CLIFFS AND TERRACES.
THERE is a great group of table-lands constituting a geographic unit
which have been named the Terrace Plateaus. They ex-tend from the Paria
and Colorado on the east to the Grand Wash and Pine Mountains on the
west, and they are bounded on the south by the Grand Canyon of the
Colorado, and on the north they divide the waters of the Colorado from
the waters of the Sevier, which flows northward and then westward until
it is lost in the sands of the Great Desert. It is an irregular system
of great plateaus with subordinate mesas and buttes separated by lines
of cliffs and dissected by canyons.
In this region all of the features which have been described as found
in other portions of the province are grouped except only the cliffs of
volcanic ashes, the volcanic cones, and the volcanic domes. The
volcanic mountains, cinder cones, and coulees, the majestic plateaus and
elaborate mesas, the sculptured buttes and canyon gorges, are all found
here, but on a more stupendous scale. The volcanic mountains are higher,
the cinder cones are larger, the coulees are more extensive and are
often sheets of naked, black rock, the plateaus are more lofty, the
cliffs are on a grander scale, the canyons are of profounder depth; and
the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, the most stupendous gorge known on the
globe, with a great river surging through it, bounds it on the south.
The east-and-west cliffs are escarpments of degradation, the
north-and-south cliffs are, in the main, though not always, escarpments
of displacement. Let us understand what this means. Over the entire
region limestones, shales, and sandstones were deposited through long
periods of geologic time to the thickness of many thousands of feet;
then the country was upheaved and tilted toward the north; but the
Colorado
90
CANYONS OF THE COLORADO. powell-canyons-56.jpg
River was flowing when the tilting commenced, and the upheaval was very
slow, so that the river cleared away the obstruction to its channel as
fast as it was presented, and this is the Grand Canyon. The rocks above
were carried away by rains and rivers, but not evenly all over the
country; nor by washing out valleys and leaving hills, but by carving
the country into terraces. The upper and later-formed rocks are found
far to the north, their edges standing in cliffs; then still earlier
rocks are found rising to the southward, until they terminate in cliffs;
and then a third series rises to the southward and ends in cliffs, and
finally a fourth series, the oldest rocks, terminating in the Grand
Canyon wall, which is a line of cliffs. There are in a general way four
great lines of cliffs extending from east to west across the district
and presenting their faces, or escarpments, southward. If these cliffs
are climbed it is found that each plateau or terrace dips gently to
the northward until it meets with another line of cliffs, which must be
ascended to reach the summit of another plateau. Place a book before you
on a table with its front edge toward you, rest another book on the back
of this, place a third on the back of the second, and in like manner a
fourth on the third. Now the leaves of the books dip from you and the
cut edges stand in tiny escarpments facing you. So the rock-formed
leaves of
91
V powell-canyons-57.jpg
A GROUP OF STONE CORRALS.
92 powell-canyons-58.jpg
RUINS.
CLIFFS AND TERRACES. 93
these books of geology have the escarpment edges turned southward, while
each book itself dips northward, and the crest of each plateau book
is the summit of a line of cliffs. These cliffs of erosion have been
described as running from east to west, but they diverge from that
course in many ways. First, canyons run from north to south through
them, and where these canyons are found deep angles occur; then sharp
salients extend from the cliffs on the backs of the lower plateaus. Each
great escarpment is made up more or less of minor terraces, or steps;
and at the foot of each grand escarpment there is always a great talus,
or sloping pile of rocks, and many marvelous buttes stand in front of
the cliffs.
But these east-and-west cliffs and the plateaus which they form are
divided by north-and-south lines in another manner. The country has been
faulted along north-and-south lines or planes. These faults are breaks
in the strata varying from 1,000 or 2,000 to 4,000 or 5,000 feet in
verticality. On the very eastern margin the rocks are dropped down
several thousand feet, or, which means the same thing, the rocks are
upheaved on the west side; that is, the beds that were originally
horizontal have been differentially displaced, so that on the west side
of the fracture the strata are several thousand feet higher than they
are on the east side of the fracture. The line of displacement is known
as the Echo Cliff Fault. West of this about twenty-five miles, there is
another fault with its throw to the east, the upheaved rocks being
on the west. This fault varies from 1,500 to 2,500 feet in throw, and
extends far to the northward. It is known as the East Kaibab Fault.
Still going westward, another fault is found, known as the West Kaibab
Fault. Here the throw is on the west side,--that is, the rocks are
dropped down to the westward from 1,000 to 2,000 feet. This fault
gradually becomes less to the northward and is flexed toward the east
until it joins with the East Kaibab Fault. The block between the two
faults is the Kaibab Plateau. Going westward from 60 to 70 miles, still
another fault is found, known as the Hurricane Ledge Fault. The throw
is again on the west side of the fracture and the rocks fall down some
thousands of feet. This fault extends far northward into central Utah.
To the west 25 or 30 miles is found a fault with the throw still on the
west. It has a drop of several thousand feet and extends across the Rio
Colorado far to
94 CANYONS OF THE COLORADO.
the southwest, probably beyond the Arizona-New Mexico line. It also
extends far to the north, until it is buried and lost under the Pine
Valley Mountains, which are of volcanic origin.
Now let us see what all this means. In order clearly to understand
this explanation the reader is referred to the illustration designated
"Section and Bird's-Eye View of the Plateaus North of the Grand Canyon."
Starting at the Grand Wash on the west, the Grand Wash Cliffs, formed by
the Grand Wash Fault, are scaled; and if we are but a few miles north of
the Grand Canyon we are on the Shiwits Plateau. Its western boundary is
the Grand Wash Cliffs, its southern boundary is the Grand Canyon, and
its northern boundary is a line of cliffs of degradation, which will
be described hereafter. Going eastward across the Shiwits Plateau the
Hurricane Cliffs are reached, and climbing them we are on the Uinkaret
Plateau, which is bounded on the south by the Grand Canyon and on the
north by the Vermilion Cliffs, that rise above its northern foot. Still
going eastward 30 or 40 miles to the brink of the Kanab Canyon, the West
Kanab Plateau is crossed, which is bounded by the Toroweap Fault on the
west, separating it from the Uinkaret Plateau, and by the Kanab Canyon
on the east, with the Grand Canyon on the south and the Vermilion Cliffs
on the north. Crossing the Kanab, we are on the East Kanab Plateau,
which extends about 30 miles to the foot of the West Kaibab Cliffs, or
the escarpment of the West Kaibab Fault. This canyon also has the Grand
Canyon on the south and the Vermilion Cliffs on the north. Climbing
the West Kaibab Fault, we are on the Kaibab Plateau. Now we have been
climbing from west to east, and each ascent has been made at a line
of cliffs. Crossing the Kaibab Plateau to the East Kaibab Cliffs;
the country falls down once more to the top of Marble Canyon Plateau.
Crossing this plateau to the eastward, we at last reach the Echo Cliff
Fault, where the rocks fall down on the eastern side once more; but the
surface of the country itself does not fall down--the later rocks still
remain, and the general level of the country is preserved except in
one feature of singular interest and beauty, to describe which a little
further explanation is necessary.
I have spoken of these north-and-south faults as if they were fractures;
and usually they are fractures, but in some places they are flex-
95 powell-canyons-59.jpg
LAGOON ON THE KAIBAB.
96 powell-canyons-60.jpg
PINK CLIFFS, PAUNSAGUNT PLATEAU.
CLIFFS AND TEEEACES. 97
ures. The Echo Cliffs displacement is a flexure. Just over the zone
of flexure a long ridge extends from north to south, known as the Echo
Cliffs. It is composed of a comparatively hard and homogeneous sandstone
of a later age than the limestones of the Marble Canyon Plateau west of
it; but the flexure dips down so as to carry this sandstone which forms
the face of the cliff (presented westward) far under the surface, so
that on the east side rocks of still later age are found, the drop being
several thousand feet. The inclined red sandstone stands in a ridge more
than 75 miles in length, with an escarped face presented to the west
and a face of inclined rock to the east. The western side is carved into
beautiful alcoves and is buttressed with a magnificent talus, and the
red sandstone stands in fractured columns of giant size and marvelous
beauty. On the east side the declining beds are carved into pockets,
which often hold water. This is the region of the Thousand Wells. The
foot of the cliffs on the east side is several hundred feet above
the foot of the cliffs on the west side. On the west there is a vast
limestone stretch, the top of the Marble Canyon Plateau; on the east
there are drifting sand-dunes.
The terraced land described has three sets of terraces: one set on the
east, great steps to the Kaibab Plateau; another set on the west, from
the Great Basin region to the Kaibab Plateau; and a third set from the
Grand Canyon northward. There are thus three sets of cliffs: cliffs
facing the east, cliffs facing the west, and cliffs facing the south.
The north-and-south cliffs are made by faults; the east-and-west cliffs
are made by differential degradation.
The stupendous cliffs by which the plateaus are bounded are of
indescribable grandeur and beauty. The cliffs bounding the Kaibab
Plateau descend on either side, and this is the culminating portion of
the region. All the other plateaus are terraces, with cliffs ascending
on the one side and descending on the other. Some of the tables carry
dead volcanoes on their backs that are towering mountains, and all of
them are dissected by canyons that are gorges of profound depth. But
every one of these plateaus has characteristics peculiar to itself and
is worthy of its own chapter. On the north there is a pair of plateaus,
twins in age, but very distinct in development, the Paunsagunt
and Markagunt. They are separated by the Sevier River, which flows
northward. Their
98 CANYONS OF THE COLORADO.
southern margins constitute the highest steps of the great system of
terraces of erosion. This escarpment is known as the Pink Cliffs. Above,
pine forests are found; below the cliffs are hills and sand-dunes. The
cliffs themselves are bold and often vertical walls of a delicate pink
color.
In one of the earlier years of exploration I stood on the summit of the
Pink Cliffs of the Paunsagunt Plateau, 9,000 feet above the level of the
sea. Below me, to the southwest, I could look off into the canyons of
the Virgen River, down into the canyon of the Kanab, and far away into
the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. From the lowlands of the Great Basin
and from the depths of the Grand Canyon clouds crept up over the cliffs
and floated over the landscape below me, concealing the canyons and
mantling the mountains and mesas and buttes; still on toward me the
clouds rolled, burying the landscape in their progress, until at last
the region below was covered by a mantle of storm--a tumultuous sea of
rolling clouds, black and angry in parts, white as the foam of cataracts
here and there, and everywhere flecked with resplendent sheen. Below me
spread a vast ocean of vapor, for I was above the clouds. On descending
to the plateau, I found that a great storm had swept the land, and the
dry arroyos of the day before were the channels of a thousand streams
of tawny water, born of the ocean of vapor which had invaded the land
before my vision.
Below the Pink Cliffs another irregular zone of plateaus is found,
stretching out to the margin of the Gray Cliffs. The Gray Cliffs are
composed of a homogeneous sandstone which in some places weathers gray,
but in others is as white as virgin snow. On the top of these cliffs
hills and sand-dunes are found, but everywhere on the Gray Cliff margin
the rocks are carved in fantastic forms; not in buttes and towers and
pinnacles, but in great rounded bosses of rock.
98
The Virgen River heads back in the Pink Cliffs of the Markagunt Plateau
and with its tributaries crosses one of these plateaus above the Gray
Cliffs, carving a labyrinth of deep gorges. This is known as the Colob
Plateau. Above, there is a vast landscape of naked, white and gray
sandstone, billowing in fantastic bosses. On the margins of the canyons
these are rounded off into great vertical walls, and at the bottom of
every winding canyon a beautiful stream of water is found
99 powell-canyons-61.jpg
A PERMIAN BUTTE.
100 powell-canyons-62.jpg
VERMILION CLIFFS AT KANAB.
CLIFFS AND TERRACES. 101
running over quicksands. Sometimes the streams in their curving have cut
under the rocks, and overhanging cliffs of towering altitudes are seen;
and somber chambers are found between buttresses that uphold the walls.
Among the Indians this is known as the "Rock Rovers' Land," and is
peopled by mythic beings of uncanny traits.
Below the Gray Cliffs another zone of plateaus is found, separated by
the north-and-south faults and divided from the Colob series by the Gray
Cliffs and demarcated from the plateaus to the south by the Vermilion
Cliffs. The Vermilion Cliffs that face the south are of surpassing
beauty. The rocks are of orange and red above and of chocolate,
lavender, gray, and brown tints below. The canyons that cut through
the cliffs from north to south are of great diversity and all are of
profound interest. In these canyon walls many caves are found, and
often the caves contain lakelets and pools of clear water. Canyons
and re-entrant angles abound. The faces of the cliffs are terraced and
salients project onto the floors below. The outlying buttes are many.
Standing away to the south and facing these cliffs when the sun is going
down beyond the desert of the Great Basin, shadows are seen to creep
into the deep recesses, while the projecting forms are illumined, so
that the lights and shadows are in great and sharp contrast; then a
million lights seem to glow from a background of black gloom, and a
great bank of Tartarean fire stretches across the landscape.
At the foot of the Vermilion Cliffs there is everywhere a zone of
vigorous junipers and piñons, for the belt of country is favored with
comparatively abundant rain. When the clouds drift over the plateaus
below from the south and west and strike the Vermilion Cliffs, they are
abruptly lifted 2,000 feet, and to make the climb they must unload their
burdens; so that here copious rains are discharged, and by such storms
the cliffs are carved and ever from age to age carried back farther
to the north. In the Pink Cliffs above and the Gray Cliffs and the
Vermilion Cliffs, there are many notches that mark channels running
northward which had their sources on these plateaus when they extended
farther to the south. The Rio Virgen is the only stream heading in the
Pink Cliffs and running into the Colorado which is perennial. The other
rivers and creeks carry streams of water in rainy seasons only. When a
succession of dry years occurs the canyons coming through the
102 CANYONS OF THE COLORADO.
cliffs are choked below, as vast bodies of sand are deposited. But now
and then, ten or twenty years apart, great storms or successions of
storms come, and the channels are flooded and cut their way again
through the drifting sands to solid rock below. Thus the streams below
are alternately choked and cleared from period to period.
To the south of the Vermilion Cliffs the last series or zone of plateaus
north of the Grand Canyon is found. The summits of these plateaus are
of cherty limestone. In the far west we have the Shiwits Plateau covered
with sheets of lava and volcanic cones; then climbing the Hurricane
Ledge we have the Kanab Plateau, on the southwest portion of which the
Uinkaret Mountains stand--a group of dead volcanoes with many black
cinder cones scattered about. It is interesting to know how these
mountains are formed. The first eruptions of lava were long ago, and
they were poured out upon a surface 2,000 feet or more higher than the
general surface now found. After the first eruptions of coulees the
lands round about were degraded by rains and rivers. Then new eruptions
occurred and additional sheets of lava were poured out; but these came
not through the first channels, but through later ones formed about the
flanks of the elder beds of lava, so that the new sheets are imbricated
or shingled over the old sheets. But the overlap is from below upward.
Then the land was further degraded, and a third set of coulees was
spread still lower down on the flanks, and on these last coulees the
black cinder cones stand. So the foundations of the Uinkaret Mountains
are of limestones, and these foundations are covered with sheets of
lava overlapping from below upward, and the last coulees are decked with
cones.
Still farther east is the Kaibab Plateau, the culminating table-land
of the region. It is covered with a beautiful forest, and in the forest
charming parks are found. Its southern extremity is a portion of the
wall of the Grand Canyon; its western margin is the wall of the West
Kaibab Fault; its eastern edge is the wall of the East Kaibab Fault;
and its northern point is found where the two faults join. Here antelope
feed and many a deer goes bounding over the fallen timber. In winter
deep snows lie here, but the plateau has four months of the sweetest
summer man has ever known.
On the terraced plateaus three tribes of Indians are found: the Shiwits
("people of the springs"), the Uinkarets ("people of the pine
103 powell-canyons-63.jpg
A MIDSUMMERDAY'S DREAM ON THE COLOB.
104
CANYONS OF THE COLORADO.
mountains"), and the Unkakaniguts ("people of the red lands," who
dwell along the Vermilion Cliffs). They are all Utes and belong to a
confederacy with other tribes living farther to the north, in Utah.
These people live in shelters made of boughs piled up in circles and
covered with juniper bark supported by poles. These little houses are
only large enough for half a dozen persons huddling together in sleep.
Their aboriginal clothing was very scant, the most important being
powell-canyons-64.jpg
AN INDIAN VILLAGE.
wildcatskin and wolfskin robes for the men, and rabbitskin robes for the
women, though for occasions of festival they had clothing of tanned deer
and antelope skins, often decorated with fantastic ornaments of snake
skins, feathers, and the tails of squirrels and chipmunks. A great
variety of seeds and roots furnish their food, and on the higher
plateaus there is much game, especially deer and antelope. But the whole
country abounds with rabbits, which are often killed with arrows and
CLIFFS AND TERRACES.
105
caught in snares. Every year they have great hunts, when scores of
rabbits are killed in a single day. It is managed in this way: They make
nets of the fiber of the wild flax and of some other plant, the meshes
of which are about an inch across. These nets are about three and a
half feet in width and hundreds of yards in length. They arrange
powell-canyons-65.jpg
ANTINAINTS, PUTUSIV, AND WICHUTS, IN FESTAL DRESS.
such a net in a circle, not quite closed, supporting it by stakes and
pinning the bottom firmly to the ground. From the opening of the circle
they extend net wings, expanding in a broad angle several hundred yards
from either side. Then the entire tribe will beat up a great district of
country and drive the rabbits toward the nets, and finally into
106
CANYONS OF THE COLORADO.
the circular snare, which is quickly closed, when the rabbits are killed
with arrows.
A great variety of desert plants furnish them food, as seeds, roots, and
powell-canyons-66.jpg
PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF TYPICAL SOLITARY HOUSE.
stalks. More than fifty varieties of such seed-bearing plants have been
collected. The seeds themselves are roasted, ground, and preserved
in cakes. The most abundant food of this nature is derived from the
sunflower and the nuts of the piñón. They still make stone arrowheads,
stone knives, and stone hammers, and kindle fire with the drill. Their
medicine men are famous sorcerers. Coughs are caused by invisible winged
insects, rheumatism by flesh-eating bugs too small to be seen, and the
toothache by invisible worms. Their healing art consists in searing and
scarifying. Their medicine men take the medicine themselves to produce
a state of ecstasy, in which the disease pests are discovered. They also
practice dancing about their patients to drive away the evil beings or
to avert the effects of sorcery. When a child is bitten by a rattlesnake
the snake is caught and brought near to the suffering urchin, and
ceremonies are performed, all for the purpose of prevailing upon the
snake to take back the evil spirit. They have quite a variety of mythic
personages. The chief of these are the
CLIFFS AND TEBEACES.
107
Enupits, who are pigmies dwelling about the springs, and the Rock
Rovers, who live in the cliffs. Their gods are zoic, and the chief among
them are the wolf, the rabbit, the eagle, the jay, the rattlesnake, and
the spider. They have no knowledge of the ambient air, but the winds
are the breath of beasts living in the four quarters of the earth.
Whirlwinds that often blow among the sand-dunes are caused by the
dancing of Enupits. The sky is ice, and the rain is caused by the
Rainbow God; he abraids the ice of the sky with his scales and the snow
falls, and if the weather be warm the ice melts and it is rain. The sun
is a poor slave compelled to make the same journey every day since he
was conquered by the rabbit. These tribes have a great body of romance,
in which the actors are animals, and the knowledge of these stories is
the lore of their sages.
Scattered over the plateaus are the ruins of many ancient stone pueblos,
not unlike those previously described.
The Kanab River heading in the Pink Cliffs runs directly southward
powell-canyons-67.jpg
PERSPECTIVE VIEW OP ROUND-HOUSE STRUCTURE OF LAVA.
and joins the Colorado in the heart of the Grand Canyon. Its way is
through a series of canyons. From one of these it emerges at the foot
of the Vermilion Cliffs, and here stood an extensive ruin not many years
ago. Some portions of the pueblo were three stories
108
CANYONS OF THE COLORADO.
high. The structure was one of the best found in this land of ruins. The
Mormon people settling here have used the stones of the old pueblo
in building their homes, and now no vestiges of the ancient structure
remain. A few miles below the town other ruins were found. They were
scattered to Pipe's Springs, a point twenty miles to the westward.
Ruins were also discovered up the stream as far as the Pink Cliffs, and
eastward along the Vermilion Cliffs nearly to the Colorado River, and
out on the margin of the Kanab Plateau. These were all ruins of outlying
habitations be-longing to the Kanab pueblo. From the study of the
existing pueblos found elsewhere and from extensive study of the ruins,
it seems that everywhere tribal pueblos were built of considerable
dimensions, usually to give shelter to several hundred people. Then the
people cultivated the soil by irrigation, and had powell-canyons-68.jpg
AN ANCIENT CLIFF HOUSE.
109 powell-canyons-69.jpg
A ZUÑI EAGLE CAGE.
110 powell-canyons-70.jpg
A VIEW OF ZUÑI.
111
CLIFFS AND TERRACES.
their gardens and little fields scattered at wide distances about the
central pueblo, by little springs and streams and wherever they could
control the water with little labor to bring it on the land. At such
points stone houses were erected sufficient to accommodate from one
to two thousand people, and these were occupied during the season of
cultivation and are known as rancherías. So one great tribe had its
central pueblo and its outlying rancherías. Sometimes the rancherías
were occupied from year to year, especially in time of peace, but
usually they were occupied only during seasons of cultivation. Such
groups of ruins and pueblos with accessory rancherías are still
inhabited, and have been described as found throughout the Plateau
Province except far to the north beyond the Uinta Mountains. A great
pueblo once existed in the Uinta Valley on the south side of the
mountains. This is the most northern pueblo which has yet been
discovered. But the pueblo-building tribes extended beyond the area
drained by the Colorado. On the west there was a pueblo in the Great
Basin at the site now occupied by Salt Lake City, and several more to
the southward, all on waters flowing into the desert. On the east such
pueblos were found among mountains at the headwaters of the Arkansas,
Platte, and Canadian rivers. The entire area drained by the Rio
Grande del Norte was occupied by pueblo tribes, and a number are still
inhabited. To the south they extended far beyond the territory of the
United States, and the so-called Aztec cities were rather superior
pueblos of this character. The known pueblo tribes of the United States
belong to several different linguistic stocks. They are far from being
one homogeneous people, for they have not only different languages but
different religions and worship different gods. These pueblo peoples
are in a higher grade of culture than most Indian tribes of the United
States. This is exhibited in the slight superiority of their arts,
especially in their architecture. It is also noticeable in their
mythology and religion. Their gods, the heroes of their myths, are more
often personifications of the powers and phenomena of nature, and their
religious ceremonies are more elaborate, and their cult societies
are highly organized. As they had begun to domesticate animals and
to cultivate the soil, so as to obtain a part of their subsistence by
agriculture, they had almost accomplished the ascent from savagery
112 powell-canyons-71.jpg
WALPI DANCE ROCK.
CLIFFS AND TERRACES. 113
to barbarism when first discovered by the invading European. All the
Indians of North America were in this state of transition, but the
pueblo tribes had more nearly reached the higher goal.
The great number of ruins found throughout the land has often been
interpreted as evidence of a much larger pueblo population than has been
found in post-Columbian time. But a careful study of the facts does not
warrant this conclusion. It would seem that for various reasons tribes
abandoned old pueblos and built new, thus changing their permanent
residence from time to time; but more frequent changes were made in
their rancherias. These were but ephemeral, being moved from place to
place by the varying conditions of water supply. Most of the streams of
the arid land are not perennial, but very many of the smaller streams
of the pueblo region discharge their waters into the larger streams
in times of great flood. Such floods occur now here, now there, and at
varying periods, sometimes fifty years apart. When dry years follow one
another for a long series, the channels of these intermittent streams
are choked with sand until the streams are buried and lost. Under such
circumstances the rancherias were moved from dead stream to living
stream. In rare instances pueblos themselves were removed for this
cause. Other pueblos, and the rancherias generally, were abandoned in
time of war; this seems to have been a potent cause for moving. When
pestilence attacked a pueblo the people would sometimes leave in a body
and never return. The cliff pueblos and dwellings, the cavate dwellings,
and the cinder-cone towns were all built and occupied for defensive
purposes when powerful enemies threatened. The history of some of the
old ruins has been obtained and we know the existing tribes who once
occupied them; others still remain enshrouded in obscurity.
114 powell-canyons-72.jpg
A PASSAGEWAY IN WALPI.
115
THE HURRICANE FAULT. powell-canyons-73.jpg
TOWERS OF THE VERMILION CLIFFS.
116 powell-canyons-74.jpg
TEMPLES AND TOWERS OF THE RIO VIRGEN.
117 powell-canyons-75.jpg
PANORAMA. UPPER VIEW LOOKING EAST, WITH THE GRAND CANYON IN THE
DISTANCE. LOWER VIEW LOOKING DOWN THE TOROWEAP.
118 powell-canyons-76.jpg
A PASSAGEWAY IN MASHONGNAVI
119 powell-canyons-77.jpg
TERRACED HOUSES IN ZUÑI.
120