Mr. CARLYLE'S _Life of John Stirling_ is in the press of Phillips & Sampson

of Boston, and will soon be issued. From the same house we are to have

_Memoirs of Sarah Margaret Fuller, Marchesa d' Ossoli_, edited by Ralph

Waldo Emerson and William H. Channing; and a new and very beautiful edition

of Robinson Crusoe, with new illustrations.

* * * * *

The American annuals for the present season are not very numerous. Mr.

Walker, of Fulton-street, has published _The Odd Fellow's Offering_, which

contains excellent contributions by Mr. Simms, Mr. Saunders, Mrs. Hewitt,

Mrs. Kirkland, Mrs. Kimball, Mrs. Oakes Smith, and other writers; and

Lippencott, Grambo & Co., of Philadelphia, have published the handsomest

book of its class for the year, in _The Iris_, with unique and beautiful

illustrations from drawings by Captain Eastman, U.S.A., whose wife writes a

large portion of the contents.

* * * * *

_Vagamundo, or the Attache in Spain_, by JOHN E. WARREN, is a very

delightful book illustrative of society, scenery, &c., in "old, renowned,

romantic Spain," where the author was attached to the American legation. As

Mr. Warren while abroad was a correspondent of _The International_, it may

be suspected that we have some prejudice in his favor--which indeed is very

true--and therefore we inform our readers that of the English edition of

this work, and of the American edition, all the critics have given such

opinions as delight an author and bring money to his publisher. Mr. Warren

is the author of _Para, or Scenes and Adventures on the Banks of the

Amazon_, lately published by Putnam. It is his vocation to travel and make

books, as these two performances very plainly show. (Charles Scribner.)

* * * * *

Mr. CHARLES ASTOR BRISTED, whose very clever sketches of American Society

we have copied from month to month from _Fraser's Magazine_, has in the

press of Putnam a work entitled _Five Years in an English University_. Mr.

Putnam has in press also _The Shield_, by Miss FENIMORE COOPER, and _The

Monuments of Central and Western America_, by Dr. HAWKS, besides several

beautiful souvenir volumes, for the coming holidays, which embrace

contributions by the best authors and artists of the country.

Mr. SIMMS, has just published (by A. Hart), a new novel under the title of

_Catherine Walton_, which is equal to his best productions. The scene is in

South Carolina, during the Revolution.

_The Fine Arts._

PAUL DELAROCHE'S picture of _Marie Antoinette_ is to be engraved on a large

scale. Delaroche has represented the unfortunate _Autrichienne_ descending

the stairs from the terrible tribunal which pronounced her death-sentence.

She is attired in black, with a white scarf round her shoulders. A singular

but striking effect, which the painter has rendered with habitual felicity,

is the altered color of her hair, which is said to have turned white. The

artist has shown the alteration, by a few stray auburn locks, blanched at

the root. In the background is represented the mob which greeted with

execrations the "widow Capet" on the morning of the 15th October, 1793.

* * * * *

The Print of the London Art-Union for the current year is from one of Mr.

Frith's pictures, _An English Merry-making in the Olden Time_, engraved by

Holt, so carefully as to bring out every detail and shade of character in

the original with the greatest fidelity and spirit. The merry-making

consists mainly in the performance, beneath some noble trees, of the old

country-dance of Sir Roger de Coverley, by a party of rustics. A couple of

lovers are seated in the foreground, and close by them is a group of merry

damsels hauling a jolly old farmer to the dance, while the dame encourages

their attack.

* * * * *

A few friends of the poet Motherwell, of Glasgow, have just erected a

beautiful monument to him in that city. It is the work of Mr. Fillans, a

friend of the deceased, and is in the form of a small Gothic temple,

consisting of a quadrangular pediment of solid masonry, supporting a light

dome on four pillars; the dome being decorated with carvings of shields and

_fleurs de lis_. In the space between the pillars is a sarcophagus, on

which is placed a termini bust of the poet.

* * * * *

The German Painter WINTERHALTER, whose pencil is mainly dedicated to

courtly chronicles and countenances, has just completed another of his

numerous royal family groups. It represents the Duke of Wellington in the

act of offering an affectionate _souvenir_ to his little godson Prince

Arthur, on the occasion of his first birth-day anniversary.

* * * * *

The Count de THUN, a distinguished Austrian painter, and M. Ruben, director

of the Royal Academy of the Fine Arts in Prague, have been commissioned by

the Austrian government to examine into the several organizations of the

schools of the arts of design in England, France, and Germany, with a view

to propose such ameliorations as the examination may suggest in the various

schools of Austria.

* * * * *

In the closing weeks of the Great Exhibition in London, several

_chef-d'oeuvres_ of art have been received, and among them one by the

celebrated Dutch sculptor, Van der Ven, representing the Temptation of Eve.

It attracts a great deal of attention. The treatment of the subject is bold

and original, the form of the first woman being developed with freedom,

grace, and life-like effect. One of its chief excellencies is, that in its

composition there is no trace of that disposition to borrow from the

classic styles of antiquity, instead of relying upon nature, which so often

detracts from the merit of modern sculpture. Mr. Spense, an English artist

at Rome, has also lately contributed a statue of Burns's Highland Mary,

which is much admired.

* * * * *

MR. RUSKIN has published a new pamphlet entitled _Pre-Raphaelitism_, in

which nature, and not the critical writers, the applauded models of the

day, or tradition, is declared the only true guide to excellence in art;

and all modern art is held to be depraved in taste, as it were, an arid

desert, in which he endeavors to set up two landmarks, John Everett,

Millais, and Joseph Mallord Turner. Between these two poles stand William

Hunt, who paints still life; Samuel Prout, of street architecture renown;

John Lewis, the harem-scene delineator; and finally, Mulready and Landseer.

The essay is keenly reviewed in the _Athenaeum_, _Times_, &c., but is

admitted by all to be characteristically eloquent.

* * * * *

The _American Art-Union_ opened its galleries on Monday evening, September

22. The collection of pictures we understand is unusually good. The

occasion was one of much good feeling and enjoyment. Speeches were made by

the President of the Art-Union, by Mr. Conrad, Secretary of War, by Rev.

Dr. Osgood, Parke Godwin, C. A. Dana, Mr. Thompson of the Southern Literary

Messenger, Judge Campbell, General Wetmore, and several other gentlemen.

* * * * *

POWERS'S celebrated statue of EVE, which was lost off Cape Palos in May,

1850, arrived in New-York a few days ago, in the British schooner Volo,

from Carthagena, not having sustained any material injury. A letter from

Mr. Powers respecting this statue was printed in the last number of _The

International_.

* * * * *

MR. LEUTZE, after a long absence from this country, has returned, bringing

with him his greatest work, _Washington Crossing the Delaware_, which will

soon be exhibited at the Stuyvesant Institute. Mr. Leutze was received with

great applause at the late meeting of the Art-Union.

_Historical Review of the Month._

In the UNITED STATES, since our last publication, no events have occupied

more attention than the great _Agricultural State Fair_ which was held

recently at Rochester, and of which we shall give a particular account,

illustrated with numerous engravings, in our next number; and the _Railroad

Festival_ at Boston, which was held at the same time. At the latter were

present the President of the United States, the Secretary of State, and

other members of the Cabinet, the Governor-General of Canada, his Aids and

Cabinet, the principal members of the Canadian Parliament, and the leading

merchants in the Canadian cities, the Governors of New England states, the

Presidents of the railways in New England, the Mayors of the cities of New

England and many other influential persons interested in railways and steam

navigation. Speeches were made by the President of the United States, by

Lord Elgin, Daniel Webster, Edward Everett, and many others, and the

occasion was altogether one of the most brilliant and satisfactory of its

kind ever known in this country.

On the 10th of September Mr. Gorsuch, a citizen of Maryland, accompanied by

several officers and other persons, proceeded from Philadelphia to

Christiana, near Lancaster, for the purpose of arresting two negroes

claimed under a law of the United States as fugitive slaves. In order to

resist the execution of the law the negroes of the vicinity rallied to the

number of seventy or eighty, armed themselves with guns, and fired on the

party of whites, killing Mr. Gorsuch, and mortally wounding his son. The

negroes were also considerably injured by a discharge from revolvers by the

party with the officers. It appears from a statement published by the Rev.

Mr. Gorsuch, a son of the claimant of the negroes, that a conspiracy was

planned beforehand, to resist the officers of the law in the execution of

their duty; and that it was not confined to the negroes, but was apparently

under the guidance and control of whites. Mr. Gorsuch says that while the

officers were awaiting the decision of the blacks, a white man rode up;

that his presence seemed to inspire the negroes with renewed hostility;

that he refused, when summoned, to aid the officers, and threatened them

with bloodshed if they persisted in executing the law. It is further

alleged that it was after receiving some communication from this person

that the negroes rushed on the officers and killed Mr. Gorsuch. Since then

a correspondence on the subject has been held between the national

executive and the executives of the states of Maryland and Pennsylvania.

The slaves have not been recovered, but many arrests have been made of

persons charged with conspiracy to prevent the execution of the laws, and

with treason.

The Free Soil party of Massachusetts, at a State Convention, held Sept. 16,

nominated for Governor, John G. Palfrey, and for Lieutenant-Governor, Amasa

Walker. The nomination for Governor was first tendered to Stephen C.

Phillips, of Salem, who declined. The democrats held their State Convention

on the 26th of August. They passed resolutions decidedly in favor of the

Union, and against all anti-national and anti-sectional agitation. George

S. Boutwell was nominated for Governor, and Henry W. Cushman for

Lieutenant-Governor, and Charles G. Greene, Henry H. Childs, and Isaac

Davis, were appointed delegates to the National Democratic Convention,

which was recommended to be holden at Baltimore in May, 1852. The Whig

State Convention was held at Springfield on the 10th of September and, on

the first ballot, Robert C. Winthrop was nominated as their candidate for

Governor, and George Grinnell as their candidate for Lieutenant-Governor.

The proceedings were very harmonious, and the address of the chairman, and

the resolutions passed by the convention, were of a strong national and

Union character. Edward Everett, George Ashmun, and Seth Sprague, were

chosen delegates from the State at large to the National Whig Convention.

In New-York the Whig State Convention assembled at Syracuse on the 11th of

September. George W. Patterson, was nominated for Controller; James M.

Cook, for Treasurer; Samuel A. Foote, for Judge of the Court of Appeals;

James C. Forsyth, for Secretary of State; Daniel Ullmann, Jr., for

Attorney-General; Henry Fitzhugh, for Canal Commissioner; and A. H. Wells,

for State Prison Inspector. Resolutions were adopted, declaring that the

proceeding of the two Whig State Committees at Albany, for the union and

co-operation of the party, was "the result of honorable and patriotic

devotion to the Constitution, and for the best interests of the whole

people, and that it is adopted and approved by this Convention;" and

pledging the whigs to the most liberal conduct in the matter of internal

improvements. The Democratic Convention met at the same place on the tenth.

Resolutions were adopted reaffirming the principles avowed in the

resolutions adopted by the State Convention held at the same place last

year. The following persons were nominated for the several state offices:

John C. Wright, for Controller; Henry S. Randall, for Secretary of State;

Levi S. Chatfield, for Attorney-General; Benjamin Welch, Jr., for

Treasurer; Horace Wheaton, for Canal Commissioner; W. J. M'Alpine, for

State Engineer; General Storms, for Inspector of State Prisons; and A. S.

Johnson, for Judge of the Court of Appeals.

The Maryland Whig State Convention at Baltimore, September 17th, nominated,

with great unanimity, the following State ticket: For Controller of the

Treasury, George C. Morgan; Lottery Commissioner, O. H. Hicks; Commissioner

of the Land Office, George C. Brewer. The Democrats, at their State

Convention held at Baltimore, on the 12th, nominated Philip Francis Thomas,

of Baltimore City, for Controller; James Murray, of Annapolis, for

Commissioner of the Land Office; Thomas R. Stewart, of Caroline, for

Lottery Commissioner.

In Virginia, an election for members of Congress, under the old system and

apportionment, takes place on the fourth Thursday in the present month. The

question of the ratification of the new constitution is to be decided under

the universal suffrage system, on the same day. Members of the Legislature

are also to be elected, according to the old apportionment; but if the new

constitution is ratified, the legislative election is to be superseded by a

new election, under the new apportionment, in December next. At the same

time, a Governor and Lieutenant-Governor &c., are to be elected; and next

spring, the county officers will be chosen in another election; after which

the State elections will occur regularly from time to time.

In South Carolina a large meeting was held at Charleston, on the 28th of

August, in favor of co-operation between the slaveholding states, and

opposed to separate State Action for the purpose of resistance to the

National Government. John Rutledge presided, and in the list of other

officers we find the names of many of the most distinguished citizens of

the State. Our advices from California, to the 14th of August, are of a

favorable character. In San Francisco business is active in spite of the

effects of the recent conflagration, and the administration of justice is

placed on a more substantial basis. Great activity prevails in the mining

districts, and the work of constructing canals on various gold-bearing

streams is vigorously advancing. Accounts from Utah represent the new

territory in a prosperous condition, with the exception of some slight

Indian difficulties. The crops are unusually fine. The emigrants for Salt

Lake and Oregon are progressing prosperously. The Mormons have extended

their settlements along the base of the mountains, northward, and facing

the Great Salt Lake, ninety miles, nearly to Bear River ferry. They are

fast taking up all the good land in the Valley, and are engaged in building

a railroad to the mountain, some seven or eight miles, on which to

transport the materials for their great temple. Dr. John M. Bernhisel has

been chosen Territorial Delegate to Congress.

It has been stated that the Survey of the Mexican Boundary Commission was

progressing rapidly westward. The astronomers and surveyors of the American

and Mexican Commissioners had joined forces, and their advanced parties had

reached a point thirty miles west of Rio Mienlies. The line was to run

eight or ten miles south of Cooks Spring, thus giving the United States the

whole of the road to the Copper Mines, and the only route which can be

traversed by wagons. We have later intelligence, that in consequence of a

disagreement between the Commissioners and the Surveyor, the operations of

the Commission are almost suspended.

Dr. Gardner, of fraudulent Mexican claim notoriety, has returned to

Washington, surrendered himself into the hands of the United States

authorities, and given bail in the sum of $40,000 to appear for trial at

the December term. Senator Chase, of Ohio, has issued a manifesto in which

he announces his intention to adhere to the platform and support the ticket

of the Ohio Democratic Convention. But the ground of this determination is,

that he considers the action of that Convention, besides being acceptable

on other topics, as in effect indorsing the Free Soil doctrines. John

McPherson Berrien has declared his intention of acting with the Union

party. Gen. Quitman, before the late election, withdrew from the contest,

as the secession candidate for Governor of Mississippi. The Special

Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church for the election of an

Assistant Bishop fur the Diocese of Illinois, was held at Pekin, Sept. 8,

and resulted in the election of Dr. Whitehouse, of New-York. The annual

meeting of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was

held at Portland, on the 9th day of September. The President, Theodore

Frelinghuysen, presided, and the affairs of the society and its prospects,

were presented in several very interesting reports.

In the last number of this magazine, we stated the failure of some

ineffectual risings in CUBA, and supposed that the peace of that island was

reestablished, at least for a considerable period. But, about the end of

August, the country became exceedingly interested respecting the fate of

the steamer Pampero, which, it had become known, had left New Orleans with

several hundred men, under the command of General Narciso Lopez, with the

intention of landing at some point on the Cuban coast. It afterwards was

disclosed that the party, which consisted of 480 men, designed to go to the

River St. John, and effect a junction with an artillery force which was

waiting there, and then land at some point in the central department; but

on touching at Key West for stores, they were informed of a revolt of the

Vuelta de Abajo, and Lopez resolved to land in that district. The party

disembarked at the small town of Morillos, at two o'clock, on the morning

of the 12th of August; and, soon after, General Lopez sent a pronunciamento

to Los Pazos, in which he informed the inhabitants he was about to march on

them, and would give no quarter to any who did not join him. Being without

means of transportation, he ordered Colonel Crittenden to remain and

protect the baggage, together with 1000 musket cartridges, 3000 muskets,

and 700 pounds of powder in kegs. He told Crittenden that he would send for

him at Los Pazos, and took with him 323 men, leaving 130 with Crittenden,

who, at 11 o'clock that night, started to rejoin him. Their advance was

slow, and on the morning of the 13th, while eating breakfast, they were

surprised by a report of musketry, and the whistling of bullets, from a

body of the enemy, who were repulsed with a loss of nine killed. A short

time after they repeated the attack. Crittenden charged, and forced them to

retreat to a chaparral, from which, as the invaders advanced, they opened a

destructive fire. Finding he could not maintain his position, Crittenden

ordered a return, and the enemy again advanced. At this time, he wished a

small party to attain a position at the right flank of the enemy, to charge

from that side at the same moment he charged on the front. Lieutenants Van

Vechten and Crafts, with twenty men, volunteered, and attained the

position. After remaining about half an hour, and hearing nothing of

Crittenden, they were compelled to retreat, leaving their baggage and

stores. The next morning this party succeeded in joining Lopez at Los

Pazos, half an hour before he marched from that place. Gen. Enna, commander

of the Spanish troops, immediately attacked Lopez with 800 men. After a

hard fight, the enemy retreated, leaving a large number (among whom were

several of their highest officers) dead and wounded. Lopez lost in killed

and wounded, thirty men, among whom were Col. Dowzeman, Lieut. Laviseau,

killed; Gen. Pragay, Capts. Brigham and Gonti, mortally wounded. On the

morning of the 14th, Lopez marched into the mountains, and on that day he

was attacked by 900 men. The action lasted three hours, and the Spaniards

retreated with a large loss. At the moment that the Spaniards retreated in

one direction, Lopez issued an order to retreat in an opposite one, and

made a forced march of 18 miles in 5 hours, over a mountain road. On the

19th, being still in the mountains, two leagues from Bahia, he was

overtaken by a heavy rain storm, which destroyed the greater part of his

ammunition, and rendered the firearms entirely useless. On the morning of

the 20th, the sentry was surprised and shot, and Lopez was completely

routed, flying to the mountains. Lopez escaped on horseback, with nothing

but what he wore. He encamped on one of the mountains, exposed to the

violence of a terrific storm. On the evening of the 21st, having been

forty-eight hours without food, a horse was killed and divided among 125

men, who were all that remained with him. They wandered about until mid-day

of the 24th, when a halt was ordered, and on examination it was found that

they had only 60 serviceable muskets, and about 40 dry cartridges. They

commenced a retreat, when a force of 900 charged on the party. They

dispersed, threw away their arms, and fled to the mountains; seven men only

remaining with Lopez, and a large number being overtaken and killed. Lopez

was taken with six of his men in the _Pinos de Rangel_; his captors were

Jose Antonio Castaneda, guide of a pursuing force, and fifteen peasants of

the country. The capture took place on the 29th, just seventeen days from

his landing. The news of it spread at once through the country, and people

began to flock into the camp to see the prisoners; to avoid inconvenience,

Col. Ramon de Lago, who commanded the column, conveyed them to Havana by a

night march.

The second day after being separated from Lopez, the party under Colonel

Crittenden was captured by a detachment of Spanish soldiers and carried

into Havana, where, on the sixteenth of August they were shot, by order of

the Captain General. Very much exaggerated accounts of the circumstances

attending their execution were circulated in the United States; and by

forged letters respecting successes by the invaders, adhesions to them by

the people of the island, indignities to Americans, &c., it was sought to

excite the public indignation so that further expeditions should be set on

foot that would be altogether irresistible. The party whose managements

consisted of such systematic and persevering falsehood lost all its energy

when news came of the capture of Lopez and the remnants of his army. At

seven o'clock on the morning of the first of September, Lopez was

_garroted_--that being the Spanish punishment for treason--in the presence

of from eight to ten thousand troops. Brought from the prison he ascended

the platform with a firm and steady step. Facing the multitude he made a

short speech, and his last words were, "I die for my beloved Cuba." He then

took his seat--the machine was adjusted; at the first twist of the screw

his head dropped forward--and he was dead. He was a brave man, but of

feeble capacities, and the leading members of the Cuban junta in the United

States had no confidence in any movements subject to his direction. A few

of the prisoners taken about the time of the capture of Lopez have been set

at liberty, and others have been transported to Spain. The result of the

whole business shows that the bodies of the prisoners shot at Havana with

Crittenden and Kerr, were not mutilated nor anywise maltreated, as had been

stated, but that the story that they had been was fabricated to excite

indignation and procure reinforcements in this country; that the invaders

achieved no important success at any time, beyond the killing of General

Enna and the consequent repulse of the detachment led by him; that they

killed not more than two hundred of the Spaniards; that they at no time

were able to act on the offensive, but fought for their lives from the

first, and were at length surprised and utterly routed; that, though they

were landed in the very quarter of Cuba where Lopez was most likely to

obtain aid, yet they received none of any kind, and were not joined by a

single corporal's guard from the hour of their setting foot on the soil of

Cuba; that the Creoles, or natives of Cuba, so far from affording them such

aid as even cowards friendly to them might safely have done, evinced the

most active and deadly hostility throughout to the invaders and their

cause. We cannot doubt that they furnished the information which led to the

surprise and route of Lopez; we know that they finally deceived, betrayed,

bound and delivered him to Concha.

The CANADIAN PARLIAMENT was prorogued by the Governor-General on Saturday,

the 30th of August, to the 8th of October. The royal speech represents the

revenue as in a satisfactory state, and refers to the grants for improving

the navigation of the St. Lawrence, and to the reduction of the emigrant

tax. Six bills were reserved for the approval of the Queen, three of which

relate to churches and rectories, two to the reduction of salaries, and one

to the incorporation of the Fort Erie and Buffalo Suspension Bridge

Company. The reciprocity question was left unsettled. The paraphernalia of

the Canadian Government has since been removed from Toronto to Quebec. The

general election in the Province of Nova-Scotia for members of Parliament,

has resulted in a majority for the existing Government. The Provincial

Secretary, the Attorney-General, the Financial Secretary, leading members

of the Cabinet, have been reelected. The construction of the railway from

Halifax to Portland, and through New-Brunswick to Quebec, may be considered

as secured. The question has been one of the prominent points in the

election--the Liberals being in favor of, and the Conservatives opposed to

it.

The Mexican Congress have passed a bill for the formation of an alliance,

offensive and defensive, between all the Spanish American republics. With a

foreign debt beyond her ability to pay; with a deficit accruing every year;

with a whig government, threatened by insurrection at home, and blockade

from a foreign power, Mexico may well look around her for some method of

prolonging her existence. Opposition continues to the Tehuantepec treaty;

and it is stated that two vessels sent from New-Orleans to commence the

canal were seized by the Mexican authorities.

In SOUTH AMERICA there has been more than the usual amount of revolution.

The President of Ecuador, General Nueva, left Querto on the seventeenth of

July, to visit his family at Guayaquil. On approaching the city he was met

by a military cavalcade, apparently for the purpose of escorting him in:

but was seized by them, and hurried off to sea in a vessel lying in the

river; the destination of the vessel, and the fate of the prisoner were

unknown. General Urbina immediately entered upon the administration of

affairs. In Chili, Don Manuel Montt has been elected President by a large

majority. Advices from Montevideo to July thirtieth, state that Urguiza and

Garzon passed the Uraguay on the twentieth with seven thousand five hundred

men, and that General Servando Gomez at once went over to them from the

army of Oribe with two thousand cavalry, some staff officers and one

thousand extra horses. It is expected that all of Oribe's forces will

desert him in the same manner. Garzon, who formerly served with Oribe, is

very popular among his forces. A Brazilian army of twelve thousand men is

marching to join Urguiza and Garzon. The war will now be carried into the

territories of Buenos Ayres. It will doubtless be a most ferocious contest;

with Rosas it is a matter of life and death; the power he has built up with

such bloodshed and tyranny will either be destroyed utterly or confirmed by

the result. In Peru, the best understanding is said to exist between the

Legislative and Executive bodies in the Government. Movements are being

made for the greater extension of freedom of trade, and for prohibiting the

circulation of Bolivian money within the Republic.

A revolution has broken out in the provinces of Antiochia and Popayan, in

New-Grenada, which at the last advices (July twenty-fourth), was rapidly

spreading over the country. The rising is headed by General Borrero, who

took up arms with one thousand men, and has since received large accessions

to his forces. General Borrero has the reputation of being an accomplished

soldier and a sincere patriot. The city of Carthagena was thrown into great

confusion by the reception of the intelligence, the militia being called

out and the people supplied with arms.

In Nicaragua a revolution has displaced the government, and M. Montenegro,

who was elected successor of the deposed President, died in a few days

after, and the chief of the opposite faction, General Munos, is probably

now in authority.

From GREAT BRITAIN the news is various but generally of small importance.

The Queen and Royal Family have been making a tour in Scotland, which gave

occasion to the usual rejoicings and demonstrations of loyalty. The most

grave questions discussed in the journals are connected with the Roman

Catholic Disabilities subject. On the 19th August a great gathering of the

Roman Catholic clergy and laity took place at the Rotunda in Dublin. The

object in view was the organization of a party and the commencement of an

agitation to bring about the repeal of the obnoxious act of Parliament. So

strongly was public feeling excited on the occasion, that the military and

police forces were held in readiness for action. Fortunately the peace was

not disturbed; although the spiritual leaders themselves boldly set the law

at defiance by the use, in one of their resolutions, of the very titles

prohibited by the recent enactment. Among the notices of motion that have

been placed on the books of the House of Commons for "next session," is one

by Mr. Hume to move that "after a day to be fixed by Parliament, no person,

male or female, shall be admitted to the service of the public, in any

permanent civil office or department, unless they shall pass an examination

by competent persons appointed for that purpose, and shall be found capable

of fluently reading and writing the English language". In England the

Railway Companies have held their annual meetings. The increase of travel

has not kept pace with the increase of railways; the average profit is 3

per cent. The _Times_ has had some forcible articles recently on the

possibility of running a railroad straight from London to Constantinople,

and thence through Ask Minor to India, so as to make Calcutta accessible in

seven days. This the _Times_ describes not only as practicable, but even of

probable accomplishment, in a given number of years.

The harvest in England, Scotland, and Ireland has been of the most

gratifying description. The weather was generally favorable, and a large

quantity of grain was secured in excellent condition. As the harvest

proceeded the reports from the agricultural districts improved, and

previous estimates of crops, both as to quantity and quality, under rather

than over what is realised. The aggregate produce of the kingdom is

expected to be fully equal to that of good average seasons. Accounts of the

potato blight have been greatly exaggerated. The disease has no doubt

reappeared, but in much less degree than at the corresponding time in any

previous year since its first appearance. But notwithstanding the prospect

of a good harvest, the tide of emigration continues to roll on as

unceasingly as in the spring months. Day after day the journals chronicle

the departure of hundreds of emigrants, the major portion of whom are

represented as possessing sufficient capital to enable them to purchase

land on their arrival in America. The Monaghan Standard remarks that the

greater proportion of emigrants now are of a very different description

from the hordes of unhappy creatures, poverty stricken and debilitated with

disease, who formerly struggled across the Atlantic. The greater number of

those who now crowd our emigrant ships are men who, with a capital varying

from L100 to L300, have been in the habit of conducting, with the aid of

their sons and daughters, the cultivation of their land. An honorable trait

of the character of the Irish in America is shown in a fact stated in the

_Ballinesloe Star_, that in six weeks upwards of L20,000 were received from

relations in America, in sums varying from L5 to L30, by persons in

Ireland, the great majority of whom had been receiving relief in the

work-houses up to the time of the money reaching them. In many cases the

poor people have kept the matter secret, through a mistaken fear that if it

were known to the poor law officials, a portion of the money would be

impounded to pay for their maintainance while in the work-house. The money

is consigned to some third party--some shopkeeper, or person who could be

depended upon, to have it safely conveyed to its intended destination,

without the knowledge of the work-house officers.

Much excitement has been created in England by a match between the yacht

America, owned by Mr. John C. Stevens, of New-York, and the yacht Titania,

and by other matches between the America and the most celebrated yachts in

England, in all of which the America was successful.

The America arrived out early in July. Hitherto the dozen or more yacht

clubs in the United Kingdom had never dreamed of foreign competition. It

was just known that there was an Imperial Yacht Club of St. Petersburg,

maintained to encourage a nautical spirit among the nobility; and that

owners of yachts at Rotterdam had enrolled themselves as the "Royal

Netherlands Yacht Club;" but, till the America appeared, the few who were

aware of the fact that there was a flourishing club at New York did not

regard it as of the slightest consequence, or as at all likely to interfere

with their monopoly of the most useful of sports. The few trial runs the

America made after her arrival proved she was possessed of great speed, and

that the owners were not so little justified as at first they had been

thought in offering to back an untried vessel against any yacht in the

English waters for the large sum of L10,000. As the day of the Royal

Squadron's grand match drew near, the entries became numerous. In the

memory of man Cowes never presented such an appearance as on the 22d of

August. A large portion of the peerage and gentry of the United Kingdom had

left their residences, and forsaken the sports of the moors, to witness the

struggle. There must have been a hundred yachts lying at anchor in the

roads; the beach was crowded, from Egypt to the piers; the esplanade in

front of the Club thronged with ladies and gentlemen, and with the people

inland, who came over in shoals, with wives, sons, and daughters, for the

day. Eighteen yachts entered as competitors; the largest of which was a

three-mast schooner, the Brilliant, 392 tons; and the smallest a cutter,

Volante, 48 tons. Nine of the yachts were of above 100 tons, and nine were

of less than 100 tons. The America's burden is 170 tons. The umpire in the

case was Earl Wilton, and the triumph of the America complete. The "Cup of

All Nations" was presented to Commodore Stephens and his brother, the

owners of the America, after a dinner in the club-house that night. Mr.

Abbot Lawrence was present, and acknowledged the compliments paid to this

country. The yacht has since been sold to an English gentleman,--to be a

model for British naval architects.

[Illustration: THE YACHT "AMERICA"]

In the American section of the Great Exhibition, Mr. Hobbs has been the

great centre of attraction, and his colloquial powers have been severely

tested by the thousand and one explanations he is obliged to give of the

mode in which his late achievements were effected. He contents himself

with asserting the vulnerability of all British locks and the

impregnability of his own. He looks on the picking of Chubb's locks as the

smallest of his feats; and it appears that the Directors of the Bank of

England (no bad judges in such matters), have given in their adhesion, by

ordering several of Mr. Hobbs's patent locks.

"Every practical success of the season," says the _Times_, "belongs to the

Americans." Their reaping machines, their revolvers, their yachts, are

great "facts," and every one in England seems willing to admire the skill

and enterprise that produced them. Narrow-minded critics, who are too wise

to learn, find out that the reasons for the "America's" success were

exceedingly trifling; it was only a difference in her build, and in the

construction of the sails, &c. Precisely so, and it was only a stroke with

a knife that enabled the egg of Columbus (which it is true must be stale by

this time) to stand perpendicular. Every one can do it _now_, just as with

the aid of fire and coals, and some water, they can rush from continent to

continent, and baffle the wind or the waves. Every discovery that is useful

is simple. In the works of nature, there is no perplexing machinery.

The war at the Cape of Good Hope, still threatens to be expensive and

protracted. The British troops have shown great gallantry in action, and

the greatest endurance and even cheerfulness under the severe fatigue

inseparable from the nature of the country, and the wide range embraced by

the operations. But they are few in number; the policy of the insurgents is

to avoid as much as possible a general engagement; the frontier is too

extended to be effectually protected by stationary posts; the troops,

therefore, are necessarily harrassed by constant patrol duty, and with no

more decisive result than an occasional skirmish, in which four, five, or

six Caffres are put _hors de combat_.

The directors of the Manchester Commercial Association, and of the Chamber

of Commerce, continue to prosecute their endeavors to encourage the

cultivation of cotton in India. In the early part of this year, letters

were received by the association that fresh New-Orleans cotton seed was

scarce in the districts of Tinnivelly and Coimbetore, and other parts of

the Madras territory; and fearing that the India Board, if appealed to,

might not be sufficiently prompt in supplying that deficiency. Mr. John

Peal, one of the members of the association, has imported at his own risk

thirty tons of this seed, and placed it at the disposal of the Court of

Directors.

A California has been discovered in an interior county of New South Wales.

The _Sydney Morning Herald_ of May 20, quotes from the _Bathurst Free

Press_ of a few days previous, an article which describes "a tremendous

excitement" in the town of Bathurst and the surrounding district of the

counties Bathurst, Roxburg, and Westmoreland, on the discovery that "the

country from the mountain ranges to an indefinite extent in the interior is

one immense gold field."

In India the British government has derided to take and keep possession of

certain parts of the Nizam's dominions unless he repays at once the monies

due to the Government of India, amounting to upwards of eighty lacs of

rupees, with interest at six per cent. The districts of country about to be

absorbed are, it is said, all those on the other side of the Kishna river,

Bachore, and Neildroog, besides Berar. But it is considered in Bombay that

the Nizam "has the means to pay," and that at the eleventh hour he will pay

and save his territory.

Traces appear to have been discovered of the movements of Sir John

Franklin, in the earlier part of his voyage, but throwing little light, as

we apprehend, on the painful question of his subsequent fate--of little

more importance, in fact, than would be the vestiges he may have left

behind him in Scotland. Yet we doubt whether it would be justifiable to

abandon the pursuit, until their fate has been demonstrated by actual

observation. This melancholy satisfaction, at least, is due to science, to

humanity, and to surviving relatives. The Americans are foremost in this

work of philanthropy. They have furnished the latest and most valuable

information on the subject. Captain de Haven, Mr. Penny, and Dr. Kane, of

the United States expedition, are especially entitled, with the officers

and crews of their ships, to general admiration.

On the 1st August, a large party of the Corporation of London, and of the

Royal Commissioners of the Great Exhibition, repaired to Paris, by

invitation of the Prefect of the Seine. They were entertained on the way,

and on August 2, a magnificent banquet was given at the Hotel de Ville in

Paris, followed by a comedy and a concert. The total number of persons

present was 4,000. The next day, Sunday, the wonders of Versailles and the

_grandes eaux_ were exhibited, and it is supposed that 100,000 persons were

present. On Monday, the Lord Mayor and his suite, with the other

distinguished visitors, inspected some of the most remarkable prisons in

Paris, and in the afternoon left for St. Cloud, where they were received by

the President, who expressed the extreme happiness he derived from the

visit of the chief magistrate of the city of London, and his warm sense of

the kind feeling towards France; manifested by the English nation. On

Tuesday, a splende _dejeuner_ was given at the English Embassy, in honor of

the English visitors; and in the evening a grand ball took place at the

Hotel de Ville, which was attended by 6000 persons. On Wednesday a mimic

fight took place in the Champ de Mars; and in the evening, at the Grand

Opera, an operatic entertainment was produced called _Les Nations_, written

expressly in honor of Great Britain, by M. Adolpbe Adam. It was a tasteful

and well-imagined trifle, of two scenes, the principal being one of the

Crystal Palace.

From FRANCE the political news is of little moment, or at least is without

any distinguishing event. The project for a revision of the constitution

having failed, all parties are preparing for the important event of

electing a new President. The Prince Joinville may be considered to be in

the field as the representative of the Bourbon dynasty; and it is probable

that the real conflict will be fought between the adherents of Napoleon and

those of the exiled monarchy. A majority of the Councils of

Arrondissement--according to some, a majority of no less than two

thirds--have decided against any revision of the Constitution. At Lyons a

conspiracy against the state was discovered, its leaders arrested, and

their trial has excited much attention. Their object it is said was to give

the south-eastern departments of France a secret organization,

sufficiently strong and complete to enable them to break out in

simultaneous insurrection on a given signal; to secure the frontier of

Switzerland and of Savoy as a means of assistance or retreat; to support

the French movement by the advance of the refugees collected at Geneva; to

take possession, if possible, of the ports of Toulon and Marseilles, and

thus to command Algiers and the fleet; to inflame by this insurrection the

south-eastern provinces pledged to the movement, and subsequently the

eastern departments supposed to be favorable to it; and thus to lead to a

general republican rising throughout the country, especially where the

garrisons--were weakest. The prisoners were tried by a council of war, and

their council in the course of the trial threw up their briefs in despair

of obtaining a fair inquisition. Three of the prisoners, M. Gent, their

leader, who had been conspicuous in affairs during the provisional

government, and Longomazino, and Ode--were condemned to deportation;

thirteen to detention for terms from three to fifteen years as felons, with

police surveillance for life; nine to imprisonment for short terms; eleven

were acquitted, besides ten who were condemned, and two acquitted by

default. The punishment of deportation is the highest penalty for political

offences now known to the French law, and has been expressly substituted by

a recent enactment for the punishment of death. It consists in

transportation to Nonkahiva or Vuitkan, in the Marquesas, the most desolate

islands in the Pacific Ocean, one day to be peopled, as an enterprising

public writer has observed, with the chiefs and leaders of political

parties in France. At Paris, on the 31st of August, 125 persous were

arrested, charged with a conspiracy against the State. Among the number was

an advocate, named Maillard, formerly Secretary to Ledru Rollin. Rollin is

said to be implicated in the conspiracy. A general Socialist Revolution was

the object of the conspiracy. There was less excitement upon the subject in

Paris than might have been anticipated. It is reported that an expedition

will be sent to the Sea of Japan, under the orders of a rear-admiral, who

has long navigated in the Pacific Ocean and the Chinese seas. The

expedition will, it is added, be at once military, commercial and

scientific, and has for its object the opening to European commerce of

ports which have been closed against it since the sixteenth century.

We learn from Paris, that the Cabinet had held two councils, at which the

President of the Republic presided, to discuss the Cuban affairs, and it

was unanimously resolved to take, if necessary, efficient measures, with or

without the concurrence of England, to protect the rights of Spain.

Letters from Toulon state that the Mediterranean squadron has received

orders to proceed forthwith to the coast of Italy. The disturbed state of

the Peninsula, and especially of Naples, is said to be the cause of this

movement on the part of the French. Naples, and indeed all Italy, is

becoming daily more and more uneasy.

In ITALY there is little of importance, except constant atrocities by the

government, irritating more and more the people of the several states, and

driving them toward such excitements as will make revolution unavoidable.

An "Italian League of Princes" is talked of, at the head of which is to be

Austria; and a visit of the Cardinal Prince Altieri to Lombardy is said to

be for the purpose of coming to an understanding with that Court on the

subject. The Pope would be nominal president of the league, the object of

which is to preserve the peace of Italy, and unite in suppressing every

revolutionary movement at home, and aggression from abroad. A profound

sensation has been created throughout Europe by the publication of two

letters by Mr. Gladstone, a member of the British Parliament, exposing the

despotism of the government of Naples. Mr. Gladstone, a scholar, a man of

academic reputation, an eminent member of the conservative party of English

politicians, and distinguished among members of that party for his calm and

logical mind, and for his profound views of the nature and functions of a

church--this man went to Italy in the winter of 1850-51, and spent three

months in Naples, where, against his will, he was convinced that the

conduct of the government was more cruel and unjust than had ever before

been tolerated in a civilized country. He returned to England to arraign

the despot Ferdinand at the bar of public opinion. Of his disclosures we

can merely state, that twenty thousand of the most intelligent and virtuous

men in that kingdom are now suffering both moral and physical torture as

prisoners of state. Besides this, a catechism is used in the schools

inculcating the most absolute doctrines of despotic government. What is

thus proved of Naples is equally true of Modena. In fact, it pervades

Italy. The organs of the Neapolitan Government give the lie to Mr.

Gladstone's statements, and hirelings have been employed in London and

Paris to answer them, but the result has been a triumphant vindication of

his letters.

The correspondent of the _Daily News_, at Naples, states that more than one

of the hangers-on of the Neapolitan Court have offered to reply to Mr.

Gladstone's Setters, and n notorious spy has sent a manuscript to his

Majesty: but "the King, I am assured, prefers availing himself of such

journals in England or France as are open to an offer." Material has been

sent off to the _Univers_, the organ of the Jesuits in France; and "an

Englishman, well known for certain transactions in Italy, is to do all the

pen fighting work for Ferdinand in London. Really," says the _Daily News_,

"the princes of this epoch have much to redeem. Almost every crowned, or

would-be crowned, head, as he appears on the scene, does so as a mean

intriguer, a lying varlet, a wearer of false colors. None have the courage

to avow the nature of their policy or claims; all pretending to be all

things, and all as unscrupulous as the most reckless of adventurers in

private life."

The Voss Gazette of Berlin, publishes a letter from Vienna of the 7th,

which states that an extensive conspiracy has been discovered in Italy, and

it was on that account the rigors of the state of siege in the Austrian

provinces have been increased. It is added that on the fourth of July a

gentleman at Venice died suddenly of apoplexy, and that on placing seals on

his papers the scheme of a conspiracy, signed by more than 400 persons, was

discovered. The object of it was, it is said, to kill the Emperor in the

event of his going to Italy, and to kill all Austrian officers on the same

night. Only one conspirator resided at Venice; thirty-seven were at

Brescia, and the rest at Bologna. All have, it is said, been arrested.

There is considerable activity among the military in ITALY. The Austrian

garrison and stations are strengthened along the whole line of frontier,

especially towards Piedmont. Radetzky is understood to have applied for

reinforcements from Germany. Connected with these movements--perhaps

arising out of them--are numerous but rather vague reports of plots and

contemplated insurrections. The Court of Saxony, long notorious for its

zeal in propagating the Roman Catholic faith, has offered to mediate

between the King of Sardinia and the Pope. The intimate family relations

which connect the Courts of Saxony and Turin have prompted this step: it

appears to be contemplated not without alarm by the Italian Liberals.

Great excitement has been created throughout Europe, by the promulgation of

the two decrees of the Emperor of AUSTRIA, in which he declares that his

ministers are henceforth to be responsible to no other political authority

than the throne. The very terms of the Constitutional Government are

abolished. The Emperor has violently suppressed the "Free Congregations,"

established by Ronge, and that once popular reformer has published some

masterly letters on the subject, calling on the people of England to give

the aid of their sympathy to the liberal thinkers of Germany. The Austrian

Government has summarily expelled from its dominions Mr. Warrens, late

Consul-General of the United States at Vienna, and for the last few years

the proprietor of the widely-known newspaper, _The Lloyds_. The cause

assigned is the publication of some unpalatable political remarks. This

circumstance, coupled with the late bad treatment of Mr. Brace, will

embitter our diplomatic relations with Austria.

From RUSSIA information as to the war in its Caucasian departments is

indefinite and uncertain. There had been several conflicts but none

decisive or very important.

The Emperor of Russia has declared himself hostile to the incorporation of

the non-German territories of Austria into the Germanic Confederation. This

would seem to indicate that the Autocrat still clings to his project of a

Panaslavonic union.

In the beginning of July, several prisoners, detained in the citadel at

Warsaw, were condemned by Court Martial, and had their sentences

communicated to them. The families of these unfortunates expected to obtain

their pardon from the Emperor during his stay in Warsaw, or at all events

during the celebration at Moscow on the 25th anniversary of his coronation,

but they had hoped in vain. On the 20th of July, four of the convicted were

publicly flogged. One received 2,000 lashes, two 1,500 each, and the fourth

2,000. This last fell dead after having received 1,000 lashes, and they

placed the body of the dying man on a stretcher, where they administered

the remaining thousand to his corpse. Thirty others, of whom the greater

part were entitled to the amnesty granted to refugees, were sent to

Siberia.

The census for Hungary, recently published in Austria, gives the following

statistics: The collective mass of the native population is given at

7,659,151 souls. Of these there are 3,782,627 males, 3,876,624 females.

These again are divided into 2,090,459 unmarried males, 1,943,946 unmarried

females; 1,580,465 married males, 1,588,772 married females. One of the

consequences of the civil war is to be found in the fact, that there are

134,113 more widows than bereaved males! The following is an estimate of

the polyglott population--Magyars, 3,749,652--Sclavonians or Sclaves,

8,656,311--Germans, 834,350--Romanis, 538,373--Ruthenians, 347,734--Jews,

23,564--Croats, 82,003--Wends, 49,116--Gipsies, 47,609--Serfs, 20,994.

Other nationalities, made up of Illyrians, Moravians, Bohemians, Italians,

Armenians, Poles, 81 French, 25 English, 12 Swiss, and 2 Belgian, in all,

9,435. These classified according to religion, show of--Roman Catholics,

4,122,738--Greek Catholics, 676,398--Protestants of both confessions,

2,139,520--Greek not united, 396,931.

Revolution appears to be making the tour of the globe. Even the supposed

unchangeable China is visited by the spirit of mutability. According to the

latest intelligence, it is highly probable that the malcontents, who have

been variously represented as brigands and rebels, are masters of all the

provinces south of the Yellow River, and have seized upon the great

entrepot of Canton. This would be a revolution; for Pekin, which derives

its supplies of provisions by the great canal from those Southern

provinces, would be starved into submission; and the principal seat of

foreign commerce would fall into the hands of a party more bigotedly

hostile to intercourse with foreigners than even the Celestial Government.

Nor is such a revolution either impossible or improbable. Our knowledge of

Chinese history is dim and obscure; yet enough appears to show that the

Mantchoo authority has never been so firmly established to the South as to

the North of the Yellow River--that the purely Chinese element of society

has always preponderated in the Southern provinces. The pretended Emperor,

at the last dates, was reported to be stopping at Sinchau, a departmental

city of Kwang-si, having a water communication with Canton, whence it is

distant about 200 miles. In a letter from one of his followers, it is

stated that Teen-teh is himself at the head of the rebel forces, whom he

led to victory "in the middle term of the third month of the present year"

(early in June), "when 10,000 of the Government troops were destroyed,

being hemmed in in a narrow pathway through a wood in a mountain pass."

Having been duly proclaimed Emperor, Teen-teh dates the commencement of his

reign from the month of September of last year, and has published an

almanac, which his emissaries are busy distributing in various parts of the

empire.

In SIAM two changes of policy appear to be impending. The King, who refused

to treat with Sir James Brooke, died on the 3d of April, and his throne is

now occupied by two of his brothers; the eldest being first, and the other

second king. This division of authority is not without precedent in Siam,

and has taken place in the present instance in accordance with a legal

nomination, made by the late King. There is little doubt but that for the

future a different and more enlightened course of policy will be pursued

towards foreigners. The new ruler-in-chief is a man of more than usual

education, speaking English, and being somewhat acquainted with literature

and science, and he has stated that if the English and American ambassadors

return, they will be kindly received, and liberal treaties negotiated with

them.

_Scientific Discoveries and Proceedings of Learned Societies._

At a recent meeting of the _Royal Society of Literature_, Colonel Rawlinson

read a most interesting paper, containing the announcement of a discovery

of great historical importance. In looking over the large collection of new

cuneiform inscriptions recently brought by Mr. Layard from Assyria, he has

met with one recording the annals of the "Koyunjik King." Under the head of

the third year occurs a notice which determinately proves the king in

question to be the biblical Senacherib, and contains some other remarkable

verifications of Scripture. The record, after giving an account of the

king's war against the king of Sidon, and describing the battle between the

Assyrians and Egyptians, in conformity with the statements of Josephus and

Herodotus, presents a distinct notice of the proceedings of Senacherib

against Hezekiah, king of Judea. The names in the inscription are

_Khazakiyah_, _Ursalimma_, _Jehuda_; and the tribute which the Jewish king

pays, in order to free himself from his enemy, is stated almost in the very

words of Scripture. The annals of Senacherib in this inscription extend

over seven years, and a cylinder has been met with which gives the events

of two years more. Other points of identity between these annals and the

Greek and the biblical notices of Senacherib likewise occur; but the chief

point of interest is the establishment of the identity of the king who

built the great palace of Koyunjik with that sovereign. A secure

starting-place is now obtained for historical research, and it rapid

progress will be made in fixing the Assyrian chronology. Colonel

Rawlinson's paper was read at one of the four evening meetings which the

Society has held this season for the reception of its foreign members and

friends. The Earl of Carlisle was in the chair.

* * * * *

Attempts to discover a PERPETUAL MOTION are still made in almost every

country. In the United States a successful result is attained, according to

the newspapers, about twice a year, and in Europe the inventive genius of

the people is nearly as well rewarded. We read in the French paper

appearing in Constantinople, that a Polish refugee of the name of Rudinski

has discovered a sort of _perpetuum mobile_, at least an engine which

somewhat approaches perpetual motion, for when once put in motion it can

preserve it for twenty years. The power of this engine is said to be

greater than that of any other yet known. The article in the same paper

says that the inventor has made as a model a small carriage, 22 inches

long, 11 inches wide and 14 inches high; that it carries a burden of one

ton; and that its speed is a mile in a minute. The inventor is now occupied

in building a mill after his method for the Turkish Government. The last

American effort in this line is a "Static Pressure Rotary Engine,"

advertised by a Mr. Sawyer, and vindicated by Mr. Andrews, in a series of

letters in the Tribune. Professor Loomis, of the New-York University, has

taken the trouble to show that there is no discovery in the case. Mr.

Sawyer's machine consist a of a covered cylindrical basin, 26 inches in

diameter and two inches deep, to which is attached a vertical tube four

inches in diameter and of any required length. A spiral groove runs the

whole length of the tube, and this, together with the basin, is supposed to

be filled with quicksilver. The whole is to be rapidly revolved about a

vertical axis, when the centrifugal force of the mercury in the basin

drives the mercury out through a valve on the edge of the basin, and leaves

a vacuum behind. The mercury, as it escapes from the basin, falls into a

reservoir communicating with the bottom of the spiral groove, through which

it is forced by the pressure of the atmosphere with such velocity that the

reaction of the sides of the groove causes the tube and the attached basin

to revolve with great momentum, evolving new centrifugal force by which the

vacuum is perpetuated. Mr. Sawyer supposes that the centrifugal force of

the revolving mercury is sufficient to maintain its own revolution

unimpaired, and leave a large surplus capable of being applied to any

useful purpose. This conclusion is founded upon the computations of

Professor Bull. Professor Bull has computed that a wheel 16 inches in

diameter, and weighing 531 pounds, revolving 25 times in 10 seconds, will

have a centrifugal force of 2,716 pounds; and that this velocity may be

produced by a power of 166 pounds applied 1-1/2 inches from the centre, or

a power of 452 pounds acting on the spiral groove already mentioned. Hence,

says Mr. Sawyer, we have "a clear surplus of 2,264 pounds more than is

required to turn the wheel." If this were so, it would constitute the most

beautiful perpetual motion ever dreamed of by the visionary. Professor

Loomis discusses the subject at length, and his chief objection may be

summed up as follows: According to Sawyer &, Co.'s own data, _the

centrifugal force of a revolving wheel exceeds the power required to

produce the rotation only at exceedingly high velocities--and in order to

avail themselves of the full extent of this centrifugal force, they must

employ air of such density that no vessel could possibly resist its

pressure_.

* * * * *

In the archives of Venice an interesting discovery has been made, from

which it would appear that a Frenchman of the name of Gautier, professor of

mathematics at Nancy, and member of the Royal Society at Paris, was the

first to invent navigation by steam. In the year 1756 he submitted his plan

to the society, of which he was a member, and it met with no countenance

from that body. He then published a treatise on the subject, which

attracted the attention of the Venetian Republic, and procured for him an

invitation to the shores of the Adriatic; he went, but death soon put an

end to his labors. A year or two afterwards the theory of Gautier was

practically exemplified on the Seine, amidst the acclamations of the

Parisians. The treatise by Gautier on "Navigation by Fire" the discovery

alluded to above.

* * * * *

A paper was read before the British Association entitled "A Comparison of

Athletic Men of Great Britain with Greek Statues," by Mr. J. B. Brent. Mr.

Brent, in order to obtain those of the athletic, measured and weighed

celebrated boxers, cricketers, wrestlers, rowers, pedestrians, and others.

These he compared to the heights and weights of soldiers and policemen,

and thence with certain celebrated Greek statues. And from such a

comparison it appears that the wrestlers of Cornwall, Devon, and the north

of England, are not inferior to those statues.

* * * * *

A letter from St. Petersburg says that the _Geographical Society_ of that

city is displaying great activity. "Scarcely has the expedition which is

sent to seek out the sources of the Nile returned when the society is

preparing a new expedition having for its object to explore the peninsula

of Kamskatka. The Count de Czapski is to have the direction of this new

attempt, and he has subscribed 20,000f. a year towards the expense."

* * * * *

A recent traveller in Abyssinia has discovered a tribe of Jews in that

country. They are called Falasha. Their chief priest, the Rabbi Yshaq

(Isaac), told the traveller that they first entered the country in the time

of King Solomon, and that they have uninterrupted traditions, though no

written history, of the principal events that have occurred to them since

that remote period. Their religious rites and belief are the same in

substance as those of the European Jews, but some of their doctrines are

quasi-Christian. Indeed, they say that it was from them that the early

Christians took some of their customs and points of belief. They have a

tradition of St. Paul having been in communication with them, and they hold

him in great respect. They never, it seems, quitted their own country, and

were shocked at the idea of going to sea in ships. "How at sea," they

asked, "can the Sabbath be respected?" They know little or nothing of

Europe; but on being told that vast numbers of their fellow believers

resided in it, expressed pleasure and sent them their fraternal good

wishes.

* * * * *

A French gentleman, M. Mariette, has made some important discoveries in the

ruins of Memphis, and the _Academy of Moral and Political Sciences_ has

called on the government to afford him the pecuniary means of continuing

his researches. The National Assembly, on the demand of the government,

voted 20,000 francs ($6,000) for this purpose. M. Mariette has brought to

light a number of basso-relievos, some statues, and about five hundred

bronze figures. But his greatest discovery is the Temple of Serapis, and it

is to free it from the soil which has covered it for ages that the money

has been specially granted. One of the most magnificent temples which this

deity possessed, or, indeed, which existed in the world, was that at

Memphis; and it enjoys the peculiarity of containing ornaments in the

Grecian as well as the Egyptian style, it having been in its highest glory

about the time at which some of the Grecian idolatry was introduced into

the ancient worship of Egypt. It is known to contain twelve statues of

deities mounted on symbolical animals, all of more gigantic size than any

hitherto found, also two splendid figures of the Sphinx, and two enormous

lions in the Egyptian style: but the Sanctuary of the Temple, which has not

yet been explored, will, it is expected, bring to light things far more

curious, and of the highest historical importance. Altogether, it is

expected that M. Mariette's excavations at Memphis will rival those of Dr.

Layard at Nineveh.

* * * * *

It will be remembered that an island, about 120 feet high and 2,000 feet in

circumference, suddenly sprang up in 1831 between Sicily and La

Pantellaria. It disappeared about a month after, and at a later period even

the sounding lead could give no indications of its existence; but vessels

passing over the place it had formerly occupied would sometimes feel a sort

of shock, which showed that it was of volcanic origin. In March last,

however, the French vessel Eole, which was taking soundings in the

vicinity, discovered some traces of its existence; and we now learn from

Naples that in the course of the last month Her Majesty's ship Scourge,

Captain Kerr, verified the truth of the preceding observation, and further

discovered that the island, which had been christened "Isola Giulia," was

only nine feet under water. Captain Kerr had a pole with a streamer and an

inscription set up on the spot.

* * * * *

The experiments for the production of PHOTOGRAPHS in NATURAL COLORS appears

to have been carried on simultaneously by Mr. Hill in this country and by

several persons abroad. The _Athenaeum_ says that in some experiments made

by Sir John Herschel a colored impression of the prismatic spectrum was

obtained on paper stained with a vegetable juice. Mr. Robert Hunt published

some accounts of the indications of color in their natural order obtained

on sensitive photographic surfaces. These were, however, exceedingly faint,

and M. Biot and others regarded the prospect of producing photographs in

colors visionary,--not likely, from the dissimilar action of the solar

rays, ever to become a reality. M. Becquerel has a process by which, on

plates of metal, many of the more intense colors have been produced; but it

appears to have been reserved for the nephew of the earliest student in

photography, Niepce, to produce on the same plate, by _one_ impression of

the solar rays, all the colors of the chromatic scale. Of this process,

called by the discoverer, _Heliochromy_--sun-coloring--we have had the

opportunity of seeing specimens. They are three copies of colored

engravings,--a female dancer and two male figures in fancy costumes; and

every color of the original pictures is faithfully impressed on the

prepared silver tablet. The preparation of the plates remains a secret with

the inventor, but the plate when prepared presents a dark brown, nearly a

black surface, and the image is _eaten out_ in colors. We have endeavored

by close examination to ascertain something of the laws producing this

remarkable effect; but it is not easy at present to perceive the relations

between the colorific action of light and the associated chemical

influence. The female figure has a red silk dress, with purple trimming and

white lace. The flesh tints, the red, the purple, and the white are well

preserved in the copy. One of the male figures s remarkable for the

delicacy of its delineation:--here, blue, red, white and pink are perfectly

impressed. The third picture is injured in some parts:-but it is, from the

number of colors which contains, the most remarkable of all. Red, blue,

yellow, green, and white are distinctly marked,--and the intensity of the

yellow is very striking. Such are the facts as they have been examined by

the _Athenaeum_, and these results superior to those which were given to the

world when photography was first announced.

_Recent Deaths._

JAMES FENIMORE COOPER, the first American who gave to American literature a

name in other nations, and the most illustrious of the authors of his

country, died at Otsego Hall, his residence in Cooperstown, on Sunday, the

fourteenth of September, aged sixty-two years. Of his literary life and

character we have recently written at large in these pages; of his noble

personal qualities, which entitled him to no less eminence in society, we

shall have occasion to speak hereafter.

* * * * *

REV. THOMAS H. GALLAUDET, LL, D., the pioneer of Deaf-Mute Instruction in

this country, died in Hartford, Connecticut, the 10th of September, at the

age of sixty-four. At an early period of his life, Mr. Gallaudet became

interested in the Deaf and Dumb. In the autumn of 1807, a child of Dr.

Mason F. Cogswell, of Hartford, through a malignant fever, lost her hearing

and soon after her speech. Mr. Gallaudet interested himself in the case of

this child, and attempted to converse with and instruct her. His efforts

was rewarded with partial success; and through the exertions of Dr.

Cogswell, he was commissioned to visit Europe for the purpose of becoming a

teacher of the Deaf and Dumb in this country. Seven gentlemen of Hartford

subscribed sufficient funds to defray his expenses, and he departed on the

25th of May, 1815. Meanwhile, the friends of the project employed the

interval in procuring an incorporation from the Legislature, in May, 1816.

In May, 1819, the name of "the American Asylum at Hartford for the

Education and Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb," was bestowed on the first

Institution for Deaf-Mutes established in this country. After spending

several months in assiduous prosecution of his studies, under the Abbe

Sicard and others, Mr. Gallaudet returned in August, 1816, accompanied by

Mr. Laurent Clerc, a deaf and dumb professor of the Institution at Paris,

well known in Europe as a most intelligent pupil of Sicard. Mr. Clerc is

now living in a vigorous old age and is still a teacher at Hartford. The

Asylum was opened on the 15th of April, 1817, and during the first week of

its existence received seven pupils; it now averages 220 annually. Mr.

Gallaudet became the Principal at its commencement, and held the office

until April, 1830, when he resigned, and he has since officiated as

Chaplain of the Retreat for the Insane at Hartford. His interest in the

cause of the Deaf-Mute Education has continued unabated, and his memory

will be warmly cherished by that unfortunate class, as well as by a large

class of devoted friends. His last act in connection with the great cause

to which all his best energies had been devoted, was the dictation of the

following letter to his son, Mr. Gallaudet of the New-York Institute, who

presented it to the recent Convention at Hartford:

HARTFORD, Aug. 29, 1851.

_To the President, Officers and Members of the Convention of those

interested in the Cause of Instruction of Deaf-Mutes, vote in session in

this City--_

GENTLEMEN: With deep regret I perceive that the state of my

health is such as to prevent my enjoying the pleasures and

the privileges of participating with you in the objects of

the Convention. Look to God for His wisdom and peace, and

may it be richly imparted to you. Accept the assurances of

my personal regard and best wishes for your success in your

various operations.

Yours sincerely, T. H. GALLAUDET.

* * * * *

M. BEVERLEY TUCKER, the half-brother of John Randolph, died on the 26th of

August, of a chronic affection, at Winchester, in Virginia. He was one of

the last of a generation and family, every member of which was remarkable

for high and peculiar endowment. The subject of our notice was not inferior

to the kinsman whose fame was so peculiar, in all the essentials of a high

character and an exquisite genius. His writings, like the speeches of John

Randolph, were distinguished by freedom, grace, wonderful raciness and

spirit, and remarkable eloquence and point. He was the author of a series

of lectures on Government--that of the United States in particular. He was

a politician of the States Rights School, unbending and unyielding in his

faith and tenacious of its minutest points. These lectures cannot be too

carefully studied, especially by the young men of the north, as they embody

the doctrines of Virginia and the South generally, and exhibit the extent

of the political requisition of that great section of our country. They are

beautifully written--are, in short, among the best specimens of political

writing which we possess. Judge Tucker (he was sometime on the Bench in

Missouri) was the author of many other works which deserve to be better

known. His province was fiction as well as politics, and he wrote poetry

with singular vigor. He was the translator of Goethe's Iphigenia, which was

published in the Southern Literary Messenger, and has left among other

manuscripts, an original drama, entitled "Viola," written in blank verse.

His novel of "George Balcombe," will be remembered by many readers, as a

prose fiction at once highly interesting and well written. His "Partisan

Leader," another prose fiction in two volumes, is a political romance,

embodying the Southern hostility to Mr. Van Buren's administration, and

"illustrating the tendencies of his party to a general usurpation of all

the attributes of sovereign power." His latest production, we believe, is a

scattering criticism in the July issue of the Southern Quarterly Review, of

Garland's life of John Randolph, a work which he bitterly denounced. Like

his half-brother, the orator of Roanoke, Judge Tucker, was a person of

intense feelings and great excitability, an eager impulse, and a keen power

of sarcasm. He wrote with all the eloquence with which the latter spoke.

His style is marked by great ease and freedom, by felicities of expression

which give an epigrammatic point to his sentences, and by a sweetness and

harmony of arrangement, which bestow music upon the ear without falling

into monotony. His thought was equally free and melodious. He thought

deeply and earnestly, and was never satisfied with the shallows of thought.

In diving, he was no less clear than deep; he brought up pearls where the

awkward diver brings up mud only. Judge Tucker was a fine man; of warm

passions, but noble nature; of powers of satire, but of benevolent heart.

He was probably sixty-eight years old when he died. He has left a wife and

several children. We must not omit to mention that at the time of his death

he held the chair of Law in the College of William and Mary, at

Williamsburg, Va. Judge Tucker's last appearance in affairs was as a member

of the Nashville Convention.

* * * * *

LEVI WOODBURY was born in 1790, at Francestown, a good farming village in

the interior of New Hampshire, where he received his early education,

attending the district school during the winter months, and working on his

father's farm in the summer. From his boyhood he showed a decided taste for

learning, and on attaining the proper age, was sent to an academy, in order

to prepare for college. He entered Dartmouth college in 1805, and after

passing through the usual course, received his first degree, with a high

reputation among his teachers and classmates for industry, talent, and

uncommon perseverance. He at once selected the law as his future

profession, and having studied for the requisite term of three years at

Litchfield, Boston, and Exeter, as well as his native place, was admitted

to the bar in 1812. At that time party spirit was raging with intense

fervor in every portion of New England. Mr. Woodbury took a decided stand

in favor of Madison's administration and the war with Great Britain. He was

soon acknowledged as a shrewd and powerful leader of the party, which was

then in the minority in his native state. Devoted with youthful zeal to the

cause which he had espoused, he exerted no small influence in changing the

political character of the state, and aiding the Democratic party in

gaining the ascendency, which they secured in 1816. On the first meeting of

the legislature, after his friends came into power, Mr. Woodbury was chosen

Secretary of the Senate, and at the commencement of the following year was

appointed a Judge of the Superior Court He was then but twenty-seven years

of age, the youngest Judge, so far as we remember, that was ever elevated

to a seat on the bench. The appointment caused great surprise to men of all

parties, on account of the comparative youth of the incumbent, and his

limited experience of practice at the bar. He acquitted himself, however,

of the duties of his arduous station with great credit. His name became

still more widely known, and in 1823 he was elected Governor of New

Hampshire by a large majority. Failing to be chosen, for a second term, he

resumed the practice of his profession in Portsmouth, to which place he had

removed in 1819, and where he continued to have his permanent residence

until the time of his decease. He immediately entered upon an extensive

practice of his profession, and was surrounded with clients from all

quarters. In 1825 he was chosen to the state legislature from the town of

Portsmouth, and at the commencement of the session was elected Speaker of

the House, although it was the first time that he had been a member of any

legislative assembly. During this session he was chosen to fill a vacancy

which had occurred in the Senate of the United States, and upon taking his

seat in that body, he ably sustained the position of a leader of his party.

His term of service in the Senate expired in March, 1831. He had previously

declined a re-election. On the reorganization of President Jackson's

cabinet, in the month of April following, he was invited to take the office

of Secretary of the Navy. He accepted the appointment, and discharged the

duties of the office until 1834, when he became Secretary of the Treasury,

in place of Mr. Taney, whose nomination had been rejected by the Senate. He

continued in that post till the close of Mr. Van Buren's presidency, when

he resumed his seat in the Senate, to which he had been elected for six

years from the 4th of March, 1841. Mean time, on the decease of Judge

Story, during the administration of Mr. Polk, he was appointed to fill the

place of that eminent jurist, and became a Judge of the Supreme Court of

the United States in 1846. From that time the deceased withdrew from active

participation in political life, and devoted himself to the duties of his

high station, which he discharged with assiduity and success. He died at

Portsmouth, New Hampshire, September 3d, at the age of 61.

Without possessing the highest order of intellect, remarks the Tribune,

Judge Woodbury had a large share of native shrewdness and unfailing

quickness of political forecast, a very retentive memory, and a more than

common power of logical reasoning. He was an effective speaker in debate,

and understood the art of bringing men over to his views, even if they

failed to comprehend his arguments. His style of writing was turgid and

obscure, doing little justice to his acknowledged clearness of intellect.

He made little use of common artifices for obtaining personal popularity,

and though respected for his intelligence and solidity of character, was

never a great public favorite. In the private relations of life his

character was unblemished.

* * * * *

GEN. MCCLURE, of Elgin, Illinois, died at that place on the 15th of August,

at the age of eighty years. Gen. McClure was a native of Londonderry,

Ireland, and emigrated to this country and settled at Bath, in the county

of Steuben, prior to the year 1800. He removed from Bath to his late

residence in Illinois, in 1835. During his residence in that state he held

many offices of distinction, such as Surrogate, Judge, Sheriff, and member

of the legislature. In 1813 he was in command of the American forces on the

Buffalo frontier. He was severely censured for the burning of Newark (now

Niagara), which took place whilst he was in command, but a subsequent

discussion of that matter resulted in a very general conviction that the

Secretary of War, General Armstrong, was mainly responsible for the act.

Whatever of error he may have committed during a protracted life spent

mostly in the service of the public, he will be remembered by the early

settlers of Western New York as an active and enterprising man, possessed

of a sound head and an honest heart.

* * * * *

LORENZ OKEN, who was in his seventy-third year, died early in August The

_Leader_ says, "He will be known to many readers as the originator of that

theory of cranial homologies which has effected so great a revolution in

anatomical science. His discovery of the skull as a continuation of the

vertebral column--of its being, in fact, nothing but a congeries of four

vertebrae, as the brain itself is but a congeries of nervous ganglia --will

immortalize his name; but if any unwary man of science opens the _Lehrbuch

der Natur Philosophie_ with the expectation of studying a work of positive

science, he will be considerably astonished at finding Nature subjected to

the forms of Schelling's metaphysics; nor will he be reconciled to its

startling formulas by Oken's assuring him, that where God is called Fire or

Water, these expressions are only to be understood symbolically--_nur

symbolisch zunehmen seyn_. The British reader is the last to learn with

patience that "Nothing exists but the Nothing:" _es existirt nichts als das

Nichts_. Nor can you pacify him by the assurance that _Nichts_ does not

mean _no existence_, but means _no special phenomenon_, the only true

existence being _The Absolute._ He very properly discards such "metaphysic

wit:" and when Oken teaches that, "God is the self-conscious Nothing;

Creation is but God's act of self-consciousness; and that God came first to

his self-consciousness through the spoken word ([Greek: logos]) _the

world_. If God did not think, there would be no world; nay, he himself

would not be"--when we say Oken teaches him in all seriousness such "high

arguments" as these, the British reader is apt to ask, "My dear sir, _how

do you know all this?_" A translation of Oken was published by Mr. Tulk

among the works of the Ray Society, and excited both astonishment and

merriment in England. But, as we said, Oken's name is indelibly associated

with a great advance in science; to his labors we owe the admirable

researches of Professor Owen, and no amount of German metaphysics can quite

obscure his renown."

The incidents of Oken's life are not many. In 1816, he began a journal

called _Isis_, to which he intended to give an encyclopaedic character. As

the government of Saxe-Weimar then allowed the press greater freedom than

other German states, many complainants selected this journal as their

organ. Oken, whose views were liberal, printed such complaints whenever

they were of general interest. The consequence was, that the government of

Saxe-Weimar was compelled, by the great powers of the German confederacy,

to make him discontinue the _Isis_, or discharge him from the

professorship. Oken chose to give up the latter, and continued to live in

Jena, with few interruptions. In 1827, he was made professor in the new

university of Munich, where he has continued to lecture ever since. His

activity is apparent from the list of his works: Outlines of the Philosophy

of Nature, of the Theory of the Senses, and the Classification of Animals

founded thereon, 1802; Generation, 1805; Biology, a text-book for his

Lectures, 1805; Oken's and Kieser's Contributions to Comparative Anatomy

and Physiology, 1806; On the Signification of the Bones of the Cranium,

1807; On the Universe, a Continuation of the System of the Senses, 1808;

First Ideas towards a Theory of Light, Darkness, Colors, and Heat, 1808;

Sketch of the Natural System of Metals, 1809; On the Value of Natural

History, 1809; Origin and Cure of Hernia Umbilicalis, 1810; Manual of the

Philosophy of Nature, 1808, 1810, and 1811; Manual of Natural History,

1813, 1815, and 1816; New Armament, New France, New Germany, 1813; Natural

History for Schools, 1821. In 1833 he became professor at Zurich, and it

was there he wrote his General Views of Natural History, for all Classes,

from 1833 to 1846.

* * * * *

COUNT VON KIELMANSEGGE, the Hanoverian general, died lately at Linden, aged

eighty-three. He was born at Ratzebourg, in the Duchy of Lauenburg, in the

year 1768, entered the army in 1793, and served against the French at

Nieuport in Holland, at Hamburg, at Quatre Bras, and Waterloo, where he

commanded a brigade.

* * * * *

H. E. G. PAULUS, Doctor of Theology, of Philosophy, and of Laws, a man who,

for more than half a century, has been celebrated as one of the most able

and active among the theological and philosophical writers of Germany, died

at Heidelberg, on the 10th of August. Dr. Paulus was born at Lemberg, near

Stuttgard, in 1760. He studied chiefly at Tubingen, but visited several

other universities in Germany, Holland, and England. While at Oxford, in

the year 1784, he was appointed Professor of Oriental Languages at Jena,

chiefly through the recommendations of Griesbach. In 1793, he succeeded to

the theological chair, and gave lectures on theology above forty years at

Jena, Wurtzberg, and Heidleberg, till advancing age and its infirmities

compelled him to retire from his public duties. He published upwards of

thirty different works, and gave us the best edition of Spinoza. He was a

man of truly German erudition; and with Eichorn, Planck, and Lessing, one

of the leaders of Rationalism, which has ended in Strass and Bruno

Bauer--unless we are to carry the influence further, and leave it in the

hands of Feierbach and Max Steiner, avowed Atheists. His profound learning,

penetrating judgment, unshrinking courage, and unwearied assiduity,

obtained for his writings, which were very numerous, a wide circulation,

and his researches, historical and critical, as well as the inferences he

deduced from them, produced, without doubt, considerable effect on the

public mind. In private life he was singularly amiable, easy of access,

courteous to strangers, bestowing kind and unostentatious attention on all

who sought his assistance, and ever actively employed up to his ninetieth

year in endeavoring to promote freedom, order, and peace, piety, virtue,

and humanity. Paulus had the degree of Doctor of Laws from Frieberg, in

consequence of his critique of the famous process of Fonk. We have referred

to the number of his works (those on oriental literature are enumerated by

_Meusel_), but allusion should be made to his periodicals: his

_Sophronizon_, established in 1819, devoted to church and state, and

received with great favor by both Protestants and Catholics. In 1825 he

began _Der Denkglaubige_, (the Thinking Believer), and in 1827,

_Kirchenbeleuchtungen_, in which he aimed to show the true state of

Romanism and Protestantism.

* * * * *

JOSEPH RUSIECKI, one of the oldest and the most distinguished of the Polish

emigrants in France, died early in August, in the hospital at Vierzon. He

was born in 1770, and commenced his military career in 1787. He fought

against the Russians in 1794, under the command of the immortal Koscinsko.

After the partition of Poland he entered the service of the French

Republic, fondly hoping, like many others who were equally deceived, that

his country's independence would be restored through French influence. He

made the campaigns of Italy with the First Consul, and formed part of the

expedition to St. Domingo under Rochambeau. He served subsequently in the

cuirassiers, commanded by General Hautpoul, who died in his arms on the

sanguinary field of Eylau. On the cuirassiers, who were cut to pieces in

that battle, being reorganized, it was observed to Napoleon that Lieutenant

Rusiecki was not the height for a cuirassier. The Emperor commanded him to

alight, and placing himself back to back with him, he remarked to his

aid-de-camp, "You are mistaken, sir, he is not a dwarf, he is my size," and

at the same time he promoted him to the rank of captain in that corps. He

was named Major in the year 1812, during the campaign of Russia. He

commanded the 22d regiment of the line during the war of Independence, in

the year 1831. His remains were accompanied to the grave by the principal

inhabitants of Vierzon, and by the National Guard.

* * * * *

JOHN GOTTFRIED GRUBER, Professor of Philosophy at Halle, was born at

Naumburg on the 29th November, 1774, and educated at the University of

Leipsic, where he was distinguished for attainments in philosophy,

philology, mathematics, and natural science generally. In addition to

numerous learned works on history, archaeology, mythology, etc., he was the

principal editor of the celebrated Universal Encyclopaedia, in 109 volumes.

He died at Halle about the middle of August.

* * * * *

JOHN HOBART, second Earl of Clare, was born in Queens, 1792, and graduated

at Christchurch, Oxford, where in 1812, he was second in classics. He,

throughout life, cultivated his taste for literature, and for the society

of literary men. He was a college associate and intimate friend of Lord

Byron. He was a Knight of St Patrick, G.C.H., a Privy Councillor, Vice

President of the Royal Society, and far many years was Governor of Bombay.

He died at Brighton on the 18th of August.

* * * * *

SIR HENRY JARDINE, a son of Rev. Dr. Jardine, who projected the first

Edinburgh Review, in 1755, was born in Edinburgh on the 30th of January,

1766, and after a successful career in the law, retired from public

employment in 1837, with a yearly pension of L1400. He was knighted by King

George IV., on the 29th of April, 1825. He was a member of the Royal

Society of Edinburgh, of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and of

most of the literary, scientific, and charitable institutions of Edinburgh.

The Society of Antiquaries, in particular, profited largely by the interest

which he took in its affairs for many years. He was a contributor to the

Bannatyne Club, of the pleasing and characteristic "Diary of James

Melville, minister of Kilrenny." In private life, Sir Henry Jardine had

many friends, among whom were Sir Walter Scott, and other distinguished men

of his time.

* * * * *

LADY LOUISA STUART died in London on the 4th of August, aged nearly 94. She

was the youngest daughter of the Earl of Bute, the celebrated minister

during our revolution, and was granddaughter of Lady Mary Wortley Montague,

to whose works she wrote the charming introductory anecdotes prefixed in

Lord Wharncliffe's edition. She remembered to have seen her grandmother,

Lady Mary, when at old Wortley's death that celebrated woman returned to

London after her long and still unexplained exile from England. Lady Louisa

herself was a charming letter-writer.

_Ladies' Late Summer Fashions._

The season being now far advanced, no change of fashions can be looked for

until autumn shall have fairly set in; but a great variety in costume is

obtained by the different combinations of the articles already introduced.

[Illustration]

_White Muslin Mantelets_ are much worn. The selection for our illustration

is of the shawl form, much rounded at the back. The ends in front are also

slightly rounded. The mantelet is made of thin, soft, white muslin, and is

trimmed with worked volants from six to seven inches broad, and set on

rather full. The back and front are edged with two volants; and a third,

passing over the armhole, forms a sort of sleeve. The dress worn with this

mantelet is of white muslin, ornamented with needlework; but the mantelet

is intended to be worn in outdoor costume with a dress of silk or barege.

The pattern of the needlework consists of a deep scallop, with a notched or

dentated edge. Within each large scallop there is a sprig, the leaves of

which are formed in open work.

[Illustration]

Several _Evening Dresses_, worn at the most recent parties, are of a style

which would not be inappropriate for winter soirees; for instance, some of

the new silk dresses intended for evening wear are trimmed with black lace

flounces, the corsage ornamented and edged with narrow black velvet. Many

dresses of printed organdy have been prepared for evening costume; one has

the design printed in pink, the pattern being small bouquets; another,

with the pattern in blue, is made with seven flounces, and each flounce is

edged with narrow gauze ribbon, the corsage also ornamented with gauze

ribbons. This style of trimming renders the dress very elegant.

The _Headdresses_ worn at evening parties present no novelty. Natural

flowers may be worn in the hair with greater advantage at this season than

at any other, as they fade less rapidly, than the summer flowers.

[Illustration]

The newest style of _Full Dress for Little Girls_ comprises some very

pretty white muslin dresses, ornamented with tabliers of needlework. Bows

of ribbon ornament the sleeves, and one is fixed at the waist behind. A

white muslin dress, worn over a pink or blue slip is a fashionable style

for little girls. With these dresses should be worn a sash with flowing

ends. Some of these dresses are made with basques, notwithstanding that the

corsage is low and the sleeves short. The skirt is always short, and

trousers are indispensable.

For _Little Boys_ who have not yet attained the age for wearing the jacket,

the tunic or blouse is adopted. The Russian blouse is made all in one

piece, but opening on the left side; or the blouse may be made in a style

called the Scottish blouse, namely, with a plain corsage, having basques or

tails, the skirt very full, and cut bias way. Either of the above forms are

fashionable, and they are made of almost every kind of material, but those

of chequered silk, especially for very little boys, are the most distingue.

Short trousers and socks complete the costume.

The dress in the first of the above figures is of a plaided barege, of a

delicate pink. The second is of a light silk dress of salmon-colored silk,

van-dyked; bonnet of white chip. In all the recent patterns the advance

toward autumn modes is too slight to need specification.