is abundant in Assam and Burmah, and is also found in Ceylon, but
is stated not to occur in Malabar.
[Illustration: _Axis porcinus_.]
DESCRIPTION.--"Light chestnut or olive-brown, with an eye-spot; the
margin of the lips, the tail beneath, limbs within, and abdomen,
white--in summer many assume a paler and more yellow tint, and get
a few white spots, and the old buck assumes a dark slaty colour; the
horns resemble those of a young spotted deer, with both the basal
and upper tines very small, the former pointing directly upwards at
a very acute angle, and the latter directed backwards and inwards,
nearly at a right angle, occasionally pointing downwards" (_Jerdon_).
McMaster says: "I can corroborate Jerdon's statement that the young
of this deer are beautifully spotted; but, although I have seen many
specimens, dead and alive, and still more of the skins while I was
in Burmah, I do not remember having remarked the few white spots which
he says many of them assume in summer." The fawns lose their spots
at about six months.
SIZE.--Length, 42 to 44 inches; tail, 8 inches; height, 27 to 28.
Average length of horns, 15 to 16 inches.
This animal is seldom found in forest land; it seems to prefer open
grass jungle, lying sheltered during the day in thick patches, and
lies close till almost run upon by beaters or elephants. Its gait
is awkward, with some resemblance to that of a hog carrying its head
low; it is not speedy, and can easily be run down by dogs in the open.
McMaster writes: "Great numbers of these deer are each season killed
by Burmans, being mobbed with dogs." The meat is fair. Hog deer are
not gregarious like _chital_; they are usually solitary, though
found occasionally in pairs.
The horns are shed about April, and the rutting season is September
and October. This species and the spotted deer have interbred, and
the hybrid progeny survived.
* * * * *
The next stage from the rusine to the cervine or elaphine type is
the rucervine. In this the tres-tine, as well as the royal tine, throw
out branches, and in the normal rucervine type the tres and royal
are equal as in Schomburgk's deer, but in the extreme type, _Panolia_
or _Rucervus Eldii_ of Burmah, the tres-tine is greatly developed,
whilst the royal is reduced to a mere snag. The Indian swamp-deer
(_Rucervus Duvaucelli_) is intermediate, both tres and royal tines
are developed, but the former is much larger than the royal. In none
of the rucervine forms is the bez-tine produced.
_GENUS RUCERVUS_.
Horns as above; muzzle pointed. Canines in males only.
NO. 474. RUCERVUS DUVAUCELLI.
_The Swamp-Deer_ (_Jerdon's No. 219_).
NATIVE NAMES.--_Bara-singha_, Hindi; _Baraya_ and _Maha_ in the
Nepal Terai; _Jhinkar_ in Kyarda Doon; _Potiyaharan_ at Monghyr
(_Jerdon_); _Goen_ or _Goenjak_ (male), _Gaoni_ (female), in Central
India.
HABITAT.--"In the forest lands at the foot of the Himalayas, from
the Kyarda Doon to Bhotan. It is very abundant in Assam, inhabiting
the islands and churs of the Berhampooter, extending down the river
in suitable spots to the eastern Sunderbunds. It is also stated to
occur near Monghyr, and thence extends sparingly through the great
forest tract of Central India" (Jerdon's 'Mamm. Ind.'). I have found
it in abundance in the Raigarh Bichia tracts of Mundla, at one time
attached to the Seonee district, but now I think incorporated in the
new district of Balaghat. In the open valleys, studded with sal
forest, of the Thanwur, Halone, and Bunjar tributaries of the
Nerbudda, may be found bits reminding one of English parks, with
noble herds of this handsome deer. It seems to love water and open
country. McMaster states that it is found in the Golcondah Zemindary
near Daraconda.
DESCRIPTION.--Smaller and lighter than the sambar. Colour rich light
yellow or chestnut in summer, yellowish-brown in winter, sometimes
very light, paler below and inside the limbs, white under the tail.
The females are lighter; the young spotted.
SIZE.--Height, about 44 to 46 inches; horns, about 36 inches. They
have commonly from twelve to fourteen points, but Jerdon states he
has seen them with seventeen.
Like the spotted deer this species is gregarious; one writer,
speaking of them in Central India, says: "The plain stretched away
in gentle undulations towards the river, distant about a mile, and
on it were three large herds of bara singhas feeding at one time;
the nearest was not more than five hundred yards away from where I
stood. There must have been at least fifty of them--stags, hinds,
and fawns, feeding together in a lump, and outside the herd grazed
three most enormous stags" ('Indian Sporting Review,' quoted by
Jerdon).
NO. 475. RUCERVUS _vel_ PANOLIA ELDII.
_The Brown Antlered or Eld's Deer_.
NATIVE NAMES.--_Thamin_, in Burmah; _Sungrai_ or _Sungnaie_, in
Munipur, Eastern Himalayas, Terai, Munipur, Burmah, Siam, and the
Malay peninsula.
DESCRIPTION.--In body similar to the last, but with much difference
in the horns, the tres-tine being greatly developed at the expense
of the royal, which gives the antlers a forward cast; the brow-tine
is also very long. In summer it is a light rufous brown, with a few
faint indications of white spots; the under-parts and insides of ears
nearly white; the tail short and black above. It is said to become
darker in winter instead of lighter as in the last species.
SIZE.--Height from 12 to 13 hands.
This deer, which is identical with _Cervus frontalis_ and Hodgson's
_Cervus dimorpha_, and which was discovered in 1838 by Captain Eld,
has been well described by Lieutenant R. C. Beavan. The following
extracts have been quoted by Professor Garrod; the full account will
be found in the 'Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.' The food
of this species seems to consist of grass and wild paddy. "In habits
they are very wary and difficult of approach, especially the males.
They are also very timid and easily startled. The males, however,
when wounded and brought to bay with dogs, get very savage, and charge
vigorously. On being disturbed they invariably make for the open
instead of resorting to the heavy jungle, like hog deer and sambar.
In fact the thamyn is essentially a plain-loving species; and
although it will frequent tolerably open tree-jungle for the sake
of its shade, it will never venture into dense and matted underwood.
When first started the pace of the thamyn is great. It commences by
giving three or four large bounds, like the axis or spotted deer,
and afterwards settles down into a long trot, which it will keep up
for six or seven miles on end when frequently disturbed."
* * * * *
The next phase of development of which we have examples in India is
the true cervine or elaphine type of horn in which the brow-tine is
doubled by the addition of the bez; the royal is greatly enlarged
at the expense of the tres-tine, and breaks out into the branches
known as the sur-royals.
_GENUS CERVUS_.
Horns as above, muzzle pointed, muffle large and broad, with a hairy
band above the lip; hair coarse, and usually deep brown, with a light
and sometimes almost white disc or patch round the tail, which is
very short; eye-pits moderate.
NO. 476. CERVUS CASHMIRIANUS.
_The Kashmir Stag_
(_Cervus Wallichii of Jerdon, No. 217_).
NATIVE NAMES.--_Hangul_ or _Honglu_ in Kashmir; _Barasingha_,
Hindi.
HABITAT.--Kashmir. Jerdon also gives out that it is found throughout
great part of Western and Central Asia, as far as the eastern shores
of the Euxine Sea, and that it is common in Persia, where it is called
_maral_; but according to careful observations made by Sir Victor
Brooke the _maral_ is a distinct species, to which I will allude
further on. In Kashmir it frequents the Sind valley and its
offshoots; the country above also.
[Illustration: _Cervus Cashmirianus_.]
DESCRIPTION.--Brownish-ash, darker along the dorsal line; caudal
disk white, with a dark border; sides and limbs paler; ears light
coloured; lips and chin and a circle round eyes white. The male has
very long and shaggy hair on the lower part of the neck. The colour
of the coat varies but little; at times it is liver-coloured or
liver-brown, sometimes "bright pale rufous chestnut," with reddish
patches on the inner sides of the hips. Jerdon says: "The belly of
the male is dark brown, contrasting with the pale ashy hue of the
lower part of the flanks; the legs have a pale dusky median line.
In females the whole lower parts are albescent."
SIZE.--Length, 7 to 7-1/2 feet; height, 12 to 13 hands; tail, 5 inches.
The horns are very large and massive, with from ten to fifteen, or
even more, points. Jerdon states that even eighteen points have been
counted, but such cases are rare. Dr. Leith Adams says the largest
he ever measured were four feet round the curves. "A. E. W." in his
interesting papers on Kashmir game, published in _The Asian_, gives
the following measurements of two heads:--
Inches. Inches.
Length of horns. 47 46
Girth above brow antler. 7-3/4 8
Divergency at tips.
Greatest. 56 50
Least. 29 32
Where obtained. Sindh Valley Sindh Valley
I once saw a beautiful head at a railway-station, the property of
an officer who had just come down from Kashmir, the horns of which
appeared to me enormous. The owner afterwards travelled with me in
the train, and gave me his card, which I regret I lost, and, having
forgotten his name, I was never enabled to write to him, either on
the subject of the horns or to send him some papers he wanted on
Asiatic sheep.
Dr. Leith Adams writes: "They (the horns) are shed in March, and the
new horn is not completely formed till the end of October, when the
rutting season commences, and the loud bellowings of the stags are
heard all over the mountains." Of this bellowing Sir Victor Brooke
says it is just like the voice of the Wapiti stag, which this animal
closely resembles, and is quite different from that of the red deer.
"In the former it is a loud squeal, ending in a more gutteral tone;
in the latter it is a distinct roar, resembling that of a panther."
Sir Victor Brooke also points out another peculiarity in this deer:
namely, that "the second brow antler (bez) in _Cervus Cashmirianus_,
with very rare exceptions, exceeds the brow antler in length; a
peculiarity by which the antlers of this species may be distinguished
from those of its allies."
The female gives birth in April, and the young are spotted.
The points on which this stag differs from the _maral_ are the longer
and more pointed head of the latter.
NO. 477. CERVUS AFFINIS _vel_ WALLICHII.
_The Sikhim Stag_ (_Jerdon's No. 218_).
NATIVE NAME.--_Shou_, Thibetan.
HABITAT.--Eastern Himalayas; Thibet in the Choombi valley, on the
Sikhim side of Thibet.
DESCRIPTION.--Jerdon describes this stag as "of very large size;
horns bifurcated at the tip in all specimens yet seen; horns pale,
smooth, rounded, colour a fine clear grey in winter, with a
moderately large disk; pale rufous in summer." Hodgson writes of the
horns: "Pedicles elevate; burrs rather small; two basal antlers,
nearly straight, so forward in direction as to overshadow the face
to the end of the nasal; larger than the royal antlers; median or
royal antlers directed forward and upwards; beam with a terminal fork,
the prongs radiating laterally and equally, the inner one longest
and thinnest." Jerdon adds: "Compared with the Kashmir stag this one
has the beam still more bent at the origin of the median tine, and
thus more removed from _C. elaphus_, and like _C. Wallichii_ (_C.
Cashmirianus_)." The second basal tine or bez antler is generally
present, even in the second pair of horns assumed. Moreover the
simple bifurcation of the crown mentioned above is a still more
characteristic point of difference both from the Kashmir
_barasingha_ and the stag of Europe.
Regarding the nomenclature of this species there seems to be some
uncertainty. Jerdon himself was doubtful whether the _shou_ was not
_C. Wallichii_, and the Kashmir stag _C. Cashmirianus_. He says: "It
is a point reserved for future travellers and sportsmen to ascertain
the limits of _C. Wallichii_ east and _C. affinis_ west, for, as Dr.
Sclater remarks, it would be contrary to all analogy to find two
species of the same type inhabiting one district."
Sir Victor Brooke writes: "Should _Cervus Wallichii_ (_Cuvier_)
prove to be specifically identical with _Cervus affinis_ (_Hodgson_),
the former name, having priority, must stand."
SIZE.--Length, about 8 feet; height at shoulders, 4-1/2 to 5 feet.
Horns quoted by Jerdon 54 inches round curve, 47 inches in divergence
between the two outer snags. Longest basal tine, 12 inches; the
medians, 8 inches.
* * * * *
An allied stag, _Cervus maral_, is found in Circassia and Persia.
Sir Victor Brooke mentions a pair kept for some years in one of his
parks, which never interbred with the red deer, and kept apart from
them. "The old stag _maral_, though considerably larger in size,
lived in great fear of the red deer stag." Another very fine species,
_Cervus Eustephanus_, was discovered by Mr. W. Blanford inhabiting
the Thian Shan mountains. As yet it is only known from its antlers,
which are of great size, and in their flattened crowns closely
resemble Wapiti horns.
TRAGULIDAE--THE CHEVROTIANS OR DEERLETS.
Animals of small size and delicate graceful form, which are separated
from the deer and oxen by certain peculiarities which approximate
them to the swine in their feet. They are, however, ruminants, having
the complex stomach, composed of paunch, honeycomb-bag and reed, the
manyplies being almost rudimentary; but in the true ruminants the
two centre metacarpals are fused into a single bone, whilst the outer
ones are rudimentary. In the pig all the metacarpal bones are
distinct, and the African Tragulus closely resembles it. The Asiatic
ones have the two centre bones fused, but the inner and outer ones
are entire and distinct as in the swine. The legs are, however,
remarkably delicate, and so slight as to be not much thicker than
an ordinary lead pencil. The males have pendant tusks, like those
of the musk and rib-faced deer.
_GENUS TRAGULUS_.
Has the hinder part of metatarsus bald and callous.
NO. 478. TRAGULUS NAPU.
_The Javan Deerlet_.
NATIVE NAME.--_Napu_.
HABITAT.--Tenasserim and the Malay countries.
[Illustration: _Tragulus napu_.]
DESCRIPTION.--Above rusty brown, with three whitish stripes;
under-parts white, tail tipped with white, muzzle black.
* * * * *
_Tragulus kauchil_ is another Malayan species yet smaller than the
preceding; it may be found in Tenasserim. It is darker in colour than
the last, especially along the back, with a broad black band across
the chest.
_GENUS MEMINNA_.
Hinder edge of metatarsus covered with hair.
NO. 479. MEMINNA INDICA.
_Indian Mouse Deer_.
NATIVE NAMES.--_Pisuri_, _Pisora_, _Pisai_, Hindi and Mahratti;
_Mugi_ in Central India; _Turi-maoo_, Gondi; _Jitri-haran_,
Bengali; _Gandwa_, Ooria; _Yar_ of the Koles; _Wal-mooha_,
Singhalese.
HABITAT.--In all the large forests of India; but is not known,
according to Jerdon, in the countries eastward of the Bay of Bengal.
It is common in the bamboo forests of the Central provinces, where
I obtained it on several occasions.
[Illustration: Mouse Deer. (From Sir Emerson Tennant's 'Ceylon,' by
permission of Messrs. Longmans.)]
DESCRIPTION.--"Above olivaceous, mixed with yellow grey; white
below; sides of the body with yellowish-white lines formed of
interrupted spots, the upper rows of which are joined to those of
the opposite side by some transverse spots; ears reddish-brown"
(_Jerdon_). The colour however varies; some are darker than others.
SIZE.--Length, 22 to 23 inches; tail, 1-1/2 inches; height, 10 to
12 inches. Weight, 5 to 6 lbs.
The above measurements and weight are taken from Jerdon. Professor
Garrod (Cassell's Nat. His.) gives eighteen inches for length and
eight inches for height, which is nearer the size of those I have
kept in confinement; but mine were young animals. They are timid and
delicate, but become very tame, and I have had them running loose
about the house. They trip about most daintily on the tips of their
toes, and look as if a puff of wind would blow them away.
They are said to rut in June and July, and bring forth two young about
the end of the rainy season.
TRIBE TYLOPODA--THE CAMELS.
This name, which is derived from the Greek [Greek: tulos], a swelling,
pad, or knot, and [Greek: pous], a foot, is applied to the camels
and llamas, whose feet are composed of toes protected by cushion-like
soles, and not by a horny covering like those of the Artiodactyli
generally. The foot of the camel consists of two toes tipped by small
nails, and protected by soft pads which spread out laterally when
pressed on the ground. The two centre metacarpal bones are fused into
one cannon bone, and the phalanges of the outer and inner digits which
are more or less traceable in all the other families of the
Artiodactyli are entirely absent.
The dentition of the camel too is somewhat different from the rest
of the Ruminantia, for in the front of the upper jaw there are two
teeth placed laterally, one on each side, whereas in all other
ruminating animals there are no cutting teeth in the upper jaw--only
a hard pad, on which the lower teeth are pressed in the act of tearing
off herbage.
The stomach of the camel is the third peculiarity which distinguishes
it. The psalterium or manyplies is wanting. The abomasum or "reed"
is of great length, and the rumen or paunch is lined with cells, deep
and narrow, like those of a honeycomb, closed by a membrane, the
orifice of which is at the control of the animal. These cells are
for the purpose of storing water, of which the stomach when fully
distended will hold about six quarts. The second stomach or reticulum
is also deeply grooved.
The hump of the camel may also be said to contain a store of food.
It consists of fatty cells connected by bands of fibrous tissue,
which are absorbed, like the fat of hibernating bears, into the
system in times of deprivation. Hard work and bad feeding will soon
bring down a camel's hump; and the Arab of the desert is said to pay
particular attention to this part of his animal's body.
There are two species of true camel, _Camelus dromedarius_, with one
hump only, most commonly seen in India, and _C. bactrianus_, the
two-humped camel, a shorter, coarser-looking, and less speedy
animal.
There never was a creature about whom more poetical nonsense has been
written. He has been extolled to the skies as patient, long-suffering,
the friend of man, and what not. In reality he is a grumbling,
discontented, morose brute, working only under compulsion and
continual protest, and all writers who know anything of him agree
in the above estimate of his disposition. The camel is nowhere found
in a wild state.
ORDER EDENTATA.
These are animals without teeth, according to the name of their order.
They are however without teeth only in the front of the jaw in all,
but with a few molars in some, the Indian forms however are truly
edentate, having no teeth at all. In those genera where teeth are
present there are molars without enamel or distinct roots, but with
a hollow base growing from below and composed of three structures,
vaso-dentine, hard dentine and cement, which, wearing away
irregularly according to hardness, form the necessary inequality for
grinding purposes.
The order is subdivided into two groups: _Tardigrada_, or sloths,
and _Effodientia_ or burrowers. With the former we have nothing to
do, as they are peculiar to the American continent. The burrowers
are divided into the following genera: _Manis_, the scaly
ant-eaters; _Dasypus_, the armadillos; _Chlamydophorus_, the
pichiciagos; _Orycteropus_, the ant-bears, and _Myrmecophaga_, the
American ant-eaters.
Of these we have only one genus in India; _Manis_, the pangolin or
scaly ant-eater, species of which are found in Africa as well as Asia.
_GENUS MANIS_.
Small animals from two to nearly five feet in length; elongated
cylindrical bodies with long tails, covered from snout to tip of tail
with large angular fish-like scales, from which in some parts of
India they are called _bun-rohu_, or the jungle carp; also in
Rungpore _Keyot-mach_, which Jerdon translates the fish of the
_Keyots_, but which probably means khet-mach or field-fish--but in
this I am open to correction. The scales overlap like tiles, the free
part pointing backwards. These form its defensive armour, for,
although the _manis_ possesses powerful claws, it never uses them
for offence, but when attacked rolls itself into a ball.
In walking it progresses slowly, arching its back and doubling its
fore-feet so as to put the upper surface to the ground and not the
palm. The hind-foot is planted normally--that is, with the sole on
the earth.
The tongue is very long and worm-like, and covered with glutinous
saliva; and, much of this moisture being required, the sub-maxillary
glands are very large, reaching down under the skin of the neck on
to the chest.
The external ear is very small, and internally it is somewhat
complicated, there being a large space in the temporal bone which
communicates with the internal ear, so that, according to Professor
Martin-Duncan, one tympanum is in communication with the other.
These animals are essentially diggers. The construction of their
fore-arms is such as to economise strength and the effectiveness of
their excavating instruments. The very doubling up of their toes
saves the points of their claws. The joints of the fore-fingers bend
downwards, and are endowed with powerful ligaments; and in the wrist
the scaphoid and semi-lunar bones are united by bone, which increases
its strength. As Professor Martin-Duncan remarks: "Every structure
in the creature's fore-limbs tends to the promotion of easy and
powerful digging, and, as the motion of scratching the ground is
directly downwards and backwards, the power of moving the wrist
half-round and presenting the palm more or less upwards, as in the
sloths and in man, does not exist. In order to prevent this pronation
and supination the part of the fore-arm bone, the radius, next to
the elbow, is not rounded, but forms part of a hinge joint." He also
notices another interesting peculiarity in the chest of this animal,
the breast-bone being very long; the cartilage at end large, with
two long projections resembling those of the lizards. There is no
collar-bone.
NO. 480. MANIS PENTADACTYLA _vel_ BRACHYURA.
_The Five-fingered or Short-tailed Pangolin_ (_Jerdon's No. 241_).
NATIVE NAMES.--_Bajar-kit_, _Bajra-kapta_, _Sillu_, _Sukun-khor_,
_Sal-salu_, Hindi; _Shalma_ of the Bauris; _Armoi_ of the Kols;
_Kauli-mah_, _Kauli-manjra_, _Kassoli-manjur_, Mahratti; _Alawa_,
Telegu; _Alangu_, Malabarese; _Bun-rohu_ in the Deccan, Central
provinces, &c.; _Keyot-mach_, in Rungpore; _Katpohu_, in parts of
Bengal; _Caballaya_, Singhalese.
HABITAT.--Throughout India. Jerdon says most common in hilly
districts, but nowhere abundant. I have found it myself in the
Satpura range, where it is called _Bun-rohu_.
[Illustration: _Manis pentadactyla_.]
DESCRIPTION.--Tail shorter than the body, broad at the base,
tapering gradually to a point. Eleven to thirteen longitudinal rows
of sixteen scales on the trunk, and a mesial line of fourteen on the
tail; middle nail of fore-foot much larger than the others. Scales
thick, striated at base; yellowish-brown or light olive. Lower side
of head, body, and feet, nude; nose fleshy; soles of hind-feet dark.
SIZE.--Head and body, 24 to 27 inches; tail, about 18. Jerdon gives
the weight of a female measuring 40 inches as 21 pounds.
This species burrows in the ground to a depth of a dozen feet, more
or less, where it makes a large chamber, sometimes six feet in
circumference. It lives in pairs, and has from one to two young ones
at a time in the spring months. Sir W. Elliot, who gives an
interesting detailed account of it, says that it closes up the
entrance to its burrow with earth when in it, so that it would be
difficult to find it but for the peculiar track it leaves (_see_
'Madras Journal,' x. p. 218). There is also a good account of it by
Tickell in the 'Journal As. Soc. of Bengal,' xi. p. 221, and some
interesting details regarding one in captivity by the late
Brigadier-General A. C. McMaster in his 'Notes on Jerdon.' I have
had specimens brought to me by the Gonds, but found them very
somnolent during the day, being, as most of the above authors state,
nocturnal in its habits. The first one I got had been kept for some
time without water, and drank most eagerly when it arrived, in the
manner described by Sir Walter Elliot, "by rapidly darting out its
long extensile tongue, which it repeated so quickly as to fill the
water with froth."
The only noise it makes is a faint hiss. It sleeps rolled up, with
the head between the fore-legs and the tail folded firmly over all.
The natives believe in the aphrodisine virtues of its flesh.
NO. 481. MANIS AURITA.
_The Eared Pangolin_ (_Jerdon's No. 242_).
HABITAT.--Sikhim, and along the hill ranges of the Indo-Chinese
frontier. Dr. Anderson says it is common in all the hilly country
east of Bhamo.
DESCRIPTION.--Tail shorter and not so thick at the base as that of
the last; the body less heavy; smaller and darker scales; muzzle
acute; ears conspicuous; scales of head and neck not so small in
proportion as in _M. pentadactyla_.
SIZE.--Head and body of one mentioned by Jerdon, 19 inches; tail,
15-1/4 inches.
NO. 482. MANIS JAVANICA.
_The Javan Ant-eater_.
HABITAT.--Burmah and the Malayan peninsula; also Tipperah.
DESCRIPTION.--To be distinguished from the two preceding species by
the greater number of longitudinal rows of scales, _M. pentadactyla_
having from eleven to thirteen, _M. aurita_ from fifteen to eighteen,
and _M. Javanica_ nineteen. Taking the number of scales in the
longitudinal mesial line from the nose to the tip of the tail in _M.
pentadactyla_, it is forty-two; in _aurita_ forty-eight to
fifty-six; in _Javanica_ as high as sixty-four; on the tail the
scales are: _M. pentadactyla_, fourteen; _M. aurita_ sixteen to
twenty; _M. Javanica_ thirty.
* * * * *
I am indebted to Dr. Anderson's 'Zoological and Anatomical
Researches' for the following summary of characteristics:--
"_M. pentadactyla_ by its less heavy body; by its tail, which is broad
at the base, tapering gradually to a point, and equalling the length
of the head and trunk; by its large light olive-brown scales, of which
there are only from eleven to thirteen longitudinal rows on the trunk,
and a mesial line of fourteen on the tail; and by its powerful
fore-claws, the centre one of which is somewhat more than twice as
long as the corresponding claw of the hinder extremity. _M. aurita_
is distinguished from _M. pentadactyla_ by its less heavy body; by
its rather shorter tail, which has less basal breadth than _M.
pentadactyla_; by its smaller and darker brown, almost black scales
in the adult, which are more numerous, there being from fifteen to
eighteen longitudinal rows on the trunk, seventeen rows being the
normal number, and sixteen to twenty caudal plates in the mesial
line; and by its strong fore-claws, the middle one of which is not
quite twice as long as the corresponding claw on the hind foot.
"_M. Javanica_ is recognised by its body being longer and more
attenuated than in the two foregoing species; by its narrower and
more tapered tail; by its longer and more foliaceous or darker
olive-brown scales, of which there are nineteen longitudinal rows
on the trunk, and as many as thirty along the mesial line of the tail;
and by the claws of the fore-feet being not nearly so long as in _M.
aurita_, and being but little in excess of the claws of the
hind-feet."
APPENDIX A.
FAMILY MYOXIDAE--THE DORMICE.
These small rodents approximate more to the squirrels than the true
mice; but they differ from all others intestinally by the absence
of a caecum. They have four rooted molars in each upper and lower
jaw, the first of each set being smaller than the other three, the
crowns being composed of transverse ridges of enamel. In form they
are somewhat squirrel-like, with short fore-limbs, and hairy, though
not bushy, tails. The thumb is rudimentary, with a small, flat nail;
hind-feet with five toes.
[Illustration: Dentition of Dormouse (magnified).]
The common English dormouse is a most charming little animal, and
a great pet with children. I have had several, and possess a pair
now which are very tame. They are elegant little creatures, about
three inches long, with tails two and a-half inches; soft deep fur
of a pale reddish-tawny above, pale yellowish-fawn below, and white
on the chest. The eyes are large, lustrous, and jet-black. The tails
of some are slightly tufted at the end. They are quite free from the
objectionable smell of mice. In their habits they are nocturnal,
sleeping all day and becoming very lively at night. I feed mine on
nuts, and give them a slice of apple every evening; no water to drink,
unless succulent fruits are not to be had, and then sparingly. The
dormouse in its wild state lives on fruits, seeds, nuts and buds.
In cold countries it hibernates, previous to which it becomes very
fat. It makes for itself a little globular nest of twigs, grass, and
moss, pine-needles, and leaves, in which it passes the winter in a
torpid state. "The dormouse lives in small societies in thickets and
hedgerows, where it is as active in its way amongst the bushes and
undergrowth as its cousin the squirrel upon the larger trees. Among
the small twigs and branches of the shrubs and small trees the dormice
climb with wonderful adroitness, often, indeed, hanging by their
hind feet from a twig, in order to reach and operate on a fruit or
a nut which is otherwise inaccessible, and running along the lower
surface of a branch with the activity and certainty of a monkey"
(_Dallas_). This little animal is supposed to breed twice in the
year--in spring and autumn. It is doubtful whether we have any true
_Myoxidae_ in India, unless _Mus gliroides_ should turn out to be
a _Myoxus_. The following is mentioned in Blanford's 'Eastern
Persia': _Myoxus pictus_--new species, I think; I regret I have not
the book by me at present--also _Myoxus dryas_, of which I find a
pencil note in my papers. Mouse-red on the back, white belly with
a rufous band between; white forehead; a black stripe from the nose
to the ears, passing through the eye.
[Illustration: _Myoxus_.]
APPENDIX B.
[Illustration: _Osteology of the Skull of Platanista Gangetica,
section 257_. A. Side view. B. Upper view. C. Back tooth. D. Front
tooth.]
The above illustration was by accident omitted from the text.
APPENDIX C.
NOTES ON SOME OF THE FOREGOING SPECIES.
_The Slow Loris_, No 28.--This creature sometimes assumes the erect
posture, though in general it creeps. The following illustration
shows an attitude observed and sketched by Captain Tickell, as the
animal was about to seize a cockroach. When it had approached within
ten or twelve inches, it drew its hind feet gradually forward until
almost under its chest; it then cautiously and slowly raised itself
up into a standing position, balancing itself awkwardly with its
uplifted arms; and then, to his astonishment, flung itself, not upon
the insect, which was off "like an arrow from a Tartar's bow," but
on the spot which it had, half a second before, tenanted.
[Illustration: Slow Loris and a cockroach.]
_Trade Statistics of Fur-skins_, Mustelidae.--The Philadelphia
_Times_, in an article on furs, says that the best sealskins come
from the antarctic waters, principally from the Shetland Islands.
New York receives the bulk of American skins, which are shipped to
various ports. London is the great centre of the fur trade of the
world. In the United States the sea-bear of the north has the most
valuable skin. Since 1862 over 500,000 have been killed on Behring
Island alone. In 1867 there were 27,500 sea-bears killed; in 1871
there was a very large decrease, only 3,614 being killed. There were
26,960 killed in 1876; and in 1880 the number killed was 48,504, a
large increase. Sea-otter fur is about as expensive as any, and some
48,000 skins are used yearly. Over 100,000 marten or Russian sable
skins are annually used. Only about 2,000 silver foxes are caught
every year; and about 6,500 blue foxes. Other fox skins are used more
or less. About 600 tiger skins are used yearly, over 11,000 wild cat
skins, and a very large trade is being carried on in house cat skins.
About 350,000 skunk and 42,000 monkey skins are utilised annually.
The trade in ermine skins is falling off, as is also the trade in
chinchilla. About 3,000,000 South American nutrias are killed every
year, and a very large business is carried on in musk-rat skins. About
15,000 each of American bear and buffalo skins were used last year.
There are also used each year about 3,000,000 lamb, 5,000,000 rabbit,
6,000,000 squirrel, and 620,000 filch skins; also 195,000 European
hamster, and nearly 5,000,000 European and Asiatic hares.
_Tigers_, No. 201.--Since writing on the subject of the size of
tigers I have received the following extract from a letter addressed
to the editor of _The Asian_. Both the animals were measured on the
ground before being skinned, and in the presence of all whose names
are given:--
"Tiger shot on the 6th of July, 1882. Party present: C. A.
Shillingford, Esq.; J. L. Shillingford, Esq.; F. A. Shillingford,
Esq.; A. J. Shillingford, Esq. Length of head, 1 ft. 8-1/2 in.; body,
5 ft. 6-1/2 in.; tail, 3 ft. 6-1/2 in.; total length, 10 ft. 9-1/2
in. Height at shoulder, 3 ft. 7 in.
"Tiger shot on the 17th of March, 1883. Party present: The Earl of
Yarborough; A. E. Fellowes, Esq.; Col. R. C. Money, B.S.C.; Capt.
C. H. Mayne, A.D.C.; Lieut. R. Money; J. D. Shillingford, Esq. Length
of head, 1 ft. 8 in.; body, 5 ft. 7 in.; tail, 3 ft. 5-1/2 in.; total
length, 10 ft. 8-1/2 in. Height at shoulder, 3 ft. 8-1/2 in.; girth
of head round jaw, 3 ft. 1-1/2 in.; girth of body round chest, 4 ft.
7 in.
"The latter animal, though not so long as the former, was the larger
animal of the two, being more massively built, and by far the finer
specimen of a tiger. He was shot by Mr. Fellowes while out shooting
in the Maharajah of Darbhanga's hunt in the Morung Terai."
The following is an extract from a letter lately received by me from
General Sir Charles Reid, K.C.B., with reference to an enormous tiger
killed by him:--
"I had a tiger in the Exhibition of 1862, and which is now in the
museum at Leeds, which was the largest tiger I ever killed or ever
saw. As he lay on the ground he measured 12 feet 2 inches--his height
I did not measure--from the tip of one ear to the tip of the other
19-1/2 inches. I never took skull measurements, nor did I ever weigh
a tiger. I had another in the International Exhibition, which
measured 11-1/2 feet fair measurement as he lay on the ground. The
one at Leeds 12 feet 2 inches, as before mentioned, is not now more
than 11 feet 6 inches. Mr. Ward was not satisfied with the Indian
curing, and had it done over again, and it shrunk nearly a foot. The
three tigers[41] mentioned are the largest I ever killed--all Dhoon
tigers."
[Footnote 41: The third tiger is one which Sir Charles Reid has had
set up, and is now in his house; it measured, as he lay on the ground,
10 ft. 6 in. He then goes on to say that his father-in-law had killed
in the Dhoon four or five tigers over 11 feet, and that the late Sir
Andrew Waugh told him he had killed one in the same place 13 feet.
He says: "I believe the Dhoon tigers are the largest and finest beasts
that are found in any part of India." Their coats are longer and
thicker also.]
_Elephants_, No. 425--The two Indian elephants now in the Zoological
Society's Gardens, in Regent's Park, are interesting examples of the
growth of these animals in captivity. I regret extremely that I have
not been able to get accurate statistics regarding them before
leaving England; I was obliged to put off several proposed visits
to the Gardens in consequence of ill health, and am now correcting
the final proof-sheets of this work on board ship, preparatory to
posting them at Suez, so I must trust to memory for what I heard
concerning them.
The large male, _Jung Pershad_, must be close upon nine feet high,
and the female, _Suffa Kulli_, at least seven feet; and I was
astonished to find that they were the same that I had seen as little
things in the Prince of Wales's collection in 1876. _Suffa Kulli's_
age is not more than fifteen, yet she has been in a fair way of
becoming a mother. There was no doubt as to the possibility, and she
seemed to show some signs of it, but it ended in disappointment;
however it is hoped that she will yet prove that these noble animals
may be bred in captivity.
_Osteology of the feet in Ruminantia_, Artiodactyla--The following
illustrations were inadvertently omitted from the text in the
section on the _Artiodactyla_.
[Illustration: 1. Pig, or African deerlet. 2. Javan deerlet. 3.
Roebuck. 4. Sheep. 5. Camel.]
_Wild Boar_, No. 434.--A few days before leaving England, I called
to say good-bye to an old friend well known in Calcutta and Lower
Bengal, Dr. Charles Palmer. He asked me whether I had ever heard of
a boar killing a tiger, and, on my answering in the affirmative, he
told me he had just heard from his son, who had witnessed a fight
between these two animals, in which the boar came off victorious,
leaving his antagonist dead on the field.
_Ovis Polii_, No. 438.--Mr. Carter in one of his letters to me says:
"I see that you make the biggest horns of _Ovis Polii_ 53 inches from
tip to tip. In a photo of one brought down by the Yarkhand Expedition,
which had a foot rule laid close, so as to scale it, the distance
from tip to tip is nearly five feet."
I do not know which particular head is referred to, but two out of
the three measurements given by me were of the finest heads brought
down by the Expedition. There may have been a smaller pair with a
wider spread, as the 73-inch horns I also mention, and which Sir
Victor Brooke, to whom I sent a photograph, tells me is the finest
head he has heard of, has only a spread of 48 inches.
_Ovis cycloceros_, No. 443.--I gave from 25 to 30 inches as an average
size for the horns of this species, but Captain W. Cotton, F.Z.S.,
writes to me that he sent home a pair of ovrial horns from Cabul,
35-1/2 inches, and that there is a pair in the R.A. mess at Attock
38-1/2 inches, but very thin. They were looted in the Jowaki campaign.
This sheep has bred freely in the Zoological Society's Gardens, and
two hybrids have been born there from a male of this species and the
Corsican mouflon, _Ovis musimon_.
I mentioned that there is in the Gardens a specimen of _Ovis
Blanfordi_. I see by the Society's list that this was presented by
Captain Cotton; the habitat given is Afghanistan.
_The Wild Goat of Asia Minor_, No. 448.--Mr. Carter writes to me:
"In one of your letters you mention the Scind ibex, which is a wild
goat. I have a photo of a head 31 inches round curve, but Mr.
Inverarity, barrister, Bombay, says he has seen one 52-1/2. The
animal is not much bigger than the black buck." This last agrees with
the estimate I formed from the specimens in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta.
_Tetraceros sub-quadricornutus_, No. 463.--It is doubtful whether
Elliot's antelope should stand as a separate species; Blyth was
against it, and Jerdon followed him, and I incline to think that it
is only a variety. Dr. Sclater, to whom I mentioned the subject,
appeared to me to agree in this view, but I see he includes it in
his list of the Society's mammals. Being adverse to the
multiplication of species, I gave it the benefit of the doubt, and
included it with _T. quadricornis_; but, as I have received one or
two letters from writers whose opinions are entitled to
consideration, I mention them here, merely stating that I still feel
inclined to doubt the propriety of promoting _sub-quadricornutus_
to the dignity of a species. Dr. Gray was certainly of opinion it
was separate; but then, great naturalist as he was, his peculiar
foible was minute sub-division.
The claims of Elliot's antelope to separate rank are: absence of the
anterior horns, or with only a trace; smaller size; lighter colour;
but even the larger, darker _quadricornis_ is sometimes without the
anterior horns; and, unless some other marked difference is found
in the skull, it is hardly sufficient to warrant separation. However,
I will give what others say on the subject.
"I can scarcely agree with you as to Elliot's antelope not being a
good species, I have therefore taken the trouble of having a most
accurate and full-size sketch of the skull of one made, and if you
will compare it with those of the ordinary _quadricornis_ I think
you will see a well-marked difference. Dr. Gray wrote to me, and said
that there was the recognised species of _sub-quadricornutus_."--Letter
from Mr. H. R. P. Carter, "Smoothbore" of the _Field_.
The following is an extract from a letter signed "Bheel," addressed
to the editor of _The Asian_, which appeared in that paper:--
"In the jungles of Rajputana, especially about the Arravelli Range,
I have shot repeatedly very small, exceedingly shy deer, called by
the Bheels and shikaries in this part 'bhutar.' They are very much
smaller than the four-horned antelope, having very sharp thin horns
about two inches in length, which are perfectly smooth, as if
polished, and black. The colour of the skin is light brown, somewhat
like a chinkara, white inside the limbs and under the belly. The hair
on the skin is short, smooth and glossy. The feet are exceedingly
small, about one-third in size smaller than that of the four-horned
antelope. They are very retiring little creatures, and very
difficult to bag. They run, or, more appropriately, bound with
amazing swiftness when disturbed, and disappear like some passing
shadow. These little deer live on the lower spurs of the hills, and
are generally found in pairs. They are very plump, and appear to be
always in good condition. The last one I shot was last year. The
females are hornless.
"The four-horned antelope is described accurately by Mr. Sterndale,
only that, in my humble opinion, I do not consider it to be the
smallest of the ruminant species. The 'Bheel' name for this creature
is 'fonkra.' It is found in the thick jungles at the foot of the hills.
It selects some secluded spot, which it does not desert when
disturbed, returning invariably to its hiding-place when the coast
is clear. I noticed this very particularly. The hair of the 'fonkra'
is comparatively much longer than the bhutar's, and the colour is
a great deal darker. Could Mr. Sterndale kindly let me know the Latin
name for the 'bhutar'? I am sure it can't be _Cervulus aureus_ (kakur,
or barking deer), because the colour given of this deer is a beautiful
bright glossy red or chesnut, while, as I have mentioned above, the
colour of the bhutar is light brown."
"Bheel's" "bhutar" is evidently Elliot's _sub-quadricornutus_.
_The Gaur_, No. 464.--Jerdon doubted the existence of this animal
in the Himalayan Terai, according to Hodgson's assertion; but
Hodgson was right, for I have a letter before me which I received
some time back from Dr. W. Forsyth, stating that a few days previously
a companion of his shot a large solitary bull (6 feet 1 inch at the
shoulder) in the Terai, and he himself knocked one and lost another
the day before he wrote. The local name is _gauri-gai_.
[Illustration: The Gaur.]
I also received a letter through the columns of _The Asian_ from
"Snapshot," vouching for the existence of the _gaur_ in the
Darjeeling Terai.
Another correspondent of _The Asian_ writes regarding the naming of
this species:--
"In referring to Mr. Sterndale's descriptions of the gaur and gayal,
in your issues of the 28th March and 11th April, I trust that that
gentleman will not be offended by my making a few remarks on the
subject, and that he will set me right if I am in the wrong. I see
that he has perpetuated what appears to my unscientific self a
mistake on the part of the old writers--Colebrooke, Buchanan, Trail,
and others, who I fancy got confused, and mixed up the animals. The
local name for the Central Indian ox is over a large tract of country
the gayal, or gyll; and this, being the animal with the peculiar
frontal development, was most probably named bos, or _Gavaeus
frontalis_, whilst the mithun, or Eastern Bengal animal, was the gaur.
It seems to me, therefore, that the names should be transposed. Will
Mr. Sterndale consider this, if he has not already done so; and, if
I am wrong, tell me why the animal with peculiar frontal development,
and called the gayal locally, should not have been named _frontalis_,
whilst the animal called mithun, with nothing peculiar in his frontal
development, is so called?
"Orissa, _April 15th, 1882_.
"CHAMPSE.
"P.S.--Do any of the Eastern Bengal races call this mithun gayal?"
I think Hodgson's name _Bibos cavifrons_ is a sufficient proof that
_Gavaeus gaurus_ is applicable to the animal with the high frontal
crest, which is the species inhabiting the Himalayan Terai, and is
locally known as the _gaur_, or _gauri-gai_. It is known as _gayal_
in some parts of India, but, where the people are familiar with the
_mithun_, the _gaur_ is called _asl'gayal_, from whence Horsfield's
name _Bibos asseel_. Probably the _mithun_ was called _frontalis_,
under ignorance of a species with a still greater frontal
development.
_Gavaeus frontalis_ interbreeds freely with domesticated cattle of
all kinds. In the Society's Gardens are several hybrids between this
and _Bos Indicus_, one of which hybrids again interbred with American
bison (_Bison Americanus_), the progeny being one-half bison, and
one-quarter each _frontalis_ and _Indicus_.
APPENDIX D.
As many specimens are spoilt by either insufficient curing, or curing
by wrong methods, I have asked Mr. Geo. F. Butt, F.Z.S., who was for
many years manager to Edwin Ward, whom he has now succeeded, to give
me a page or two of useful hints on the preservation of skins. The
following notes are what he has kindly placed at my disposal. I know
of no one I can more strongly recommend for good work than Mr. Butt.
Some of his groups are works of art, with most lifelike finish. I
have just seen a bear set up by him which seems almost to breathe.
NOTES ON SKINNING THE MAMMALIA AND THE PRESERVATION OF SKINS. By GEO.
F. BUTT, F.Z.S., Naturalist to the Royal Family, 49, Wigmore Street,
London, W.
The quadruped killed, the first and important step is to plug up the
nostrils and throat with cotton-wool or tow, as also any wound from
which blood may escape. Place the animal on its back, make a
longitudinal incision with the knife at the lower part of the belly
(the vent), and thence in as straight a line as possible extending
to the chin bone, taking particular care that during the operation
the hair is carefully divided and not cut. Vertical incisions may
then be made extending down the inside of each leg to the claws. The
skin can then be turned back in every direction as far as the extent
of the incisions will admit of--the legs may now be freed from the
skin. Next make a straight incision down the under part of the tail
to the tip, turn the skin back until it is free. Having executed this,
there remains only to remove the skin from the back and head; to do
this place the carcase on its side, and with the scalpel carefully
separate the skin by drawing it towards the head, in skinning which
care being taken to cut the ears as close to the skull as possible,
leaving the cartilage in the skin; the eyelids, also nose and lips,
should be carefully skinned without injury. The skin is now free from
the carcase. Turn the ears inside out, the nostrils, lips, and feet,
removing all cartilage and flesh.
Place the skin open on the ground with the fur side down, and remove
the flesh and pieces of fat adhering; scrape the skin well, so as
to get away all the loose particles of under-skin or pelt. When this
has been thoroughly done, take powdered alum plentifully, and, with
a _very_ small quantity of common salt, rub well into the skin,
especially into the ears, nostrils, lips, and feet, so that every
portion of the skin is powerfully impregnated. Allow the skin to lie
in this condition for an hour or so, then place it on a line or branch
to dry. The operation should be carried on in the shade, if possible.
If the specimen is not for stuffing it may be pegged out to dry on
the ground, but in no one instance should a skin be unduly strained
out of shape, which is often done in order to make it appear larger
than it really is, a mistake which is very common.
When this operation is completed, and the skin dry, it is ready for
packing, and should be folded, with the fur or hair inside, and placed
in a sound box or case well protected against the visits of ants,
beetles, or moth.
Where it is intended that the animal should be ultimately stuffed
whole, it is necessary to preserve the leg bones. These should be
separated from the trunk at the os humeri or shoulder-joint, and at
the os femoris or thigh bones; these bones cleanse from flesh.
The skull in every instance should be preserved: remove the flesh
and brain; to do this place the skull in boiling water for five or
ten minutes--in the case of small skulls for five minutes only, care
being taken that the teeth are not lost. In packing skulls each one
should be tied up in paper, marked with a corresponding number to
the skin to which it belongs, and packed firmly, to prevent rolling
about, the result of which is often broken teeth and disappointment.
Another excellent method for the preservation of skins of mammalia,
where convenience will permit, and which can be followed with
confidence, is as follows: After the skin has been treated according
to the directions given--viz. thoroughly scraped and cleansed of all
adherent particles of flesh, &c.--place it entirely in a tub or cask
in which a solution or pickle has been previously prepared, as
follows: to every gallon of cold water add 1 lb. powdered alum, 1/2
oz. saltpetre, 2 oz. common salt; well mix. Allow the skin to remain
about a couple of days, after which hang it up to dry and for packing.
INDEX.
A.
Acanthion longicauda, 405
Ailuropus melanoleucos, 168
Ailurus fulgens, 169
Alactaga Indica, 401
Antelope bezoartica, 461
Anurosorex Assamensis, 149
Aonyx leptonyx, 199
Arctictis binturong, 235
Arctomys aureus, 313
" bobac, 310
" caudatus, 311
" dichrous, 314
" Hemachalanus, 312
" robustus, 315
Arctonyx collaris, 170
" taxoides, 171
Arvicola Blanfordi, 391
" Blythii, 392
" mandarinus, 393
" melanogaster, 395
" Roylei, 390
" Sikimensis, 394
" Stoliczkanus, 387
" Stracheyi, 388
" Wynnei, 389
Atherura fasciculata, 402
Axis maculatus, 472
" porcinus, 473
B.
Balaenoptera Indica, 271
Barbastellus communis, 120
Bubalus arni, 468
Budorcas taxicolor, 455
C.
Canis aureus, 248
" laniger, 246
" lupus, 247
" pallipes, 245
" rutilans, 249
Capra aegagrus, 448
" hylocrius, 450
" Jemlaicus, 449
" megaceros, 446
" Sibirica, 447
Cervulus muntjac _vel_ aureus, 470
Cervus affinis _vel_ Wallichii, 477
" Cashmirianus, 476
" maral, 477
Coelops Frithii, 68
Corsira Alpina, 148
Cricetus fulvus, 331
" phaeus, 330
Cuon rutilans, 249
Cynonycteris amplexicaudata, 32
Cynopterus marginatus, 33
D.
Delphinus fusiformis, 265
" gadamu, 262
" lentiginosus, 263
" longirostris, 267
" maculiventer, 264
" perniger, 260
" plumbeus, 261
" pomeegra, 266
" velox, 268
Dipus lagopus, 400
E.
Elephas Indicus, 425
Eonycteris spelaea, 35
Equus hemionus, 427
" onager, 426
Erinaceus Blanfordi, 154
" collaris, 150
" Grayi, 153
" Jerdoni, 155
" megalotis, 156
" micropus, 151
" pictus, 152
Euphysetes simus, 270
F.
Felis aurata, 210
" Bengalensis, 208
" caracal, 218
" chaus, 216
" Diardii _vel_ macrocelis, 205
" isabellina, 217
" Jerdoni, 209
" jubata, 219
" leo, 200
" manul, 213
" marmorata, 207
" panthera, 203
" pardus, 202
" rubiginosa, 211
" scripta, 214
" Shawiana, 215
" tigris, 201
" torquata, 212
" uncia, 204
" viverrina, 206
Feroculus macropus, 138
G.
Galaeopithecus volans, 30
Gavaeus frontalis, 465
" gaurus, 464
" Sondaicus, 466
Gazella Bennetti, 456
" fuscifrons, 457
" picticaudata, 459
" subgutterosa, 458
Gerbillus cryptorhinus, 319
" erythrurus, 320
" Hurrianae, 318
" Indicus, 317
" nanus, 321
Globicephalus Indicus, 269
Golunda Ellioti, 378
" meltada, 379
Gymnura Rafflesii, 162
H.
Halicore dugong, 272
Hapalomys longicaudatus, 380
Harpiocephalus auratus, 101
" cyclotis, 104
" griseus, 102
" harpia, 99
" leucogaster, 103
" suillus, 100
Helarctos gedrosianus, 165
" Malayanus, 166
" Tibetanus, 164
Helictis moschata, 176
" Nipalensis, 175
Hemitragus hylocrius, 450
" Jemlaicus, 449
Herpestes auropunctatus, 239
" ferrugineus, 242
" fuscus, 240
" Jerdoni _vel_ monticolus, 237
" Maccarthiae, 241
" pallidus _vel_ griseus, 236
" Smithii, 238
" vitticollis, 243
Hipposideros armiger, 54
" Blythii, 60
" cineraceus, 57
" diadema, 61
" larvatus, 58
" murinus, 56
" speoris, 55
" vulgaris, 59
Hyaena striata, 220
Hylobates hooluck, 1
" lar, 2
" syndactylus, 3
Hystrix Bengalensis, 404
" leucura, 403
" longicauda, 405
" Yunnanensis, 406
I.
Inuus arctoides, 22
" leoninus, 21
" nemestrinus, 20
" pelops, 19
" rhesus, 18
" silenus, 17
" Thibetanus, 23
K.
Kerivoula Hardwickii, 107
" pallida, 105-106
" papillosa, 106
" picta, 105
L.
Lagomys auritus, 421
" Curzoniae, 419
" griseus, 423
" Ladacensis, 420
" macrotis, 422
" Roylei, 418
" rufescens, 424
Lasiurus Pearsonii, 99
Leggada Jerdoni, 376
" lepida, 377
" platythrix, 374
" spinulosa, 375
Lepus craspedotis, 416
" hispidus, 417
" hypsibius, 410
" nigricollis, 408
" pallipes, 411
" Pamirensis, 414
" Peguensis, 409
" ruficaudatus, 407
" Stoliczkanus, 415
" Tibetanus, 412
" Yarkandensis, 413
Loris gracilis, 29
Lutra aurobrunnea, 198
" Ellioti, 197
" monticola _vel_ simung, 196
" nair, 195
M.
Macacus arctoides, 22
" carbonarius, 27
" cynomolgus, 26
" leoninus, 21
" nemestrinus, 20
" pelops, 19
" pileatus, 25
" radiatus, 24
" rhesus, 18
" silenus, 17
" Thibetanus, 23
Macroglossus minimus, 34
Manis aurita, 481
" Javanica, 482
" pentadactyla _vel_ brachyura, 480
Martes abietum, 178
" flavigula, 177
" toufoeus, 179
Megaderma lyra, 36
" spasma, 38
" spectrum, 37
Meles albogularis, 173
" leucurus, 172
Mellivora Indica, 174
Melursus labiatus, 167
Meminna Indica, 479
Miniopterus Schreibersii, 119
Moschus moschiferus, 469
Mus aequicaudalis, 349
" Andamanensis, 334
" bactrianus, 359
" badius, 352
" Beaveni, 368
" brunneus, 340
" caudatior, 344
" cervicolor, 364
" Ceylonus, 347
" Chevrieri, 385
" concolor, 345
" Confucianus, 384
" crassipes, 360
" cunicularis, 369
" Darjeelingensis, 357
" decumanus, 333
" Elliotanus, 328
" erythronotus, 363
" erythrotis, 370
" flavipectus, 382
" fulvidiventris, 371
" giganteus, 329
" gliroides, 353
" griseipectus, 383
" homourus, 356
" infralineatus, 339
" Khakhyenensis, 372
" Nilagiricus, 351
" nitidulus, 367
" nitidus, 343
" niveiventer, 342
" oleraceus, 350
" ouang-thomae, 381
" pachycercus, 362
" palmarum, 346
" Peguensis, 354; ibid. 366 (By oversight this species has been
twice described.)
" plurimammis, 348
" pygmaeus, 386
" rattus, 332
" robustulus, 335
" rubricosa, 337
" rufescens, 341
" Sladeni, 336
" sublimis, 361
" terricolor, 365
" Tytleri, 358
" urbanus, 355
" viculorum, 373
" Yunnanensis, 338
Mustela alpina, 187
" canigula, 184
" erminea, 183
" Hodgsoni, 188
" Horsfieldi, 189
" kathiah, 181
" Sibirica, 186
" Stoliczkana, 185
" strigidorsa, 182
Myotis murinus, 108
" parvipes, 110
" Theobaldi, 109
Myoxus, Appendix A
N.
Nemorhoedus bubalina, 451
" Edwardsii, 453
" goral, 454
" rubida _vel_ Sumatrensis, 452
Nesokia Barclayiana, 327
" Blythiana, 326
" Elliotanus, 328
" giganteus, 329
" Hardwickii, 322
" Huttoni, 323
" providens, 325
" Scullyi, 324
Noctulinia noctula, 97-98
Nycticebus tardigradus, 28
Nycticejus atratus, 97-98
" canus, 97-98
" castaneus, 97-98
" Heathii, 97-98
" luteus, 97-98
" nivicolus, 97-98
" ornatus, 97-98
" Temminckii, 97-98
Nyctogale elegans, 147
Nyctophilus Geoffroyi, 121
O.
Orcella brevirostris, 258
" fluminalis, 259
Ovis Blanfordii, 444
" Brookei, 441
" cycloceros, 443
" Hodgsoni, 439
" Karelini, 440
" nahura _vel_ burhel, 445
" Polii, 438
" Vignei, 442
P.
Panolia Eldii, 475
Pantholops Hodgsonii, 460
Paradoxurus bondar, 230
" Grayii, 229
" laniger, 234
" leucotis, 232
" musanga, 228
" trivirgatus, 231
" zeylanicus, 233
Phyllorhina armigera, 64
" bicolor, 67
" diadema, 61
" galerita, 66
" leptophylla, 65
" Masoni, 62
" Nicobarensis, 63
Physeter simus, 270
Platacanthomys lasiurus, 316
Platanista Gangetica, 257
Plecotus auritus _vel_ homochrous, 77
Poephagus grunniens, 467
Porcula Salvania, 437
Portax pictus _vel_ tragocamelus, 462
Presbytes albinus, 16
" Barbei, 10
" cephalopterus, 13
" entellus, 4
" Johnii, 7
" jubatus, 8
" obscurus, 12
" Phayrei, 11
" pileatus, 9
" priamus, 6
" schistaceus, 5
" thersites, 15
" ursinus, 14
Prionodon gracilis, 227
" maculosus, 226
" pardicolor, 225
Pteromys albiventer, 303
" alboniger, 308
" alborufus, 301
" caniceps, 304
" cineraceus, 298
" fimbriatus, 307
" magnificus, 302
" melanopterus, 300
" oral, 297
" Pearsonii, 305
" spadiceus, 309
" Yunnanensis, 299
Pteropus Edwardsii _vel_ medius, 31
" Leschenaultii, 32
" minimus, 34
Putorius astutus, 193
" Davidianus, 192
" larvatus _vel_ Tibetanus, 191
" Moupinensis, 194
R.
Rhinoceros Indicus, 429
" lasiotis, 431
" Sondaicus, 430
" Sumatrensis, 432
Rhinolophus affinis, 43
" Andamanensis, 48
" coelophyllus, 50
" Garoensis, 51
" macrotis, 45
" minor, 49
" mitratus, 40
" Pearsonii, 42
" perniger _vel_ luctus, 39
" Petersii, 52
" rammanika, 47
" rouxi, 44
" sub-badius, 46
" tragatus _vel_ ferrum-equinum, 41
" trifoliatus, 53
Rhinopoma Hardwickii, 69
Rhinosciurus tupaoides, 296
Rhizomys badius, 396
" erythrogenys, 397
" minor, 399
" pruinosus, 398
Rucervus Duvaucelli, 474
" Eldii, 475
Rusa Aristotelis, 471
S.
Sciurus atrodorsalis, 283
" Berdmorei, 294
" Blanfordii, 282
" caniceps, 280
" erythraeus, 284
" ferrugineus, 288
" giganteus, 276
" Gordoni, 285
" hippurus, 286
" Indicus, 273
" Layardi, 291
" lokriah, 277
" lokroides, 278
" macrourus, 275
" maximus, 274
" palmarum, 289
" Phayrei, 281
" pygerythrus, 279
" quinquestriatus, 295
" Sladeni, 287
" sublineatus, 292
" tristriatus, 290
" tupaoides, 296
Scotophilus emarginatus, 95
" fuliginosus, 92
" Heathii, 94
" ornatus, 96
" pallidus, 97
" Temminckii, 93
Semnopithecus albinus, 16
" Barbei, 10
" cephalopterus, 13
" entellus, 4
" Johnii, 7
" jubatus, 8
" obscurus, 12
" Phayrei, 11
" pileatus, 9
" priamus, 6
" schistaceus, 5
" thersites, 15
" ursinus, 14
Sorex atratus, 144
" caerulescens, 125
" ferrugineus, 135
" Griffithi, 136
" heterodon, 137
" Hodgsoni, 139
" leucops, 132
T.
Taphozous longimanus, 70
" melanopogon, 71
" Kachhensis, 74
" saccolaimus, 72
" Theobaldi, 73
Tapirus Malayanus, 428
Taxidia leucurus, 172
Tetraceros quadricornis, 463
Tragulus napu, 478
Tupaia Chinensis, 160
" Ellioti, 158
" Nicobarica, 161
" Peguana _vel_ Belangeri, 159
U.
Ursus gedrosianus, 165
" Isabellinus, 163
" labiatus, 167
" Malayanus, 166
" torquatus _vel_ Tibetanus, 164
Urva cancrivora, 244
V.
Vespertilio Coromandelicus, 90
" emarginatus, 118
" formosus, 116
" longipes, 111
" montivagus, 114
" muricola, 113
" murinoides, 115
" murinus, 108
" mystacinus, 112
" Nepalensis, 117
Vesperugo Abramus, 90
" affinis, 81
" annectans, 86
" atratus, 83
" Coromandelianus, 90
" dormeri, 87
" Leisleri, 89
" leucotis, 79
" lobatus, 91
" maurus, 80
" noctula, 78
" pachyomus, 89-90
" pachyotis, 82
" pachypus, 85
" serotinus, 88
" Tickelli, 84
Viverra civettina, 222
" Malaccensis, 224
" megaspila, 223
" zibetha, 221
Vulpes Bengalensis, 250
" ferrilatus, 252
" flavescens, 255
" Griffithii, 256
" leucopus, 251
" montanus, 253
" pusillus, 254
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