709. _What is the thermometer?_
The thermometer is an instrument in which _mercury_ is employed to
indicate _degrees of heat_. Its name is derived from two Greek words,
meaning _heat measurer_.
710. _Why does mercury indicate degrees of heat?_
Because it _expands_ readily with _heat_, and _contracts_ with _cold_;
and as it passes freely through small tubes, it is the most convenient
medium for indicating _changes of temperature_.
711. _Why are there Reaumur's Thermometers and Fahrenheit's
Thermometers?_
Because their inventors, after whom they are named, adopted a different
system of _notation_, or _thermometrical marks_; and as their
thermometers have been adopted by various countries and authors, it is
now difficult to dispense with either of them.
[Verse: "When ye see a cloud rise out of the west straightway ye
say, There cometh a shower; and so it is. And when ye see the south
wind blow, ye say there will be heat; and it cometh to pass."--LUKE
XIII.]
[Illustration: Fig. 22.--THE THERMOMETERS OF REAUMUR AND FAHRENHEIT
COMPARED.]
We have combined the two (_see_ Fig. 22.) The diagram will, we
have no doubt, prove exceedingly useful to scientific readers
and experimentalists. There is also another system of notation,
adopted by the French, called the _centigrade_, but it is not much
referred to in Great Britain. In the centigrade thermometer 0 zero
is the freezing point, and 100 the boiling point. Fahrenheit's
scale is generally preferred. Reaumur's is mostly used in Germany.
Of Fahrenheit's scale 32 is the freezing point, 55 is moderate
heat, 76 summer heat in Great Britain, 98 is blood heat, and 212
is the boiling point. Mr. Wedgwood has invented a thermometer for
testing _high temperatures_, each degree of which answers to l30
degrees of Fahrenheit. According to his scale cast iron melts at
2,786 deg.; fine gold at 2,016 deg.; fine silver 1,873 deg.; brass
melts at 1,869 deg.; red heat is visible by day at 980 deg.; lead
melts 612 deg.; bismuth melts 476 deg.; tin melts 412 deg.; and
there is a curious fact with regard to the three metals, lead,
bismuth, and tin, that if they are mixed in the proportions of 5,
8, and 3 parts respectively, the mixture (after previous fusion)
will melt at a heat below that of boiling water.
712. _What is the difference between the thermometer and the barometer?_
In the thermometer the column of mercury is much smaller than in the
barometer, and is sealed from the air; while in the barometer the
column of mercury is open at one end to atmospheric influence.
713. _Why does the mercury in the thermometer, being sealed up,
indicate the external temperature?_
Because the heat passes through the glass, in which the mercury is
enclosed, and _expanding or contracting the metal within the bulb_,
causes the small column above it to _rise_ or _fall_.
[Verse: "Blessed is the people that know the joyful sound: they
shall walk, O Lord, in the light of thy countenance."--PSALM LXXXIX.]
714. _When does the thermometer vary most in its indication of natural
temperature?_
It varies more in the _winter_ than in the _summer_ season.
715. _Why does it vary more in the winter than in the summer?_
Because the temperature of our climate _differs more from the
temperature of the torrid zones in the winter_ than it does in the
_summer_, and the _inequalities of temperature_ cause frequent changes
in the degree of prevailing heat.
The same remarks (714, 715,) apply to the barometer.