[1860.]
Every man is entitled to come to Cattle-show, even a transcendentalist;
and for my part I am more interested in the men than in the cattle. I
wish to see once more those old familiar faces, whose names I do not
know, which for me represent the Middlesex country, and come as near
being indigenous to the soil as a white man can; the men who are not
above their business, whose coats are not too black, whose shoes do not
shine very much, who never wear gloves to conceal their hands. It is
true, there are some queer specimens of humanity attracted to our
festival, but all are welcome. I am pretty sure to meet once more that
weak-minded and whimsical fellow, generally weak-bodied too, who
prefers a crooked stick for a cane; perfectly useless, you would say,
only _bizarre_, fit for a cabinet, like a petrified snake. A ram’s horn
would be as convenient, and is yet more curiously twisted. He brings
that much indulged bit of the country with him, from some town’s end or
other, and introduces it to Concord groves, as if he had promised it so
much sometime. So some, it seems to me, elect their rulers for their
crookedness. But I think that a straight stick makes the best cane, and
an upright man the best ruler. Or why choose a man to do plain work who
is distinguished for his oddity? However, I do not know but you will
think that they have committed this mistake who invited me to speak to
you to-day.
In my capacity of surveyor, I have often talked with some of you, my
employers, at your dinner-tables, after having gone round and round and
behind your farming, and ascertained exactly what its limits were.
Moreover, taking a surveyor’s and a naturalist’s liberty, I have been
in the habit of going across your lots much oftener than is usual, as
many of you, perhaps to your sorrow, are aware. Yet many of you, to my
relief, have seemed not to be aware of it; and when I came across you
in some out-of-the-way nook of your farms, have inquired, with an air
of surprise, if I were not lost, since you had never seen me in that
part of the town or county before; when, if the truth were known, and
it had not been for betraying my secret, I might with more propriety
have inquired if _you_ were not lost, since I had never seen _you_
there before. I have several times shown the proprietor the shortest
way out of his wood-lot.
Therefore, it would seem that I have some title to speak to you to-day;
and considering what that title is, and the occasion that has called us
together, I need offer no apology if I invite your attention, for the
few moments that are allotted me, to a purely scientific subject.
At those dinner-tables referred to, I have often been asked, as many of
you have been, if I could tell how it happened, that when a pine wood
was cut down an oak one commonly sprang up, and _vice versa_. To which
I have answered, and now answer, that I can tell,—that it is no mystery
to me. As I am not aware that this has been clearly shown by any one, I
shall lay the more stress on this point. Let me lead you back into your
wood-lots again.
When, hereabouts, a single forest tree or a forest springs up naturally
where none of its kind grew before, I do not hesitate to say, though in
some quarters still it may sound paradoxical, that it came from a seed.
Of the various ways by which trees are _known_ to be propagated,—by
transplanting, cuttings, and the like,—this is the only supposable one
under these circumstances. No such tree has ever been known to spring
from anything else. If any one asserts that it sprang from something
else, or from nothing, the burden of proof lies with him.
It remains, then, only to show how the seed is transported from where
it grows, to where it is planted. This is done chiefly by the agency of
the wind, water, and animals. The lighter seeds, as those of pines and
maples, are transported chiefly by wind and water; the heavier, as
acorns and nuts, by animals.
In all the pines, a very thin membrane, in appearance much like an
insect’s wing, grows over and around the seed, and independent of it,
while the latter is being developed within its base. Indeed this is
often perfectly developed, though the seed is abortive; nature being,
you would say, more sure to provide the means of transporting the seed,
than to provide the seed to be transported. In other words, a beautiful
thin sack is woven around the seed, with a handle to it such as the
wind can take hold of, and it is then committed to the wind, expressly
that it may transport the seed and extend the range of the species; and
this it does, as effectually, as when seeds are sent by mail in a
different kind of sack from the patent-office. There is a patent-office
at the seat of government of the universe, whose managers are as much
interested in the dispersion of seeds as anybody at Washington can be,
and their operations are infinitely more extensive and regular.
There is then no necessity for supposing that the pines have sprung up
from nothing, and I am aware that I am not at all peculiar in asserting
that they come from seeds, though the mode of their propagation _by
nature_ has been but little attended to. They are very extensively
raised from the seed in Europe, and are beginning to be here.
When you cut down an oak wood, a pine wood will not _at once_ spring up
there unless there are, or have been, quite recently, seed-bearing
pines near enough for the seeds to be blown from them. But, adjacent to
a forest of pines, if you prevent other crops from growing there, you
will surely have an extension of your pine forest, provided the soil is
suitable.
As for the heavy seeds and nuts which are not furnished with wings, the
notion is still a very common one that, when the trees which bear these
spring up where none of their kind were noticed before, they have come
from seeds or other principles spontaneously generated there in an
unusual manner, or which have lain dormant in the soil for centuries,
or perhaps been called into activity by the heat of a burning. I do not
believe these assertions, and I will state some of the ways in which,
according to my observation, such forests are planted and raised.
Every one of these seeds, too, will be found to be winged or legged in
another fashion. Surely it is not wonderful that cherry-trees of all
kinds are widely dispersed, since their fruit is well known to be the
favorite food of various birds. Many kinds are called bird-cherries,
and they appropriate many more kinds, which are not so called. Eating
cherries is a bird-like employment, and unless we disperse the seeds
occasionally, as they do, I shall think that the birds have the best
right to them. See how artfully the seed of a cherry is placed in order
that a bird may be compelled to transport it—in the very midst of a
tempting pericarp, so that the creature that would devour this must
commonly take the stone also into its mouth or bill. If you ever ate a
cherry, and did not make two bites of it, you must have perceived
it—right in the centre of the luscious morsel, a large earthy residuum
left on the tongue. We thus take into our mouths cherry stones as big
as peas, a dozen at once, for Nature can persuade us to do almost
anything when she would compass her ends. Some wild men and children
instinctively swallow these, as the birds do when in a hurry, it being
the shortest way to get rid of them. Thus, though these seeds are not
provided with vegetable wings, Nature has impelled the thrush tribe to
take them into their bills and fly away with them; and they are winged
in another sense, and more effectually than the seeds of pines, for
these are carried even against the wind. The consequence is, that
cherry-trees grow not only here but there. The same is true of a great
many other seeds.
But to come to the observation which suggested these remarks. As I have
said, I suspect that I can throw some light on the fact, that when
hereabouts a dense pine wood is cut down, oaks and other hard woods may
at once take its place. I have got only to show that the acorns and
nuts, provided they are grown in the neighborhood, are regularly
planted in such woods; for I assert that if an oak-tree has not grown
within ten miles, and man has not carried acorns thither, then an oak
wood will not spring up _at once_, when a pine wood is cut down.
Apparently, there were only pines there before. They are cut off, and
after a year or two you see oaks and other hard woods springing up
there, with scarcely a pine amid them, and the wonder commonly is, how
the seed could have lain in the ground so long without decaying. But
the truth is, that it has not lain in the ground so long, but is
regularly planted each year by various quadrupeds and birds.
In this neighborhood, where oaks and pines are about equally dispersed,
if you look through the thickest pine wood, even the seemingly unmixed
pitch-pine ones, you will commonly detect many little oaks, birches,
and other hard woods, sprung from seeds carried into the thicket by
squirrels and other animals, and also blown thither, but which are
over-shadowed and choked by the pines. The denser the evergreen wood,
the more likely it is to be well planted with these seeds, because the
planters incline to resort with their forage to the closest covert.
They also carry it into birch and other woods. This planting is carried
on annually, and the oldest seedlings annually die; but when the pines
are cleared off, the oaks, having got just the start they want, and now
secured favorable conditions, immediately spring up to trees.
The shade of a dense pine wood, is more unfavorable to the springing up
of pines of the same species than of oaks within it, though the former
may come up abundantly when the pines are cut, if there chance to be
sound seed in the ground.
But when you cut off a lot of hard wood, very often the little pines
mixed with it have a similar start, for the squirrels have carried off
the nuts to the pines, and not to the more open wood, and they commonly
make pretty clean work of it; and moreover, if the wood was old, the
sprouts will be feeble or entirely fail; to say nothing about the soil
being, in a measure, exhausted for this kind of crop.
If a pine wood is surrounded by a white oak one chiefly, white oaks may
be expected to succeed when the pines are cut. If it is surrounded,
instead by an edging of shrub-oaks, then you will probably have a dense
shrub-oak thicket.
I have no time to go into details, but will say, in a word, that while
the wind is conveying the seeds of pines into hard woods and open
lands, the squirrels and other animals are conveying the seeds of oaks
and walnuts into the pine woods, and thus a rotation of crops is kept
up.
I affirmed this confidently many years ago, and an occasional
examination of dense pine woods confirmed me in my opinion. It has long
been known to observers that squirrels bury nuts in the ground, but I
am not aware that any one has thus accounted for the regular succession
of forests.
On the 24th of September, in 1857, as I was paddling down the Assabet,
in this town, I saw a red squirrel run along the bank under some
herbage, with something large in its mouth. It stopped near the foot of
a hemlock, within a couple of rods of me, and, hastily pawing a hole
with its forefeet, dropped its booty into it, covered it up, and
retreated part way up the trunk of the tree. As I approached the shore
to examine the deposit, the squirrel, descending part way, betrayed no
little anxiety about its treasure, and made two or three motions to
recover it before it finally retreated. Digging there, I found two
green pig-nuts joined together, with the thick husks on, buried about
an inch and a half under the reddish soil of decayed hemlock
leaves,—just the right depth to plant it. In short, this squirrel was
then engaged in accomplishing two objects, to wit, laying up a store of
winter food for itself, and planting a hickory wood for all creation.
If the squirrel was killed, or neglected its deposit, a hickory would
spring up. The nearest hickory tree was twenty rods distant. These nuts
were there still just fourteen days later, but were gone when I looked
again, November 21, or six weeks later still.
I have since examined more carefully several dense woods, which are
said to be, and are apparently exclusively pine, and always with the
same result. For instance, I walked the same day to a small, but very
dense and handsome white-pine grove, about fifteen rods square, in the
east part of this town. The trees are large for Concord, being from ten
to twenty inches in diameter, and as exclusively pine as any wood that
I know. Indeed, I selected this wood because I thought it the least
likely to contain anything else. It stands on an open plain or pasture,
except that it adjoins another small pine wood, which has a few little
oaks in it, on the southeast side. On every other side, it was at least
thirty rods from the nearest woods. Standing on the edge of this grove
and looking through it, for it is quite level and free from underwood,
for the most part bare, red-carpeted ground, you would have said that
there was not a hard wood tree in it, young or old. But on looking
carefully along over its floor I discovered, though it was not till my
eye had got used to the search, that, alternating with thin ferns, and
small blueberry bushes, there was, not merely here and there, but as
often as every five feet and with a degree of regularity, a little oak,
from three to twelve inches high, and in one place I found a green
acorn dropped by the base of a pine.
I confess, I was surprised to find my theory so perfectly proved in
this case. One of the principal agents in this planting, the red
squirrels, were all the while curiously inspecting me, while I was
inspecting their plantation. Some of the little oaks had been browsed
by cows, which resorted to this wood for shade.
After seven or eight years, the hard woods evidently find such a
locality unfavorable to their growth, the pines being allowed to stand.
As an evidence of this, I observed a diseased red-maple twenty-five
feet long, which had been recently prostrated, though it was still
covered with green leaves, the only maple in any position in the wood.
But although these oaks almost invariably die if the pines are not cut
down, it is probable that they do better for a few years under their
shelter than they would anywhere else.
The very extensive and thorough experiments of the English, have at
length led them to adopt a method of raising oaks almost precisely like
this, which somewhat earlier had been adopted by nature and her
squirrels here; they have simply rediscovered the value of pines as
nurses for oaks. The English experimenters seem early and generally, to
have found out the importance of using trees of some kind, as
nurse-plants for the young oaks. I quote from Loudon what he describes
as “the ultimatum on the subject of planting and sheltering oaks,”—“an
abstract of the practice adopted by the government officers in the
national forests” of England, prepared by Alexander Milne.
At first some oaks had been planted by themselves, and others mixed
with Scotch pines; “but in all cases,” says Mr. Milne, “where oaks were
planted actually among the pines, and surrounded by them, [though the
soil might be inferior,] the oaks were found to be much the best.” “For
several years past, the plan pursued has been to plant the inclosures
with Scotch pines only, [a tree very similar to our pitch-pine,] and
when the pines have got to the height of five or six feet, then to put
in good strong oak plants of about four or five years’ growth among the
pines,—not cutting away any pines at first, unless they happen to be so
strong and thick as to overshadow the oaks. In about two years, it
becomes necessary to shred the branches of the pines, to give light and
air to the oaks, and in about two or three more years to begin
gradually to remove the pines altogether, taking out a certain number
each year, so that, at the end of twenty or twenty-five years, not a
single Scotch pine shall be left; although, for the first ten or twelve
years, the plantation may have appeared to contain nothing else but
pine. The advantage of this mode of planting has been found to be that
the pines dry and ameliorate the soil, destroying the coarse grass and
brambles which frequently choke and injure oaks; and that no mending
over is necessary, as scarcely an oak so planted is found to fail.”
Thus much the English planters have discovered by patient experiment,
and, for aught I know, they have taken out a patent for it; but they
appear not to have discovered that it was discovered before, and that
they are merely adopting the method of Nature, which she long ago made
patent to all. She is all the while planting the oaks amid the pines
without our knowledge, and at last, instead of government officers, we
send a party of wood-choppers to cut down the pines, and so rescue an
oak forest, at which we wonder as if it had dropped from the skies.
As I walk amid hickories, even in August, I hear the sound of green
pig-nuts falling from time to time, cut off by the chickaree over my
head. In the fall, I notice on the ground, either within or in the
neighborhood of oak woods, on all sides of the town, stout oak twigs
three or four inches long, bearing half-a-dozen empty acorn-cups, which
twigs have been gnawed off by squirrels, on both sides of the nuts, in
order to make them more portable. The jays scream and the red squirrels
scold while you are clubbing and shaking the chestnut trees, for they
are there on the same errand, and two of a trade never agree. I
frequently see a red or gray squirrel cast down a green chestnut bur,
as I am going through the woods, and I used to think, sometimes, that
they were cast at me. In fact, they are so busy about it, in the midst
of the chestnut season, that you cannot stand long in the woods without
hearing one fall. A sportsman told me that he had, the day before,—that
was in the middle of October,—seen a green chestnut bur dropt on our
great river meadow, fifty rods from the nearest wood, and much further
from the nearest chestnut-tree, and he could not tell how it came
there. Occasionally, when chestnutting in midwinter, I find thirty or
forty nuts in a pile, left in its gallery, just under the leaves, by
the common wood-mouse (_mus leucopus_).
But especially, in the winter, the extent to which this transportation
and planting of nuts is carried on is made apparent by the snow. In
almost every wood, you will see where the red or gray squirrels have
pawed down through the snow in a hundred places, sometimes two feet
deep, and almost always directly to a nut or a pine-cone, as directly
as if they had started from it and bored upward,—which you and I could
not have done. It would be difficult for us to find one before the snow
falls. Commonly, no doubt, they had deposited them there in the fall.
You wonder if they remember the localities, or discover them by the
scent. The red squirrel commonly has its winter abode in the earth
under a thicket of evergreens, frequently under a small clump of
evergreens in the midst of a deciduous wood. If there are any
nut-trees, which still retain their nuts, standing at a distance
without the wood, their paths often lead directly to and from them. We,
therefore, need not suppose an oak standing here and there _in_ the
wood in order to seed it, but if a few stand within twenty or thirty
rods of it, it is sufficient.
I think that I may venture to say that every white-pine cone that falls
to the earth naturally in this town, before opening and losing its
seeds, and almost every pitch-pine one that falls at all, is cut off by
a squirrel, and they begin to pluck them long before they are ripe, so
that when the crop of white-pine cones is a small one, as it commonly
is, they cut off thus almost every one of these before it fairly
ripens. I think, moreover, that their design, if I may so speak, in
cutting them off green, is, partly, to prevent their opening and losing
their seeds, for these are the ones for which they dig through the
snow, and the only white-pine cones which contain anything then. I have
counted in one heap, within a diameter of four feet, the cores of 239
pitch-pine cones which had been cut off and stripped by the red
squirrel the previous winter.
The nuts thus left on the surface, or buried just beneath it, are
placed in the most favorable circumstances for germinating. I have
sometimes wondered how those which merely fell on the surface of the
earth got planted; but, by the end of December, I find the chestnut of
the same year partially mixed with the mould, as it were, under the
decaying and mouldy leaves, where there is all the moisture and manure
they want, for the nuts fall first. In a plentiful year, a large
proportion of the nuts are thus covered loosely an inch deep, and are,
of course, somewhat concealed from squirrels. One winter, when the crop
had been abundant, I got, with the aid of a rake, many quarts of these
nuts as late as the tenth of January, and though some bought at the
store the same day were more than half of them mouldy, I did not find a
single mouldy one among these which I picked from under the wet and
mouldy leaves, where they had been snowed on once or twice. Nature
knows how to pack them best. They were still plump and tender.
Apparently, they do not heat there, though wet. In the spring they were
all sprouting.
Loudon says that “when the nut [of the common walnut of Europe] is to
be preserved through the winter for the purpose of planting in the
following spring, it should be laid in a rot-heap, as soon as gathered,
with the husk on; and the heap should be turned over frequently in the
course of the winter.”
Here, again, he is stealing Nature’s “thunder.” How can a poor mortal
do otherwise? for it is she that finds fingers to steal with, and the
treasure to be stolen. In the planting of the seeds of most trees, the
best gardeners do no more than follow Nature, though they may not know
it. Generally, both large and small ones are most sure to germinate,
and succeed best, when only beaten into the earth with the back of a
spade, and then covered with leaves or straw. These results to which
planters have arrived, remind us of the experience of Kane and his
companions at the North, who, when learning to live in that climate,
were surprised to find themselves steadily adopting the customs of the
natives, simply becoming Esquimaux. So, when we experiment in planting
forests, we find ourselves at last doing as Nature does. Would it not
be well to consult with Nature in the outset? for she is the most
extensive and experienced planter of us all, not excepting the Dukes of
Athol.
In short, they who have not attended particularly to this subject are
but little aware to what an extent quadrupeds and birds are employed,
especially in the fall, in collecting, and so disseminating and
planting the seeds of trees. It is the almost constant employment of
the squirrels at that season and you rarely meet with one that has not
a nut in its mouth, or is not just going to get one. One
squirrel-hunter of this town told me that he knew of a walnut-tree
which bore particularly good nuts, but that on going to gather them one
fall, he found that he had been anticipated by a family of a dozen red
squirrels. He took out of the tree, which was hollow, one bushel and
three pecks by measurement, without the husks, and they supplied him
and his family for the winter. It would be easy to multiply instances
of this kind. How commonly in the fall you see the cheek-pouches of the
striped squirrel distended by a quantity of nuts! This species gets its
scientific name _Tamias_, or the steward, from its habit of storing up
nuts and other seeds. Look under a nut-tree a month after the nuts have
fallen, and see what proportion of sound nuts to the abortive ones and
shells you will find ordinarily. They have been already eaten, or
dispersed far and wide. The ground looks like a platform before a
grocery, where the gossips of the village sit to crack nuts and less
savory jokes. You have come, you would say, after the feast was over,
and are presented with the shells only.
Occasionally, when threading the woods in the fall, you will hear a
sound as if some one had broken a twig, and, looking up, see a jay
pecking at an acorn, or you will see a flock of them at once about it,
in the top of an oak, and hear them break them off. They then fly to a
suitable limb, and placing the acorn under one foot, hammer away at it
busily, making a sound like a woodpecker’s tapping, looking round from
time to time to see if any foe is approaching, and soon reach the meat,
and nibble at it, holding up their heads to swallow, while they hold
the remainder very firmly with their claws. Nevertheless, it often
drops to the ground before the bird has done with it. I can confirm
what Wm. Bartram wrote to Wilson, the Ornithologist, that “The jay is
one of the most useful agents in the economy of nature, for
disseminating forest trees and other nuciferous and hard-seeded
vegetables on which they feed. Their chief employment during the
autumnal season is foraging to supply their winter stores. In
performing this necessary duty they drop abundance of seed in their
flight over fields, hedges, and by fences, where they alight to deposit
them in the post-holes, &c. It is remarkable what numbers of young
trees rise up in fields and pastures after a wet winter and spring.
These birds alone are capable, in a few years’ time, to replant all the
cleared lands.”
I have noticed that squirrels also frequently drop their nuts in open
land, which will still further account for the oaks and walnuts which
spring up in pastures, for, depend on it, every new tree comes from a
seed. When I examine the little oaks, one or two years old, in such
places, I invariably find the empty acorn from which they sprung.
So far from the seed having lain dormant in the soil since oaks grew
there before, as many believe, it is well known that it is difficult to
preserve the vitality of acorns long enough to transport them to
Europe; and it is recommended in Loudon’s Arboretum, as the safest
course, to sprout them in pots on the voyage. The same authority states
that “very few acorns of any species will germinate after having been
kept a year,” that beechmast, “only retains its vital properties one
year,” and the black-walnut, “seldom more than six months after it has
ripened.” I have frequently found that in November, almost every acorn
left on the ground had sprouted or decayed. What with frost, drouth,
moisture, and worms, the greater part are soon destroyed. Yet it is
stated by one botanical writer that “acorns that have lain for
centuries, on being ploughed up, have soon vegetated.”
Mr. George B. Emerson, in his valuable Report on the Trees and Shrubs
of this State, says of the pines: “The tenacity of life of the seeds is
remarkable. They will remain for many years unchanged in the ground,
protected by the coolness and deep shade of the forest above them. But
when the forest is removed, and the warmth of the sun admitted, they
immediately vegetate.” Since he does not tell us on what observation
his remark is founded, I must doubt its truth. Besides, the experience
of nurserymen makes it the more questionable.
The stories of wheat raised from seed buried with an ancient Egyptian,
and of raspberries raised from seed found in the stomach of a man in
England, who is supposed to have died sixteen or seventeen hundred
years ago, are generally discredited, simply because the evidence is
not conclusive.
Several men of science, Dr. Carpenter among them, have used the
statement that beach-plums sprang up in sand which was dug up forty
miles inland in Maine, to prove that the seed had lain there a very
long time, and some have inferred that the coast has receded so far.
But it seems to me necessary to their argument to show, first, that
beach-plums grow only on a beach. They are not uncommon here, which is
about half that distance from the shore; and I remember a dense patch a
few miles north of us, twenty-five miles inland, from which the fruit
was annually carried to market. How much further inland they grow, I
know not. Dr. Chas. T. Jackson speaks of finding “beach-plums” (perhaps
they were this kind) more than one hundred miles inland in Maine.
It chances that similar objections lie against all the more notorious
instances of the kind on record.
Yet I am prepared to believe that some seeds, especially small ones,
may retain their vitality for centuries under favorable circumstances.
In the spring of 1859, the old Hunt House, so called, in this town,
whose chimney bore the date 1703, was taken down. This stood on land
which belonged to John Winthrop, the first Governor of Massachusetts,
and a part of the house was evidently much older than the above date,
and belonged to the Winthrop family. For many years, I have ransacked
this neighborhood for plants, and I consider myself familiar with its
productions. Thinking of the seeds which are said to be sometimes dug
up at an unusual depth in the earth, and thus to reproduce long extinct
plants, it occurred to me last fall that some new or rare plants might
have sprung up in the cellar of this house, which had been covered from
the light so long. Searching there on the 22d of September, I found,
among other rank weeds, a species of nettle (_Urtica urens_), which I
had not found before; dill, which I had not seen growing spontaneously;
the Jerusalem oak (_Chenopodium botrys_), which I had seen wild in but
one place; black nightshade (_Solanum nigrum_), which is quite rare
hereabouts, and common tobacco, which, though it was often cultivated
here in the last century, has for fifty years been an unknown plant in
this town, and a few months before this not even I had heard that one
man in the north part of the town, was cultivating a few plants for his
own use. I have no doubt that some or all of these plants sprang from
seeds which had long been buried under or about that house, and that
that tobacco is an additional evidence that the plant was formerly
cultivated here. The cellar has been filled up this year, and four of
those plants, including the tobacco, are now again extinct in that
locality.
It is true, I have shown that the animals consume a great part of the
seeds of trees, and so, at least, effectually prevent their becoming
trees; but in all these cases, as I have said, the consumer is
compelled to be at the same time the disperser and planter, and this is
the tax which he pays to nature. I think it is Linnaeus, who says, that
while the swine is rooting for acorns, he is planting acorns.
Though I do not believe that a plant will spring up where no seed has
been, I have great faith in a seed—a, to me, equally mysterious origin
for it. Convince me that you have a seed there, and I am prepared to
expect wonders. I shall even believe that the millennium is at hand,
and that the reign of justice is about to commence, when the Patent
Office, or Government, begins to distribute, and the people to plant
the seeds of these things.’
In the spring of 1857, I planted six seeds sent to me from the Patent
Office, and labelled, I think, “_Poitrine jaune grosse,_” large yellow
squash. Two came up, and one bore a squash which weighed 123-1/2
pounds, the other bore four, weighing together 186-1/4 pounds. Who
would have believed that there was 310 pounds of _poitrine jaune
grosse_ in that corner of my garden? These seeds were the bait I used
to catch it, my ferrets which I sent into its burrow, my brace of
terriers which unearthed it. A little mysterious hoeing and manuring
was all the _abra cadabra presto-change,_ that I used, and lo! true to
the label, they found for me 310 pounds of _poitrine jaune grosse_
there, where it never was known to be, nor was before. These talismen
had perchance sprung from America at first, and returned to it with
unabated force. The big squash took a premium at your fair that fall,
and I understood that the man who bought it, intended to sell the seeds
for ten cents a piece. (Were they not cheap at that?) But I have more
hounds of the same breed. I learn that one which I despatched to a
distant town, true to its instinct, points to the large yellow squash
there, too, where no hound ever found it before, as its ancestors did
here and in France.
Other seeds I have which will find other things in that corner of my
garden, in like fashion, almost any fruit you wish, every year for
ages, until the crop more than fills the whole garden. You have but
little more to do, than throw up your cap for entertainment these
American days. Perfect alchemists I keep, who can transmute substances
without end; and thus the corner of my garden is an inexhaustible
treasure-chest. Here you can dig, not gold, but the value which gold
merely represents; and there is no Signor Blitz about it. Yet farmers’
sons will stare by the hour to see a juggler draw ribbons from his
throat, though he tells them it is all deception. Surely, men love
darkness rather than light.
[4] An Address read to the Middlesex Agricultural Society, in Concord,
September, 1860.