LAST DAYS
The new edition of the _Theory_ was the last work Smith published. A
French newspaper, the _Moniteur Universelle_ of Paris, announced on
11th March 1790 that a critical examination of Montesquieu's _Esprit
des Lois_ was about to appear from the pen of the celebrated author of
the _Wealth of Nations_, and ventured to predict that the work would
make an epoch in the history of politics and of philosophy. That at
least, it added, is the judgment of well-informed people who have seen
parts of it, of which they speak with an enthusiasm of the happiest
augury. But notwithstanding this last statement the announcement was
not made on any good authority. Smith may probably enough have dealt
with Montesquieu as he dealt with many other topics in the papers he
had prepared towards his projected work on government, but there is no
evidence that he ever intended to publish a separate work on that
remarkable writer, and before March 1790 his strength seems to have
been much wasted. The Earl of Buchan, who had some time before gone to
live in the country, was in town in February, and paid a visit to his
old professor and friend. On taking leave of him the Earl said, "My
dear Doctor, I hope to see you oftener when I come to town next
February," but Smith squeezed his lordship's hand and replied, "My
dear Lord Buchan,[365] I may be alive then and perhaps half a dozen
Februaries, but you never will see your old friend any more. I find
that the machine is breaking down, so that I shall be little better
than a mummy"--with a by-thought possibly to the mummies of Toulouse.
"I found a great inclination," adds the Earl, "to visit the Doctor in
his last illness, but the mummy stared me in the face and I was
intimidated."[366]
During the spring months Smith got worse and weaker, and though he
seemed to rally somewhat at the first approach of the warm weather, he
at length sank again in June, and his condition seemed to his friends
to be already hopeless. Long and painful as his illness was, he bore
it throughout not with patience merely but with a serene and even
cheerful resignation. On the 21st of June Henry Mackenzie wrote his
brother-in-law, Sir J. Grant, that Edinburgh had just lost its finest
woman, and in a few weeks it would in all probability lose its
greatest man. The finest woman was the beautiful Miss Burnet of
Monboddo, whom Burns called "the most heavenly of all God's works,"
and the greatest man was Adam Smith. "He is now," says Mackenzie,
"past all hopes of recovery, with which about three weeks ago we had
flattered ourselves."
A week later Smellie, the printer, wrote Smith's young friend, Patrick
Clason, in London: "Poor Smith! we must soon lose him, and the moment
in which he departs will give a heart-pang to thousands. Mr. Smith's
spirits are flat, and I am afraid the exertions he sometimes makes to
please his friends do him no good. His intellect as well as his senses
are clear and distinct. He wishes to be cheerful, but nature is
omnipotent. His body is extremely emaciated, and his stomach cannot
admit of sufficient nourishment; but, like a man, he is perfectly
patient and resigned."[367]
In all his own weakness he was still thoughtful of the care of his
friends, and one of his last acts was to commend to the good offices
of the Duke of Buccleugh the children of his old friend and physician,
Cullen, who died only a few months before himself. "In many respects,"
says Lord Buchan, "Adam Smith was a chaste disciple of Epicurus as
that philosopher is properly understood, and Smith's last act
resembled that of Epicurus leaving as a legacy to his friend and
patron the children of his Metrodorus, the excellent Cullen."[368]
When it became evident that the sickness was to prove mortal, Smith's
old friend Adam Ferguson, who had been apparently estranged from him
for some time, immediately forgot their coolness, whatever it was
about, and came and waited on him with the old affection. "Your friend
Smith," writes Ferguson on 31st July 1790, announcing the death to Sir
John Macpherson, Warren Hastings' successor as Governor-General of
India--"your old friend Smith is no more. We knew he was dying for
some months, and though matters, as you know, were a little awkward
when he was in health, upon that appearance I turned my face that way
and went to him without further consideration, and continued my
attentions to the last."[369]
Dr. Carlyle mentions that the harmony of the famous Edinburgh literary
circle of last century was often ruffled by little tifts, which he and
John Home were generally called in to compose, and that the usual
source of the trouble was Ferguson's "great jealousy of rivals," and
especially of his three more distinguished friends, Hume, Smith, and
Robertson. But it would not be right to ascribe the fault to Ferguson
merely on that account, for Carlyle hints that Smith too had "a little
jealousy in his nature," although he admits him to have been a man of
"unbounded benevolence." But whatever it was that had come between
them, it is pleasant to find Ferguson dismissing it so unreservedly,
and forgetting his own infirmities too--for he had been long since
hopelessly paralysed, and went about, Cockburn tells us, buried in
furs "like a philosopher from Lapland"--in order to cheer the last
days of the friend of his youth.
When Smith felt his end to be approaching he evinced great anxiety to
have all his papers destroyed except the few which he judged to be in
a sufficiently finished state to deserve publication, and being
apparently too feeble to undertake the task himself, he repeatedly
begged his friends Black and Hutton to destroy them for him. A third
friend, Mr. Riddell, was present on one of the occasions when this
request was made, and mentions that Smith expressed regret that "he
had done so little." "But I meant," he said, "to have done more, and
there are materials in my papers of which I could have made a great
deal, but that is now out of the question."[370] Black and Hutton
always put off complying with Smith's entreaties in the hope of his
recovering his health or perhaps changing his mind; but at length, a
week before his death, he expressly sent for them, and asked them then
and there to burn sixteen volumes of manuscript to which he directed
them. This they did without knowing or asking what they contained. It
will be remembered that seventeen years before, when he went up to
London with the manuscript of the _Wealth of Nations_, he made Hume
his literary executor, and left instructions with him to destroy all
his loose papers and eighteen thin paper folio books "without any
examination," and to spare nothing but his fragment on the history of
astronomy. When the sixteen volumes of manuscript were burnt Smith's
mind seemed to be greatly relieved. It appears to have been on a
Sunday, and when his friends came, as they were accustomed to do, on
the Sunday evening to supper--and they seem to have mustered strongly
on this particular evening--he was able to receive them with something
of his usual cheerfulness. He would even have stayed up and sat with
them had they allowed him, but they pressed him not to do so, and he
retired to bed about half-past nine. As he left the room he turned and
said, "I love your company, gentlemen, but I believe I must leave you
to go to another world." These are the words as reported by Henry
Mackenzie, who was present, in giving Samuel Rogers an account of
Smith's death during a visit he paid to London in the course of the
following year.[371] But Hutton, in the account he gave Stewart of the
incident, employs the slightly different form of expression, "I
believe we must adjourn this meeting to some other place." Possibly
both sentences were used by Smith, for both are needed for the
complete expression of the parting consolation he obviously meant to
convey--that death is not a final separation, but only an adjournment
of the meeting.
That was his last meeting with them in the earthly meeting-place. He
had gone to the other world before the next Sunday came round, having
died on Saturday the 17th of July 1790. He was buried in the Canongate
churchyard, near by the simple stone which Burns placed on the grave
of Fergusson, and not far from the statelier tomb which later on
received the remains of his friend Dugald Stewart. The grave is marked
by an unpretending monument, stating that Adam Smith, the author of
the _Wealth of Nations_, lies buried there.
His death made less stir or rumour in the world than many of his
admirers expected. Sir Samuel Romilly, for example, writing on the
20th of August to a French lady who had wanted a copy of the new
edition of the _Theory of Moral Sentiments_, says: "I have been
surprised and, I own, a little indignant to observe how little
impression his death has made here. Scarce any notice has been taken
of it, while for above a year together after the death of Dr. Johnson
nothing was to be heard of but panegyrics of him,--lives, letters, and
anecdotes,--and even at this moment there are two more lives of him to
start into existence. Indeed, one ought not perhaps to be very much
surprised that the public does not do justice to the works of A. Smith
since he did not do justice to them himself, but always considered his
_Theory of Moral Sentiments_ a much superior work to his _Wealth of
Nations_."[372] Even in Edinburgh it seemed to make less impression
than the death of a bustling divine would have made--certainly
considerably less than the death of the excellent but far less
illustrious Dugald Stewart a generation later. The newspapers had an
obituary notice of two small paragraphs, and the only facts in his
life the writers appear to have been able to find were his early
abduction by the gipsies, of which both the Mercury and the Advertiser
give a circumstantial account, and the characteristics which the
Advertiser mentions, that "in private life Dr. Smith was distinguished
for philanthropy, benevolence, humanity, and charity." Lord Cockburn,
who was then beginning to read and think, was struck with the general
ignorance of Smith's merits which his fellow-citizens exhibited
shortly after his death. "The middle-aged seemed to me to know little
about the founder of the science (political economy) except that he
had recently been a Commissioner of Customs and had written a sensible
book. The young--by which I mean the Liberal young of Edinburgh--lived
upon him."[373] Stewart was no sooner dead than a monument was raised
to him on one of the best sites in the city. The greater name of Smith
has to this day no public monument in the city he so long adorned.
Black and Hutton were his literary executors, and published in 1795
the literary fragments which had been spared from the flames. By his
will, dated 6th February 1790, he left his whole property to his
cousin, David Douglas, afterwards Lord Reston, subject to the
condition that the legatee should follow the instructions of Black and
Hutton in disposing of the MSS. and writings, and pay an annuity of
£20 a year to Mrs. Janet Douglas, and after her death, a sum of £400
to Professor Hugh Cleghorn of St. Andrews and his wife.[374] The
property Smith left, however, was very moderate, and his friends could
not at first help expressing some surprise that it should have been so
little, because, though known to be very hospitable, he had never
maintained anything more than a moderate establishment. But they had
not then known, though many of them had long suspected, that he gave
away large sums in secret charity. William Playfair mentions that
Smith's friends, suspecting him of doing this, had sometimes in his
lifetime formed special juries for the purpose of discovering
evidences of it, but that the economist was "so ingenious in
concealing his charity" that they never could discover it from
witnesses, though they often found the strongest circumstantial
evidence of it.[375] Dugald Stewart was more fortunate. He says: "Some
very affecting instances of Mr. Smith's beneficence in cases where he
found it impossible to conceal entirely his good offices have been
mentioned to me by a near relation of his and one of his most
confidential friends, Miss Ross, daughter of the late Patrick Ross,
Esq., of Innernethy. They were all on a scale much beyond what would
have been expected from his fortune, and were combined with
circumstances equally honourable to the delicacy of his feelings and
the liberality of his heart." One recalls the saying of Sir James
Mackintosh, who was a student of Cullen and Black's in Smith's closing
years, and used occasionally to meet the economist in private society.
"I have known," said Mackintosh to Empson many years after this--"I
have known Adam Smith slightly, Ricardo well, and Malthus intimately.
Is it not something to say for a science that its three greatest
masters were about the three best men I ever knew?"[376]
Smith never sat for his picture, but nevertheless we possess excellent
portraits of him by two very talented artists who had many
opportunities of seeing and sketching him. Tassie was a student at
Foulis's Academy of Design in Glasgow College when Smith was there,
and he may possibly even then have occasionally modelled the
distinguished Professor, for we hear of models of Smith being in all
the booksellers' windows in Glasgow at that time, and these models
would, for a certainty, have been made in the Academy of Design.
However that may be, Tassie executed in later days two different
medallions of Smith. Raspe, in his catalogue of Tassie's enamels,
describes one of these in a list of portraits of the largest size that
that kind of work admitted of, as being modelled and cast by Tassie in
his hard white enamel paste so as to resemble a cameo. From this model
J. Jackson, R.A., made a drawing, which was engraved in stipple by C.
Picart, and published in 1811 by Cadell and Davies. Line engravings of
the same model were subsequently made by John Horsburgh and R.C. Bell
for successive editions of the _Wealth of Nations_, and it is
accordingly the best known, as well as probably the best, portrait of
the author of that work. It is a profile bust showing rather handsome
features, full forehead, prominent eyeballs, well curved eyebrows,
slightly aquiline nose, and firm mouth and chin, and it is inscribed,
"Adam Smith in his 64th year, 1787. Tassie F." In this medallion Smith
wears a wig, but Tassie executed another, Mr. J.M. Gray tells us, in
what he called "the antique manner," without the wig, and with neck
and breast bare. "This work," says Mr. Gray, "has the advantage of
showing the rounded form of the head, covered with rather curling hair
and curving upwards from the brow to a point above the large ear,
which is hidden in the other version."[377] It bears the same date as
the former, and it appears never to have been engraved. Raspe mentions
a third medallion of Smith in his catalogue of Tassie's enamels--"a
bust in enamel, being in colour an imitation of chalcedony, engraved
by F. Warner, after a model by J. Tassie,"--but this appears from Mr.
Gray's account to be a reduced version of the first of the two just
mentioned. Kay made two portraits of Smith: the first, done in 1787,
representing him as he walked in the street, and the second, issued in
1790, and occasioned, no doubt, by his death, representing him as he
has entered an office, probably the Custom House. There is a painting
by T. Collopy in the National Museum of Antiquities at Edinburgh,
which is thought to be a portrait of Adam Smith from the circumstance
that the title _Wealth of Nations_ appears on the back of a book on
the table in the picture; but in the teeth of Stewart's very explicit
statement that Smith never sat for his portrait, the inference drawn
from that circumstance cannot but remain very doubtful. All other
likenesses of Smith are founded on those of Tassie and Kay. Smith was
of middle height, full but not corpulent, with erect figure, well-set
head, and large gray or light blue eyes, which are said to have beamed
with "inexpressible benignity." He dressed well--so well that nobody
seems to have remarked it; for while we hear, on the one hand, of
Hume's black-spotted yellow coat and Gibbon's flowered velvet, and on
the other, of Hutton's battered attire and Henry Erskine's gray hat
with the torn rim, we meet with no allusion to Smith's dress either
for fault or merit.
Smith's books, which went on his death to his heir, Lord Reston, were
divided, on the death of the latter, between his two daughters; the
economic books going to Mrs. Bannerman, the wife of the late Professor
Bannerman of Edinburgh, and the works on other subjects to Mrs.
Cunningham, wife of the Rev. Mr. Cunningham of Prestonpans. Both
portions still exist, the former in the Library of the New College,
Edinburgh, to which they have been presented by Dr. D. Douglas
Bannerman of Perth; and the latter in the possession of Professor
Cunningham of Queen's College, Belfast, except a small number which
were sold in Edinburgh in 1878, and a section, consisting almost
exclusively of Greek and Latin classics, which Professor Cunningham
has presented to the library of the college of which he is a member.
Among other relics of Smith that are still extant are four medallions
by Tassie, which very probably hung in his library. They are
medallions of his personal friends: Black, the chemist; Hutton, the
geologist; Dr. Thomas Reid, the metaphysician; and Andrew Lumisden,
the Pretender's old secretary, and author of the work on the
antiquities of Rome.
FOOTNOTES:
[365] "My dear Ascanius" are the words of the text, because Ascanius
was the pseudonym under which the Earl happened to be writing.
[366] The _Bee_, 1791, iii. 166.
[367] Kerr's _Memoirs of W. Smellie_, i. 295.
[368] The _Bee_, 1791, iii. 167.
[369] Original letter in Edinburgh University Library.
[370] Stewart's _Works_, x. 74.
[371] Clayden's _Early Life of Samuel Rogers_, p. 168.
[372] _Memoirs of Sir Samuel Romilly_, i. 403.
[373] Cockburn's _Memorials of My Own Time_, p. 45.
[374] Bonar's _Library of Adam Smith_, p. xiv.
[375] Playfair's edition of _Wealth of Nations_, p. xxxiv.
[376] _Edinburgh Review_, January 1837, p. 473.
[377] Bonar's _Library of Adam Smith_, p. xxii.
INDEX
Abbeville, Smith at, 213
Abercromby, Professor, expected resignation of chair of Law of
Nature, 132
Absence of mind, Smith's, in childhood, 4;
at Glasgow, 60;
exaggerated, 66;
Glasgow anecdote of, 147;
London anecdote, 237;
Dalkeith anecdotes, 245;
Kirkcaldy anecdote, 259;
the story of "La Roche," 314;
Custom House anecdotes, 330;
unobserved by Samuel Rogers, 422
Academy of Dancing, Fencing, and Riding in Glasgow College, 79
Academy of Design, Glasgow, 72;
Smith's interest in, 74
Adam, Robert, architect, schoolfellow of Smith, 7
Adam, William, M.P., Smith's remark on Bentham's
_Defence of Usury_, 422
Addington, H. (Lord Sidmouth), writes an ode to Smith, 406
Alison, Rev. Archibald, effects of Smith's habit of dictating, 261
American Intercourse Bill, Smith's opinion, 385
American question, Smith's views, 281
Anderson, Dr. James, paper to R.S.E., 421
Anderson, Professor John, his classes for working men, 72;
voting for his own appointment to Natural Philosophy chair, 83;
tutorial engagement abroad, 85
Anderston Club, 97
Armed Neutrality, the, Smith on, 382
Astronomy, Smith's history of, 262
Auckland, Lord, _see_ Eden, W.
Bagpipe competition, Smith at, 372;
Professor Saint Pond's description of, 373
Balfour, Colonel Nesbit, 395
Balliol College, Oxford, Smith enters, 18;
state of learning at, 22;
Smith's reading at, 24;
confiscation of Hume's _Treatise_, 24;
treatment of Scotch students, 25;
complaints of Snell exhibitioners, 26;
correspondence between heads of Balliol and Glasgow Colleges, 27
Banks, Sir Joseph, Smith's letter to, 413
Barnard, Dean, verses on Smith and other members of "the club," 268
Barré, Colonel, with Smith at Bordeaux, 179
Beatson, Robert, Smith's letter introducing, 402
Beattie's Minstrel, Smith's opinion of, 368
Beauclerk, Topham, on Smith's conversation, 269
Bellamy, Mrs., invited to open Glasgow theatre, 80;
on beauty of Glasgow, 88
Beneficence, Smith's, 437
Bentham, Jeremy, on state of learning at Oxford, 21;
Smith on his _Defence of Usury_, 422
Berkeley, Mrs. Prebendary, her dinners, 97
Black, Dr. Joseph, professorial losses by light guineas, 49;
Smith's opinion of, 336;
Robison's account of, 336;
appointed Smith's literary executor, 434
Blair, Dr. Hugh, his indebtedness to Smith's lectures on rhetoric, 32;
his preaching, 420;
Smith on, 421
Blank verse, Smith on, 35
Bogle, Robert, of Daldowie, 418
Bogle, Robert, of Shettleston, promoter of Glasgow theatre, 79
Bonar, James, on Smith's manifesto of 1755, 65;
Smith's library, 327
Bonnet, Charles, of Geneva, friendship with Smith, 191
Bordeaux, Smith at, 179;
condition of people, 180
Boswell, James, Smith's teaching on blank verse, 35;
pupil of Smith, 58
Johnson's remark about Glasgow, 88;
Smith's altercation with Johnson, 155;
on Smith's admission to "the club," 268
Boufflers-Rouvel, Comtesse de, Smith's visits to her salon, 198;
her purpose to translate his _Theory_, 199
Brienne, Loménie de, Archbishop of Toulouse, 177;
his refusal to give Morellet help to publish his translation of
_Wealth of Nations_, 359
British Coffee-House, Smith's headquarters in London, 267
British Fisheries Society, Smith on, 408;
his prognostication confirmed, 409
Brougham, Lord, on Dr. J. Black, 336
Buccleugh, Duke of, Smith tutor to, 165;
illness at Compiègne, 222;
character, 227;
marriage, 238;
home-coming to Dalkeith, 243;
memorial on medical degrees, 272;
Mickle's complaint against, 318
Buchan, Earl of, on Smith's love for his mother, 4;
pupil of Smith, 51;
Smith's remark about, 52;
learns etching in Glasgow College, 72;
on Smith's religious views, 130;
on Smith's dislike of publicity, 370;
Smith's declining health, 431;
Smith's character, 433
Buckle, T.H., on _Wealth of Nations_, 288
Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, Smith's remark, 343
Burke, Edmund, reported candidature for Glasgow Logic chair, 46;
his high opinion of the _Theory_, 144;
his review of it, 145;
Smith's defence of, 369;
his visit to Scotland in 1784, 387;
his remark on Smith, 387;
Smith's remark on him, 387;
in Edinburgh, 388;
conversation, with Smith at Hatton, 389;
rectorial installation at Glasgow, 390;
Did he break down? 390;
made F.R.S.E., 393;
again in Edinburgh in 1785, 394;
dinner at Smith's, 395;
visits John Logan, the poet, 396
Burns, Robert, his letter of introduction to Smith, 402
Butler, Bishop, on state of learning at Oxford, 20
Calas case, the, 186;
Smith on, 187, 429
Campbell, Dr., of the _Political Survey_, 366
Carlisle, Earl of, Smith's letter to, on free trade for Ireland, 350
Carlyle, Dr. A., on spirit of inquiry among Glasgow students, 9;
on Earl of Buchan, 52;
takes part in theatricals in Glasgow College, 79;
on Smith's obligations to Provost Cochrane, 90;
on the Glasgow Political Economy Club, 91;
on "Mr. Robin Simson's Club," 99;
on Smith's elocution, 108;
on Smith's appointment as travelling tutor, 226;
thought Hume a Theist, 313;
on Smith's jealousy, 433
Chambers, Robert, on Smith's habits of composition, 260
Chicken-broth, 97
Club, Glasgow Political Economy, 92;
Professor Robert Simson's, 96;
the Literary, London, 267;
Edinburgh Oyster, 334
Cochrane, Provost Andrew, Smith's obligations to, 90;
Political Economy Club, 91;
spirited conduct during Rebellion, 91;
attempt to break his bank, 92;
correspondence with Oswald on duty on iron, 93;
views on bank notes, 94
Cockburn, Lord, on current belief in danger of political economy, 292;
on Dr. Black, 336;
on appreciation of Smith by young Edinburgh, 436
Colbert, the French minister, claim to descent from Scotch Cuthberts, 176
Colbert, Abbé (Bishop of Rodez), 175;
on Smith, 176
College administrator, Smith as, 66
Colonial incorporation, Smith's views, 281
Colonies, Roman, 236;
American, 381;
when not valuable, in Smith's opinion, 383
Compiègne, Smith at, 222
Composition, Smith's habits of, 260
Conversation, Smith's, 268
Conyers, Lady, at Geneva, 191, 193
Cooper, Sir Grey, helps Smith to Commissionership of Customs, 320, 323
Craufurd, William, friend of Hamilton of Bangour, 40
Critic, Smith as, 34
Cullen, Professor W., letter from Smith to, 44;
letter from Smith to, 45;
Smith's letter to, on medical degrees, 273;
Smith's interest in his family, 433
Custom dues in Glasgow meal-market on students' meal, 67
Customs, salaries of officers, 2;
Smith made Commissioner, 320;
his work in Custom House, 330
Daer, Lord, 334
D'Alembert, intimacy with Smith, 202
Dalrymple, Alexander, hydrographer, Smith's recommendation of, to
Shelburne, 235
Dalrymple, Sir David, _see_ Hailes
Dalrymple, Sir John, on dedication of Hamilton's poems, 40;
Smith's connection with Foulis's Academy of Design, 75;
fortunes of Glasgow merchants, 90
Dalzel, Professor A., on Smith's knowledge of Greek, 23;
on Burke, 391;
on Windham, 394
Dancing, Academy of, in Glasgow College, 79
Death of Smith, 435;
Romilly on, 435
Design, Academy of, in Glasgow College, 79
Smith's interest in this academy, 74
Dictation, Smith's habit of, in composition, 260
Dillon, Cardinal, 184
_Douglas_, Home's tragedy, Smith's interest in, 82, 130
Douglas, Bishop, friend of Smith at Balliol, 28;
his _Criterion of Miracles_, said to be addressed to Smith, 129;
letter from Smith to, 403
Douglas cause, the, Smith on, 249, 249
Douglas, David (Lord Reston), Smith's heir, 436
Douglas Heron and Company, bankruptcy of, 254
Douglas of Strathendry, Smith's mother's family, 4
Drysdale, Dr. John, schoolfellow of Smith, 7
Dundas, Henry (Lord Melville), letter to Smith on free trade for
Ireland, 352;
Smith's reply, 353;
dinner to Smith, 405
Dupont de Nemours, reminiscences of Smith in Paris, 215;
recollection of Smith's views on taxation of the poor, 220
East India Bill, Smith on, 386
East India Company, Smith on, 242;
Smith mentioned for supervisorship, 253
Economists, the French sect of, 216;
their great activity in 1766, 219
Eden, William (Lord Auckland), applies for Smith's opinion on free
trade for Ireland, 352;
Smith's opinion of, 384;
Smith's letter to, on American affairs, 385
Edinburgh, Smith's lectures in, 30;
Smith made freeman of burgh, 251;
Smith's permanent residence there, 325;
Royal Society of, 375;
Smith on, 417;
New College possesses part of Smith's books, 439
_Edinburgh Review_, 120;
Smith's review of Johnson's Dictionary, 121;
his review of contemporary literature, 122;
death of, 124;
Hume's exclusion from, 125
Elliot, Sir Gilbert, M.P., reported candidature for chair of Moral
Philosophy, 46
Enville, Duchesse d', hospitality to Smith at Geneva, 191;
on Smith's French, 192
Erskine, Henry, Lord Advocate, pupil of Smith, 58
Espinasse, Mademoiselle de 1', Smith's visits to her salon, 201
Fencing, Academy of, in Glasgow College, 79
Ferguson, Dr. Adam, was he the object of Smith's 1755 manifesto? 65;
on a national militia, 138;
candidate for Indian supervisorship, 255;
appointed tutor to Lord Chesterfield on Smith's recommendation, 258;
his announcement in 1773 of the _Wealth of Nations_, 264;
intermediary between Lord Carlisle and Smith, 350;
reconciliation with Smith, 433
Fitzmaurice, Hon. T., pupil of Smith, 154
Foulis, Robert, University press, 71;
Academy of Design, 72;
economic publications, 76
Fox, Charles James, quotes _Wealth of Nations_, 289;
on Smith, 289;
Smith's approbation of his East India Bill, 386
France, Smith's account of condition of the people of, 229;
sobriety of southern, 180
Franklin, Benjamin, makes Smith's acquaintance, 150;
alleged assistance to Smith in composing
_Wealth of Nations_, 264
Free trade, Smith's advocacy of, in 1750, 36;
his conversion of the Glasgow merchants to, 60;
his 1755 manifesto about, 62;
alleged revolutionary character of the doctrine, 292;
for Ireland, 349;
Smith's opinion, 350, 353
French principles and the _Wealth of Nations_, 291
Funeral expenses, Smith's father's, 3
Garrick, David, letter introducing Smith to, 211;
on Smith's conversation, 269
Geneva, Smith at, 188;
the constitutional struggle then proceeding, 188
Gibbon, Edward, on state of learning at Oxford, 20;
on _Wealth of Nations_, 287;
obtains Smith's opinion as to continuation of his
_History_, 371;
Smith's admiration for his work, 414
Gibraltar, Smith against retaining, 382
Gipsies, Smith stolen by, 4
Glasgow in Smith's time, 87;
its beauty, 88;
passage between Johnson and Smith about, 88
Mrs. Montagu, Mrs. Bellamy, Dr. Johnson on, 88;
its trade, 88;
its industries, 89;
its merchants, 90
Glasgow College, Smith a student at, 9;
its professors then, 10;
his companions there, 10;
correspondence of Senate with Balliol College about Snell
exhibitioners, 26;
Smith Professor of Logic at, 42;
Professor of Moral Philosophy, 43;
Smith's courses at, 43;
fees and classes, 49;
students, 57;
Rector's Court, 68;
divisions in Senate, 69;
peculiarities of constitution, 69;
advanced educational policy, 71;
Smith's resignation of chair, 172;
Smith Rector, 410;
his letter of acceptance, 411;
installation, 412
Glassford, John, Glasgow, his wealth, 90;
views on bank notes, 94
Grattan, Henry, motion on free trade for Ireland, 348
Gray's _Odes_, Smith on, 369
Gray, J.M., on Tassie's medallion of Smith, 438
Hailes, Lord, letters of Smith to, 247
Hamilton, Duke of, Smith and tutorship to, 258
Hamilton, William, of Bangour, poems edited by Smith, 38;
dedication to second edition written by Smith, 40;
Kames's friendship with, 41
Hamilton, Professor J., Dr. J. Moore's verses on, 100
_Hamlet_, Smith on, 368
Helvetius, his dinners, 200
Hepburn, Miss, 133
Herbert, Henry, introduced by Smith to Hume, 161
Herbert, Nicolas, his remarkable memory, 162
Highlands, depopulation of, 401
Holbach, Baron d', gets _Theory of Moral Sentiments_
translated, 164;
his dinners, 199
Home, Henry, _see_ Kames
Home, John, poet, Smith's interest in _Douglas_, 82, 130;
journey north with Smith, 295
Home, John, of Ninewells, correspondence with Smith about Hume's
legacy, 302;
and about the _Dialogues_, 305
Hope, Henry, banker, Amsterdam, Smith's acknowledgment to, 401
Home, Bishop, the "Letter to Adam Smith", 312
Horne Tooke, J., visits Smith at Montpellier, 183
Horsley, Bishop, disapproval of Sunday schools, 407
Hostellaries in Scotland, Smith on, 247
Hume, David, presents Smith with his _Treatise_, 15;
candidature for Logic chair, Glasgow, 46;
Essays on Commerce, subject of paper by Smith, 95;
friendship with Smith, 105;
descriptions of Select Society, 109;
exclusion from _Edinburgh Review_, 125;
letter to Smith on chair of Law of Mature and Nations, 132;
letters on _Theory of Moral Sentiments_, 141;
Secretary of Legation at Paris, 162;
reception in Paris, 163;
perplexity where to fix his abode, 195;
quarrel with Rousseau, 206;
Smith's letter on quarrel, 208;
Smith on his idea of residing in France, 225;
Smith on his continuing his _History_, 233;
appointed by Smith his literary executor, 262;
letter on _Wealth of Nations_, 286;
correspondence with Smith about publication of
_Dialogues on Natural Religion_, 296, 299;
farewell dinner with his friends, 299;
death, 302;
Smith on his monument in Calton Cemetery, 302;
Smith's letter to Strahan on his death, 304, 307, 311;
proposal to publish selection from his letters, 309;
Smith's objection to this, 310;
Was Hume a Theist? 313;
Smith's opinion of Hume as historian, 368
Hutcheson, Francis, influence over Smith, 11;
power as lecturer, 11;
author of phrase, "greatest happiness of greatest number," 12;
specific influences on Smith in theology, 13;
in ethics, 14;
in political economy, 14;
taught doctrine of industrial liberty, 15
Hutchinson, Hely, report on free trade for Ireland, 349
Hutton, Dr. James, geologist, 339;
Smith's literary executor, 434
India Company, East, Smith on, 242;
Smith mentioned for supervisorship, 253;
Smith on Fox's Bill, 386
Indignation, Smith's dislike of the man without, 245
Ireland, free trade for, 346;
discontent in, 347;
Smith's letter to Lord-Lieutenant on free trade for, 350;
Dundas on free trade for, 352;
Smith's reply to Dundas's letter, 353
Jardine, Rev. Dr., a writer in _Edinburgh Review_, 125
Jeffrey, Francis (Lord), on the Johnson and Smith altercation, 156;
his opposition to Smith's election as Rector, 411
Johnson, Dr. Samuel, on Smith's views of blank verse, 35;
on Glasgow, 88;
_Dictionary_, reviewed by Smith, 121;
altercation with Smith, 154;
on _Wealth of Nations_, 288;
Smith's opinion of, 366
Johnstone, William, _see_ Pulteney, Sir W.
Judge Advocate, nature of office, 1
Junius, Smith on authorship of letters by, 420
Kames, Lord, patron of Smith, 31;
place in literature, 31;
letter from Smith to, on sympathy, 341
Kay, John, portraits of Smith, 439
Kirkcaldy, inhabitants and industries in last century, 8;
Smith's residence 1767-73, 238
Knox, John, bookseller, his plan for improving Scotch Highlands, 408
Laing, David, Smith's editing Hamilton's poems, 39
Langton, Bennet, on Smith's conversation, 268
Languedoc, the States of, 183
Lansdowne, Marquis of, _see_ Shelburne
Lauderdale, Earl of, conversation with Fox on Smith, 289;
entertains Burke and Smith at Hatton, 389;
his democratic sentiments in early life, 390
Lecturer, Smith as, 56
Le Sage, Professor G.L., Geneva, friendship with Smith, 191
Leslie, Sir John, tutor to Smith's cousin and heir, 412;
introduced by Smith to Sir Joseph Banks, 413
L'Espinasse, _see_ Espinasse
Library, Smith's, 327, 439
Lindsay, Professor Hercules, takes Smith's classes, 42;
gives up lecturing in Latin, 99
Literary Club, _see_ Club
Literary Society, Glasgow, _see_ Society
Livy, Smith's opinion of, 367
Lloyd, Captain, reminiscences of Smith in Abbeville, 212
Logan, John, poet, Burke's visit to, 396;
Smith's admiration for, 396;
introduced by Smith to Andrew Strahan, 396
Loménie de Brienne, Archbishop of Toulouse, 177
London, Smith's first visit to, 152;
Smith's residence there 1766-67, 252;
his residence there 1773-76, 262;
residence there again 1777, 314
Loudon, Earl of, 1
M'Culloch, J.R., on Smith's failure to foresee French Revolution, 229;
on Smith's habit of dictating to amanuensis, 260;
on Smith's books, 329
Macdonald, Sir James, in Paris, 174;
his death, 225
M'Gowan, John, antiquary, 335
Mackenzie, Henry, on Smith's wealth of conversation, 33, 269;
his story of "La Roche" and Hume's religious opinions, 313;
account of Smith's last words to his friends, 435
Mackinnon of Mackinnon, letter from Smith to, 380
Mackintosh, Sir James, on the _Edinburgh Review_, 124;
remark on Smith, 437
Maclaine, Dr. Archibald, college friend of Smith, 17;
Smith's remark about, 17;
acts in college theatricals, 79
Magee, Archbishop, on suppressed passage in
_Theory of Moral Sentiments_ about the Atonement, 428
Manifesto of doctrine, Smith's, in 1755, 62
Market women on Smith, 329
Marseilles, Smith at, 188
Medical degrees, freedom of, 271;
Smith's letter to Cullen on, 273
Mickle, translator of _Lusiad_, takes offence at Smith, 316
Militia question in Poker Club, 135;
Smith's views, 137
Millar, David, Smith's schoolmaster, 5;
his play, 6
Millar, Professor John, pupil of Smith, 43, 53;
Jeffrey on, 53;
on Smith as lecturer, 56
Miller, Sir Thomas, Rector of Glasgow College, 68
Milton's shorter poems, Smith on, 369
Mirabeau, Marquis de, on state of France, 218
Montagu, Mrs., on beauty of Glasgow, 88;
on culture of Glasgow merchants, 90
Montesquieu, Smith's reported book on, 431
Montpellier, Smith at, 181
Moor, Professor James, 99
Moral Philosophy, Smith professor of, 43;
fees and classes, 49;
students, 57;
his parting with them, 170;
his resignation, 172
_Moral Sentiments, Theory of_, 141;
Hume on its reception, 142;
translated into French, 196;
author's last revision, 425;
suppressed passage on Atonement, 428
Morellet, Abbé, intimacy with Smith, 200;
opinion of Smith, 201;
on Madame Necker's salon, 206;
on the French translations of Smith's works, 759;
his own translation of Wealth of Nations, 359
Mother, death of Smith's, 393
Mure, Baron, correspondence of Hume and Oswald on Balance of
Trade, 38;
in Glasgow Literary Society, 95;
connection with Douglas cause, 258;
desires Smith for tutor to Duke of Hamilton, 258
Mure, Miss, of Caldwell, on Hume's superstition, 313
Music, Smith's alleged absence of ear for, 214;
his criticism of, 214
Necker, Smith's acquaintance with, 206;
and opinion of, 206
Neutrality, the Armed, Smith on, 382
New College, Edinburgh, possessor of Smith's economic books, 439
Nicholson, Professor Shield, on Smith's books, 327
North, Lord, adopts suggestions for his budget from
_Wealth of Nations_, 294, 310;
rewards the author with Commissionership of Customs, 320
Opera, French, Smith on, 214
Oswald, James, Treasurer of Navy, home friend of Smith, 6;
influence on Smith, 37;
correspondence with Hume on Balance of Trade, 38;
works for removal of duty on American iron, 93
Oxford, Smith's matriculation, 18;
expenses of education there then, 19;
Did Smith graduate? 20;
state of learning there, 20;
Smith on, 21;
his friendlessness at, 27;
never revisited by him, 29
Oyster Club, Edinburgh, 334; Samuel Rogers at, 418
Panmure House, Smith's Edinburgh residence, 325
Paris, Smith in, 175, 194
_Pastor Fido_, Smith's opinion of, 369
Percy's _Reliques_, Smith's opinion of, 369
Physiocrats, the, 216
Pitt, William, disciple of Smith, 404;
his remark to Smith at Dundas's, 405;
Smith's remark on, 405;
consults Smith on public affairs, 406
Plagiarism, Smith's alleged accusation of Blair, 32;
his alleged fear of, 64, 269
Playfair, Professor John, on Oyster Club, 335;
on Dr. Hutton, 337
Playfair, William, on Smith's conversation, 268;
on Smith's declining health, 405
Poker Club, 134
Pope, Alexander, Smith on, 369, 370
Population question, 398
Portraits of Smith, 438
Pownall, Governor, Smith's letter to, 319
Price, Dr. Richard, on decline of population, 398;
Smith's opinion of, 400
Pringle, Sir John, on _Wealth of Nations_, 288
Pulteney, Sir William, attends Smith's lectures, 32;
introduced by Smith to Oswald, 103;
Smith's letter to, on Indian supervisorship, 253
Quacks in medicine, 276, 279
Quæstor of Glasgow College, office held by Smith, 68
Quesnay, Dr. F., Smith not his disciple, 215;
Smith's admiration for, 215;
refusal of farmer-generalship for his son, 218;
discussions in his room, 219;
called in by Smith to treat Duke of Buccleugh, 222
Ramsay, Allan, Smith on _Gentle Shepherd_, 369
Ramsay, Allan, painter, founder of Select Society, 107
Ramsay, John, of Ochtertyre, on Kames's friendship with Bangour, 41;
on Smith's religious views, 60;
on Smith at whist, 97;
on Smith's smartening during his foreign travels, 227;
on Smith's depression after his mother's death, 393
Rector of Glasgow University, Smith's appointment, 410
Reid, Dr. Thomas, on students of Moral Philosophy class, Glasgow, 58
Religion, Smith's views suspected in Glasgow, 60;
his views obliged to be controverted by Bishop Douglas, 393;
his final testimony, 429
Republicanism, Smith's, 124
Reston, Lord, _see_ Douglas, David
Reviews, Smith's opinion of the, 370
Revolution, French, Did Smith foresee? 229
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, on Smith's conversation, 269
Riccoboni, Madame, friendship with Smith, 210;
Smith's opinion of, 210;
introduces him to Garrick, 211
Richardson, Professor, on Smith's political lectures, 55
Richelieu, Duc de, visited by Smith, 181;
Voltaire on, 190
Riding, Academy of, in Glasgow College, 79
Ritchie, James, merchant, Glasgow, on the spread of Smith's opinions
among Glasgow merchants, 60
Rivière, Mercier de la, on condition of France, 218
Robison, Professor, on Dr. Black, 336
Rochefoucauld's _Maximes_, Smith's allusion to, in
_Theory_, 340, 428
Rochefoucauld, Duc de la, Smith's friendship with, in Geneva, 191;
letter to Smith from, 339
Roebuck, Dr., anecdote of Wilkie, the poet, and, 102
Rogers, Professor Thorold, on Smith's obligations to Turgot, 203;
on the Indian supervisorship and the _Wealth of Nations_, 256
Rogers, Samuel, on Smith's absence of mind, 66, 422;
on Smith and Robertson, 228;
conversations with Smith in Edinburgh, 416
Romilly, Sir S., on Smith's death, 435
Ross, General Alexander, 395
Ross, Colonel Patrick, 361
Ross, Miss, on Smith's charities, 437
Rouet, Professor, expenses of journey to London, 19;
with young Tronchin, 59;
his absenteeism, 89
Rousseau, discourse on inequality reviewed by Smith, 123;
in Paris with Hume, 196;
quarrel with Hume, 206;
Smith's letter on the quarrel, 208;
Smith on his "Social Compact," 372
Royal Society of London, Smith elected, 238;
admitted, 263
Royal Society of Edinburgh, foundation of, 375;
Smith's participation, 376;
Smith at, with Rogers, 421
Sabbath, the, Smith on, 342
Saint Fond, Professor, his reminiscences of Smith, 372
Saratoga, Smith's remark on the defeat at, 343
Sarsfield, Count de, Smith's chief friend in France, 240
Savage, Richard, Smith on, 366
Say, Leon, on Smith and Turgot, 203
School, Burgh, of Kirkcaldy, 5
Scotland, people of, 401
Scott, Hon. Hew Campbell, joins Smith at Toulouse, 182;
his death, 226
Scott, Sir Walter, Smith's altercation with Johnson, 156;
anecdotes of Smith's absence of mind, 330
Select Society, _see_ Society
Shakespeare, Smith on, 368
Shelburne, Earl of (afterwards Marquis of Lansdowne), his admiration
of Smith's _Theory_, 144;
his conversion by Smith to free trade, 153;
Smith's opinion of his negotiations with Pitt for Bute, 162;
letter of Smith to, 235;
Smith's political distrust of, 379
Sheridan, Thomas, elocution class at Edinburgh, 119
Simson, Professor Robert, influence on Smith, 10;
Smith's opinion of, 11;
his club, 96;
his Greek and Latin odes, 98
Sinclair, Sir John, his treatise on the Sabbath, 342;
conversation with Smith on Burgoyne's surrender, 343;
letter of Smith to, on _Mémoires_, 343;
letter of Smith on the Armed Neutrality, 382;
Windham's romantic attachment, 394;
Smith's opinion of Sinclair, 418
Skene, Captain David, 243
Smellie, William, printer, on Smith's books, 329
Smith, Adam, W.S., Kirkcaldy, 1
Smith, Adam, Collector of Customs, Alloa, 2
Snell exhibitions at Oxford, 16
Society, British Fisheries, Smith on, 408
Society, Glasgow Literary, 94
Smith's paper on Home's Essays on Commerce, 95
Society, Select, 107;
Smith's opening speech, 108;
its economic discussions, 110;
its work for improvement of Scots arts and manufactures, 112;
its dissolution, 118
Stage-doctors, 276
Stanhope, Earl, friendship with Smith at Geneva, 191, 193;
consults Smith about Chesterfield tutorship, 266
Steuart, Sir James, economist, acts in school theatricals, 5;
on free trade among Glasgow merchants, 61
Stewart, Professor Dugald, on Smith's mathematical tastes, 10;
on Smith's judgment in art, 74;
on Smith's travelling tutorship, 217;
on Smith's being styled "Mr.," 234;
on Smith's conversation, 269, 270;
on alleged revolutionary character of free trade doctrine, 292
Stewart, Professor Matthew, college friend of Smith, 10;
Smith's taste for mathematics, 10;
Smith's opinion of, 11
Strahan, William, printer, letter from Smith to, about new edition
of the _Theory_, 149;
friend of Franklin, 151;
Hume's literary executor, 298;
Smith's letter to, on Hume's illness and death, 304;
letter on Hume's _Dialogues_ from Smith to, 305;
letter from Smith to, 308;
proposes publication of selection of Hume's letters, 309;
Smith's reply, 310;
correspondence of Smith with, on Commissionership of Customs, 321
Stuart, Andrew, W.S. and M.P., candidate for Indian
supervisorship, 255;
withdrawal from contest for Lanarkshire, 391;
letter of Smith, 392
Sugar, Smith's fondness for, 338
Sunday schools, Smith on, 407
Sunday suppers, Smith's, 327
Swediaur, Dr., on the Oyster Club, 334;
on Smith, 334
Swift, Jonathan, Smith on, 367
Tassie, J., his medallions of Smith, 438
Taxation of poor, 220, 344;
in France, 230
Theatre, erection in Glasgow, 79;
opposition of Senatus and Smith, 79;
in France frequented by Smith, 213
_Theory of Moral Sentiments_, 141;
of its reception in London, 142;
last revision, 425
Thompson, Dr. W., historian, Smith on, 17
Tooke, Horne, visits Smith at Montpellier, 183
Toulouse, Smith at, 175;
dulness of Smith at, 179;
its Parliament, 185;
the Calas case, 186
Townshend, Charles, his admiration for Smith's _Theory_, 144;
his proposal of tutorship for Smith, 144;
his visit to Glasgow, 147;
letter of Smith to, 148;
letter to Smith, 164;
letter of Smith from Compiègne to, 223
Trained Bands of Edinburgh, Smith made Honorary Captain, 374
Tronchin, Dr., sends son to be Smith's pupil, 59
Turgot, M., friendship with Smith in Paris, 202;
their obligations to one another, 203;
their alleged correspondence, 204;
Smith's opinion of, 205;
procures copy of the _Mémoires_ for Smith, 344
Tutorships, travelling, Smith's views of, 166
Union, Smith on the Scotch, 150;
Smith on Irish, 355
Urquhart, Mr., of Cromartie, 183
_Usury_, Smith on Bentham's _Defence_, 423
Utopia, Smith on, 282
Vice-rector of Glasgow University, office held by Smith, 68
Virgil's _Eclogues_, Smith on, 369
Voltaire, conversation with Smith in Geneva, 189;
Smith's admiration for, 190;
Smith's comparison of Rousseau and, 372
Walpole, Horace, Smith's acquaintance with, in Paris, 194;
reports remark of Smith, 263
Ward, Rev. William, Smith on his Rational Grammar, 159
Watt, James, made mathematical instrument maker to Glasgow
University, 71;
makes ivory bust of Smith with his sculpture machine, 74;
on Professor Simson's Club, 98
_Wealth of Nations_, various dates of composition toolmarked in
the text, 256;
publication, 284;
reception, 285;
Hume's letter on, 286;
Gibbon on, 287;
quoted in Parliament, 290;
editions, 293;
early influence on public affairs, 294;
Danish translation, 356;
French translations, 359;
German, 359;
Spanish, 360;
letter of Smith to Cadell about third edition, 362
Webster, Dr. A., lists of examinable persons, 399, 400
Wedderburn, Alexander (Earl of Rosslyn), attends Smith's lectures, 32;
connection with Foulis's Academy of Design, 75;
editor of _Edinburgh Review_, 121
Whiggism, Smith's, 162, 379, 389, 410
Whist, Smith at, 97
Wilberforce, Bishop, account of Smith's altercation with Johnson, 156
Wilberforce, William, opinion of Smith, 447;
promoter of British Fisheries Society, 408
Wilkes, John, Smith on, 163
Wilkie, the poet, on Smith, 102
Will, Smith's, 436
Wilson, Professor A., his type-foundry, 71;
Smith's interest in the foundry, 77;
new foundry in Glasgow College grounds, 78
Windham, William, on Smith's house in Edinburgh, 326;
romantic incident, 394;
on Smith's family circle, 395
Windischgraetz, Count J.N. de, his proposed reform of legal
terminology, 376
Wordsworth, William, on Smith as a critic, 34
THE END