......41
Collecting specimens of the art of Tusayan ....342-344
Colorado Canyon broken by lateral canyons ....29
Colorado Desert, singular characteristics of the ....22
Crater town formerly inhabited by Indians ....43
Cult societies among the Indiana .......363-364
Death, supposed, of the author .......... iii
Digger Indians, the original ........27
Dunn, W. H., a member of the expedition ........ v, 120
Dunn, W. H., abandons the party and is killed by Indians .280,323
Freebooters of the Plateau Province ......84
Fremont's Peak, height of and view from .....67
Garfield, J. A., insists on the publication of the history of the
expedition . iv
Goodman, Frank, a member of the expedition ....... v, 120
Goodman, Frank, leaves the party .......187
Government, civil, military, and religious, among the tribes of Tusayan
. 356-364
Grand Canyon, how formed . . ' . . . .89
Grand Canyon, the most sublime spectacle on earth ..390,397
Grand Canyon walls, elements of and height of ...251, 379-389
Hall, Andrew, a member of the expedition ....... v, 120
Hano, a visit to ...........345
Hano, location and language of .......49
Hawkins, W. R., a member of the expedition ........ v, 120
Rowland, O. G., a member of the expedition ....... v, 120
Rowland, Seneca, a member of the expedition ....... v, 120
Howland and Dunn abandon the party and are killed by Indians . . 280,323
Instruments, tools, rations, etc. .......119
Irrigation and hydraulic works built by the Indians ..24
Irrigation developed by the Navajo and other Indians ..52, 111
Killing by the Shivwits of the three men who left the party 323 .
Kinship ties among the tribes of North America ....356-358
Kit Carson, leadership of, against the Navajos ....51
Maricopa Indians, home and character of the ....24
Marriage and kinship ties among the North American Indians . . . 357-359
Mashongnavi, a visit to .........335
40 0 INDEX.
PAGE
Mashongnavi, location and language of .....49
Medicine-man as historian, priest, and doctor . . . . . .65,106,363
Men who composed the exploring party .....120
Mesas, plateaus, buttes, distinction between . . . . . . . . . 46
Mogollon Escarpment, description of the .....27
Mojave Indians, former home and life of the . . . . . . . . 27
Moran, Thomas, how he paints a mountain ....389
Moran, Thomas, painting of "The Chasm of the Colorado" . . . .328
Myth, Indian, of the origin of the Colorado Canyon and River 37
Myth of the Sokus Waiunats, or One-Two Boys ...303-311
Mythic stories of the Ute and other Indians ....65,107
Navajo Indians, home, characteristics, language, art, etc., of the 51
Oraibi, a visit to ..........335
Oraibi, collecting the arts of the people of .....342-344
Oraibi, life at ...........336-338
Oraibi, location and language of .......49
Painted Desert region, description of the .....45
Papago Indians, home and character of the .....24
Pestilence and war causes of abandonment of pueblos and rancherias . 113
Pima Indians, home and character of the .....24
Plateaus, mesas, buttes, distinction between ....46
Powell, W. H., a member of the expedition ........ v, 120
Pueblo Indians, languages and culture of the . . . . . . . ill
Rabbit snaring by the Utes ........105
Rations, clothing, ammunition, tools, and scientific instruments . . .
119
Rescued from a perilous position .......169
Ruins in the Grand Canyon region ......107
Ruins of ancient pueblo-building tribes in the valley of the Little
Colorado
and vicinity ..........49,53
Ruins of ancient pueblo-building tribes on San Francisco Plateau 40
Ruins of cavate or cliff dwellings of the Tewan Indians .56
Scenic features of the Canyon land .......32
Shivwits chief talks ..........321-323
Shoshone Indians, home and life of the . . . . . . . . .71
Shumopavi, a visit to .........335
Shumopavi, location and language of ......49
Shupaulovi, a visit to .........338-242
Shupaulovi, location and language of ......49
Sichumovi, a visit to ..........345
Sichumovi, location and language of ......49
Snake dance at Walpi .........346-347
Sokus Waiunats, or One-Two Boys .......303-311
Spanish expeditions and conquerors in the Southwest ..260
Starting from Green River City for the Canyon . . . . . . .119
Stories, mythic, of the Ute and other Indians ....65,107
Storm below the beholder .........98
Sumner, J. C., a member of the expedition ....... v, 120
Thousand Wells ...........334
Timber region of Arizona, description of the .....39
Trumbull. Mount, ascent of ........324-325
Tusayan, the seven pueblos of .......49,335
Tusayan, tribes of, government among the .....356-364
Tusayan, two weeks spent at .......335
Uinta Indians, home of the ........75
Ute Indians, home, life, dress, etc., of the . . . . . . 27,62,84,104
Volcanic dust, enormous amount of, on Tewan Plateau ..55
Walpi, a visit to ...........345
Walpi, location and language of .......49
War and pestilence causes of abandonment of pueblos and rancherias . 113
Yellowstone Park, the land of geyser wonders ....67
Yuma Indians, former home and life of the ....27