doctrines of faith to syllogistic formulæ (1224-1274).
_Aristotle of the Nineteenth Century_, George Cuvier, the naturalist
(1769-1832).
AR'ISTOTLE IN LOVE. Godfrey Gobilyve told sir Graunde Amoure that
Aristotle the philosopher was once in love, and the lady promised to
listen to his prayer if he would grant her request. The terms being
readily accepted, she commanded him to go on all fours, and then,
putting a bridle into his mouth, mounted on his back, and drove him
about the room till he was so angry, weary, and disgusted, that he was
quite cured of his foolish attachment.--Stephen Hawes, _The Pastime of
Plesure_, xxix. (1555).
ARMADALE (_Allan_), bluff young Englishman, devoted to the sea and
ship-building, and prone to fall in love. He is betrothed, first
to Miss Milroy, a winning lass of sixteen, then to Miss Gwilt, her
governess, again and lastly to Miss Milroy, whom he marries.--Wilkie
Collins, _Armadale_.
ARMADO (_Don Adriano de_), a pompous, affected Spaniard, called "a
refined traveller, in all the world's new fashion planted, that had
a mint of phrases in his brain. One whom the music of his own vain
tongue did ravish." This man was chosen by Ferdinand, the king of
Navarre, when he resolved to spend three years in study with three
companions, to relate in the interim of his studies "in high-born
words the worth of many a knight from tawny Spain lost in the world's
debate."
His humor is lofty, his discourse peremptory, his tongue filed, his
eye ambitious, his gait majestical, and his general behavior vain,
ridiculous, and thrasonical.... He draweth out the thread of his
verbosity finer than the staple of his argument.--Shakespeare, _Love's
Labor's Lost_, act v. sc. 1 (1594).
ARMANDE (2 _syl_.), daughter of Chrysale (2 _syl_.), and sister of
Henriette. Armande is a _femme savante_, and Henriette a "thorough
woman." Both love Clitandre, but Armande loves him platonically, while
Henriette loves him with womanly affection. Clitandre prefers the
younger sister, and after surmounting the usual obstacles, marries
her.--Molière, _Les Femmes Savantes_ (1672).
ARMI'DA, a sorceress, who seduces Rinaldo and other crusaders from
the siege of Jerusalem. Rinaldo is conducted by her to her splendid
palace, where he forgets his vows, and abandons himself to sensual
joys. Carlo and Ubaldo are sent to bring him back, and he escapes from
Armida; but she follows him, and not being able to allure him back
again, sets fire to her palace, rushes into the midst of the fight,
and is slain.
[Julia's] small hand
Withdrew itself from his, but left behind
A little pressure ... but ne'er magician's wand
Wrought change with, all Armida's fairy art,
Like what this light touch left on Juan's heart.
Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 71.
When the young queen of Frederick William of Prussia rode about in
military costume to incite the Prussians to arms against Napoleon, the
latter wittily said, "She is Armida in her distraction setting fire to
her own palace."
(Both Glück and Rossini have taken the story of Armida as the subject
of an opera.)
_Armida's Girdle_. Armida had an enchanted girdle, which, "in price
and beauty," surpassed all her other ornaments; even the cestus of
Venus was less costly. It told her everything; "and when she would be
loved, she wore the same."--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).
ARM'STRONG (_John_), called "The Laird's Jock." He is the laird of
Mangerton. This old warrior witnesses a national combat in the valley
of Liddesdale, between his son (the Scotch chieftain) and Foster (the
English champion), in which young Armstrong is overthrown.--Sir W.
Scott, _The Laird's Jock_ (time, Elizabeth).
_Armstrong (Grace)_, the bride-elect of Hobbie Elliot of the
heugh-foot, a young farmer.--Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time,
Anne).
_Armstrong (Archie)_, court jester to James I., introduced in _The
Fortunes of Nigel_, by Sir Walter Scott (1822).
AR'NAUT, an Albanian mountaineer. The word means "a brave man."
Stained with the best of Arnaut blood. Byron, _The Giaour_, 526.
ARNHEIM (2 _syl.). The baron Herman von Arnheim_, Anne of Geierstein's
grandfather.
_Sibilla of Arnheim_, Anne's mother.
_The baroness of Arnheim_, Anne of Geierstein.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of
Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).
ARNOLD, the deformed son of Bertha, who hates him for his ugliness.
Weary of life, he is about to make away with himself, when a stranger
accosts him, and promises to transform him into any shape he likes
best. He chooses that of Achilles, and then goes to Rome, where he
joins the besieging army of Bourbon. During the siege, Arnold enters
St. Peter's of Rome just in time to rescue Olimpia, but the proud
beauty, to prevent being taken captive by him, flings herself from the
high altar on the pavement, and is taken up apparently lifeless. As
the drama was never completed, the sequel is not known.--Byron, _The
Deformed Transformed_.
_Ar'nold_, the torch-bearer at Rotherwood.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_
(time, Richard I.).
_Ar'nold_ of Benthuysen, disguised as a beggar, and called
"Ginks."--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Beggar's Bush_ (1622).
ARNOLD BRINKWORTH, frank, whole-souled sailor, in love with and
betrothed to Blanche Lundie. Through his friendship for the man who
has betrayed Anne Silvestre, and desire to serve the hapless woman, he
is the bearer of a message to her from _Geoffrey Delamayne_, and
is mistaken for her husband. Through this blunder he finds himself
married by Scotch law to Anne, while he is engaged to Blanche.--Wilkie
Collins, _Man and Wife_.
ARNOL'DO, son of Melchtal, patriot of the forest cantons of
Switzerland. He was in love with Mathilde (3 _syl._), sister of
Gessler, the Austrian governor of the district. When the tyranny of
Gessler drove the Swiss into rebellion, Arnoldo joined the insurgents,
but after the death of Gessler he married Mathilde, whose life he had
saved when it was imperilled by an avalanche.--Rossini, _Guglielmo
Tell_ (1829).
_Arnol'do_, a gentleman contracted to Zeno'cia, a chaste lady,
dishonorably pursued by the governor, count Clodio.--Beaumont and
Fletcher, _The Custom of the Country_ (1647).
AR'NOLPHE (2 _syl._), a man of wealth, who has a crotchet about the
proper training of girls to make good wives, and tries his scheme on
Agnes, whom he adopts from a peasant's hut, and intends in time to
make his wife. She is brought up, from the age of four years, in
a country convent, where difference of sex and the conventions of
society are wholly ignored; but when removed from the convent Agnes
treats men like school-girls, nods to them familiarly, kisses them,
and plays with them. Being told by her guardian that married women
have more freedom than maidens, she asks him to marry her; however, a
young man named Horace falls in love with her, and makes her his
wife, so Arnolphe, after all, profits nothing by his pains.--Molière,
_L'École des Femmes_ (1662).
Dans un petit couvent loin de toute pratique
Je le fis élever selon ma politique
C'est-à-dire, ordonnant quels soins on emploieroit
Pour le rendre idiote autant qu'il se pourroit.
Act i. I.
AR'NOT (_Andrew_), one of the yeomen of the Balafre [Ludovic
Lesly].--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).
ARON'TEUS (4 _syl._), an Asiatic king, who joined the Egyptian
armament against the crusaders.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).
ARPA'SIA, the betrothed of Mone'sês, a Greek, but made by constraint
the bride of Baj'azet sultan of Turkey. Bajazet commanded Monesês
to be bow-strung in the presence of Arpasia, to frighten her into
subjection, but she died at the sight.--N. Eowe, _Tamerlane_ (1702).
AR'ROT, the weasel in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_ (1498).
ARROW-HEAD, Indian warrior in Cooper's _Pathfinder_, the husband of
Dew-in-June (1840).
ARROW-MAKER, father of Minnehaha, in Longfellow's _Hiawatha_ (1855).
AR'SACES (3 _syl._), the patronymic name of the Persian kings,
from Arsaces, their great monarch. It was generally added to some
distinctive name or appellation, as the Roman emperors added the name
of Cæsar to their own.
Cujus memoriae hunc honorem Parthi tribuerunt
ut omnes exinde reges suos Arsacis nomine
nuncupent.--Justin, _Historiarae Philippicae_, xli.
ARSE'TES (3 _syl._), the aged eunuch who brought up Clorinda, and
attended on her.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).
ARSINOË, prude in Molière's comedy _Le Misanthrope_.
AR'TAMENES (3 _syl_.) or LE GRAND CYRUS, a "long-winded romance," by
Mdlle. Scudéri (1607-1701).
ARTAXAM'INOUS, king of Utopia, married to Griskinissa, whom he wishes
to divorce for Distaffi'na. But Distaffina is betrothed to general
Bombastês, and when the general finds that his "fond one" prefers
"half a crown" to himself, he hates all the world, and challenges the
whole race of man by hanging his boots on a tree, and daring any one
to displace them. The king, coming to the spot, reads the challenge,
and cuts the boots down, whereupon Bombastês falls on his majesty, and
"kills him," in a theatrical sense, for the dead monarch, at the close
of the burletta, joins in the dance, and promises, if the audience
likes, "to die again to-morrow."--W. B. Rhodes, _Bombastes Furioso_.
AR'TEGAL OR ARTHEGAL (_Sir_), son of Gorloïs prince of Cornwall,
stolen in infancy by the fairies, and brought up in Fairyland.
Brit'omart saw him in Venus's looking-glass, and fell in love with
him. She married him, and became the mother of Aurelius Conan, from
whom (through Cadwallader) the Tudor dynasty derives descent. The
wanderings of Britomart, as a lady knight-errant and the impersonation
of chastity, is the subject of bk. iii. of the _Faëry Queen_; and the
achievements of sir Artegal, as the impersonation of justice, is the
subject of bk. v.
Sir Artegal's first exploit was to decide to which claimant a living
woman belonged. This he decided according to Solomon's famous judgment
respecting "the living and dead child" (canto 1). His next was to
destroy the corrupt practice of bribery and toll (canto 2). His third
was the exposing of Braggadoccio and his follower Trompart (canto 3).
He had then to decide to which brother a chest of money found at sea
belonged, whether to Bracidas or Am'idas; he gave judgment in favor of
the former (canto 4). He then fell into the hands of Rad'igund queen
of the Amazons, and was released by Britomart (cantos 5 and 6), who
killed Radigund (canto 7). His last and greatest achievement was the
deliverance of Ire'na _(Ireland)_ from Grantorto _(rebellion)_, whom
he slew (canto 12).
N.B.--This rebellion was that called the earl of Desmond's, in 1580.
Before bk. iv. 6, Artegal is spelled Arthegal, but never afterwards.
[Illustration] "Sir Artegal" is meant for lord Gray of Wilton,
Spenser's friend. He was sent in 1580 into Ireland as lord-lieutenant,
and the poet was his secretary. The marriage of Artegal with Britomart
means that the justice of lord Gray was united to purity of mind or
perfect integrity of conduct.--Spenser's _Faëry Queen_, v. (1596).
ARTEMIS'IA, daughter of Lygdamis and queen of Carlia. With five
ships she accompanied Xerxes in his invasion of Greece, and greatly
distinguished herself in the battle of Salamis by her prudence and
courage. (This is _not_ the Artemisia who built the Mausoleum.)
Our statues ... she
The foundress of the Babylonian wall _[Semirfa-mis]_;
The Carian Artemisia strong in war.
Tennyson, _The Princess_, ii.
_Artemis'ia_, daughter of Hecatomnus and sister-wife of Mauso'lus.
Artemisia was queen of Caria, and at the death of her fraternal
husband raised a monument to his memory (called a mausole'um), which
was one of the "Seven Wonders of the World." It was built by four
different architects: Scopas, Timotheus, Leocharês, and Bruxis.
This made the four rare masters which began
Fair Artemysia's husband's dainty tomb
(When death took her before the work was done,
And so bereft them of all hopes to come),
That they would yet their own work perfect make
E'en for their workes, and their self-glories sake.
Lord Brooke, _An Inquiry upon Fame, etc_. (1554-1628).
ARTEMUS WARD, travelling showman and philosopher, whose adventures and
sayings as given by Charles Brown were a new departure in the history
of American dialect literature (1862).
ARTFUL DODGER, the sobriquet of John Dawkins, a young thief, up
to every sort of dodge, and a most marvellous adept in villainy.--Dickens,
_Oliver Twist_ (1837).
ARTHGALLO, a mythical British king, brother of Gorbonian, his
predecessor on the throne, and son of Mor'vidus, the tyrant who was
swallowed by a sea-monster. Arthgallo was deposed, and his brother
El'idure was advanced to the throne instead.--Geoffrey, _British
History_, iii. 17 (1142).
ARTHUR (_King_), parentage of. His father was Uther the pendragon, and
his mother Ygernê (3 _syl_.), widow of Gorloïs duke of Cornwall. But
Ygernê had been a widow only three hours, and knew not that the duke
was dead (pt. i. 2), and her marriage with the pendragon was not
consummated till thirteen days afterwards. When the boy was born
Merlin took him, and he was brought up as the foster-son of sir Ector
(Tennyson says "sir Anton"), till Merlin thought proper to announce
him as the lawful successor of Uther, and had him crowned. Uther lived
two years after his marriage with Ygernê.--Sir T. Malory, _History of
Prince Arthur_, i. 2, 6 (1470).
Wherefore Merlin took the child
And gave him to sir Anton, an old knight
And ancient friend of Uther; and his wife
Nursed the young prince, and reared him with her own.
Tennyson, _Coming of Arthur_.
_Coming of Arthur_. Leod'ogran, king of Cam'eliard (3 _syl._),
appealed to Arthur to assist him in clearing his kingdom of robbers
and wild beasts. This being done, Arthur sent three of his knights to
Leodogran, to beg the hand of his daughter Guenever in marriage. To
this Leodogran, after some little hesitation, agreed, and sir Lancelot
was sent to escort the lady to Arthur's court.
_Arthur not dead_. According to tradition Arthur is not dead, but
rests in Glastonbury, "till he shall come again full twice as fair, to
rule over his people." (See BARBAROSSA.)
According to tradition, Arthur never died, but was converted into a
raven by enchantment, and will, in the fulness of time, appear again
in his original shape, to recover his throne and sceptre. For this
reason there is never a raven killed in England.--Cervantes, _Don
Quixote_, I ii. 5 (1605).
_Arthur's Twelve Battles_ (or victories over the Saxons). I. The
battle of the river Glem (_i.e._ the glen of Northumberland). 2 to 5.
The four battles of the Duglas (which falls into the estuary of the
Ribble). 6. The battle of Bassa, said to be Bashall Brook, which
joins the Ribble near Clithero. 7. The battle of Celidon, said to
be Tweeddale. 8. The battle of Castle Gwenion (_i.e._ Caer Wen, in
Wedale, Stow). 9. The battle of Caerleon, _i.e._ Carlisle; which
Tennyson makes to be Caerleon-upon-Usk. 10. The battle of Trath
Treroit, in Anglesey, some say the Solway Frith. 11. The battle of
Agned Cathregonion (_i.e._ Edinburgh). 12. The battle of Badon Hill
(_i.e._ the Hill of Bath, now Bannerdown).
Then bravely chanted they The several twelve pitched fields he
[_Arthur_] with the Saxons fought. M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv.
(1612).
_Arthur, one of the Nine Worthies_. Three were Gentiles: Hector,
Alexander, and Julius Cæsar; three were Jews: Joshua, David, and Judas
Maccabæus; three were Christians: Arthur, Charlemagne, and Godfrey of
Bouillon.
_Arthur's Foster-Father and Mother_, sir Ector and his lady. Their
son, sir Key (his foster-brother), was his seneschal or steward.--Sir
T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 3, 8 (1470).
N.B.--Tennyson makes sir Anton the foster-father of Arthur.
_Arthur's Butler_, sir Lucas or Lucan, son of duke Corneus; but sir
Griflet, son of Cardol, assisted sir Key and sir Lucas "in the rule of
the service."--_History of Prince Arthur_, i. 8 (1470).
_Arthur's Sisters_ [half-sisters], Morgause or Margawse (wife of king
Lot); Elain (wife of king Nentres of Carlot); and Morgan le Fay, the
"great clark of Nigromancy," who wedded king Vrience, of the land of
Corê, father of Ewayns le Blanchemayne. Only the last had the same
mother (Ygraine or Ygernê) as the king.--Sir T. Malory, _History of
Prince Arthur_, i. 2.
_Arthur's Sons_--Urien, Llew, and Arawn. Borre was his son by Lyonors,
daughter of the earl Sanam.--_History of Prince Arthur_, i. 15.
Mordred was his son by Elain, wife of king Nentres of Carlot. In some
of the romances collated by sir T. Malory he is called the son of
Morgause and Arthur; Morgause being called the wife of king Lot,
and sister of Arthur. This incest is said to have been the cause of
Mordred's hatred of Arthur.--Pt. i. 17, 36, etc.
_Arthur's Drinking-Horn_. No one could drink from this horn who was
either unchaste or unfaithful.--_Lai du Corn_ and _Morte d'Arthur_.
(See CHASTITY.)
_Arthur's Shield_, Pridwin. Geoffrey calls it Priwen, and says it was
adorned with the picture of the Virgin Mary.--_British History_, ix. 4
(1142).
_Arthur's Spear_, Rone. Geoffrey calls it Ron. It was made of
ebony.--_British History_, ix. 4 (1142).
His spere he nom an honde tha Ron wes ihaten.
Layamon. _Brut_, (twelfth century).
_Arthur's Sword_, Escal'ibur or Excal'ibur. Geoffrey calls it
Caliburn, and says it was made in the isle of Avallon.--_British
History_, ix. 4 (1142).
The temper of his sword, the tried Escalabour,
The bigness and the length of Rone, his noble
spear,
With Pridwin, his great shield.
Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612).
_Arthur's Round Table_. It contained seats for 150 knights. Three were
reserved, two for honor, and one (called the "siege perilous") for sir
Galahad, destined to achieve the quest of the sangreal. If any one
else attempted to sit in it, his death was the certain penalty.
[Illustration] There is a table so called at Winchester, and Henry
VIII. showed it to François I. as the very table made by Merlin for
Uther the pendragon.
And for great Arthur's seat, her Winchester
prefers,
Whose old round table yet she vaunteth to be
hers.
M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ii. (1612).
_Arthur_ (_King_), in the burlesque opera of
_Tom Thumb_, has Dollallolla for his queen, and Huncamunca for his
daughter. This dramatic piece, by Henry Fielding, the novelist, was
produced in 1730, but was altered by Kane O'Hara, author of _Midas_,
about half a century later.
ARTHURIAN ROMANCES.
_King Arthur and the Round Table_, a romance in verse (1096).
_The Holy Graal_ (in verse, 1100).
_Titurel_, or _The Guardian of the Holy Graal_, by Wolfram von
Eschenbach. Titurel founded the temple of Graalburg as a shrine for
the holy graal.
_The Romance of Parzival_, prince of the race of the kings of
Graalburg. By Wolfram of Eschenbach (in verse). This romance (written
about 1205) was partly founded upon a French poem by Chrétien de
Troyes, _Parceval le Gallois_ (1170).
_Launcelot of the Lake_, by Ulrich of Zazikoven, contemporary with
William Rufus.
_Wigalois_, or _The Knight of the Wheel_, by Wirnd of Graffenberg.
This adventurer leaves his mother in Syria, and goes in search of his
father, a knight of the Round Table.
_I'wain_, or _The Knight of the Lion_, and _Ereck_, by Hartmann von
der Aue (thirteenth century).
_Tristan and Yseult_ (in verse), by Master Grottfried of Strasburg
(thirteenth century). This is also the subject of Luc du Grast's prose
romance, which was revised by Elie de Borron, and turned into verse by
Thomas the Rhymer, of Erceldoune, under the title of the _Romance of
Tristram_.
_Merlyn Ambroise_, by Robert de Borron.
_Roman des diverses Quétes de St. Graal_, by Walter Mapes (prose).
_La Morte d'Arthur_, by Walter Mapes.
_A Life of Joseph of Arimathea_, by Robert de Borron.
_The Idylls of the King_, by Tennyson, in blank verse, containing "The
Coming of Arthur," "Gareth and Lynette," "Geraint and Enid," "Merlin
and Vivien," "Lancelot and Elaine," "The Holy Graal," "Peleas and
Ettarre" (2 _syl._), "The Last Tournament," "Guinevere" (3 _syl._)
and "The Passing of Arthur," which is the "Morte d'Arthur" with an
introduction added to it.
(The old Arthurian Romances have been collated and rendered into
English by sir Thomas Malory, in three parts. Part i. contains the
early history of Arthur and the beautiful allegory of Gareth and
Linet; part ii. contains the adventures of sir Tristram; and part iii.
the adventures of sir Launcelot, with the death of Arthur and his
knights. Sir Frederick Madden and J.T.K. have also contributed to the
same series of legends.)
[Illustration] _Sources of the Arthurian Romances_. The prose series
of romances called Arthurian, owe their origin to: 1. The legendary
chronicles composed in Wales or Brittany, such as _De Excidio
Britanniae_ of Gildas. 2. The chronicles of Nennius (ninth century).
3. The Armoric collections of Walter [Cale'nius] or Gauliter,
archdeacon of Oxford. 4. The _Chronicon sive Historia Britonum_ of
Geoffrey of Monmouth. 5. Floating traditions and metrical ballads and
romances. (See CHARLEMAGNE.)
AR'THURET _(Miss Seraphina_ the papist and _Miss Angelica_), two
sisters in sir W. Scott's novel called _Redgauntlet_ (time, George
III.).
ARTHUR KAVANAGH, the new pastor in the Fairmeadow parish, endowed
"with the zeal of Peter and the gentleness of John," who writes on his
study-door Dante's injunction--
Think that To-day will never dawn again. _Kavanagh. A Tale_, by H.W.
Longfellow (1872).
ARTHUR LIVINGSTON, an American traveller in Egypt who falls in love,
at first leisurely, finally desperately, with the heroine of _Kismet_
by George Fleming (Julia C. Fletcher) (1877).
ARTHUR RIPLEY, young New York lawyer employed in the criminal case
that is the pivotal centre of interest in Sidney Luska's (Harry
Harland) novel, _Mrs. Peixada_ (1886).
AR'TURO (lord Arthur Talbot), a cavalier affianced to Elvi'ra "the
puritan," daughter of lord Walton. On the day appointed for the
wedding, Arturo has to aid Enrichetta (_Henrietta, widow of Charles
I._) in her escape, and Elvira, supposing he is eloping with a rival,
temporarily loses her reason. On his return, Arturo explains the
circumstances, and they vow never more to part. At this juncture
Arturo is arrested for treason, and led away to execution; but a
herald announces the defeat of the Stuarts, and free pardon of all
political offenders, whereupon Arturo is released, and marries "the
fair puritan."--Bellini's opera, _I Puritani_ (1834).
_Ar'turo_ [BUCKLAW]. So Frank Hayston is called in Donizetti's opera
of _Lucia di Lammermoor_ (1835). (See HAYSTON.)
AR'VALAN, the wicked son of Keha'ma, slain by Ladur'lad for attempting
to dishonor his daughter Kail'yal (2 _syl._). After this, his spirit
became the relentless persecutor of the holy maiden, but holiness and
chastity triumphed over sin and lust. Thus when Kailyal was taken to
the bower of bliss in paradise, Arvalan borrowed the dragon-car of the
witch Lor'rimite (3 _syl._) to carry her off; but when the dragons
came in sight of the holy place they were unable to mount, and went
perpetually downwards, till Arvalan was dropped into an ice-rift of
perpetual snow. When he presented himself before her in the temple of
Jaganaut, she set fire to the pagoda. And when he caught the maiden
waiting for her father, who was gone to release the glendoveer from
the submerged city of Baly, Baly himself came to her rescue.
"Help, help, Kehama! help!" he cried.
But Baly tarried not to abide
That mightier power. With irresistible feet
He stampt and cleft the earth. It opened wide,
And gave him way to his own judgment-seat.
Down like a plummet to the world below
He sank ... to punishment deserved and endless woe.
Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, xvii. 12 (1809).