BUSH VETERINARY SURGERY AND MEDICINE.
Before starting on an expedition in which, the services of horses,
mules, bullocks, and other animals are required it is well to be
provided with such a store of veterinary requisites as are given
at page 84 of this work; the nature of the work and the country in
which it is intended to operate will mainly determine the necessity
or otherwise for a portable forge and regular set of shoeing smith's
appliances. When these are requisite it will be well to secure the
services of one or more working farriers to take charge of and
use them. A loose shoe, or even a set ready fitted, can be pretty
successfully applied by an ingenious and handy amateur; but few, save
those practically acquainted with the smith's art, could undertake the
regular shoeing and fitting of an expedition train. Still we strongly
recommend all those about to cast their fortunes in wild lands to
attend frequently, before quitting England, at some good forge, in
order that as many hints as possible may be gathered and stored up for
future use. Horse shoeing like horse riding, cannot be taught by books.
Every traveller should know how to take off and put on a shoe, and also
how to use the drawing knife and searcher. In some countries horses are
not shoed at all; in others, the fore feet only have shoes attached to
them. And here we would offer a word of advice to travellers. Never
attempt to alter the pattern of the shoe in which the horses of the
country visited are in the habit of working, or disappointment and
vexation are pretty sure to be the result. On our first visit to Turkey
we regarded the round plates of iron with holes in their centres and
hobnailed borders, called in that country by courtesy horse shoes, in
the light of perfect abominations, and had our newly purchased animals
shod in the English style. At the end of a week, however, we gladly
gathered the cast off native shoes together and had them replaced by
a native smith in order to avoid a broken neck. Should a horse or any
other animal of burden, not excepting even an elephant, fall lame from
any cause not absolutely patent and well known, look first to the foot
of the affected limb and be sure that no stray nail, piece of broken
iron, thorn, or other sharp substance, has found a lodgment. It is not
our intention to enter on a consideration of the various diseases and
ailments to which the animals of the traveller or settler are subject
in different countries, as our space will not permit of our doing so.
We must therefore content ourselves by giving such general hints and
directions as may prove useful in the absence of a qualified veterinary
surgeon. Many diseases to which pack and draught animals are subject
are of such a character as to render it requisite that they should be
either destroyed or left by the way in the hands of some responsible
person for treatment.
It is never advisable to travel an animal suffering from lingering
sickness. The first loss is generally the least in such cases. Severe
cases of sore back should never occur in a well-regulated expedition;
as pads or chambering should be had recourse to the very instant the
slightest tendency to gall is perceived, and it is well, in many cases,
to compel the rider of the animal to walk until the back is sound.
Galls on the withers and poll of the head are more to be feared than
any other injury of like kind, as matter is extremely liable to burrow
in such situations, and lead to the formation of fistulous cavities
and excessively troublesome wounds. Hot bathing and poultices formed
from bran, or ground oil seeds and warm water, should be first used,
with a view to the palliation of the mischief; but when once matter
is formed, freely opening the pouch formed from top to bottom is the
only course. To make a horse-poultice bag sew two pieces of soft tough
material together in the form of a common shot-bag, closing both ends
and sides; fasten a wide soft string to each corner, cut a straight
slit in one face of the bag, and through it thrust the mixed poultice
material until it is nearly full, when it can be secured over the seat
of injury. Animals obtained from natives not unfrequently suffer from a
peculiar description of gall, known as a "sitfast." Examination shows
an irregular piece of dry, hard, dead skin, surrounded by a border or
channel of sore. The only way to effectually treat such a case as this
is to first secure the animal, and then, with a sharp-pointed knife,
cut the island of dead cuticle clean from the wound, which, if kept
clean and properly treated with any simple dressing, will soon heal. A
mixture, consisting of common nitre, 1oz., to a pint of cold water, we
have found very useful in such cases.
[Illustration]
The frightful wounds on the backs of camels, too often caused by the
carelessness of native camel-drivers, are particularly liable to take
on an almost putrid condition. In the treatment of these we have found
leather burned to a black, crisp mass, and then reduced to a fine
powder, a most valuable preparation. Simply strewed over and into the
wound, it quickly causes healthy action to be set up. Any sproutings
of new flesh which mount above the surface of the skin are known as
"proud flesh," and should be reduced to the proper level by the use of
nitrate of silver, blue stone (sulphate of copper), nitric acid, or
even the red-hot iron. In order to perform many of the operations for
the treatment of diseased or injured animals, it will be requisite to
cast and properly secure them. The horse is best thrown by the aid of
hobbles, a set of which, as adjusted for use, are represented in the
above illustration. The leather strap attached from the fore to the
hind-leg is put on after the animal has been thrown down by hauling
on the rope-ended chain, shown at the front of the fore-foot. When the
legs are drawn sufficiently close together, a spring clip is passed
through a link of the chain; when the horse is to be released, a small
screw-pin is drawn, which causes all the four hobbles to be set free,
they then fall off as the animal rises. {Makeshift casting ropes.} In
the absence of regular hobbles, a very good substitute may be formed
by doubling a very long pliant rope, knotting it securely far enough
down the doubled end to form a collar for the head and neck of the
animal to pass through (see Fig. 11, p. 796); the two free ends are
now carried between the fore legs, under the body, inside the two hind
legs, above the hocks; the ends are then brought forward on each side,
and passed from within outwards, through the collar rope. When all is
adjusted, the hind-leg rope loops may be evenly and gently shaken down
until they rest in the hollows of the fetlock joints. On the free ends
being hauled on the horse will be thrown, when the ends of the rope are
secured by half-hitches. [Illustration] The annexed illustration will
serve to explain the nature of this contrivance. A soft spot should be
chosen to cast on; a halter should always be securely placed on the
head, and in cases of great timidity a folded rug as a blind over the
eyes. The head of a cast horse should be firmly held down by a man
told off for the purpose, until the animal is freed from the ropes and
about to rise. An ox is cast by catching his hind-leg, or both if
possible, in a noose in the end of a reim held by means of a vangstock,
or "catching stick;" another noose is thrown about his horns, one or
two fellows catch his tail and pull against those who have the legs,
while very likely, if he has tolerably large horns, another uses them
as levers to throw him off his balance, and the spare hands assist by
pushing with all their might at his broadside, when, as a matter of
course, he must go down.
{Hints on camp medicine making.}
Large open gashes from horns, weapons, or tusks can be sewn up by
separate stitches of either flexible wire or fine, smoothly-cut strips
of raw hide. A very useful dressing for wounds of this character is
made as follows: Common aloes, 1/2lb.; gum myrrh, 1/4lb.; spirits of
almost any kind, 2 quarts; water, 1 quart; place the vessel containing
this mixture in moderate sun heat for from twelve to fourteen days;
strain and bottle for use; apply on lint, tow, or the plume of a large
feather; myrrh can be obtained in the East from one of the Mimosa
tribe, and aloes from the plant of that name.
In South Africa aloes juice is thus collected by the Hottentots: a hole
is made in the earth, and a sheepskin forced into it. The leaves of
the aloe are all cut off except two pairs of the youngest left in the
form of a cross in the centre; the leaves are then ranged with their
cut ends over the hollow in the sheepskin, and left to drain. If wind
arises, however, it stops the drainage by coagulating the gum on the
surface, and the labour is lost; the juice is thickened by boiling, and
sold for exportation to England. The farmers use the fresh juice as
a varnish for wood-work, to which it gives a good polish and a brown
colour; it is said, also, to be an effectual vermifuge.
Wherever the aloe plant grows, the above rough and ready mode of
obtaining its juices may be had recourse to. A very useful purgative
for mules and horses is made by breaking a pound of aloes into rough
pieces; throw these into seven pints of rain water, and then add a pint
of spirit of some kind. The dose will vary with the size and condition
of the animal from 4oz. to 6oz. Liquids are best given to animals from
a small thin horn from which a long tapering slice has been cut, so as
to form a sort of scoop.
The water and grain of some districts cause severe attacks of colic or
gripes; these need immediate attention. A dose consisting of linseed
oil, 1 pint; tincture of opium, 1oz.; nitric spirit of ether, 1oz.;
mixed, should be given, and repeated in half an hour, if the pain is
not subdued. Warm soapy water enemas should be frequently thrown
up. An enema apparatus is easily extemporised from a large bladder
or leather bag and hollow stick with its extreme end or mouth cut
perfectly round and even. Soap suds are best formed by rubbing a piece
of soap on a rough brush in a pail of warm water.
Opium is a most valuable pain-killer, either in its solid or liquid
form. To prepare makeshift laudanum: Take of rough bazaar opium 3oz.;
powder it roughly between two stones; throw the powder into an earthen
pot, and add a quart of good clear sound spirit; cover with a flat
stone, and place in the shade for twelve days; strain through a double
cotton cloth, and bottle for general use of man or beast.
Animals much fed on barley or other heating grain are very liable to
become affected with mange. Separate all the diseased from the healthy,
as the disease is exceedingly contagious. Dress all your diseased
cases with the following mixture, which may be rubbed in with a brush
or piece of hide with the hair on: Common oil of tar, 1 quart; common
spirits of turpentine, 1 quart; fish oil of any kind, or, in the
absence of that, native seed oil, 1 quart; powdered brimstone, 1/2lb.;
mix thoroughly in a convenient vessel with a stick. Rub in the mixture
every other day for three complete dressings, and on the day after the
last, wash well with warm water and plenty of rough soap.
1oz. of gunpowder and 1/4oz. of brimstone, rubbed into an ointment with
6oz. of fat, is a good makeshift remedy.
To prevent attacks of mange and other skin diseases in animals kept
much on grain, it is well to give occasional doses of the following
powder in the food: Common bazaar antimony (_the kohl_ of the dealers)
1/2lb.; brimstone in powder, 1lb.; nitre, 1/2lb.; mix: dose 1/2oz.
Strains or severe injuries to joints or tendons, are often benefited
in their second stage, that is, after all the benefit arising from
fomentations, poultices, &c., has been taken advantage of, by the
action of counter-irritation, in the form of a blister. Cantharides,
or Spanish flies are commonly used for blistering purposes, but the
spotted fly of India (_Mylabris cichorii_) answers every purpose.
Blistering oil, which is useful for sprains or to rub into sore
throats, is made as follows: Dried flies, roughly crushed, 1oz.; good
clear vegetable oil, 1 pint; spirits of turpentine, 4oz.; mix; place
the whole in an earthen chatty pot or jar; put the vessel in warm
camp fire ashes for three hours, and then strain for use. Blistering
ointment is made by reducing the dry fly to powder, taking care to
cover the nostrils during the operation, and mixing 1oz. of the dust
to 6oz. of clear fat; stand the pot containing the mixture in the hot
ashes for eight hours, and then strain whilst warm through a coarse
cloth doubled. Horses when blistered should have cane joint necklaces,
or cradles as they are called, fitted on their necks, in order to
prevent them from biting the blistered surface. It is generally best
to remove the hair before applying the blister. When the skin has been
well acted on, the blister may be washed off with warm water and soap,
and fat or palm-oil applied in order to allay irritation.
{Fly-infested animals, to treat.}
The flies of tropical countries are much to be dreaded when the
wounds of animals are under treatment; ova deposited by them arrive
at maturity in an incredibly short space of time, when they burrow
into the tissues, and cause much trouble to the attendant as well as
pain to the animal. The "sheaths" of even healthy horses and mules not
unfrequently become charged with a living mass of these carnivorous
larvæ, which cause such irritation as to make the suffering animal
kick violently up under its belly, and manifest other symptoms of
uneasiness; a sharp watch should be kept for these symptoms, and when
observed the animal should be at once cast, and the intruders routed
out by manual manipulation; warm water and soap will cleanse the part,
and a good dressing of oil will allay the irritation. Fly-infested
wounds are best dressed with the following ointment: Common verdigris,
ground to a very fine powder and sifted, 1oz.; common resin, 1oz.;
fat or lard, 10oz.; first melt the fat in an earthen pot, and then
stir in the powder; warm for one hour in the ashes, and stir till
cold with a stick. There is an oil prepared from a species of Indian
gum resin called "_diccimaulieh_," which is a valuable addition to
the above ointment, as flies appear to entertain a rooted antipathy
to it. Flies are not the only pests one has to guard against. {Mule
leeches, to destroy.} Mules, especially those purchased in Spain, are
not unfrequently found to have the insides of their mouths, as far
back as the roots of their tongues, festooned with huge, bloated,
black and green leeches. A number of our Andalusian mules were, on our
voyage from Spain to the East, found by our chief muleteer to be so
infested. We therefore brought the mules, one by one, to a stout post
or stanchion, placed rope hobbles on their feet, and rope halters on
their heads; when the head was well secured, a stout rope loop at the
end of a stick was used to keep the mouth open, whilst a tow-ended
stick, dipped in a strong solution of common salt in sea-water was used
to thoroughly wash out the whole cavity of the mouth. The result was
most satisfactory; the leeches tumbled helplessly out into the bucket
of pickle held for their reception, and ultimately found their way into
the sea. Our mules commenced to thrive from the day of our successful
pickle hunt, and we never discovered another mule-leech during the
expedition.
{Teeth, and their irregularities.}
Both horses and mules will at times be found to "quid" their food
as it is called, that is, to form during the process of mastication
irregularly formed balls of partially crushed hay, straw, or grass.
The discovery of these pellets should always be followed by an
examination of the molar teeth, even should it be found necessary
to cast the animal before the examination can be made, as loss of
condition too frequently follows quidding. It will generally be found
that irregularity of the edges of either the upper or lower rows of
teeth have caused the infliction of wounds on the inside surfaces of
the cheeks. In other cases, it will be found that from the decay of one
or more teeth, those which should meet friction and consequent wear
have, in the absence of it, grown to an inordinate and inconvenient
length. These irregularities are best corrected by the aid of the
tooth rasp, which is readily made by welding a worn out flat rasp to
an iron rod about two feet in length. Bend your rasp, when united to
the rod and still hot, into the form of a shallow gouge, and shorten
it to about six inches; reset the teeth with a sharp punch, retemper,
and insert in a common wooden handle for use. When about to purchase
either horses or mules, see that the upper row of incisor teeth do
not overhang the lower, constituting what is called parrot mouth.
Animals so malformed rarely thrive well, from inability to crop their
food. {Cautions regarding glanders.} Always regard with extreme
suspicion any animal suffering from a thin, glue-like discharge from
either one or both nostrils: look well up the nose, and be perfectly
certain that there are no ulcers on the membrane, or perchance you
may introduce a glandered subject, which will endanger the lives of
both men and animals. Should such appearances as those just described
present themselves in an animal after purchase, order it to be
instantly destroyed, together with all the woollen or leather equipment
belonging to it. The metal can be rendered free from the glander
poison by thoroughly heating it in the camp fire, and then throwing
it whilst fizzing hot into water. Never attempt to treat a case of
even suspected glanders whilst travelling: shooting is the only safe
method of relieving the animal from its sufferings. Horses or mules
can be readily shot dead with either ball or small shot. To do this
instantly, stand on the off-side of the animal, about six feet from and
in a line behind the shoulder; aim well below the ear, in a direction
from behind forwards, and from below upwards. A charge thus delivered
from a gun, rifle, or large heavy pistol--not an insignificant popgun
revolver--will strike the creature dead on the spot, and thus save it
unnecessary torture.
{Hints on horse and mule purchase.}
Before quitting the subject of "Veterinary Surgery," it may be well to
caution the intending purchaser against laying out his money in animals
affected by cataract. In order to discover whether this defect exists,
place the animal with its head just in a line with the two posts of
a stable or shed doorway; screen the eye under examination from the
direct rays of the sun with your cap or felt hat, look steadily and
keenly down into the interior of the eye, and if a cataract is there it
will be perceived in a pearl-tinted spot or patch on the crystalline
lens of the eye, just as though the bull's-eye of a miniature lantern
had received a mark from French chalk. Clouds on the outer surface
of the ball of the eye or cornea are in no way to be confounded with
cataract; clouds such as these are caused in a variety of ways--strokes
from flexible branches, whip lashes, &c., and generally yield to
treatment with as much calomel as will fill an ordinary percussion cap,
rubbed up with a half-teaspoonful of honey. Place a piece as large as
a No. 4 shot in the affected eye every other day, until the opacity
passes away. Cataract, on the other hand, is beyond treatment, and
greatly detracts from the value of the animal suffering from it. Bony
excrescences round the coronets, constituting ring bone, and slits in
the wall of the hoof, called sand-cracks, also detract much from either
a horse's or mule's value for travelling, and should be carefully
looked for. Do not, as a rule, purchase very young horses or mules, as
they are far more likely to give trouble and fall sick than those of
more matured age; those of from six to ten, or even eleven years old,
if sound and in good condition, will do good service.
APPENDIX.
VELOCITY TABLE.
The following is a tabular form showing the velocities of moving bodies
as given by Peschel:
Feet
per second.
Rivers 3-4
Very rapid stream 13
Wind (ordinary) 10
Storm 54
Hurricane 80-120
Sound (through air) 1100
Sound (through metal) 12,000
Air in vacuum 1280
Ball from air-gun }
Air condensed 100 times } 697
Musket ball 1280
Rifle ball (at most) 1600
Cannon ball (24-pounder) 2450
Earth's rotation (at equator) 1525
Earth's centre in its orbit 101,061
Miles
per hour.
Racehorse 60
Pigeon 20-30
Peregrine falcon 120
Ocean steamers 21
River steamers 22
Railway train 80
Sailing vessel 10
Malay proa 20
Miles
per second.
Light 200,000
Electricity 576,000
WEIGHT OF A SUPERFICIAL FOOT OF PLATE OR SHEET IRON.
+----------+-----------+---------+
| No. of | Thickness | Weight |
| the wire | in | in |
| guage. | inches. | pounds. |
+----------+-----------+---------+
| | 1 | 40 |
| | 7/8 | 35 |
| | 3/4 | 30 |
| | 11/16 | 27·5 |
| | 5/8 | 25 |
| | 9/16 | 22·5 |
| | 1/2 | 20 |
| | 7/16 | 17·5 |
| | 3/8 | 15 |
| 1 | 5/16 | 12·5 |
| 2 | | 12 |
| 3 | | 11 |
| 4 | 1/4 | 10 |
| 5 | | 8·74 |
| 6 | | 8·12 |
| 7 | 3/16 | 7·5 |
| 8 | | 6·86 |
| 9 | | 6·24 |
| 10 | | 5·62 |
| 11 | 1/8 | 5 |
| 12 | | 4·38 |
| 13 | | 3·75 |
| 14 | | 3·12 |
| 15 | | 2·82 |
| 16 | 1/16 | 2·50 |
| 17 | | 2·18 |
| 18 | | 1·86 |
| 19 | | 1·70 |
| 20 | | 1·54 |
| 21 | | 1·40 |
| 22 | 1/32 | 1·25 |
| 23 | | 1·12 |
| 24 | | 1 |
| 25 | | 0·9 |
| 26 | | 0·8 |
| 27 | | 0·72 |
| 28 | 1/64 | 0·64 |
| 29 | | 0·65 |
| 30 | | 0·50 |
+----------+-----------+---------+
WEIGHT IN POUNDS OF ONE CUBIC FOOT OF THE FOLLOWING
SUBSTANCES:
lbs.
Cast iron 450
Wrought iron 486
Steel 489
Pine wood 29·5
Water 62·5
Air 0·075
Steam 0·036
WEIGHT OF ROD IRON ONE FOOT IN LENGTH OF THE FOLLOWING
DIMENSIONS:
-----------------++-----------------++-----------------
SQUARE IRON. || ROUND IRON. || FLAT IRON.
---------+-------++---------+-------++---------+-------
Inch. |Pounds.|| Inch. |Pounds.|| Inch. |Pounds.
1/4 | 0·2 || 1/4 | 0·14|| 1/4 × 1 | 0·8
3/8 | 0·5 || 3/8 | 0·4 || 3/8 × 1 | 1·3
1/2 | 0·8 || 1/2 | 0·7 || 1/2 × 1 | 1·7
5/8 | 1·3 || 5/8 | 1 || 5/8 × 1 | 2·1
3/4 | 1·9 || 3/4 | 1·5 || 3/4 × 1 | 2·5
7/8 | 2·6 || 7/8 | 2 || 1/4 × 2 | 1·7
1 | 3·4 || 1 | 2·7 || 3/8 × 2 | 2·5
1-1/8 | 4·3 || 1-1/8 | 3·4 || 1/2 × 2 | 3·4
1-1/4 | 5·3 || 1-1/4 | 4·2 || 5/8 × 2 | 4·2
1-3/8 | 6·4 || 1-3/8 | 5 || 3/4 × 2 | 5·1
1-1/2 | 7·6 || 1-1/2 | 6 || 1/4 × 3 | 2·5
1-5/8 | 8·9 || 1-5/8 | 7 || 3/8 × 3 | 3·8
1-3/4 | 10·4 || 1-3/4 | 8·1 || 1/2 × 3 | 5·1
1-7/8 | 11·9 || 1-7/8 | 9·3 || 5/8 × 3 | 6·3
2 | 13·5 || 2 | 10·6 || 3/4 × 3 | 7·6
2-1/4 | 17·1 || 2-1/2 | 13·5 || 1/4 × 4 | 3·4
2-1/2 | 21·1 || 2-1/2 | 16·7 || 3/8 × 4 | 5·1
2-3/4 | 25·6 || 2-3/4 | 20·1 || 1/2 × 4 | 6·8
3 | 30·4 || 3 | 23·9 || 5/8 × 4 | 8·4
3-1/2 | 41·4 || 3-1/2 | 32·5 || 3/4 × 4 | 10·1
4 | 54·1 || 4 | 42·5 || 1/4 × 5 | 4·2
5 | 84·5 || 5 | 66·8 || 3/8 × 5 | 6·3
6 | 121·7 || 6 | 95·6 || 1/2 × 5 | 8·4
7 | 165·6 || 7 | 130 || 5/8 × 5 | 10·6
8 | 216·3 || 8 | 169·9 || 3/4 × 5 | 12·7
---------+-------++---------+-------++---------+-------
RELATIVE HEAT-CONDUCTING POWER OF DIFFERENT BODIES.
Gold 1000
Platinum 981
Silver 973
Copper 898
Iron 574
Zinc 363
Tin 304
Lead 180
Marble 24
Porcelain 12·2
Fire brick 11
Fire clay 11.4
_With Water as a Standard._
Water 10
Pine 39
Lime 39
Oak 33
Ash 31
Apple 28
Ebony 22
RELATIVE CONDUCTING POWER OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES COMPARED
WITH EACH OTHER.
Hare's fur 1·315
Eider down 1·305
Beaver's fur 1·296
Raw silk 1·284
Wool 1·118
Lamp black 1·117
Cotton 1·046
Lint 1·032
Charcoal ·937
Ashes (wood) ·927
Sewing silk ·917
Air ·576
RELATIVE CONDUCTING POWER OF FLUIDS.
Mercury 1·000
Water ·357
Proof spirit ·312
Alcohol (pure) ·232
RADIATING POWER OF DIFFERENT BODIES.
Water 100
Lamp black 100
Writing paper 100
Glass 90
Indian ink 88
Bright lead 19
Silver 12
Blackened tin 100
Clean tin 12
Scraped tin 16
Ice 85
Mercury 20
Polished iron 15
Copper 12
THE STONE WEIGHT.
The term "stone" is often used to indicate weight, but some confusion
is apt to arise if the nature of the object or substance to be weighed
is not clearly indicated; thus, in weighing men according to what is
known as "horseman's weight," 14lb. avoirdupois are made use of; in
weighing butcher's meat, 8lb.; iron, 14lb.; glass, 5lb.; hemp, 32lb.;
cheese, 16lb.
THE QUALITIES OF GOLD.
Very few terms are more loosely used than that of "gold," and it is
therefore necessary that the traveller should make himself fully
acquainted with the nature of the alloy made use of under the name
of gold in the various countries he may chance to visit. Let him not
suppose that, because the glittering chain or ring displayed in an
English jeweller's window is marked in conspicuous letters "Warranted
fine gold," the ornament is as a matter of course composed of _pure
gold_, or he will buy experience dearly. _Fine gold_ means nothing
further than that an alloy of some kind containing some gold is
for sale. It is well, therefore, to insist on the exact quality of
the article (in carats--18 carats, 22 carats, or whatever it is
represented to be) being stated on the vendor's bill of charge.
The nature of gold alloy differs materially in various countries.
We have, therefore, thought it well to provide the reader with the
following useful tables compiled by Mr. E. W. Streeter and used in his
"Hints to Purchasers of Jewellery."
_Qualities of Gold manufactured in different Parts of the World._
£ _s._ _d._
England From 1 carat, worth 0 3 6
to 22 carats, worth 3 17 10-1/2
France " 18 carats, " 3 3 8-1/2
only common by special permission.
Denmark " 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Baden " 14 " " 2 9 6-1/2
Germany (all States) " 12 " " 2 2 5-1/2
to 15 carats, worth 2 13 1
Russia " 15 " " 2 13 1
to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
Austria " 10 " " 1 15 4-1/4
to 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Italy " 12 " " 2 2 5-1/2
to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
Holland " 4 " " 0 14 2
to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
Africa " 23 " " 4 3 1-1/2
India " 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
to 23-1/2 " " 4 3 1-1/2
Rome All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
U. States of America From 1 " " 0 3 6
to 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Norway and Sweden All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Belgium From 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
Spain All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Switzerland All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Geneva From 14 " " 2 9 6-1/2
Watch cases only.
China From 16 " " 2 16 7-1/2
to 23-3/4 carats, worth 4 4 0
Japan From 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
to 23-3/4 " " 4 4 0
Brazil All 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Hamburg From 13-1/2 " " 2 11 3-1/2
to 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Turkey " 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Greece " 10 " " 1 15 4-1/4
to 16 " " 2 16 7-1/2
Persia " 3 " " 0 10 7-1/2
to 23-1/2 " " 4 3 1-1/2
Egypt " 18 " " 3 3 8-1/2
Rio Janeiro Imported from 1 carat 0 3 6
to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
Chili " " 0 3 6
to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
Peru " " " 0 3 6
to 22 " " 3 17 10-1/2
Siam Nearly pure, fine work.
Australia Same as England, except that made up from the
diggings.
Mexico Principal manufacture fine.
Any quality is allowed to be imported into these countries.
The following table by the same author will serve to show in a
condensed form, the value of different gold alloys relatively, and
also the extremely low standard at which so called "gold articles" are
manufactured in this country.
_Gold Value Table._
£ _s._ _d._
22-carat gold is worth 3 17 10-1/2 per oz.
18 " " 3 3 8-1/2 "
16 " " 2 16 7-1/2 "
14 " " 2 9 6-1/2 "
10 " " 1 15 4-1/4 "
9 " " 1 11 10 "
8 " " 1 8 3-3/4 "
6 " " 1 1 2-1/2 "
4 " " 0 14 2 "
2 " " 0 7 1 "
1 " " 0 3 6 "
Since writing the early portion of this work, we have found it
requisite, in order to supply a manifest want, to have manufactured
a small leather case (on the exact model of our own), containing all
the tests and appliances requisite for the identification of precious
metals or precious stones.[D]
We have also caused to be constructed, from our own pattern, a small
triple branch of gold of different degrees of alloy. Each branch, when
rubbed on the touch stone, and treated with nitric acid, will leave a
characteristic streak, which may be compared with one formed by rubbing
the article to be tested, and treating it with acid in the same manner;
the nature of the alloy will thus be found by comparison.[E]
EMERSON'S TABLE OF STRENGTHS, SHOWING THE LOAD THAT CAN BE
SAFELY BORNE BY A SQUARE INCH ROD OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING
SUBSTANCES:
lbs. avoir.
Iron rod, 1in. square, will bear 76,400
Brass 35,600
Ivory 15,700
Oak, box, yew, plum-tree 7,850
Elm, ash, beech 6,070
Walnut, red fir, holly, elder, plane, crab 5,000
Cherry, hazel 4,760
Alder, asp, birch, willow 5,000
Lead 430
Freestone 914
[D] This, together with its accompanying instruction book, can be
obtained at the explorer's room, established by S. W. Silver & Co.,
66 & 67, Cornhill.
[E] This test branch can be obtained either at the explorer's
room, or from Mr. E. Streeter, Conduit-street, Bond-street.
Emerson's rule is, that a cylinder, the diameter of which is _d_
inches, loaded to one fourth of its absolute strength, will carry as
follows:
cwt.
Iron 135 × _d_^2
Good rope 22 × _d_^2
Oak 14 × _d_^2
Fir 9 × _d_^2
Another of his rules is that a cylindrical rod of well-seasoned
clean-grown fir of an inch circumference drawn in length will bear at
its extremity 400lbs. and a spar of fir 2in. in diameter will bear
about 7 tons, but not more. A well-made and carefully-kept hemp rope of
one inch in circumference, will bear 1000lbs. being at its extremity.
Mr. Barlow has formed the following table as a mean resulting from
experiments on the strength of direct cohesion on a square inch of the
following substances:
lbs.
Box 20,000
Ash 17,000
Teak 15,000
Fir 12,000
Beech 11,500
Oak 10,000
Pear 9,800
Mahogany 8,000
He also states as follows regarding the transverse strength of beams,
&c. Mr. Weale thus quotes from Mr. Barlow's essay: "The transverse
strength of rectangular beams, or the resistance which they offer to
fracture, is as the breadth and square of the depth; therefore, if two
rectangular beams have the same depth, their strengths are to each
other as their breadths, but if their breadths are the same, then
their strengths are to each other as the square of their depths. The
transverse strengths of square beams are as the cubes of the breadths
or depths. Also in cylindrical beams the transverse strengths are as
the cubes of the diameters. Thus, if a beam which is one foot broad and
one foot deep support a given weight, then a beam of the same depth
and two feet broad will support double the weight; but if a beam be
one foot broad and two feet deep it will support four times as much
as a beam one foot broad and one foot deep. If a beam one foot square
support a given weight, then a beam two feet square will support eight
times as much. Also a cylinder of two inches in diameter will support
eight times as much as a cylinder one inch in diameter. The appended
table gives data bearing on the subject.
Teak 2·462
English oak 1·672
Canadian oak 1·766
Dantzic oak 1·457
Adriatic 1·383
Ash 2·026
Beech 1·556
Elm 1·013
Pitch pine 1·632
Red pine 1·341
New England fir 1·102
Riga fir 1·108
Mar Forest fir 1·262
Larch 1·127
INDEX.
A.
Abyssinian mule platforms, 345
Accommodation of tents, to increase, 61
Adaptation of hames to collars, 460
Admiral Belcher's expedient for moving vessels during calms, 175
Adzes or axes, makeshift, 381
African boots, 412
Aguardiente, to make, 579
Albatross, catching, 587
Alligators, catching, 590
Securing snared fish from, 591
Aloe juice, extracting, 802
Altitudes, ascertaining, 741
Low, or levels, to obtain, 734
Table of, 742
American cordway, 324
Indian lodges, 308
Life raft, 167
Portable boat, 154
Wild fruits, 530
Ammunition, packing, 17
Taking abroad, 17, 19
Amphibious animals, trapping, 666
Anchors, 375
Angle at which to pitch a tent, 56
Animals, calls of, 679
Infested with fly, treatment of, 804
Purgative for, 802
Skin of, as food, 557
Wild, observation of the habits of, 773
Antidotes for poison, 80
From arrows, 620
Ants, locusts, and other insects and their larvæ as food, 562
Anvils, 193, 197
Aparejo, 463
Application of wind power to horizontal wheel, 512
Aps or chupatee, 544
Aquatic birds, traps for, 675
Arctic regions, hints for the, 309, 316
Hutting in the, 309
Armament, hunter's, 655
Arobas waggon, 441
Arrest hemorrhage, 695
Arrow-fishing, 594
Trap, 657
Arrows, harpoon, 594
Poisoned, 619, 622
Rifling, 624
Artificial horizon, 29
And sextant, use of, 743
Artillery, charges for, 241
Cartridges and wads for, 243
Dromedary or Zembourcks, 245
Field, 448
Repairing, 243
Shot for, 246
Sledges, 406
Unspiking, 243
Zembourcks, 245
Artist's materials, 22
Ascertaining altitudes, 741
Variations of the compass, 732
Ash cake, 549
Assegais, to render useless, 203
Attachment of straps, for sledges, 399
Australian bark canoe, 162
Spears and spear throwing, 616
Tent, 59
Two-wheel drays, 454
Axes or adzes, makeshift, 381
Axles, to make and repair, 215
B.
Baggage derrick, extempore, 330
Bags, pack-saddle, 36
Sleeping, 786
Baits, fish, hints on, 605
For traps, 667
Baking bread, 550
Cakes, 549
Ballast for boats, 177
Balsas canoe, 140
Bamboos, building with, 289
Various uses for, 358
Bananas and plantains for food, 533
Bandages, surgical, 689
Bark canoes, 105
Australian, 162
Canadian, 157
For canoes, mode of stripping, 156
Stripping from trees, 789
Uses of, 789
Base metals, to detect, 263
Baskets, fish traps, 595, 597
Waterproof, 500
Bayonets, 11
Sheath knives as, 202
Beams, masts, &c. for platform boats, 114
Bear trap, 663
Bechuana hut, 280
Beds, camp, 44
Beehive hut, Kafir, 279
Bees' Nests, taking, 580
Wild, to smoke out, 537
Bell mules, 466
Bellows, 69
And forge, extempore, 213
Bell-tent made to hold many people, 61
Bent wood, 380
Biltong, 575
Birch bark canoes, 157
For canoes, 156
Birdlime, 679
Birds, aquatic, traps for, 675
Calls for, 679
Traps for, 673
Preserving, 574
Sea, cooking, 584
Snaring, 673
Bite of tsetse fly, 653
Bits, 34
Blackcock trap, 672
Bladders and paunches for holding water, 499
And water-skins, repairing of, 783
Use of, 783
Blanket used for extemporising a tent, 59
Blindfolding pack animals, 465
Blockhouse, 296
Blocks and pulleys, 383
Double, 386
Signal, 385
Snatch, 385
Board house, 278
Wigwam, 274
Boards, ice, 403
Boats, American portable, 154
Ballast for, 177
Bridges of, 350
Building, 121, 125, 128
Canvas or skin, 48, 100
Cape waggon, 129, 131
Catamaran, 165
Clinker, 125, 128
Collapsible, 155
Connecting beams, masts, &c. for platform, 114
Copper, 50, 118
Copper, materials used in, 54
Copper platform, 110
Corrugated iron, 51
Esquimaux, 103
Fitted with inflated tubes, 170
Indian cattle, 99
Inflated canvas, 48
Inflated, to make safe, 117
Iron, 51, 118, 123
Leaky, 91
Massoolah, 164
Metal life, 124
Metal platform, 107, 110
Metal, to connect odd sections of, 125
Mixture for painting metal, 113
Models of, 105, 119
Norwegian, 165
Paddling, 134
Portable canvas, 49
Portable steel, 166
Proas, 135
Quagga hide, 102
Reed, 97
Rules for sailing, 177
Russian cargo, 102
Sculling, 132
Skin, 100
Things to be thought of when designing, 105
Torres Straits, 162
Wattled, 125
Whale, 610
Without nails, 165
Wooden platform, materials for, 114
Boers' method of loading guns quickly, 228
Boiling meat, 553
Rice, 565
Water without pots, 553
Bolts and nuts, dies and taps for, 198
Bones, horns, tendons, fish skin, &c. use of, 784
Books for travellers, 29, 31
Boomerang, 617
Boots, African, 412
And shoes, 6, 412
Clamps for, 420
India rubber, to mend, 429
In tropical countries, hints on, 429
Laces, 7
Lasts for, 416
Making, 417
Sledge dogs', 403
Snow shoe, 410
Stitching, 421
Thread for, 420
Wading among rocks, 429
Boring heavy logs, 376
Botanical specimens, collecting, 764
Packing and preserving, 771
Boulders, to remove, 265
Buoys, life, 95
Bowls, wooden, 393
Bows, cross, Chinese, 623
Pellet, Indian, 624
Strings, tightening, 622
Box markings, 700
Boxes as floats, 97
Copper, 8
For Cape waggon travelling, 9
For rafts, 144
Braces, 5
Brands of camels, 481
Cattle, making, 480
Branding cattle, 478
Branch, peg, and log ladders, 349
Brass guns and their charges, 241
For barter with natives, 210
Softening and hardening, 210
Bread baking, 550
Breakers, rules for passing through, 176
Break for wheels, 443
Brick tea, 571
Bridge shears, to construct, 336
Bridges, boat, 350
Cable and twig, 335
Chain, 331
Deodar beam, 341
Fly, 331
Gabion, 327
Ice, 343
Indian rope, 341
Natural, 346
One tree, 325
Rafter, plank, and slab, 342
Swamp, 326
Tartar, 328
Bridles, 34
Broken masts, 182
Spars, scarfing, or fishing of, 181
Bruised gun barrels, to repair, 226
Buckets, bamboo, 358
Canvas, 67
Gutta percha, 73
Leather, 72
Palm, 523
Buck-shot moulds, 19, 222
Buik-waggon, 437
Building, bamboo for, 289
Boats, clinker, 128
Boats, hints on, 128
Boats of metal, 121
Boats of wood, 123
Boats, things to be thought of when, 105
Fires, 539, 540
Jetty, 329
Mission Churches, plans for, 301
Of the Portuguese in Africa, 305
Rafts, principles of, 147
Walls, 291
Wheels, 366, 371
Bullet moulds, 9, 220, 230
Bullets, cleft, 229
Hardening, 228
Bullock trunks, 8
Bull's-eye lantern, 86
Burning charcoal, 266
Bush knife, 11
Bushman's hut, 278
Bustard shooting, 670
Butter, preserving, 583
Buying horses, 577
Second-hand guns, hints on, 11
C.
Cable and twig bridge, 335
Cakes, baking, 549
Meat, 566
Sago, 556
Calabashes, float, 96
For holding water, 498
Calls, bird and animal, 679
Calming troubled water by means of oil, 176
Camels, 475
Brands, 481
Embarking, 487
Feeding, 486
Harnessing, 476
Hints on, 483, 486
Journal or diary, 489
Loads and distances, for, 485
On shipboard, fastening, 489
Water in stomach, 487
Wounds on backs of, 800
Camp beds, 44
Filters, 501
Furniture, 389
Medicine-making, hints on, 802
Of ox waggons, to defend, 297
Canadian bark canoe, 157
Candles, 86
Guttering, to prevent, 556
Making, 87
Malay, 89
Packing, 88
Screens for, 88
Cannon, cartridges for, 243
Charges, &c. 241
Mounting, 237, 240
Repairing, 243
Shot for, 220, 246
Unspiking, 243
Wads, 243
(See also Artillery.)
Canoes, Australian bark, 162
Balsas, 140
Bark, 105, 157, 160, 162
Birch for, 156
Canadian bark, 157
Carriage for, 159
Cedar bark, 160
Dug-out, 104, 163
Fejee, 139
Fuegian, 161
Inflated canvas for one man, 50
Long, 163
Mode of stripping bark for, 156
Outriggers for, 99
Queen Charlotte's Island, 158
Shoe, 161
Water transport, 496
Canteens, 70
Canvas boat, inflated, 49
Boat, portable inflated, 48, 100
Buckets, 67
Canoe for one man, inflated, 50
Or skin boat, 100
Cape waggon, 433
Boats, 129, 131
Chests as rafts, 140
Load for, 453
Tent, 59
Tent or tilt, 130
Wine, 440
Cap squares of a gun, makeshift for, 239
Caps for the head, 5
Percussion, and their substitutes, 240
Priming, to make, 244
Capstan, gunner's, 374
Cargo boat, Russian, 102
Carnivora, hunting of, 646
Carpenter's tools, 41
Carriages, canoe, 159
Wheeled measuring distances travelled by, 726
Carrying, rolling, and parbuckling heavy spars, 352
Carrying water, 495
Cartridges and wads for cannon, 243
Making, 232, 235
Case hardening, 205
Cases for saddles, 34
Tin, utilisation of, 212
Casting horses, 800
Oxen, 801
Ropes for horses, 801
Casks, water, to embark, 379
Catamaran float, 165
Catching albatrosses, 587
Alligators, 590
Cattle, 654
Crayfish, lobsters, &c., 604
Crows, 680
Deer with thorn wreaths, 624
Ducks, &c. 675
Fish, 585, 587
Musk rats, 667
Ostriches, emus, &c., 668
Porpoises, 612
Sea fish, 585
Turkeys, 670
Catgut and parchment, 782
Cattle boat, 99
Brands, making, 480
Catching, 654
Drinking troughs for, 493
Hobbling, 469
Marking, 478
Watering, 493
Cautions regarding glanders, 806
Cedar bark canoe, 160
Cereals as food, 569
Chain and rope ladders, 348
And links, 462
Bridges, 331
Pole, 335
Chalk lines, 292
Charcoal burning, 266
Charges, &c. for brass guns, 241
Chemical tests, for minerals and metals, 260
Chests as rafts, Cape waggon, 140
Chinese cross-bow, 623
Slab and trestle bridge, 343
Chisels, cold, 204
Making incisions in iron with, 194
"Chucknuck," or "strike-a-light," 537
Chupatee or aps, 544
Chupper screens, 294
Churches, fortifying, 301
Mission, plans for building, 301
Cider, plantain, 533
Clamps for boot making, 420
Cleaning guns, 237
Clearing fine sand from gun-locks, 69
Nut, 505
Cleft bullets, 229
Climb palms, to, 523
Clinker boat, 125, 128
Clinometer, makeshift, 738
Clip for holding posts, &c., 273
Clock, water, 741
Cloths, saddle, 33
Coats, 5, 6
Cocoa nut palm, uses for, 360
Shells, use of, 526
Use of, 524
Cold chisel, making, 204
Making incisions in iron with, 194
Colic or gripes, remedy for, 802
Collapsible boat, 155
Collars, horse, 457
Collecting botanical specimens, 764
Dew, 518, 523
Mineralogical and geological specimens, 771
Natural history specimens, 763
Water from rain-falls, 504
Colonists and natives, to obtain information from, 758
Common dog sledge, 404
Companions and servants, conduct to, 702
Compass, pocket, 28
Points of, 633
Variation of, to ascertain, 732
Marking distances with, 30
Conduct to companions and servants, 702
Connecting beams, masts, &c. for platform boats, 114
Contusions, remedy for, 79
Convenient tool hold-all, 43
Cooking pots, 71
Sea birds, 584
Stove, Norwegian, 558
Copper and iron, to tin, 210
Boats, 50, 51
Boats, materials used in, 54
Boxes, 8
Or iron skiff, 118
Skiff, 118
Tinning, 210
Water flasks, 495
Cooper's work, 377
Coracle, 100
Cordway, American, 324
Corrugated iron boat, 51
Houses, 305
Cost and materials of metal platform boat, 110
Cotton torch, 89
Covers for lamps, 87
Cravats, hog's, 391
Crayfish, lobsters, &c. to catch, 604
Creeper or grapnel, to trip, 603
Crimea, tent used in, 62
Crook and prong house, to build, 284
Cross-bow, Chinese, 623
Cross-tree saddles, 465
Crows, catching, 680
Cup lamp, 85
Cupping, 695
Cutting gun barrels, 198
Sheet metal, snips for, 213
Timber, season for, 270
Up large game, 575
D.
D'Abri, Tente, 57
Damaras hut, 282
Damper, 549
Damp places, procuring water from, 492
Dams, weirs and spears, 596
Dead game, protecting, 660
Deep-water glass, 187
Deer catching with thorn wreaths, 624
Enticing, 660
Traps, 659
Defensible camp with ox-waggons, 297
Churches, 301
Farm-house and village, 295, 298
Deodar beam bridge, 341
Derrick, baggage, 330
Landing, 349
Deris, to make, 342
Designing boats, things to be thought of when, 105
Destroy mule leeches, to, 805
Detection of base metal, 263
Dew, collecting, 518, 523
Diarrhoea and its remedy, 79
Diary, &c. in duplicate, 21
Or journal, camel, 489
Dies and taps for bolts and nuts, 198
Dimensions of sledges, 394
Disabled artillery, management of, 448
Dishes and plates, to make, 213
Dislocated shoulder, reducing, 694
Distances, estimation of, 739
For camels, 485
Measurement, 30, 726
Travelled by wheeled carriage, measuring, 726
Distil aguardiente, to, 579
Water, to, 494
Ditty bag, 68
Dividing and packing venison, 661
Dogs, boots for, 403
Free from the attacks of the tsetse fly, 652
Packs for, 405
Securing to sledges, 400
Sledge and harness for, 396, 404
Sledge, food for, 400
Doors and gates, to make and hang, 289
Double boat of copper, 51
Block, 386
Canvas boat, inflated, 49
Metal boats, 107
Sextant, 26
Dough nuts, 550
Drags for wheels, 443
Drawing sledges, 395
Drays, Australian, 454
Dressing for wounds, 73
Skins, 779
Dried flesh, 558
Drills and saws, 376
Drinking troughs for cattle, 493
Driving a coracle, 100
And leading horses, 473
Droge, the, 167, 168
Dromedary brands, 481
Points in the, 483
(Zemboureks), artillery, 245
Drowned, treatment of the apparently, 188
Drugging fish, 606
Dubbin, to make, 429
Duck for ground sheet, &c., 6
Ducks, &c., catching, 675
Dug-out canoes, 104, 163
Duplicates of correspondence, &c., 21
E.
Economy in food, 560
Edible frog, 564
Eggs, ostrich, 565
Preserving, 583
Shells of, horns and calabashes for holding water, 498
Elephant hunting, 634
Elg-Led, 658
Elk trap, 658
Embarking camels, 487
Horses, 473
Water casks, 379
Emus, ostriches, &c., catching, 668
England, outfit to take from, 4
Enticing deer, 660
Equipment, mule, hints on, 468
North Australian expedition, 35
Sledge, 399
Waggon, 446
Erecting a perpendicular on a given point, 320
Escape, fire, 353
Pole, Indian, 347
Esquimaux boat, 103
Ice hut, 314
Lamp, 86
Sledges, 398
Snow hut, &c., 312
Summer tents, 315
Establishing communication with a lee shore by means of a kite, 185
Estimate distance, to, 739
Strength of ropes, to, 793
Time, 740
Weight of rope, to, 793
Expedients for moving vessels during calms, Admiral Belcher's, 175
For saving boats in rough water, 176
For working ships' pumps, 176
Expedition by twenty-one men for eighteen months, stores, &c.,
required for, 46
Extracting gun nipple, 204
Sap from timber, 355
Extricating waggons from quicksands, &c., 145
F.
Fall-traps, 662
Plank, 664
Farmer's stores and horse medicines, 84
Farmhouse, defensible, 295, 298
And village, to fortify, 298
Fastening camels on shipboard, 489
Horses, 472
Makeshift, 335
Fat, to treat, 784
Feathers, ostrich, packing, 622
Feeding of camels, 486
Feet, sore, 430
Felling timber, 268
Fences, 273, 291
Ferries and fly bridges, 331
Ferrying wheels over rivers, 144
Fever and its remedy, 77
Field artillery, 448
Sledges, 406
Guns and their charges, 241
Figure of four traps, 663
Fijee canoes, 139
Filing up and trimming iron after forging, 194
Filters, camp, 501
Extemporised, 501, 503, 506
Patent, 506
Finding height of a tree or other object, whose base is accessible,
without instruments, 321
Points of the compass, 633
River pearls, 256
Water, 493
Width of rivers or ravines without instruments, 318
Firearms, hints on, 236
Makeshift, 245
Testing, 13
Fire baskets, 555
Building, a, 539, 540
Escapes, 353
Fuel for, 539, 541, 542, 543
Maintaining, 542
Places, makeshift, 553
Producing, 535
Signal, as a, 539
Fish baits, hints on, 605
Catching, 587
Drugging, 606
Haunts of, hints on, 605
Hooks, makeshift, 586, 587
Hooks, to make, 209
Roe, preserving, 583
Sea, Catching, 585
Securing from alligators, 591
Skin, use of, 784
Spearing, 607, 608
Spears, weirs, and dams, 596
Torch, 89
Traps, baskets, 595, 597
Fishing broken spars, 181
Implements, 604
Lines, to make, 597
Nets, 600, 603
Tackle making, and hints on, 588
Under ice, 602
Fitting-up of tents, 61
Flasks, water, copper, 495
Flat-bottomed steel boat, 166
Flesh, dried, 558
Preserving, 572
Transportation of, hints on, 576
Flint muskets, 10
Float for one man, skin, 154
Waggons, to, 144
Floats, calabash, 96; boxes, 96
Catamaran, 165
Bark, 99
Inflated skin, 152
Mangrove wood, 163
Milk-bush, 163
Skin, 99
Wood, 99
Flour, preserving from weevils, 556
From wrecks, 557
Fly bridge and ferries, 331
Infested animals, treatment of, 804
Tsetse, 650
Flying railway at Ichaboe, 338
Food, economy in, 560
Gathering, hints on, 577
Insects and their larvæ as, 562, 581
Reptiles as, 560, 564
Sledge dogs', 400
Various, 566
Vegetable, 563
Foot coverings, makeshift, 425
Footways, tree, 330
Fording rivers, hints on, 344
Forge and bellows, extempore, 213
Forecastle lamp, 87
Hints on the management of the, 192
Forked sticks, uses of, 388
Form of tent peg, 64
Fortifying churches, 301
Farm and village, 298
Foundations for houses, 304
Fox trap, 664
Fracturing glasses, as to obtain a sharp edge, 625
Fritters, 536
Frogs, edible, 564
Fruits, obnoxious juices, removing of, 520
Wild, 567
Wild, of America, 530
Fuel for fires, 539, 541, 542, 543, 556
Fuegean pole house, 309
Canoe, 161
Furnace, makeshift, 553
Furniture, camp, 389
G.
Gaberdine, 4
Gabion bridge, 327
Galls in horses, 799
Game, dead, protecting, 660
Pegs, &c., 392
Gates, latches for, 390
Making and hanging, 289
Gathering food, hints on, 577
Mushrooms, hints on, 582
General hints on boat building, 128
Geographical information, to obtain from natives and colonists, 758
Geological and mineralogical specimens, collecting, 771
Geology for travellers, 250
Gipsy tent, 57
Glanders, cautions regarding, 806
Glass bottles, lightning averted by, 289
Fracturing, so as to obtain a sharp edge, 625
Gloves, 5
Gold, identifying, 257
Qualities of, 810
Searchers, hints to, 251
Grapnel or creeper, to trip, 603
Grass filters, 504
Grenades and rocket arrows, 246
Grindstones, mounting, 387
Gripes or colic, remedy for, 802
Ground lines, and their management, 593
For tent pitching, 66
Guano stages at Ichaboe, 337
Gum-tree bark canoe, 162
Gun barrels, to cut, 198
Barrels, to repair when bruised, 226
Cleaning, 237
Locks, oil for, 236
Nipple, to extract a, 204
Repairing, 199
Rests, 392
Second-hand, hints on buying, 11
Sighting, 200
Sights, 201
Slings, 39
Spring, 656
Telling time by, 238
Gunner's capstan, 374
Gunpowder, to make, 247
Plan for securing, 37
Gunyah, the, 278
Gut, silkworm, 599
Guttapercha buckets, 73
Guttering in candles, to prevent, 536
H.
Habits of wild animals, observation of, 773
Halters, 37
Hames, adaptation to collars, 460
Makeshift, 458
Hammocks, 45
Handbarrow, makeshift, 389
Hand mill, 544
Hanging doors and gates, 289
Handles of stock whips and lead pencils, 225
Hardening brass, 210
Bullets, 228
Hard rove rope, treatment of, 793
Wood, 358
Harness and pack animals, 457
For dog sledge, 396
Hints on, 461
Mule, 459
Tightening, 465
Harnessing and yoking draught oxen, 452, 454, 455
Camels, 476
Hints on, 461
Reindeer, 406
Harpooning hippopotami, 613
Seals under ice, 603
Harpoons, 609
Arrow, 594
Hartebeeste hut, 282
Hats and caps, 5
Haunts of fish, hints on, 605
Hay and straw ropes, spinning, 792
Headstalls, 37
Heat-conducting bodies, 809, 810
Heavy spars, to carry, roll, or parbuckle, 352
Height of a tree, or other object whose base is accessible,
to find without instruments, 321
Hemorrhage, to arrest, 695
Hide boat, quagga, 102
Ropes, 784
Hints on boat building, 128
Boots in tropical countries, 429
Buying second-hand guns, 11
Camels, 486
Camp medicine making, 802
Fire-arms, 236
Fish baits, 605
Fishing tackle, 588
Food gathering, 577
Fording rivers, 344
Gold searching, 251
Gathering mushrooms, 582
Harness and harnessing, 461
Haunts of fish, 605
Horse and mule purchase, 806
Hygeens, and camels, 483
Management of the forge, 192
Matters connected with waggons, 446
Mule equipment, 468
Mule purchasing, 466
Raft building, 147
Sentries, 301
Servants and slaves, 704
Serving rations, 559
Shoeing horses, 798
Sledges, 401
Transportation of flesh, 576
Trapping, 666
Travel, 701
Travelling in the arctic regions, 309, 316
Hippopotami, use of, 616
Harpooning, 613
Hitches and knots, 794
On measuring lines, 365
Hobbles, 38
Hobbling cattle, 469
Hogs' cravats, 391
Hold-all for tools, 43
Holder for torches, 555
Honey, finding and taking, 580
Hook trap, 664
Hooks, fish, 209, 586, 587
Hoop-iron, uses for, 194
Horizon, artificial, 29
Artificial, and sextant, use of, 743
Horizontal wheel, application of wind power to, 512
Horn lantern, 86
Horns for holding water, 498
Use of, 784
Horse and mule waggons, 442
Horses, buying, 577
Casting ropes for, 801
Collars, 457
Embarking, 473
Fastening, 472
Galls, 799
Glanders, 806
Leading and driving, 473
Medicines and farrier's stores, 84
Poultice, 799
Purchase of, hints on, 806
Securing, 800
Shoeing, hints on, 798
Sledges, 405
Sore backs, 799
Teeth, and other irregularities, 805
Throwing, 800
Hour glass, 740
Houses, African, Portuguese, 305
Board, 278
Crook and prong, 284
Corrugated iron for, 305
Defensible farm, 295, 298
Foundations for, 304
Fuegean pole, 309
Log, 275
Logier hill, 287
Reed, 293
Thatches for, 285, 288
Howitzers, and their charges, 242
Hunter's armament, 655
Hunting elephants, 634
Large carnivora, 646
Lions, 642
Hurdle or wattle work, 382
Husks of cocoa nut, use of, 526
Huts, Bechuana, 280
Beehive, 279
Bushman's, 278
Damaras, 282
Fuegean, 309
Hartbeeste, 282
Ice, 314
Namaqua Hottentot, 283
Papuan tree, 307
Peat, 309
Savages', 278
Snow, 312
Stone, 280
Rio Negro, 307
Tartar, 294
Thatches for, 285, 288
Vaal river, 281
Hutting in the arctic regions, 309, 316
Hygeens and camels, hints on, 483
I.
Ice boards, 403
Bridging a river by means of, 343
Fishing under, 602
Harpooning seals under, 603
Huts, 314
Getting under, 602
Ichaboe guano stages and flying railway, 338
Identification of gold, 257
Precious stones, 254
Implements, fishing, 604
Impurities from water, removing, 505
Incisions in iron with cold chisels, to make, 194
Increase accommodation of tents, 61
Increase size of bell-tent, 61
Indian (American) lodges, 308
Cattle boat, 99
Escape pole, 347
Gharrie waggon, 441
Lamp, 87
Pellet bow, 624
Rope bridge, 341
Scaling ladders, 348
Indiarubber boots, to mend, 429
Inflated boats, to make safe, 117
Canvas boat, 48, 49, 50
Skin floats, 152
Tubes, boat fitted with, 179
Information from natives and colonists, to obtain, 758
Insects and their larvæ as food, 562, 581
Inspanning, 452
Instruments for mapping, 31
For mapping a route, 24
Stands for, 738
Intestines for holding water, 500
Introduction, 1
Iron articles, selection of, 446
Boats, 51, 123
Corrugated for houses, 305
Making incisions with cold chisels in, 194
Ore, to smelt, 258
Platinizing, 206
Rod, weight of, 809
Rusting, to prevent, 207
Skiff, 118
Test for wrought or malleable, 447
Tinning, 210
Trap, 665
Uses for scrap and hoop, 194
Welding of, 192
Irregularities of teeth in draught animals, 805
Irritated surfaces, remedy for, 80
J.
Jackets, 4
Making, 698
Jetty, to build an extempore, 329
Joining odd sections of metal boats, 125
Sheet metal, 211
Journal in duplicate, 21
Or diary, 20
Or diary, camel, 489
Juices, obnoxious, removing from fruits, &c., 520
K.
Kaffir beehive hut, 279
Killing sheep, 560
Kites as auxiliaries to swimming, 183
As sails, 182
Establishing communication with a lee shore by means of, 185
Scaling cliffs with, 185
Signalling by means of, 184
Tacking by means of, 184
Knives, 40
Knives, makeshift, 193
Sheath and bayonets, 202
Knots and hitches, 794
L.
Ladders, 353
Indian scaling, 348
Makeshift, 348
Miners', 347
Peg, branch, and log, 349
Rope and chain, 348
Ladles, spoons, and their substitutes, 227
Lamps, bull's-eye, 86
Covers for, 87
Cup, 85
Esquimaux, 86
Forecastle, 87
Indian, 87
Railway, 87
Oils for, 85
Portuguese, 84
Reflecting, 87
Wicks for, 85
Lancers' tent, 58
Landing derrick, 349
Lanterns, bull's-eye, 86
Horn, 86
Larch trees, 358
Large game, cutting up, 575
Larvæ of insects as food, 562
Lasts for boots, 416
Latches, 390
Lathes, makeshift, 386
Laudanum, preparation of, 803
Lead ore smelting, 228
Pencils and stock whip handles, 225
Plates, to make, 225
Leading and driving horses, 472
Leaf torch, 89
Leakage in water-skins, repairing of, 499
Leaky boats, to stop, 91
Leaping-poles, 347
Leather buckets, 72
Leeches, mule, to destroy, 805
Lee shore, establishing communication by kites with a, 185
Levelling, 340
Staff, extemporised sight vane for, 737
Levels or low altitudes, to obtain, 734
Water, substitute for, 738
Library, the traveller's, 29, 31
Life-belts, 94
Boat, metal, 124
Buoys, 95
Line, 96
Raft, American, 167
Liggers and trimmers, 591
Lighting a fire, 539, 540
Lightning, averted by glass bottle, 289
Line slings and lob sticks, 334
Lines, fishing, 597
For measuring, 292
Ground, and their management, 593
Measuring, 365
Lining for old huts, tents as, 61
Links and chains, 462
Lion hunting, 642
Lizards, snakes, &c. as food, 560
Loads for camels, 485
Cape waggon, 453
Lobsters, crayfish, &c. to catch, 604
Lob sticks and line slings, 334
Locality for water, 491
Lodges of the American Indian, 308
Logging-up timber, 269
Logier hill house, 287
Log, boring a, 376
Clip, 273
For sledges, to make, 399
House, to build, 275
Peg and branch ladders, 349
Splitting, 543
Steaming, 357
Long canoes, 163
Lotus roots and seeds as food, 564
Low altitude or levels, to obtain, 734
M.
Maintain a fire, 542
Maize, preserving, 569
Malay torch, 89
Mallets for driving tent pegs, 64
Management of forges, hints on the, 192
Disabled artillery, 448
Ground line, 593
Mange, preventive and remedy, 803
Mangrove wood floats, 163
Manna and its preparation, 529
Maple sugar, 528
Mapping, 30
Instruments for, 31
On Mercator's projection, 754
Routes, instruments for, 24
Tables, 755
Marking boxes, 700
Cattle, 478
Marrow bones, 557
Martin trap, 662
Massoolah boats, 164
Masts, broken, 182
For platform boats, 114
Matches from blue lights, 556
Materials for copper boats, 54
Metal platform boat, 110
Ropes, 788
Sketching, &c. 22
Wooden platform boat, 114
Mats, rush, 283
Measurements, extemporary, 363
Of distances, 30
Of distances travelled by wheeled carriages, 726
Of time, 740
Of waterflow of a river, 757
Rough modes of, 363
Measuring lines, 292, 365
Lines, hitches on, 365
Tape, to make, 320
Meat, boiling, 553
Cakes, 566
Preserving, 572
Roasting, 551
Transportation of, hints on, 576
Medical stores, 73
Medicines, 73
Hints on making, 802
Horse, and farrier's stores, 84
Mercator's projection, mapping on, 754
Mescal, to make, 579
Metal (base), to detect, 263
Metal boat, building a, 121
Double, 107
Joining odd sections of, 125
Life, 124
Mixture for painting, 113
Platform, 107, 110
Steel, 166
Metal pannikin, making, 211
Sheet, joining, 211
Sheet, snips for cutting, 213
Metals, tests for, 260
Milk-bush floats, 163
Preserving, 582
Spirit, 534
Mills, makeshift, 544
Mineralogical and geological specimens collecting, 771
Minerals, chemical tests for, 260
Miner's pump, to make, 266
Swing and ladder, 347
Tools and mining, 252
Mining and miner's tools, 252
Mission churches, plans for building, 301
Mixture for painting metal boats, 113
Mocassins, 424
Models of boats, 105, 119
Mosquito nets, 67
Moulds, buck shot, 19
Bullet, 220, 230
Shot, 222
Mounting cannon, 237, 240
Grindstones, 387
Moving vessels during calms, Admiral Belcher's expedient for, 175
Mules, bell, 466
Equipment, hints on, 468
Harness for, 459
Leeches, to destroy, 805
Packing purposes, 467
Platforms, Abyssinian, 345
Purchase of, hints on, 466, 806
Refractory, to secure, 459
Teeth and their irregularities, 805
Waggons for, 442
Mushrooms, hints on gathering, 582
Muskets, flint, 10
Repairing, 208
Musk rats, catching, 667
N.
Namaqua Hottentot hut, 283
Nardoo for meal, 545
Natives and colonists, to obtain information from, 758
Natives, plough, 390
Rewarding, 493
Natural bridges, 346
History specimens, preserving and packing, 766
History specimens, collecting, 763
Naturalists' outfit, 761
Nave auger, to work, 376
Turning, 370
Necessaries for the table, 70
Necessary carpenter's tools, 41
Nets, fishing, 600, 603
Mosquito, 67
Netting, 797
Under ice, 602
Nipple of a gun, to extract, 204
North American wild fruits, 530
Australian expedition, equipment of, 35
Norwegian cooking stove, 558
Boats, 165
Skidor, 411
Nuts and bolts, taps and dies for, 198
O.
Oars for travellers, 114
Observation of the habits of wild animals, 773
Observatory, portable, 29
Obtain geographical information from natives and colonists, 758
Levels or low altitudes, to, 734
Odds and ends for sledging, 402
To take abroad, 69, 73
Offal of animals, 557
Oil for gun locks, 236
For lamps, 85
On troubled waters, 176
Or sugar cane mill, 546
Palm, 525
Ointment for wounds, 802
Oneida trap, 665
One man, inflated canvas canoe for, 50
One-tree bridge, 325
Ore, iron, smelting, 258
Lead, smelting, 228
Ostriches, catching, 668
Eggs, 565
Feathers, packing, 622
Otter, making and working, 593
Outfit for artists, 22
Naturalist's, 761
Outriggers for canoes, 99
Makeshift, 92
Outspanning, 453
Ovens, makeshift, 550
Oxen, casting, 801
Yoking and harnessing, 452, 454
P.
Pack animals, 463, 474
Animals, blindfolding, 465
Oxen, 654
Pack ropes, 465
Saddle, 35
Saddle bags, 36
Saddle crooks, 388
Saddle, Spanish, 463
Packing ammunition, 17
Botanical specimens, 771
Candles, 88
Natural history specimens, 766
Ostrich feathers, 622
Riding saddles, 37
Venison, 661
Packs and pack animals, 474
Dog, 405
Paddling, 134
Pail-yoke, 391
Pails, palm, 523
Water, 496
Painting and sketching under difficulties of travel, 716
Metal boats, mixture for, 113
Palanquins, stretchers, &c., 682
Palm, bucket of, 523
Cabbage, 523
Climbing, 523
Cocoa nut, 360
Leaves, use of, 527
Oil, 525
Range and uses of the, &c. 524, 526
Sugar, 525
Toddy, 524
Vinegar from, 525
Pannikin, to make, 211
Papuan tree hut, 307
Parbuckling, carrying, and rolling heavy spars, 352
Parchment and catgut, 782
Passing through breakers, rules for, 176
Patent filter, 506
Patrol tent, 55
Paunches and bladders for holding water, 499
Pearls, river, to find, 256
Peat hut, 309
Pegs and rests for guns, game, &c. 392
Branch and log ladders, 349
Pellet bow, 624
Pemmican, 573
Pencils and stock whip handles, 225
Penetration of rifle balls, 17
Pen trap, 671
Perch bolts, to repair, 197
Percussion caps and their substitutes, 240
Perpendicular, on a given point, to erect, 320
Pipes, buckets, &c. of bamboo, 358
Pistols, 18
Pitching tents, 55
Selection of ground for, 66
Pitfall, 647
Plane table and its use, 735
Plank fall trap, 664
House, 278
Rafter, and slab bridges, 342
Screens, to make, 292
Plans for building mission churches, 301
Plantains, cider, 533
Plantains for food, 533
Plants holding water, 504, 522
Sap as substitute for water, 491
Yielding sap as a substitute for water, 516, 518, 521
Plates, lead, to make, 225
Making, 213
Platform boats, connecting beams, masts, &c. for, 114
Metal, 107, 110
Wooden, 114
Platforms, Abyssinian mule, 345
Platinizing iron, &c., 206
Ploughs, native, 390
Settlers', 391
Pocket compass, 28
Handkerchiefs, 5
Points in the dromedary, 483
Of the compass, 633
Poisoned arrows, 619, 622
Cure of wounds from, 620
Poisons, 680
And their antidotes, 80
Pole chains, 335
House, Fuegean, 309
Indian escape, 347
Poles, leaping, 347
Repairing, 218
Porcupine trap, 657
Porpoises, catching, 612
Uses of, 613
Portable boat, American, 154
Boat of inflated canvas, 48
Boat, steel, 166
Observatory, 29
Tool chest, 44
Portuguese buildings in Africa, 305
Lamp, 84
Potato whiskey, 534
Pots and pans, 71
Raft of, 150
Sugar making, 548
Poultice, horse, 799
Powder-flasks, 19
Precious stones, to identify, 254
Preparation of American wild fruits, 530
Laudanum, 803
Manna, 529
Skin for boots, 414
Preserving birds, 574
Botanical specimens, 771
Fish roe, eggs and butter, 583
Flesh, 572
Flour from weevils, 556
Iron from rusting, 207
Maize, 569
Milk, 582
Natural history specimens, 766
Skins, 774
Preserved vegetables, 582
Preventing a candle from guttering, 556
Iron rusting, 207
Preventive and remedy for mange, 803
Of tsetse fly bite, 654
Priming caps, to make, 244
Principles of raft building, 147
Proas, 135
Procuring aloe juice, 802
Fire, 535, 540
Water from damp places, 492
Water from wells, 492
Producing fire, 535
Projection, Mercator's, mapping on, 754
Of routes, 751
Prong and crook house, to build, 284
Protecting dead game, 660
Pulleys or blocks, 383
Pumping ships, 176
Pumps, extemporised, 516
Miners', to make, 266
Punk, 537
Purchase of horses and mules, hints on, 806
Purgative for animals, 802
Purifying water, 507
Q.
Quadrant, 744
Quagga hide boat, 102
Qualities of gold, 810
Quantity and nature of stores required by 21 men for 18 months, 46
Of ammunition to take abroad, 17
Quarrying stone, 263
Queen Charlotte's Island canoe, 158
Queen, the, 544
Quicksands, extricating waggons from, 145
R.
Radiating heat power of various bodies, 810
Rafter, plank and slab bridges, 342
Rafts, American life, 167
Cape-waggon chests as, 140
From wrecked ships, 92
Inflated skin, 152
Pot, 150
Principles of building, 147
Reed, 98
Sedge grass, 150
Trennelled, 146
Rail splitting, 272
Railway lamp, 87
Rainfalls, collecting water from, 504
Raising a roof, 287
Water from wells, 508
Waggons, &c. from quicksands, &c. 145
Rakes, forks, &c. from sticks, 391
Rations for one man for six days, 566
Scale of, for rough travelling, 559
Hints on serving, 559
Ravines or rivers, to find the width of without instruments, 318
Reducing dislocated shoulder, 694
Reed boat, 97
Houses, screens and sheds, 293
Raft, 98
Reefing of sails from the sides, 174
Reflecting lamp, 87
Reindeer sledge, 406
Harnessing, 406
Refractory mule, to secure, 459
Region of the tsetse fly, 652
Remedy for colic and gripes, 802
Diarrhoea, 79
Fever, 77
Irritated surfaces, 80
Mange, 803
Snow blindness, 79
Strains and contusions, 79
Removing boulders, 265
Obnoxious juices from fruits, &c., 520
Sand, &c. from gun locks, 69
Render boats safe, 92
Repairing axles, 217
Bladders, water skins, &c., 783
Bruised gun-barrels, 226
Cannon, 243
Guns, 199
Leakage in water skins, 499
Muskets, 208
Perch-bolts, 197
Poles, 218
Vessels, temporary, 168
Wheels, 218
Wheel-tires, 195
Reptiles as food, 560, 564
Rests for guns, &c., 392
Rifle shooting, 203
Revolvers, 18
Rewarding natives, 493
Rice, boiling, 565
Riding and pack oxen, 654
Saddles, packing of, 37
Rifle balls, penetration of, 17
For travellers, 231
Rests, 203
Selecting, 10
Sights, 16, 201
Shells, extempore, 226
Sporting, 231
Rifling arrows, 624
Rigs of vessels, 172
Rio Negro huts, 307
Rivers, ferrying wheels over, 144
Hints on fording, 344
Or ravines, to find the width of without instruments, 318
Pearls, to find, 256
Water flow, measurement of, 757
Rivets, 213
Roads, to make swamp, 317
Roadways, cane and twig, 335
Roasting meat, 551
Rocket arrows and grenades, 246
Rod iron, weight of, 809
Rolling, carrying, and parbuckling heavy spars, 352
Roof, to raise a, 287
Roots for food, 533
Of lotus as food, 564
Yielding sap as a substitute for water, 516, 518, 521
Rope bridge, Indian, 341
Casting, for horses, 801
Chain ladders, 348
Hard rove, treatment of, 793
Hay, 792
Hide, 784
Ladders, 348
Making, 790
Materials for, 788
Pack, 465
Straw, 792
Strength of, to estimate, 793
Weight of, to estimate, 793
Rucksacks, 787
Rudders, temporary, 178
Rue ruddy, 395
Rules for passing through breakers, 176
For sailing boats, 177
To be observed when sledging, 401
Rush mats, 283
Russian cargo boat, 102
Routes, projection of, 751
S.
Sabots and socks, 428
Sacks, ruck, 787
Water, skin, 780
Saddles, 32
And gun rests, 392
Cases, 34
Cloths, 33
Cross-tree, 465
Pack, 35
Packing of, 37
Spanish pack, 463
Sago cakes, 556
Making, 532
Sailing boats, rules for, 177
Sails and their substitutes, 172
Kites used as, 182
To reef from the sides, 174
Substitutes for, 174
Samovar, 90
Sandals, 426
Sand, &c. from gun locks, to remove, 69
Sap from timber, to extract, 355
Of plants as substitute for water, 491
Savages' huts, 278
Saw-pit, substitute for, 274
Saws and drills, 376
Scale of rations for rough travelling, 559
Scaling cliffs, &c. kites for, 185
Ladders, Indian, 348
Scarfing of broken spars, 181
Scissors, 41
Scrap-iron, uses for, 194
Screens, Chuppar, 294
For candles, 88
Plank, 292
Reed, 293
Sculling, 132
Sea-birds, cooking, 584
Sea-fish, catching, 585
Season for cutting timber, 270
Seals, harpooning under ice, 603
Seasoning wood, 355
Second-hand guns, hints on buying, 11
Sections, odd, of metal boats, to join, 125
Securing cattle, 469
Fish from alligators, 591
Gunpowder, mode of, 37
Horses, 472
Horse for an operation, 800
Tent ropes, modes of, 65
Seeds and roots of lotus as food, 564
Sedge grass raft, 150
Selection of bullet moulds, 9
Ground for tent pitching, 66
Guns, 9
Iron articles, 446
Rifles, 10
Servants, 704
Sentries, hints for, 301
Servants and companions, conduct to, 702
Slaves, hints on, 704
Serving rations, hints on, 559
Settlers' plough, 391
Setting traps, 665
Sextant and artificial horizon, use of, 743
Sheds, reed, 293
Sheath knives or bayonets, 202
Shears to construct bridge, 336
Sheep killing, 560
Sheet-copper boat, 50, 51
Iron, weight of, 808
Metal, to join, 211
Metal, snips for cutting, 213
Shells for rifles, extempore, 226
Of cocoa-nut, use of, 526
Shelves, makeshift, 293
Ship-board, fastening camels on, 489
Ships, rafts from, 92
Pumping, 176
Water-bags, 498
Shirts, 4
Making, 696
Shoe canoe, 161
Shoeing horses, hints on, 798
Shoemaker's wax, 415
Shoes and boots, 6, 412
Snow, 408
Shooting bustards, 670
Tortoises with arrows, 624
Shot belts, 19
Cannon, 220
Cannon, makeshift, 246
Making, 223
Moulds, 222
Signal clock, 385
Fire as a, 539
Signalling by means of kites, 184
Signs of the weather, 185
Sight vane for levelling staff, extemporised, 737
Sighting guns, 200
Sights, gun, 201
Rifle, 16, 201
Silkworm gut, 599
Sinking wells, 513
Skates and their substitutes, 411
Sketching and painting, under difficulties of travel, 716
Skidor, Norwegian, 410
Skiff of copper or iron, 118
Skins as food, 557
Boat, 100
Cattle boat, 99
Dressing, 779
Float for one man, 154
Floats, 99
Preparation of, for boots, 414
Sleeping bags, 786
Treatment, 774
Use of, 784
Water, 496
Water, and bladders, repairing, 783
Water, repairing leakage in, 499
Water sacks, 780
Slab plank and rafter bridges, 342
Slaughtering sheep, 560
Slaves and servants, hints on, 704
Sledges, attachment of straps for, 399
Dimensions, 394
Dog, 396, 404
Drawing, 395
Equipment of, 399
Esquimaux, 398
Field artillery, 406
Harness for dog, 396
Hints on, 401
Horse, 405
Ice board, 403
Log for, 399
Reindeer, 406
Runners of, to smooth, 398
Speed of, to check, 400
Stopping, 400
Summer, 408
Tobogun, 403
Travail, 404
Whip, 397
Sleeping bags, 786
Slings for guns, 39
Slow match and tinder, 537
Slugs, making, 223
Smelting iron ore, 258
Lead ore, 228
Smith's tools for travelling, 208
Smoking out wild bees, 537
Smoothing roughened runners of sledges, 398
Snakes as food, 560
Bites, &c., 82
Snares, 673
Snatch block, 385
Snips for cutting sheet metal, 213
Snow-blindness, and its remedy, 79
Hut, 312
Shoe-boots, 410
Shoes, 408
Soap making, 785
Socks and sabots, 428
And stockings, 5
Softening brass, 210
Solids, Weight of, 809
Sore backs, 799
Feet, 430
Spanish pack saddle, 463
Spawn, fish, preserving, 583
Spars, carrying, rolling, or parbuckling, 352
Scarfing or fishing of broken, 181
Spearing fish, 607, 608
Spears, Australian, 616
Fish, weirs and dams, 596
Throwing, Australian, 616
Turtle, 617
Specimens, botanical, collecting, 764
Botanical, packing and preserving, 771
Geological and mineralogical, collecting, 771
Natural history, collecting, 763
Natural history, preserving and packing, 766
Speed of a sledge, to check, 400
Spinning hay and straw ropes, 792
Spirit from milk, 534
Splicing, 797
Splints, surgical, 691
Splitting logs, 543
Rails, 272
Timber, 271
Spoons, ladles, and their substitutes, 227
Spooring, 628
Sporting rifles, 231
Spring guns, 656
Spurs, 34
Square, to make a, 320
Squirrel trap, 663
Stables, temporary, 294
Stages at Ichaboe, guano, 337
Stands for instruments, 738
Steaming log, 357
Steel boat, portable, 166
Making, 259
Traps, 665
Steering wheel, to make, 372
Stern-posts, temporary, 181
Sticks, forked, uses of, 388
Still, makeshift, 494
Stirrups, 34, 380
Stitching boots, 421
Stockings and socks, 5
Stock-whip handles and lead pencils, 225
Stone hut, 280
Quarry, 263
Treatment of, 264
Weapons, manufacture of, 625
Weight, the, 810
Stopping leaky boats, 91
Stores, &c. required by 21 men for an 18 months' expedition, 46
Farriers' and horse medicines, 84
Stoves, Norwegian, 558
Strains, remedy for, 79
Straps for sledges, attachment of, 399
Straw and hay ropes, spinning, 792
Strength of ropes, to estimate, 793
Various bodies, 812
Stretchers, palanquins, &c., 682
"Strike-a-light" or "Chuckmuck," 537
Stripping bark for canoes, mode of, 156
From trees, 789
Sugar cane or oil mill, 546
Making, 546
Maple, 528
Palm, 525
Pots, making, 548
Summer sledges, 408
Tents, Esquimaux, 315
Supple jack, 392
Surgical bandages, 689
Splints, 691
Swamp roads, to make, 317
Swimming to a lee shore, kite as an assistance in, 183
Swing and ladder, miners', 347
Swinging derrick, 349
Swivels, wooden and other, 361
Symptoms of fever, 77
Tsetse fly bite, 653
T.
Table necessaries, 70
Plane, and its use, 735
Tables, altitudes, 742
Heat conducting bodies, 809, 810
Mapping, 755
Quality of gold, 810
Radiating heat power of bodies, 810
Strength of various bodies, 812
Trocheameter, 729
Velocity, 808
Weight of rod iron, 809
Weight of sheet iron, 808
Weight of solids, 809
Tacking by means of kites, 184
Tackle, fishing, making, and hints on, 583
Tailor's work, 696
Taking bees' nests, 580
Tana trap, 664
Tanning skins, 779
Taps and dies for bolts and nuts, 198
Tartar bridges, 328
Hut, 294
Tea, uses of, 570
Teeth of draught animals and their irregularities, 805
Tempering tools, 204
Temporary repairs of vessels, 168
Rudders, 178
Stables, 294
Stern-posts, 181
Wigwam, 277
Tendons, use of, 784
Tente d'abri, 57
Tents, Australian, 59
Belt, to increase size of, 61
Blanket, 59
Cape-waggon, 59
D'abri, 57
Esquimaux, 315
Extemporary, 60
Fitting up of, 61
Gipsy, 57
Lancers', 58
Lining to old huts, 61
Or tilt for Cape waggons, 130
Patrol, 55
Pegs, 64
Pitching, 55
Pitching, selection of ground for, 66
Ropes, modes of securing, 65
Umbrella, 67
Used in Crimea, 62
Testing firearms, 13
Tests for minerals and metals, 260
For wrought or malleable iron, 447
Thatches for houses and huts, 285, 288
Theodolite, 745
Thermometers, 26
Things to be thought of when designing a boat, 105
Thorn wreath, catching deer with, 624
Thread for boot making, 420
Throwing a horse, 800
Oil on troubled waters, 176
Tightening harness, 465
String of bow, 622
Tilt or tent for Cape waggons, 130
Timber, extraction of sap, 355
Felling, 268
Hardening, 357
Logging-up, 269
Seasoning, 355
Splitting, 271
Steaming, 357
Vice for holding, 166
When to cut, 270
Time, estimation of, 740
Guns, 238
Tin cases, utilisation of, 212
Tinder and slow match, 537
Tinning copper and iron, 210
Tip-up, 602
Tires of wheels, to repair, 195
Tobogun sledge, 403
Toddy, palm, 524
Tools, chest, portable, 44
Carpenter's, 41
For mining, 252
Hold-all, convenient form of, 43
Smith's, for travelling, 208
Tempering, 204
To take abroad, 44
Torches, 89
Holder, 555
Torres Straits boats, 162
Tortillas, 544
Tortoises, shooting, with arrows, 624
Tourniquets, 695
Tracking, 628
Transportation of flesh, hints on, 576
Traps, arrow, 657
Aquatic bird, 675
Baits for, 667
Bear, 663
Bird, 673
Blackcock, 672
Deer, 659
Elk, 658
Fall, 662
Figure of four, 663
Fish, basket, 595, 597
Fox, 664
Hook, 664
Iron, 665
Martin, 662
Oneida, 665
Pen, 671
Plank fall, 664
Porcupine, 657
Setting of, 665
Squirrel, 663
Tana, 664
Turkey, 671
Trapping amphibious animals, 666
Hints on, 666
Travail sledge, 404
Travel, hints on, 711
Painting and sketching during, 716
Traveller, making and working a, 594
Travellers, geology for, 250
Library for, 29, 31
Treating fat, 784
Treatment of apparently drowned persons, 188
Fly infested animals, 804
Hard rove rope, 793
Skins, 774
Stone, 264
Tree footways, 330
Trees, larch, 358
Stripping bark from, 789
Whose bases are accessible, to find the height of without
instruments, 321
Yielding manna, 529
Treenails, making, 326
Trenneled rafts, 146
Trestle bridge, Chinese, 343
Trimmers and liggers, 591
Trimming and filing up after forging, 194
Tripping a grapnel or creeper, 603
Trocheameter, 727
Tables, 729
Troughs, cattle, for drinking, 493
Trousers, 4
Making, 696
Trunks, bullock, 8
Tsetse-fly, 650
Preventive of bite, 654
Region of the, 652
Symptoms of bite, 653
Tubes of inflated canvas, boat fitted with, 170
Turkeys, catching, 670
Traps, 671
Turning wheel naves, 370
Turtle spears, 617
Twisting fishing lines, 598
Ropes, 790
Two-wheeled drays, Australian, 454
U.
Umbrella tent, 67
Union links, 462
Unspiking cannon, 243
Use of bladders, 783
Horns, bones, tendons, fish skins, &c., 784
Plane table, 735
Sextant and artificial horizon, 743
Waggon wheels in tents, 63
Useful roots for food, 533
Uses of bamboos, 358
Bark, 789
Bent wood, 380
Cocoa-nut palms, 360
Forked sticks, 388
Hippopotami, 616
Porpoises, 613
Scrap and hook iron, 104
Tea, 570
Utilisation of tin cases, 212
V.
Vaal River hut, 281
Vane, sight, extemporised for levelling staff, 737
Variation of the compass, to ascertain, 732
Various foods, 566
Vegetables and fruit, 567
Food, 563, 567
Preserved, 582
Vehicles, wheeled, measuring distances travelled by, 726
Velocity table, 808
Vessels during calms, Admiral Belcher's expedient for moving, 175
Rigs of, 172
Temporary repairs of, 168
Vices and anvils, extempore, 197
For holding timber, 166
Village and farm, to fortify, 298
Vinegar, Palm, 525
W.
Wads and cartridges for cannon, 243
Walls, to build, 291
Waggons and other wheeled vehicles, 432
Arobas, 441
Australian two-wheeled, 454
Buik, 437
Buy, 297
Cape, 433
Cape wine, 440
Equipment, 446
Floating, 144
From quicksands, &c. to extricate, 145
Load for Cape, 453
Indian gharrie, 441
Hints on matters connected with, 446
Horse and mule, 442
Makeshift, 438
Wilson (American), 443
Waistcoats, 4
Watch, 29
Key, to make a, 204
Wattle on hurdle work, 382
Wattled boat, 125
Water and the sap of plants, 491
Bags, ships', 498
Baskets for holding, 500
Bladders and panniers for holding, 499
Boiling without pots, 553
Calabashes, horns, and egg shells for holding, 498
Carrying, 495, 500
Casks, to embark, 379
Clock, 741
Collecting from rainfalls, 504
Dew collecting, 518, 523
Distilling, 494
Filters, 501, 503, 506
Finding, 493
Flasks, copper, 495
From damp places, procuring, 492
From wells, procuring, 492
Glass, the deep, 187
In camel's stomach, 487
Intestines for holding, 500
Level, substitute for, 738
Locality for, 491
Pails and skins, 496
Plants holding, 504, 522
Substitute, plants and roots yielding sap as a, 516, 518, 521
Power wheels, 511
Purifying, 507
Raising from wells, 508
Removing impurities, 505
Sacks, skins, 780
Skins and bladders, repairing, 783
Skins and pails, 490
Skins, repairing leakage in, 499
Transport, canoe, 496
Waterflow of river, measurement of, 757
Watering cattle, 493
Waterproofing, 186
Waterspout baskets, 500
Wax, shoemakers', 415
Weapons, stone, manufacture of, 625
Weather signs, 185
Weevils, preserving flour from, 556
Weight of rod iron, 809
Of rope, to estimate, 793
Of sheet iron, 808
Weirs, dams, and fish spears, 596
Welding iron, 192
Wells, making extempore, 492
Procuring water from, 492
Raising water from, 508
Sinking, 513
Whale boat, 610
Whaling, 610
Wheeled carriages, measuring distances travelled by, 726
Wheels, drags for, 443
Horizontal, application of wind power to, 512
In tents, use of, 63
Making or building, 366, 371
Over rivers, ferrying, 144
Repairing, 195
Substitute for a, 445
Tires, to repair, 195
Water power, 511
Wheeled vehicles, 432
Whip handles and lead pencils, 225
Sledge, 397
Whiskey, Potato, 534
White ants, locusts and other insects, and their larvæ as food, 562
Wicks for lamps, 85
Width of rivers or ravines, to find without instruments, 318
Wigwam, board, 274
Temporary, 277
Wild animals, observation of habits of, 773
Bees, to smoke out, 537
Fruits of America, 530
Wind power to horizontal wheel, application of, 512
Windlasses, 373
Womera, 617
Wood, bent, 380
Extraction of sap, 355
Floats, 99, 163
Hard, 358
Hardening, 357
Seasoning, 355
Steaming, 357
Wooden bowls, 393
Dingey, building a, 123
Platform boat, materials for, 111
Swivels, 361
Working a nave auger, 376
Otter, 593
Travellers, 594
Trimmers and liggers, 591
Wounds, dressing for, 73
From poisoned arrows, cure of, 620
Ointment for, 802
On camels' backs, 800
Wrappers as blankets, 46
Wreaths, thorn, catching deer with, 624
Wrecked ships, rafts from, 92
Wrecks, Flour from, 557
Wrought or malleable iron, test for, 447
Y.
Yoke, pail, 391
Yoking and harnessing draught oxen, 452, 454, 455
Z.
Zembourcks or dromedary artillery, 245
LONDON:
PRINTED BY HORACE COX. 346, STRAND, W.C.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
BOOKS PUBLISHED BY HORACE COX,
346, STRAND, W.C.
THE ART of SKATING, containing many figures never previously
described; with Illustrations, Diagrams, and plain Directions
for the acquirement of the most difficult and elegant movements.
By GEORGE ANDERSON ("Cyclos"), for many years President of the
Glasgow Skating Club. In large 8vo. Price 2_s._ 6_d._ limp cloth
gilt. Post free 2_s._ 8_d._
REPORTS on SALMON LADDERS, with original Drawings, Plans, and
Sections. By FRANCIS FRANCIS. Price 2_s._ 6_d._
THE ANGLER'S DIARY and FISHERMAN'S GUIDE to the Rivers and Lakes
of the World; to which is added Forms for Registering the
Description, Weight, &c., of the Fish caught during the year. In
crown 4to. Price 1_s._ 6_d._ cloth, or post free for twenty stamps.
FACTS and USEFUL HINTS relating to FISHING and SHOOTING (profusely
Illustrated and with a copious Index); being a Collection of
Information and Recipes of all descriptions, of the greatest
utility to the general Sportsman, to which is added a series of
Recipes on the Management of Dogs in Health and Disease. Vol. I.
of "THE FIELD" LIBRARY. Second Edition, enlarged and
revised. In large post 8vo. Price 5_s._ cloth.
THE COUNTRY HOUSE: A Collection of Useful Information and Recipes,
adapted to the country gentleman and his household, and of the
greatest utility to the housekeeper generally. Illustrated, and
with copious Index. Vol. II. of "THE FIELD" LIBRARY.
Second Edition, enlarged and revised. In large post 8vo. Price
5_s._ cloth.
THE FARM: being Part I. of the SECOND EDITION of the FARM,
GARDEN, STABLE, and AVIARY. Its contents will be found especially
valuable to Country Gentlemen, Farmers, &c. Vol. III. of "THE
FIELD" LIBRARY. Price 5_s._ cloth.
THE GARDEN: being Part II. of the SECOND EDITION of the
FARM, GARDEN, STABLE, and AVIARY. The contents are adapted as a
book of reference for all amateur gardeners. Price 5_s._ cloth.
A YEAR OF LIBERTY; or, Salmon Angling in Ireland, from Feb. 1 to
Nov. 1. Being a Description of and Guide to the best Salmon
Angling Stations in Ireland. To which is added an Appendix, giving
full particulars for Six Angling Tours. By WILLIAM PEARD, Esq.,
M.D., LL.B. Vol. IV. of "THE FIELD" LIBRARY. In large
post 8vo. Price 5_s._ cloth.
PRACTICAL FALCONRY: to which is added, How I became a Falconer. By
GAGE E. FREEMAN, M.A. ("Peregrine" of THE FIELD). Vol.
VII. of "THE FIELD" LIBRARY. Large post 8vo. Price 5_s._
cloth.
THE ARTS of ROWING and TRAINING; containing complete Instructions
on Learning to Row--On the Physical preparation of Oarsmen and
Scullers--and on the Management of Regattas. An Appendix gives the
Laws of Boat-racing, Qualifications, &c. By "ARGONAUT." In small
8vo. Price 4_s._ cloth gilt. Post free 4_s._ 2_d._
THE RAIL and the ROD; or, the Tourist-Angler's Guide to Waters and
Quarters 30 miles round London. By GREVILLE FENNELL. Nos. I., II.,
and III. ready, price 1_s._ each; in cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._; post free
2_d._ extra.
No. 1. GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY.
No. 2. GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY.--N.B. This number contains
particulars of the fishing, &c., for a further distance of
33 miles, making a total of 63 miles from London.
No. 3. SOUTH-WESTERN RAILWAY.
Or the three bound in one, price 4_s._ cloth.
No. 4. THE SOUTH-EASTERN RAILWAY. Price 1_s._; cloth,
1_s._ 6_d._
THE RIVER'S SIDE; or, TROUT and GRAYLING, and How to catch Them. By
Sir RANDAL ROBERTS, Bart. (Illustrated.) In small 8vo. Price 3_s._
6_d._ cloth gilt. Post free 3_s._ 8_d._
THE DOGS of the BRITISH ISLANDS; their History and Characteristics,
with the Opinions of various Breeders of Note. Edited by
"STONEHENGE." Profusely Illustrated. In crown 4to, on toned paper.
Price 16_s._, handsomely bound in cloth gilt, gilt edges.
THE SILKWORM BOOK; or, SILKWORMS ANCIENT and MODERN, THEIR FOOD and
MODE of MANAGEMENT. This work treats of all the known kinds of
silk-producing worms, the food that should be given them, and the
way they should be managed. It is well illustrated with engravings
of the caterpillar, moth, and cocoon of the Oak-leaf Silkworm (the
Yama Mai), the Ailanthus, &c., and illustrations descriptive of
the apparatus, &c., used in the management of the worms, and the
preparation and winding off of the silk from the cocoons. By W. B.
LORD, R.A. In demy 8vo. Price 2_s._ 6_d._ cloth gilt. Post free
2_s._ 8_d._
ASK ANY TRAVELLER
WHOSE WATERPROOFS ARE THE BEST.
CORDING'S.
They have been proved for several years, and are acknowledged by those
who have used them to be the best and only ones to be relied on
IN ALL CLIMATES.
* * * * *
THE IDSTONE BOOT
(REGISTERED),
as suggested and recommended by
"IDSTONE" OF THE "FIELD,"
well adapted for all purposes of
CAMP LIFE, FISHING, SHOOTING, HUNTING, &c.,
MANUFACTURED ONLY BY J. C. CORDING.
* * * * *
CORDING'S
YACHTING BOOTS, COATS, AND TROWSERS
ARE HIGHLY APPROVED.
FISHING AND SHOOTING BOOTS AND STOCKINGS.
See _Sporting Life_, Jan. 27th and Sept. 1st, _Land and Water_,
March 2nd, _Standard_, July 12th, and _Paris Times_, Sept. 1st.
LIFE BELTS, AIR BEDS.
COMPRESSIBLE SPONGING BATHS FOR TRAVELLERS.
BOX-GIG AND DOG-CART APRONS.
ORIENTAL DREADNOUGHT COAT.
LADIES' WATERPROOFS.
PORTABLE BOATS.
* * * * *
CAUTION.--All Genuine Goods are stamped with the Name,
J. C. CORDING, 231, STRAND, TEMPLE BAR, LONDON.
ESTABLISHED OVER FIFTY YEARS.
EDWARD LONDON,
GUN AND RIFLE MAKER.
CENTRAL FIRE BREECH-LOADERS.
DOUBLE-GRIP SNAP-ACTION BREECH-LOADERS.
SELF HALF-COCKING BREECH-LOADERS.
SINGLE-BARREL BREECH-LOADERS.
RIFLES, MILITARY & SPORTING.
MUZZLE-LOADERS CONVERTED.
SWORDS OF ALL PATTERNS.
REPAIRS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, AND ALL ARTICLES
NECESSARY FOR SPORTSMEN AND RIFLEMEN.
51, LONDON-WALL, LONDON.
ARMS AND EQUIPMENT FOR WILD COUNTRIES.
=THE EXPLORER'S ROOM=, 66 and 67, CORNHILL, has been
by Messrs. SILVER and CO. established in order that officers
departing on foreign service, explorers, missionaries, and
emigrants, may, without the needless expenditure of valuable time,
select from carefully-chosen stores every article of equipment
required to meet the exigencies of "Camp Life, Travel, or
Exploration." Amongst other requisites will be found Firearms of
the most approved forms of construction.
=THE SETTLER'S DOUBLE GUN=, designed by an old hunter, and
constructed expressly for rough and ready work in wild countries.
It is a muzzle-loader of 11-bore, weight 9lb., is 2ft. 6in. in
the barrels, and shoots either ball or shot. In its production
elaborate finish and ornamentation have been dispensed with, in
order that the barrels and locks may be of good and reliable
quality. Price 7_l._ These guns are only to be obtained at the
"Explorer's Room." No gun so named is genuine unless marked on the
heel plate with the trade mark of the firm.
=THE SETTLER'S DOUBLE RIFLE=, a companion gun to the above.
[Illustration: trademark]
The Naturalist's Collecting Gun, Revolvers, Hunting Knives, Axes, &c.
The Explorer's Tool Chest and Portable Tool Box. The Explorer's
Test Case, with its accompanying "Key to Fortune in New Lands," by
the aid of which the precious metals, minerals, and gems may be
identified. Fishing Tackle, Beads, and other articles of barter
with wild tribes in great variety. Tents of the best patterns.
* * * * *
_Tents, Saddlery, Tools, Cooking Utensils (including the "Patent
Norwegian Cooking Apparatus or Traveller's Kitchen"), Instruments,
Fishing-gear, and articles for barter with Wild Tribes, always on view
in the Explorer's Room._
* * * * *
"S. W. S. & Co.'s Circular," published monthly, contains latest
colonial news, prices of provisions, rates of wages, statistics,
shipping information, &c.
CIRCULAR NOTES (S. W. SILVER & CO.'S), in triplicate, payable
in all the colonies. Colonial Papers filed. Directories and Almanacs
for reference. General information supplied. List of necessaries for
voyage. Goods shipped and warehoused. Passages secured. Insurances
effected.
* * * * *
S. W. SILVER & CO.,
66 & 67, Cornhill, and 2, 3, & 4, Bishopsgate Within, LONDON, E.C.,
And at 4, Norfolk-street, MANCHESTER.
STEAM MILLS, LIMEHOUSE, E.
_In post 8vo., cloth, price 5s._
THE EXPERIENCES OF A GAME PRESERVER. By "DEADFALL" of "THE
FIELD." VOL. VI. OF THE FIELD LIBRARY.
* * * * *
_In post 8vo., cloth, price 5s._
POPULAR ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE LOWER FORMS OF LIFE. COMPRISING: I.
THE PROTOPHYTON. | II. THE PROTOZOON. | III. THE COELENTERATA.
ILLUSTRATED. VOL V. OF THE FIELD LIBRARY. By C. R. BREE, M.D., F.L.S.,
F.Z.S., Author of the "Birds of Europe," &c., &c.
* * * * *
_In demy 8vo., cloth gilt, price 2s. 6d._
CROQUET TACTICS,
WITH
ILLUSTRATIVE COLOURED FIGURES,
AND
DIAGRAMS OF THE VARIOUS CROQUET STROKES.
By WALTER JONES WHITMORE.
* * * * *
LONDON: HORACE COX, 346, STRAND, W.C.
J. H. CRANE,
3, ROYAL EXCHANGE, LONDON, E.C.,
MANUFACTURER OF
CENTRAL-FIRE BREECH-LOADING
GUNS, RIFLES, AND REVOLVERS,
ON THE MOST APPROVED PRINCIPLES.
* * * * *
CRANE'S UNITED SERVICE REVOLVER
(ON THE CENTRAL-FIRE PRINCIPLE).
[Illustration: CRANE's UNITED SERVICE REVOLVER.
ELEVATION OF CARTRIDGE
SECTION OF CARTRIDGE
END VIEW OF CARTRIDGE]
"In our remarks on the new Breech-loading Revolver manufactured
by Mr. ----, we noticed as important defects, first, the fact
that occasionally a missfire occurs; and secondly, that the drag
on the base of the discharged copper cases is sometimes a serious
obstacle to the revolution of the chambers. Since that time we
have had submitted to us for trial by Mr. CRANE, of 3,
Royal Exchange, London, a Revolver taking a central-fire cartridge,
which completely does away with these objections. There is no great
novelty in the plan adopted, it being made up of the best parts of
various well-known pistols; but, as a whole, it, in our opinion,
approaches very closely to absolute perfection. The bore is the same
as ---- largest size, ·442, while the weight is a quarter of a pound
less--CRANE'S new Revolver weighing 2lb. 4oz. against 2lb.
8oz. as in ----. The ignition is exactly on the same principle as the
central-fire shot cases now in general use, the missfires from which
are certainly not more than one in a thousand, and probably not so
high. In addition to this advantage, in consequence of the blow of
the hammer being given on the centre of the base, after the explosion
takes place the empty case is driven forward from the face of the
false breech, and not the slightest grind or drag occurs in the
revolution. We have shot 50 rounds without a missfire; but of course,
this test would not be sufficient of itself. As, however, the caps,
anvil, &c., are exactly similar to those which have been successfully
tested in the field during the last two seasons, we need not discuss
that question. Mr. CRANE has succeeded in regulating the
action so nicely that, even when using the self-cocking process, we
have been able to make very fair practice with his pistol. We give an
engraving with a section of the ball, which we understand is likely
to be adopted in the service. It is manufactured by the Messrs. Eley,
and we believe will be sold at about the same price as the rim-fire
cartridge, viz., 7_s._ or 8_s._ per 100. Altogether we can strongly
recommend this Revolver, especially as it is to be sold, as soon as
it can be supplied in sufficient numbers, at £4 10_s._, in oak case
complete."
Revolver, double-action; length of barrel, 6in.; total length of barrel
and cylinder, 7-1/2in.; weight, 2-1/4lb.; bore ·450.
PRICE IN CASE, WITH TURNSCREW AND CLEANING ROD, £4 10_s._;
CARTRIDGES, 7_s._ PER HUNDRED.
_CRANE'S Breech-loading Pin and Central-fire Shot Guns and Rifles are
well known for their simplicity, strength, and efficiency. By the use
of Crane's metal Breech they may be converted into Muzzle-loaders in a
moment._
Prices of Shot Guns, Central-fire, 20, 25, and 35 guineas.
" " Pin, 12 to 30 guineas.
" Rifles, 25 to 45 guineas.
" Breech-loading Sporting Carbines, on the "Snider" principle,
to take the regulation Cartridge, from 5 guineas.
" Breech-loading Rifles for small game, bores ·320 and ·440,
range 230yds., 8 guineas.
If fitted with extra set of fine globe and disc sights,
range 500yds., 1 guinea extra.
The ·440 is convertible to a Muzzle-loader by inserting a metal Breech.
Smith and Wesson's, Tranter's, Adams's, and all other Revolvers.
_Foreign orders to be accompanied by a remittance or London reference._
CONTRACTS FOR MILITARY ARMS AND STORES.
* * * * *
J. H. CRANE, 3, ROYAL EXCHANGE, LONDON, E.C.
ILLUSTRATED LISTS ON APPLICATION.
CENTRAL-FIRE GUNS AND RIFLES.
[Illustration]
E. M. REILLY & CO.
Beg to acquaint gentlemen that they have always on hand, for Home and
Foreign use, a large assortment of their approved
DIRECT ACTION CENTRAL-FIRE GUNS,
ranging from 15 to 35 Guineas. RIFLES on same principle for Large Game
in India, Africa, &c.; adapted for round and shell bullets, with heavy
charges for low trajectory; accuracy guaranteed; prices ranging from 35
to 50 guineas.
_PIN-CARTRIDGE GUNS AND RIFLES IN GREAT VARIETY._ BREECH-LOADING
CAPSULE REVOLVERS, from 55s. to 130s. AIR CANES, &c.
ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION.
=E. M. REILLY= AND =CO.=,
GUN-MANUFACTURERS, 502, New Oxford-street,
London.
BRANCH ESTABLISHMENT: 2, RUE SCRIBE, PARIS.
ADAMS'S
New Patent
Double Action
[Illustration]
Central-Fire
Breech-Loading
REVOLVER,
_As adopted by H.M. War Department, of the finest London Manufacture,
and warranted._
SOLE MANUFACTURERS BY STEAM MACHINERY.
ADAMS'S PATENT SMALL ARMS COMPANY,
391, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.--JOHN ADAMS, Managing Director.
Contractors to H.M. War Department.
Cartridges specially designed for the above by Col. Boxer, R.A., Chief
Superintendent of the Royal Laboratories, Woolwich.
Breech-loading Rifles, Guns, and Appurtenances of all Kinds.
THIS COMPANY IS NOW CONVERTING THE SERVICE 54-GAUGE REVOLVERS TO
THIS SYSTEM FOR H.M. WAR DEPARTMENT, &c.
_Prospectuses and Lists of Prices to be obtained on application._
See _Pall Mall Gazette_, July 22 and Nov. 23, 1868;
_Engineer_, Jan. 1, May 7, and July 18, 1868.
Transcriber's Note
Obvious errors and omissions of punctuation have been corrected, as
noted in the table below. Most obvious spelling errors, where the
printer was the likely source, have been corrected as well.
The many fractions in the text are represented, for consistency,
as, for instance, 2-2/3 for two and two thirds.
The Dutch or Afrikaans 'remschoenen' (brakeshoes) appears on pp.
145-146 as 'reim-schoens' and 'rein-schoems'. Though the former is more
nearly correct, both are retained.
The word 'mattress' is spelled more frequently 'mattrass'. Both are
retained.
On pp. 187–188, the quoted passage beginning "I have had a little
experience..." has no closing quote. It is presumed that it ends with
the paragraph, and the quotation mark has been added.
On p. 215, the final closing parenthesis of phrase ending "though
many other varieties may be used)" is unmatched. Either the entire
phrase was meant to be parenthetical, or the punctuation itself is
unintentional. It has been removed, in any case, as unnecessary.
In the table for 9-pounder brass field guns on p. 241, the length of
fuse for an elevation of 5 is printed as ·0. It is most likely that
this is a misprint of 1·0.
On p. 457, the phrase "whether the traces are of rope chain or leather"
may be missing a comma. It is not obvious what a "rope chain" might be.
On p. 573, the passage "...when it is not adopted in North America.
The flesh of the buffalo, or bison, and in South America that of the
domestic, or rather half-wild, ox, is used..." seems mispunctuated. It
is likely that the passage should read: "...when it is not adopted. In
North America, the flesh of the buffalo...".
The six column table Table of Altitudes on p. 742 has been reconfigured
to four columns to limit its width. As in the original, the final values
of each pair of columns is repeated in the first row of the second pair,
etc. This was done to facilitate its use according to the instructions
that follow it.
The very wide table of gold quality around the world on p. 811 et seq.
has been reformated to fit the size constraints of this version.
In the Index, the major topic was repeated on each column or page
break. These have been removed, and the punctuation and capitalization
regularized. One lapse in the alphabetic sort order was corrected. A
semi-colon separator is used twice, with the two items on the same
line. These are retained.
The hyphen in compound words which appeared on a line break has been
removed if that form is most common elsewhere in the text.
The following list describes any obvious printer's errors that were
detected, and the resolution of each.
p. 28 in cases w[h]ere the land intervenes Added.
p. 63 ar[r]angement Added.
p. 154 the sponging bath would carry 190lb.["] Added.
p. 215 though many other varieties may be used[)] Removed.
p. 256 ["]Fig. 22. Beryl Added.
p. 457 the traces are of rope chain or leather _sic_
p. 486 Eg[py/yp]t Transposed.
p. 527 _Mauri[l/t]ia flexuosa_ Corrected.
p. 642 mar[sk/ks]man Transposed.
p. 653 testacles _sic_
p. 660 indulg[o/e] Corrected.
p. 705 or will you be shot?["] Added.
take the flogging offhand.["] Added.
the singing of it.["] Added.
p. 716 transportat[i]on Added.
p. 725 Veneti[a]n Added.
p. 744 Dr. Living[s]tone's Added.
p. 784 When fat is to [be] stored up Added.