window, bestowed his blessing. That was all that his weakness and his
emotion permitted. He sank, overcome with his grief, to the floor.
Strafford made a profound obeisance, and the procession moved on. But
after a few steps the earl turned round again, bowed to the ground once
more, saying, "Farewell, my lord! God protect your innocence!" Then
proceeding again, he assumed a lofty and dignified air, more even than
was usual to him. At the Tower gate the lieutenant requested him to
enter a coach, lest the people should wreak their hatred upon him; but
he declined, saying, "No, Master lieutenant, I dare look death in the
face, and I hope the people, too. Have you a care that I do not escape,
and I care not how I die, whether by the executioner, or the madness
of the people. If that give them better satisfaction, it is all one to
me." He was accompanied to the scaffold by Archbishop Ussher, the Earl
of Cleveland, and his brother, Sir George Wentworth, and others of his
friends were there to take their leave of him. The crowd assembled to see
their great enemy depart was immense, and he made a speech from notes
which he had prepared, still protesting his innocence; declaring that so
far from wishing to put an end to Parliaments, he had always regarded
them, under God, as the best means to make the king and his people
happy. His head fell at a single blow, and the astonished people could
scarcely believe that they had seen the last of their foe. They retired
in quietness, as if overcome by the greatness of the satisfaction; but
they testified their joy in the evening by bonfires in the streets (May
12, 1641).
The fall of Strafford carried terror through the Court. Many began
to think of flying. Cottington had given up his office of Master of
the Wards, and Lord Say and other noblemen of the popular party were
introduced into the Ministry. The Marquis of Hertford was made Governor
to the Prince, the Earl of Essex Lord Chamberlain, the Earl of Leicester
the Lord-lieutenant of Ireland. The king was wholly averse from the new
ministers, but hoped to win upon them as he had done upon Strafford,
Loudon, and Montrose; and indeed, after their appointment, a bolder and
more independent spirit seemed to awaken in the Lords. They threw out
several Bills sent up from the Commons, amongst others, one for excluding
the bishops from their House. Essex, though a reformer, was by no means
hostile to the hierarchy, and always obliged his servants to accompany
him to church, and kept a chaplain who was a thorough conformist. The
Lords did not object to the bishops and clergy in general being excluded
from the Star Chamber, the Privy Council, and the Commissions of the
Peace; but they contended that bishops had always formed a part of their
body, and that the Commons might next take it into their heads to exclude
barons.
The Commons, however, pressed on the Lords Bills for the abolition of
the two greatest engines of tyranny in the country, the Star Chamber
and the High Commission Court. These, with another for a poll-tax for
the maintenance of the armies, the Lords passed; but Charles hesitated.
He had given up much this Session: the right of prorogation without
consent of Parliament, thus making Parliament perpetual if it pleased;
the right to demand tonnage and poundage without the same consent; he had
limited the forest laws; granted to the judges their places during good
behaviour; and withdrawn the commission for the Presidency of the North
as illegal. But to give up the civil and ecclesiastical inquisitions,
those ready and terrible torture houses of the Crown, went hard with
him. The poll-tax he passed at once, because he thought it would be
unpopular, but he refused to sanction the others. The Commons came to a
resolution that he should pass all three or none; and the tone of both
Parliament and the people was so menacing, that on the 5th of July he
gave his consent, and put an end to those un-English abominations.
The Commons having granted the king six subsidies, and tonnage and
poundage for the year, he now proposed to proceed to Scotland to hold
a Parliament. He was aware that a reaction had taken place there. The
Marquis of Montrose had exerted himself to form a party amongst such
noblemen and gentlemen as had grown to regard the popular leaders both
in Scotland and England as bearing too insolently on the prerogatives of
the Crown. He had prevailed on nineteen noblemen to subscribe a bond,
pledging themselves "to oppose the particular and indirect practices of
a few, and to study all public ends which might tend to the safety of
religion, laws, and liberty." They were careful that the language of this
bond should not clash openly with that of the Covenant; but the real
design did not escape the vigilance of the Committee of Estates. They
called on Montrose and his associates to clear themselves, and obtaining
the bond, burn it publicly. Notwithstanding this, the confederates
opened a secret correspondence with the king, and assured him of their
confidence of victory over the Covenanters, if he would honour the
Parliament with his presence, confirm his former concessions, and delay
the distribution of offices and honours to the end of the session. But
this correspondence also was discovered. Walter Stuart, the messenger
of Montrose to the king, was seized near Haddington, and the letter of
the marquis to the king, with various other suspicious papers, was found
concealed in the pommel of his saddle. Montrose, Lord Napier, Sir George
Stirling, and Sir Archibald Stuart, were arrested, examined, and sent to
the castle of Edinburgh.
These events rendered Charles still more impatient for his northern
journey. Not only Traquair, and the other four of his officers who had
been excepted from pardon as incendiaries, but these, his new allies,
demanded his assistance. By the beginning of August the treaty of
pacification was signed by the Scots. They had received an engagement
from the English Parliament for the payment of a balance of two hundred
and twenty thousand pounds of "the brotherly assistance." Charles had
granted an amnesty and an act of oblivion of all that was past, having
cost the kingdom about one million one hundred thousand pounds, and both
armies were ordered to be disbanded. The Parliament, however, looked on
this journey with no friendly eye. Even amongst his own friends, the wily
old Bishop of Lincoln, Williams, whom the king, in the absence of Laud,
and the loss of Strafford, had taken into favour, and who was soon to
be Archbishop of York, advised Charles to keep away from the Scots. He
assured him that they would ferret out any secret negotiations that might
pass between himself and the royal party, and make the English Commons
acquainted with them; and that he would do much better to remain, and
employ himself in corrupting and winning over as many as he could of the
Parliamentary leaders. The Commons insisted on his appointing a Regency,
if he should go, to act during his absence; but he consented only to the
naming of a Commission. It was not till the 10th of August that he got
permission for his journey, and he was not destined to depart without
having another proof of the animus of the House of Commons. On the 4th,
Serjeant Wild presented to the Lords a Bill of Impeachment against
thirteen of the bishops--Laud's name being put among them--for their
recent manufacturing of canons and constitutions contrary to law. Their
grant of a benevolence to the king was made an offence under the name of
a bribe, and by this means, though they had not been able to exclude all
the bishops from the Upper House for ever, they excluded these thirteen
for a time.
At length Charles was enabled to set out. He had made the Earl of Holland
commander-in-chief of the Forces, much to the disgust of the friends of
Essex, who was appointed commander only of those south of the Trent.
He was attended in his coach by his nephew, Charles Louis, the nominal
Elector Palatine, the Duke of Lennox, now Duke of Richmond, and the
Marquis of Hamilton--rather ominous associates. The king had not been
gone a week, however, when Holland having quarrelled with the queen, and
the king having refused to make a baron at his suggestion, by which he
would have got ten thousand pounds, sent a letter to the House of Lords,
obscurely intimating some new practices and designs against Parliament.
The Lords communicated to the Commons this letter, and the two Houses
immediately appointed a commission to proceed to Scotland, ostensibly to
procure the ratification of the late treaty, but really to keep watch
over the king and his partisans. To this duty were named the Earl of
Bedford, Lord Edward Howard, Sir William Almayne, Sir Philip Stapleton,
Mr. Hampden, and Nathaniel Fiennes. The king endeavoured to get rid of
this unwelcome commission, declaring it needless, and refused to sign the
commission when sent to him; but the Parliament still pressing it, he
allowed the commissioners to proceed to Scotland to attend him; all of
whom did so except the Earl of Bedford.
Charles had set out with the resolve to win over as many of his enemies
as possible, and to please the Scots at large, thereby to raise up a
counter influence to that at home. At the northern camp, which was not
yet broken up, he did all that he could to corrupt the officers, went
to dine with old Leslie, the Scottish general, and soon after ennobled
him. At Edinburgh he flattered the Covenanters by attending their
preachings, and went so far as to appoint Alexander Henderson, the stout
champion of the Covenant, his chaplain, appearing to take especial
delight in his conversation, and having him constantly about him. He
ratified all the acts of the last Session of the Scottish Parliament.
As regarded the incendiaries, as they were called--that is, Charles's
former ministers--who had been imprisoned for executing his commands,
he promised on their release to give their offices to such persons as
had pleased the Parliament. He submitted to them a list of forty-two
councillors, and nine great officers of State. The Parliament conceded
so far as to release all the incendiaries but five, and these were to be
referred to a committee for trial, and their sentence to be pronounced by
the king. So far, all promised well, but the Covenanters were desirous
to have the Earl of Argyll, who had so openly espoused their cause in
the General Assembly, appointed to the chief post in the ministry, that
of Chancellor; but Charles conferred it on Loudon. Argyll strove for the
next, that of Treasurer, a post of great emolument, but Charles gave it
to Lord Ormond; but the Parliament would not consent, and the contest for
this appointment had gone on ten days, when the feud thus commenced was
rent still wider by what is known in Scottish history as the "Incident."
Since Charles had come to Edinburgh, he had continued to keep up his
correspondence with the Marquis of Montrose, who was still prisoner
in the castle, and who, notwithstanding his known intrigue with the
king, had by concert with him kept up a pretence of being a zealous
Covenanter. A letter from Montrose, revealing the progress of this
correspondence, had been found by some traitorous person about the king,
supposed, indeed, to have been taken from his pocket, and had been sent
by the Marquis of Hamilton to the Covenanters. Montrose found means to
convey to the king his ideas about it, and to warn him especially of the
treasonable proceedings and intentions of Hamilton and Argyll. Hamilton,
since his having, at Charles's request, assumed the part of a favourer
of the Covenanters, had become suspected of being more really of that
party than he pretended. The king had grown cool in his manner to him:
the letters of Montrose, conveyed through William Murray, a groom of the
bed-chamber, urged the king to make away with the traitors Hamilton and
Argyll. At this juncture young Lord Kerr sent by the Earl of Crawford
a challenge of treason to Hamilton, who appealed to Parliament in his
justification, and Kerr was compelled to make an apology. But if we are
to believe Hamilton himself, this did not prevent the prosecution of
the plot to assassinate or carry them off to some place of concealment.
He says, in a letter to his brother, Lord Lanark, that he was sent for
suddenly by his brother and Argyll, as he was engaged with some company,
desiring him to go to them on matters of the utmost consequence. When
he went he was told by them that they had been desired to go to General
Leslie, at his house, who informed them of a plot to kill or carry them
away. On this being confirmed to Hamilton by Colonel Hurrie and Captain
Stuart, the three lost no time in escaping from the city to Hamilton
House, at Kinneil; whilst the rumour of the plot spreading, the burghers
of Edinburgh had closed their gates, and armed themselves for the defence
of the Parliament.
As this was a direct charge of a most black and murderous design on the
part of the king, he lost no time, on receiving letters from the fugitive
noblemen stating why they had fled, in marching to the Parliament House
at the head of five hundred soldiers, to demand an explanation. The
Parliament was justly alarmed at this menacing movement, and insisted
that a commission should immediately be given to Leslie to guard
Parliament with all the city bands, the regiments of foot near at hand,
and some troops of horse.
Charles was loud in his complaints of the scandal cast upon him by the
needless flight of the three noblemen and the arming of the citizens,
and demanded an instant examination before Parliament for his clearance.
The Parliament would not consent to a trial before the whole House; but
in spite of the king's remonstrances, referred it to a committee, and
ordered the immediate arrest of the Earl of Crawford, Colonel Cochrane,
William Murray, and others. What the committee discovered is not known,
for its proceedings were conducted with the profoundest secrecy; and
they finally came to the conclusion that there was nothing which touched
the king personally; and yet that the noblemen did not flee without
sufficient cause, and were falsely accused by Montrose. Montrose himself,
when examined regarding the letter to the king, declared that he meant
to accuse nobody in particular; and Crawford, Murray, and the rest, gave
confused and disordered answers. All was involved in mystery, and this
was no little increased by Hamilton and Argyll returning to Edinburgh
in the course of a few weeks, and Hamilton declaring that there was
nothing in the affair which reflected any dishonour on the king. Still
more to confound all reasoning on the matter, the plotters not only were
liberated on bail, but Argyll was placed at the head of the Treasury, was
created a marquis, Hamilton a duke, and Leslie an earl, with the title of
Leven.
The news of the plot had been despatched with all speed to the Parliament
in England, and had created great alarm in London, many being of opinion
that a conspiracy was on foot to get rid of all the king's opponents.
Parliament, which had adjourned to the 20th of October, had just met
again, and the Council sent urgent requests for the return of the king to
the capital.
The king, however, appeared in no haste. He remained entertaining all
parties in great festivity, distributing the forfeited church lands
amongst influential persons, not excepting his covenanting chaplain,
Henderson. Honours were as freely bestowed. It was found that Charles
had carried the Crown jewels with him: it was now well known that the
great collar of rubies was pawned in Holland, and it was believed that
Charles was buying up his enemies with others of the jewels, afterwards
to be exchanged for money. These unpleasant suspicions were greatly
increased by the fact that five companies of foot had, by the king's
especial command, been detained at Berwick, notwithstanding the order for
disbandment. The Council sent six ships to fetch away the artillery and
ammunition from Berwick and Holy Isle, and again represented to Charles
the necessity of his presence in London.
His departure, however, was at length determined by startling news out of
another quarter, namely, of rebellion in Ireland.
INDEX
Abbott Bishop, Primate, 464.
"Addled Parliament," The, 453.
Albany, Duke of, assumes title of Alexander, King of Scotland, 44.
Albany, Duke of, proclaimed joint king with Mary of Scotland,
assassination of Rizzio, 264;
flees to Dunbar with Mary, 266;
unpopularity among the nobles, 267;
plot against him, 268;
murdered, 269.
(_See_ also Darnley, Lord.)
Amboise, Peace of, 258.
Amiens, Truce of, 39.
Archery, Decay of, 16th century, 388.
Architecture, 15th century, 67;
16th century, decline of Gothic, 380;
old Tudor, 381.
Argyle, Earl of, chief director of the Assembly, 572.
Armada, The Spanish, preparation by Philip, 315;
English fleet, 316;
strength of Armada, preparation for defence, 318;
sets sail, driven back by storm, sails up Channel, chased by
English, 319;
fight renewed, 320;
fire ships, 322;
retreat of Armada, English land forces, 323.
Arms and Armour, 16th century, 387.
Arran, Earl of, Regent, 191;
relations with England, 193;
with France, 194;
reconciled to Beaton, 194.
Arthur, Prince, married to Catherine of Aragon, 97;
death and character, 98.
Ascham, Roger, 363.
Aske, Robert, executed, 172.
Askew, Anne, tortured and burnt, 202.
Audley, Lord, the Cornish rising, 90.
Babington, Anthony, plot against Elizabeth, 306;
execution, 307.
Bacon, Sir Francis, scheme for managing Commons, 452;
Attorney General, 453;
undignified conduct on fall of Coke, Lord Keeper, 459;
Buckingham and Coke's daughter, 468;
Lord Chancellor, Baron Verulam, 470.
(_See_ also Verulam, Baron.)
Bacon, Sir Nicholas, first Baronet created, 452.
Bancroft, Bishop of London, Archbishop of Canterbury, 415;
animosity to Catholic and Protestant Nonconformists, 419;
supports James's claim to Royal Prerogative, 439;
death, 441.
Bankruptcy, Statute of, 347.
Barnet, Battle of, 34.
Baronet, new title created by James I.: its abuse, 452.
"Basilicon Doron," 413.
Bastwick, Dr., 555, 591.
Beaton, Cardinal, sent to Rome, 190;
claims regency, solicits aid from France, imprisonment, 191;
escape, 192;
plot to assassinate, 196;
burns Wishart, 199;
assassinated, 200.
"Benevolences," 453.
"Black Saturday," 206.
Blackwater, Battle of, 334.
"Bloody Statute," The, 175.
Boleyn, Anne, 146;
created Marchioness of Pembroke, married privately to Henry VIII.,
crowned, 156;
plot against, 164;
indicted for high treason, 166;
her defence, 167;
beheaded, 168.
Bonner, Bishop of London, imprisoned by Ecclesiastical Commission, 207;
deprived of his see, 216;
restoration of Catholicism, inhumanity, 236;
chief inquisitor, 238;
treated coldly by Elizabeth, 246.
Bosworth, Battle of, 63.
Bothwell, Earl of, murder of Darnley, mock trial and acquittal, 270;
divorce from his wife, created Duke of Orkney and Shetland,
marriage with Mary, 271;
rising of nobility, flight and death, 272.
Bothwell, Lord, intrigues to capture Scottish king, 89;
spy in Scottish camp, 90.
Brackenbury, Sir Robert, 54.
Brandon, Sir Charles, Lord Lisle. (_See_ Suffolk, Duke of.)
Buckingham, Duke of, 47;
harangues citizens of London in favour of Gloucester, offers crown
to him, 54;
instigates revolt to set Edward V. on the throne: his descent, 54;
proclaimed traitor by Richard III., 56;
marches to join Richmond, 57;
executed at Salisbury, 58.
Buckingham, Duke of, executed on charge of practising astrology, 124.
Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, 470;
his power, 471;
in Spain, 491;
at conference of Houses, 500;
impeachment, 519;
French expedition, 524;
assassinated, 536.
"Buckingham's Flood," 58.
Bulmer, Lady, burnt at Smithfield, 172.
Burleigh, Lord, Norfolk's execution, 289;
urges death of Mary, 290;
Mendoza, 303;
Lord Treasurer, 308;
Mary's death-warrant, 311;
counsels assistance to Henry of Navarre, 327;
death, 332.
"Bye Plot," The, 408.
Carr, Robert, 44.
(_See_ Rochester, Viscount.)
Casket Letters, The, 278.
Cateau-Cambresis, Treaty of, 250.
Catesby, Robert, Gunpowder Plot, 419.
Catherine of Aragon, married to Prince Arthur, 97;
betrothed to Prince Henry, 98;
married, 102;
regent during Henry's absence in France, 107;
treatment by the King, 146;
trial, 151;
divorce, 156.
Cavendish, Thomas, successful expedition to Spanish Main, 315.
Caxton, William, 66.
Cecil, Sir Robert, assembles council to proclaim James King, 404;
enmity to Raleigh, Cobham, and Gray, 406;
created Lord Cecil, Viscount Cranbourne, Earl of Salisbury, 406;
conspiracy against, 408;
Catesby's conspiracy, 423;
Lord Treasurer, 438;
death, 441.
Cecil, Sir William, confidential counsellor of Elizabeth, Secretary
of State, 246;
policy to Scottish reformers, 252;
Cecil and Elizabeth's relations to Leicester, 259;
Cecil and Murray, 277;
hostility to Mary Stuart's friends, 278;
Cecil and Knox, 283;
Scottish policy, 285;
Duke of Norfolk and Ridolfi plot, 288.
(_See_ also Burleigh, Lord.)
Charles, Prince, Spanish match, 491;
Henrietta of France, 503.
Charles I., First Parliament, 509;
tonnage and poundage, 514;
scheme to prevent Buckingham's impeachment, Second Parliament, 315;
illegal government, 522;
failure of expedition to Rhé, 524;
Third Parliament, 527;
the subsidies, 528;
Petition of Right, resistance of Charles, 531;
passed, 534;
force sent under Buckingham to aid the Rochellais, 535;
crowned at Edinburgh, 550;
adherence to Anglican Church, 551;
Bishop Williams, 556;
ship money, treaty with Spain against Holland, 557;
treatment of Irish, 564;
renewal of the covenant, temporises, 570;
letter to general assembly, 572;
conference, 578;
Wentworth, 581;
the Short Parliament, 584;
illegal extortions, 585;
Scottish Parliament, 586;
the Long Parliament, 590;
trial of Strafford, 595;
visits Scotland, 606.
Charolais, Count of, 38.
Chimneys, Introduction of, 382.
Clarence, Duke of, marries Isabel of Warwick, retires to Calais, 26;
at Olney, 27;
secret agreement with Edward to desert Warwick, 30;
joined in regency with Warwick, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 31;
deserts to Edward on eve of Barnet, 33;
quarrel with Gloucester, 36;
act of resumption, death of Isabel, 40;
suitor of Mary of Burgundy, 41;
at feud with Edward, charged with treason, death in the Tower, 42.
Cleves, Anne of, 178;
her reception by, and marriage to Henry VIII., 179;
divorced, retires to her estates, 183.
Coins and coinage, 15th century, 75;
16th century, their debasement, 392;
restitution of value by Elizabeth, 393.
Coke, Lord, indicts Raleigh, 410;
trial of Somerset, 453;
supports royal prerogative, 458;
disgrace, 459;
restored, 469;
popular leader, 489;
speeches in Parliament, 528.
Colonies, 395.
Commerce, 16th century, 394.
"Complaints of the Commons of Kent," 2.
Congregationalists, 356.
Costumes, 16th century, 388.
Courtenay, Earl of Devon, plot to marry Elizabeth and dethrone
Mary, 238.
Coverdale, Miles, 237.
Cranmer, Thomas, plan for settlement of King's divorce, 155;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 156;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 157;
introduces bill for the supremacy and the succession, 158;
confesses Anne Boleyn, 167;
head of reforming party, 170;
conforms outwardly to statute of Six Articles, 175;
Anne of Cleves, 179;
fall of Cromwell, 182;
Catherine Howard, 184;
catechism, 207;
frames articles and canons, 219;
attainted, 227;
trial at St. Mary's, Oxford, 238;
cited to appear at Rome, renouncement and recantation, 239;
burnt at Oxford, 240.
Cromwell, Oliver, 538.
Cromwell, Thomas, successful advice on divorce to Henry VIII.,
Privy Councillor, 155;
Archbishop of Canterbury, pronounces Henry's marriage with
Anne Boleyn valid, 156;
Vicar General, 163;
Lord Cromwell, 170;
proposes royal marriage with Anne of Cleves, 178;
Earl of Essex and Lord Chamberlain, 180;
bill of attainder, execution, character, 182.
Culpepper, Thomas, alleged intrigue with his cousin, Catherine
Howard, 184;
attainted and executed, 185.
Darnley, Lord, 261;
marries Mary Queen of Scots, created Duke of Albany, 263.
(_See_ Albany, Duke of.)
Daubeny, Lord, suppresses Cornish rising, 91;
commands Royal forces against Warbeck, 94.
"De Tallagio non concedendo," 530, 559.
Desmond, Earl of, rebellion, 296.
Digby, Sir Everard, Gunpowder Plot, 424.
Dighton, John, murders Princes in the Tower, 54.
Douglas, Archibald, Earl of Angus, "Bell the Cat," puts to death
Earl of Mar, 44.
Drake, Sir Francis, sent by Elizabeth to harass Spanish settlements,
special favours from the Queen, 305;
exploits against the Spaniards, circumnavigates the globe,
knighted, 314;
destruction of ships in Cadiz harbour, 315;
fights against the Armada, 319;
expedition to Portugal, 326;
failure of expedition against Spanish settlements, death, 328.
Dudley, Sir Henry, plots to set Princess Elizabeth on the throne, 242;
plan to betray Hammes and Guines to the French, 243.
Dudley, Robert, 242;
Master of Ordnance, 243;
announces loss of Rouen to Elizabeth, 258;
her attachment to him, special favours, 259.
(_See_ Leicester, Earl of.)
Dymoke, Sir Thomas, 28.
East India Company chartered, 398.
Ecclesiastical History under Tudors, 351.
Edgecote, Battle of, 27.
Edward, Prince of Wales, 6;
attainted, 19;
saved by an outlaw, 22;
marries Anne of Warwick, 30;
crown settled on by Warwick's Parliament, 31;
death at Tewkesbury, 35.
Edward IV. crowned, 19;
secret marriage with Elizabeth Woodville, 23;
alliance of his sister Margaret and embassy to France, 24;
insurrection against him, 26;
unpopularity of the Woodvilles, 27;
taken prisoner at Olney by Warwick, 27;
marriage of daughter to George Neville, 27;
escapes from the Moor to Windsor, insurrections in Lincolnshire, 28;
detaches Clarence from Warwick, 30;
escapes to Court of Burgundy, 31;
lands at Ravenspur, 32;
defeats Warwick at Barnet, 33;
triumphant return to London, 36;
alliance with Burgundy against France, 38;
Treaty of Amiens, 39;
dissatisfaction of English, 40;
projected alliances, 43;
anger against Louis, 44;
death, burial at Westminster, character, 45;
children, 46.
Edward V., 46;
proposal for his coronation by Queen Mother, 47;
seized by Gloucester, conducted in state to London and removed to
the Tower, 48;
murder in the Tower, 54;
Sir Thomas More's account, 55.
Edward VI., 204;
repeal of Penal Acts of Henry, changes in doctrines and Church
discipline, 207;
Catechism and Liturgy, Book of Common Prayer, war with Scotland, 208;
public discontent and risings, 210;
Fall of Somerset, surrender of Boulogne, Church reform, 215;
new law of treason, revision of Prayer-Book, Act for compulsory
attendance at church, 218;
Cranmer's Articles of Religion and Code, failing health, 219;
change in the succession, death, 220.
Eliot, Sir John, 520;
speech in Parliament, 531;
imprisoned, 542.
Elizabeth, ecclesiastical legislation, 247;
Philip's proposed marriage, 248;
assumes title of Queen of France, 248;
relations with Mary Queen of Scots, 250;
indignation at Peace of Amboise, 258;
imprisons Mary, 274;
Commission of Inquiry, 275;
aids Protestants of France and Belgium, 279;
anger at proposed marriage of Duke of Norfolk, 280;
religious persecutions, 287;
Ridolfi plot, 289;
Duke of Anjou, 294;
religious conformity, 297;
relations with James VI., 303;
treaty with Protestants of the Netherlands, 305;
hesitation to sign death-warrant of Mary, 310;
sends Drake to harass Spanish Armada, betrays parsimony, 315;
negotiations with Philip's commissioners, 318;
reviews troops at Tilbury, 324;
persecution of Catholics and Puritans, 325;
sends Drake to Portugal, 326;
assists Henry IV. against Catholic League, 327;
rupture with Essex, 332;
death, 241.
Empson and Dudley, agents of Henry VII.'s avarice, 109.
Erpingham, Battle of, 28.
Essex, Earl of, created Marquis of Northampton, 207.
Essex, Earl of, Walter Devereux, plan to subjugate and colonise
Ireland, 295;
appointed Earl Marshal of Ireland, 296.
Essex, Earl of, favourite of Elizabeth, gallant conduct at
Peniche, 326;
at Cadiz, 329;
hostility of Cecils, commands Spanish expedition, 330;
Earl Marshal, 331;
quarrel with the queen, 332;
Lord-Deputy in Ireland, failure, 334;
trial, 335;
conspiracy, 336;
tried and executed, 338.
Étaples, Treaty of, 84.
Falkland, Lord, Lord-Deputy of Ireland, recalled, 560.
Fawkes, Guido, 420;
gunpowder plot, 422;
arrested, 427;
executed, 430.
Felton, John, 536.
Ferrybridge, Battle of, 18.
Field of the Cloth of Gold, 124.
Finch, Sir John, Speaker of the Commons, Chief Justice, 558;
speech at opening of Short Parliament, 582.
Firearms, 16th century, 388.
Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, refuses to take new oath of
allegiance, 152;
attainted and beheaded, 162.
Fitzgerald, Lord Thomas, 187;
surrenders to Lord Gray, 188.
Fitzhugh, Lord, 26.
Fitzwilliam, Sir William, created Earl of Southampton and Lord
High Admiral, 173;
receives Catherine Howard's confession of infidelity, 185.
"Five Articles," The, 463.
Flodden Field, Battle of, 112.
Forest, Miles, murders princes in the Tower, 54;
rewarded by Richard III., 55.
Fox, Bishop, 78.
France, Louis XI., 19;
invaded by Edward IV., 39;
expedition against Charles VIII. by Henry VII., 84;
invasion by Henry VIII., 107;
marriage of Princess Mary and Louis, 115;
alliance sought by Francis, 123;
war with England, 129;
treaty with Henry VIII., 143;
advantageous peace, 215;
Calais regained, 244.
Frobisher, Martin, 316;
bravery against Armada, 319.
Furniture and Decoration, 16th century, 386.
Gardiner, 147;
preaches at St. Paul's Cross against Lutheran doctrines, 180;
growing influence, 186;
impolitic conduct, 202;
disgrace and banishment from Court, 203;
imprisoned by Ecclesiastical Commission, 207;
liberated by Mary, 223;
patriotic caution, 226;
Chancellor, 227;
proposes reconciliation with Rome, 235;
President of Commission to try heretics, 236;
withdraws from the office, 238;
death, 242.
Garnet (Gunpowder plot) hanged, 430.
Gloucester, Richard, Duke of, accompanies Edward IV. in his flight
to the Continent, 31;
visits his brother Clarence the night before Barnet, 33;
quarrel with Clarence over Warwick estates, 36;
marries Anne of Warwick, 37;
pays court to Louis XI., 39;
hostile conduct towards Clarence, 42;
commands army against Scotch, enters Edinburgh, 44;
pledges support to Edward V., 46;
arrests Lords Grey and Rivers and others, 47;
seizes the king, 48;
and his brother, 49;
holds London in subjection, 50;
accepts Crown at Baynard's Castle, proclaims amnesty, 51;
crowned, 52.
(_See_ also Richard III.)
Gondamar, Spanish Ambassador, 474.
Gordon, Lady Catherine, marries Warbeck, 88;
attached to Queen's Court, 94.
Gowrie Conspiracy, The, 406.
Gresham, Sir Thomas, 395.
Grey, Lady Jane, 202;
marries Lord Guildford Dudley, and is made Queen, 220;
beheaded, 232.
Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury, 298.
Guinegate, Battle of. (_See_ "Spurs," 110.)
Guise, Duke of, head of Catholic League, 304;
assassinated, 313.
Gunpowder Plot, The, 419-430.
Hamilton, Marquis of, sent by Charles to Covenanters, 568;
concessions, 570;
opens General Assembly, 571;
letter to Charles, 572;
ill-success of fleet, 577.
Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, 283;
assassinates Murray, 284.
Hampden, John, 552;
ship money, 560.
Hampton Court Conference, 414.
Hastings, Lord, confidant of Gloucester, 47.
Hawkins, Sir John, 313;
originates slave trade, 314.
Hedgeley Moor, Battle of, 21.
Henry VI., his imbecility, 6;
York appointed Protector, 7;
defeated at St. Albans, 8;
Great Council of Coventry, 9;
Conference at London, 10;
at Ludiford, 11;
defeated at Northampton, Parliament for redress of grievances, 13;
assents to bill of succession, 14;
attainted by Parliament, 19;
at Harlech Castle, 20;
captured and imprisoned, 22;
restored to throne by Warwick, 31;
defeat of Barnet, 34;
death in the Tower, burial at Chertsey Abbey, body removed by
Richard III. to Windsor, 36.
Henry VII., defective title, Parliament and attainted members, 76;
claims acknowledged by Parliament, 77;
marriage, Lord Lovel's rising, Lambert Simnel, 78;
failure of rebellion, 79;
battle of Lincoln Stoke, 81;
coronation of Elizabeth, 82;
origin of Star Chamber, 82;
his avarice, 82;
discontent in England, invasion of France, 83;
Treaty of Étaples, 84;
Perkin Warbeck, 85;
Scottish affairs, 89;
Cornish revolt, 90;
fresh invasion of the Scots, 91;
visits France, affiance of daughter Margaret to James
of Scotland, 96;
marriage of Prince Arthur to Catherine of Aragon, 97;
matrimonial schemes, death of Elizabeth, 98;
exactions, 99;
Philip of Flanders and his wife Joanna at Windsor, 99;
proposes marriage to Joanna when widow, 99;
death, 101.
Henry VIII., marries Catherine of Aragon, 102;
meets Maximilian, 108;
Wolsey, 116;
meets Charles V. at Dover and Field of the Cloth of Gold, 124;
secret treaty with Charles, 136;
"Defender of the Faith," seeks divorce, 145;
refers question to Clement VII., 147;
claims supremacy as head of the Church, 156;
suppresses the monasteries, 163;
execution of Anne Boleyn, 168;
marries Jane Seymour, 169;
Statute of the Six Articles, 175;
execution of relatives of Cardinal Pole, 176;
marries Anne of Cleves, 179;
disgraces Cromwell, 181;
marries Catherine Howard, 183;
Royal progress in the North, 184;
publishes Bishops' Book and the King's Book, 186;
claims Crown of Scotland, 190;
marries Catherine Parr, 195;
death, children, succession, 204.
Henry of Navarre, 304;
assisted by Elizabeth against Catholic League, abjures
Protestant faith, 327;
league with Elizabeth against Spain, 328;
assassinated, 445.
Henry, Prince, son of James I., popularity and character, 446;
proposed alliance with Princess Christine of France, illness
and death, 447.
Herbert, Lord, besieges Terouenne, 107;
created Earl of Somerset, 114.
Hertford, Earl of, takes title of Lord Protector and Duke of
Somerset, 205.
(_See_ Somerset.)
Hewett, Andrew, burnt at Smithfield, 160.
Hexham, Battle of, 21.
High Commission, Court of, 350, 606.
Holbein, Hans, 383.
Holles imprisoned, 540;
demands impeachment of Laud, 591.
"Holy Maid of Kent," 158.
Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester, burnt, 236.
Howard, Lord, Earl Marshal, and Duke of Norfolk, 53;
falls at Bosworth, 64.
Howard, Lord, of Effingham, Lord High Admiral, 316;
created Earl of Nottingham, 331.
Howard, Lord Thomas, Lord Admiral, 107;
at Flodden, 111;
Earl of Surrey, 114;
war with France, 130;
sentenced to death, but escapes execution, 203.
Howard, Sir Edward, Lord Admiral, commands fleet against French, 105;
blockades Brest, brave death, 107.
Huguenots and Elizabeth, 257;
rise under Condé, 279;
massacre of St. Bartholomew, 289;
horror excited by, Elizabeth assists the Rochellais, 290;
expedition to Isle of Rhé, 507.
Independents, 356.
Ireland, Simnel in, 79;
Warbeck in, 86;
insurrection, 187;
made a kingdom, 189;
plantation of Ulster, 295;
Desmond's rebellion, 296;
Essex in, 333;
Tyrone's revolt, 334;
inquiry into titles, 464;
oppression of Catholics, 467;
Wentworth, 561;
his "Thorough" policy, 563.
Jack Cade, 2;
takes possession of London,
slain by Iden, 3.
Jacquetta of Luxembourg, 22.
James I., wholesale creation of peers and knights, 405;
"Main" and "Bye" plots, 408;
Hampton Court conference, 414;
abuse of royal prerogative at elections, 416;
Gunpowder Plot, 419;
royal treatise, Cardinal Bellarmine, 432;
collisions with Parliament, 434;
extravagance and impecuniosity, 436;
exaction of duties, 438;
Lady Arabella Stuart, 442;
Prince Henry, 446;
marriage of daughter Elizabeth, 447;
reign of favourites, 448;
venality at Court, 451;
George Villiers, fall of Somerset, 454;
episcopacy in Scotland, 462;
plantation of Ulster, 466;
execution of Raleigh, 478;
thirty years' war, 479;
his indecision, 480;
inquiry by Parliament into abuse of patents, 482;
"governing well," 488;
the Spanish match, 489;
negotiations with the Pope, 492;
public and private treaty with Spain, 495;
match between Henrietta and Prince Charles, 503;
secret arrangement with France, 506;
death, 507.
James II. of Scotland, slain at Roxburgh, 18.
James III. of Scotland, 43.
James IV. of Scotland, slain at Flodden, 114.
Jane Shore, 36.
Jesuits, Campian and Parsons, Elizabeth's proclamation against, 298;
their schemes and plots, 303.
"John Amend All," 2.
Juxon, Dean of Westminster, Bishop of London, Lord High Treasurer, 554.
Ket, Robert, rising in Norfolk, 211;
repulses royal troops, burns Norwich, 212;
defeat at Dussingdale, hanged, 213.
"King's Book," The, 186.
Knox, John, arrives from France, promotes the Reformation in
Scotland, 251;
urges on Cecil death of Mary Stuart, 283.
Lambert, John, reformer, put to death, 175.
Latimer, Bishop, sent to Tower, 227;
tried at Oxford and burnt, 238.
Laud, 464;
Bishop of Bath and Wells, 523;
chief ecclesiastical adviser, 537;
Bishop of London, 538;
"Thorough," 543;
offered Cardinal's hat by Pope, 548;
Arminian controversy, 549;
visits Scotland with Charles, erects Edinburgh into a bishopric,
Primate of England, relations with Papal see, 551;
ecclesiastical measures, 552;
Lord High Treasurer, 554;
cruel treatment of Prynne, Bastwick, Burton, Lilburne, and Williams,
Bishop of Lincoln, 556;
admonishes Wentworth, 564;
counsels peaceful measure in Scotland, 574;
publishes new canons, 584;
Lambeth Palace attacked by mob, 586;
impeachment demanded by Commons, 591.
Learning, Revival of, 359.
Leicester, Earl of, scandal, 259;
supports scheme for marriage of Mary Stuart to Duke of Norfolk, 280;
expedition to Netherlands, 306;
commands forces at Tilbury, proposed honours, death, 324;
(_See_ also Dudley, Robert.)
Lenthall, Speaker of Long Parliament, 590.
Leslie, General, surprises Edinburgh, 574;
Dunse Hill, 576;
crosses the Tweed, 587;
ennobled by Charles, 607.
"Levellers," The, 435.
Lilburne, sentence of Star Chamber, 556.
Lincoln Stoke, Battle of, 81.
Literature and science, 16th century, 358.
Long Parliament, The, 590;
temper of the new House, awards compensation to Prynne, Burton,
and Bastwick, demands impeachment of Laud, 591;
impeachment of Strafford, 593;
reforms demanded, "root and branch" petition, 594;
trial of Strafford, 595;
Pym's indictment, 596;
passes Bill of Attainder, 600;
intervention of Charles, 601;
Star Chamber and High Commission Court abolished, 606.
Lovel, Lord, 78.
Ludiford, Battle of, 11.
Luther, Martin, 145.
"Main" Plot, The, 408.
Maintenance, Act of, 82.
Maitland of Lethington, Secretary of State to Mary Stuart, 255;
conspiracy against Rizzio, flees, reinstated, 266;
scheme for marriage of Mary Stuart with Norfolk, 280;
betrayed by Murray, 281.
"Malevolences," 60.
Mar, Earl of, hostilities with Earl of Huntley and the Gordons, 256;
exchanges his title for Earl of Murray, 256.
March, Edward, Earl of, declared king by Great Council of Yorkists, 16.
(_See_ also Edward IV.)
Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI., queen's party, 4;
machinations against York, 8;
flees with son to Scotland, 13;
gains victory at Wakefield, 15;
struggle with Edward IV., 17;
her efforts to regain the throne, 19;
sails for England, 20;
defeat at Hexham, 21;
flees to Scotland with Prince Edward, 22;
reconciliation with Warwick, 29;
Battle of Tewkesbury ransomed by Louis, retires to Castle of
Reculé, 36.
"Martin Marprelate," 325.
Mary, Princess, treatment by Warwick's party, interposition of
Charles V., 216;
claims the crown from the Privy Council, 221;
rising in her favour, 222;
Council in Northumberland's absence declares for Mary, 223.
(_See_ also Mary, Queen.)
Mary, Queen, triumphal entry into London, appeals to Charles V.
for guidance, 223;
her clemency, 224;
Papal See, 225;
restoration of Roman Church, 227;
persecution of the reformed clergy, 226;
opposition of Council and Protestant party, 227;
terms of marriage treaty, 228;
insurrections, 228;
Elizabeth, 234;
Mary's marriage with Philip, repeal of penal statutes against
Catholics, 235;
persecution of Protestants, 236;
false report of birth of a prince, 238;
Philip's departure, 241;
conspiracy to place Elizabeth on throne, 242;
conspiracy under Stafford, 243;
war against France, 243;
loss of Calais, 244;
death, character, 246.
Mary Queen of Scots, marries Dauphin, 250;
death of Francis II., 254;
returns to Scotland, person and character, 255;
marries Darnley, 262;
asserts her prerogative as queen, connection with Rizzio, 263;
birth of James, 266;
murder of Darnley, 269;
her unpopularity, 270;
seizure by Bothwell and marriage, insurrection of nobles, 271;
captured, 272;
imprisoned in Lochleven Castle, resigns throne in favour of
James, 273;
flight to England, 274;
conference at York, 275;
at Westminster, 276;
removed by Elizabeth from Scottish border, Act against her, 304;
Babington's plot, 306;
trial, 308;
hesitation of Elizabeth, 310;
execution, 311.
Mechlin, League of, 106.
Medina Sidonia, Duke of, commands Spanish Armada, 319.
Melville, Andrew, succeeds Knox, refuses to conform, committed to
Tower, dies in banishment at Sedan, 462.
Mercantile Marine, 16th century, 394.
Merchant Adventurers of London, The, 395.
Monteagle, Lord, 114.
Montrose, Marquis of, joins Leslie at Dunse Hill, 576;
won over to Royal party, 578;
arrested, 606.
More, Sir Thomas, Speaker House of Commons, 134;
question of Henry's divorce submitted to him, 147;
Lord Chancellor, 154;
beheaded, 163;
his "Utopia," 362.
Mortimer's Cross, Battle of, 16.
Morton, Archbishop, 78.
Morton, Regent of Scotland, ordered to resign, regains power, 299;
charged with murder of Darnley, intercession of Elizabeth, 300;
trial and execution, 301.
Mountjoy, Lord-Deputy of Ireland, 338.
Murray, Earl of, threatened forfeiture, 263;
Bothwell, 267;
retires to France, 270;
Regent, 273;
Commission of Inquiry on Mary Stuart, 275;
entrapped by Cecil, 277;
party to scheme for marriage of Mary Stuart with Duke of
Norfolk, 280;
betrays Maitland, 281;
negotiations with Elizabeth for surrender of Mary, 283;
assassinated, 284.
Music of the 16th century, 378.
"My Lord of Misrule," Stubbs quoted, 399.
Nantes, Edict of, 331.
Navy office, founded by Henry VIII., 394.
Navy, The Royal, 16th century, 393.
Netherlands, Protestant revolt, 279;
Elizabeth's aid to, 292.
Nonconformists, The, 356.
Norfolk, Duke of, president of the council, 154;
condemned for treason, 203;
miraculous escape, 204.
Norfolk, Duke of, a commissioner to try Mary Stuart, 275;
secret design to marry Mary, 276;
hostility to Cecil, 278;
displeasure of Elizabeth, 280;
tried for treason, 288;
executed, 289.
Northampton, Battle of, 13.
Northumberland, Duke of, Dudley, disgraceful peace with France, 216;
avarice, 219;
scheme for changing the succession, 220;
insurrection in favour of Mary, 222;
trial with chief associates on the council, beheaded, 224.
(_See_ also Warwick, Dudley, Earl of.)
"Novum Organum," The, 378.
Noye, Attorney General, proposes ship-money, 557;
death, 558.
O'Neill, created Earl of Tyrone, 189.
Overbury, Sir Thomas, connection and influence with Carr, 448;
committed to Tower, 449;
death, 451.
Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, 248.
Parma, Prince of, opposes army under Leicester, 306;
private mission from Elizabeth, 313;
preparations to invade England, 315.
Parr, Catherine, wife of Henry VIII., her Protestant sympathies, 195;
her narrow escape, 202;
marries privately Baron Seymour, 208;
death, 209.
Pavia, Battle of, 140.
Petition of Right, 531, 534.
Philip of Spain, marries Mary, his unpopularity, 235;
Act constituting him Regent, 236;
succeeds Charles V., 241;
quits England, revisits it to urge war against France, 242;
incursions of English ships on Spanish Main, 313;
makes preparation to invade England, 313;
dispersion of his Armada, 323;
death, 332.
Pilgrimage of Grace, The, 171.
Poets, Tudor Period, 366.
Pinkie, Battle of, 206.
Plagues in London, 96, 259, 406.
Pole, Cardinal, 175;
Papal legate to Queen Mary, 225;
addresses Parliament and grants Papal absolution, 235;
endeavours to check persecutions, 238;
Primate, 240;
opposes war with France, 242.
Poor Law Act, 43, 403.
Presbyterians, persecution of, 279;
conference with, 414;
their resistance, 419;
James I. and, 460.
Printing, Origin and progress of, 65.
Prose Writers, Elizabethan, 362.
Prynne, William, barrister, writes "Histriomastix," indicted
by Laud, cruel sentence on, 554;
publishes "News from Ipswich," increased severity of sentence,
popular demonstrations of sympathy, 555;
awarded compensation by Long Parliament, 591.
Puritans, The, 355.
Pym, John, speech at opening of Short Parliament, 582;
opens case against Strafford, 596.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, serves in Grey's army, 296;
Armada, 316;
sails under Lord Howard in Spanish expedition, quarrel
with Essex, 330;
monopolies, 338;
Cecil's animosity, the "Bye" conspiracy, 409;
trial, committed to Tower, 411;
life in Tower, writes "History of the World," 471;
voyages, 474;
return and arrest, 475;
Gondamar, 476;
attempted escape, betrayed by Stukeley, trial, executed on old
charge of treason, 478.
Reformation in England, events in, 163, 174,
186, 207, 215, 236, 247, 356.
Reformation in Scotland, 356.
"Requests," The, 2.
Reynolds, Dr., Puritan delegate at Hampton
Court. Conference, 414.
Richard III., coronation repeated at York, 53;
murder of princes in the Tower, 54;
counter movement to Richmond's plot, 56;
proclaims Duke of Buckingham and others, 56;
Parliament proclaims him king and entails Crown on issue;
wholesale attainders, 58;
designs on Queen Dowager, 59;
armistice with Scottish king, 60;
death of Anne of Warwick, proposes to marry Elizabeth of York,
public execration, 60;
defection of adherents, 62;
battle of Bosworth, and death, 63;
buried at Grey Friars Church, 64.
(_See_ also Gloucester.)
Richmond, Earl of, at court of Duke of Brittany, 53;
risings in his favour, 57;
descent, 58;
raises army in France, 60;
lands at Milford Haven, 62;
conquers at Bosworth, 63;
enters Leicester in state as Henry VII.
(_See_ Henry VII.)
Ridolfi Plot, The, 287.
Ridley, Bishop of London, 216;
sent to Tower, 227;
tried at Oxford and burnt, 238.
Rivers, Lord, rival to Clarence for Mary of Burgundy, 41;
welcomes Gloucester at Northampton, 47;
executed at Pontefract Castle, 50;
patron of learning, 66.
Rizzio, 263;
his murder, 264.
Robsart, Amy, 259.
Rochester, Viscount, further honours, Lord Chamberlain, 449;
marriage with divorced wife of Essex, 451.
(_See_ also Somerset, Earl of.)
Rogers, John, Prebendary of St. Paul's, burnt at Smithfield, 236.
"Root and Branch" Petition, 594.
Roses, War of, origin of rival badges, 18.
Russell, Sir John, first historical notice of the Russells, 137;
created Lord Russell, Duke of Bedford, 173.
Scotland, Berwick ceded, 19;
attacked by Edward IV., 44;
Warbeck at court, 88;
war with England, 89;
invasion by Henry VII., 90;
inroads on England, 91;
faction rule, 119;
Albany and Henry VIII., 131;
Papist party, 189;
war with England, 206;
first covenant, 251;
treaty with England, 254;
Mary's reign, 299;
James VI. and Presbyterians, 460;
introduction of Episcopacy, 565;
the Tables, 566;
civil war, 574;
march into England, 587;
Charles in Edinburgh, 607.
Scottish poets, 16th century, 375.
Scottish coins, 393.
Selden, Sir John, 488;
opposes Arminian doctrine, 538;
imprisoned, 542.
Seton, Lord, 192.
Seymour, Edward, created Lord Beauchamp, and Earl of Hertford, 173.
Seymour, Jane, 164;
marries Henry VIII., 169;
birth of son, and death, 172.
Seymour, Sir Thomas, created Baron Seymour of Sudeley and Lord High
Admiral, 205;
private marriage with Queen Dowager, 208;
seeks hand of Elizabeth, 209;
attainted and executed, 210.
Shakespeare, 358;
his works, 373-4.
Ship money, 557;
protests against writs, sanction of judges, 558;
Richard Chambers and John Hampden resist payment, 558;
Hampden's case tried in Court of Exchequer, 559;
judgment against him, 560.
Ships, 15th century, 75;
16th century, 393.
Short Parliament, The, its members, numerous petitions, speech of
Pym, Star Chamber and Queen's Bench, 583;
conflict with Charles over supply, 584.
Sidney, Sir Philip, falls at Zutphen, 306;
"Arcadia," 364.
Simnel, Lambert, 79.
Six Articles, The statute of, 175.
Solemn League and Covenant, 567.
Solway Moss, Battle of, 191.
Somerset, Duke of, 5;
attainted by Commons, challenge to York, 6;
committed by Parliament to Tower, reinstated, 7;
joins Queen Margaret at York, commands at Wakefield, 15;
at Towton, 18;
attainted second time, unsuccessful embassage for Margaret
to Louis XI., 19;
death, 22.
Somerset, Duke of, lack of statesmanship, reform in the Church,
ecclesiastical commission, the "Royal injunctions," 207;
his avarice, Somerset House, defection of council, 214;
disgrace, 215;
trial and execution, 218.
Somerset, Earl of, 451;
changed manner, supplanted by Villiers, 454;
charge of poisoning Sir Thomas Overbury, 455;
condemned, pardoned by king, 548.
(_See_ also Rochester.)
Spain, treaty with England, 106;
hostilities against England, 315;
capture of Cadiz, 329;
descent on Ireland, 338;
intrigues against England, 407;
Spanish match, 490;
treaty with Charles I., 557.
Spenser, Edmund, poet, serves in army of Lord Grey, 296;
receives forfeited Irish estate, 297;
"Faerie Queen," 371.
"Sports, Book of," The, 464.
Spurs, Battle of, 110.
St. Albans, Battle of, 8;
second battle, 16.
Stanley, Lord, 49;
imprisoned in Tower by Gloucester, 50;
constable of England, 52;
secret treaty with Elizabeth of York, deserts Richard at
Bosworth, 63;
places crown on Henry's head, 64.
Star Chamber, the, Origin of, 82;
why named, 346;
abuse of, 453;
abolition of, 606.
St. Bartholomew, Massacre of, 289.
St. Quentin, Battle of, 243.
Strafford, Earl of, public indignation against, 586;
Lieutenant General of the army, 592;
impeachment, 593;
trial, 595;
reply to indictment, 597;
letter to king, 604;
execution, 606.
(_See_ also Wentworth.)
Stuart, Lady Arabella, history, marriage with Seymour, 442;
Seymour sent to Tower, stolen interviews, flight and capture,
lodged in Tower, 443;
insanity, death, 444.
Stuart, Lord James, half-brother to Mary Queen of Scots, Prior of
St. Andrews, his treachery, 254;
chief minister, 255.
(_See_ Mar, Earl of.)
Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of, 114;
marries Mary, widow of Louis of France, 116;
commands English troops, 137;
Lord Marshal, 154;
sent to suppress Catholic insurrections, 170;
receives Catherine Howard's confession, 185.
Suffolk, Duke of, father of Lady Jane Grey, 222;
his rebellion, 228;
beheaded, 231.
Sully, Duke of, Envoy Extraordinary to James I., bribes courtiers
and makes treaty with James, 407.
Sunday Sports, Petition of magistrates against, declaration of
Charles, 553.
Supremacy, Act of, 248.
Tewkesbury, Battle of, 35.
Thirty Years War, 479.
Throgmorton, Sir Nicholas, tried for treason and acquitted, 232.
Throgmorton, Thomas, plots against queen, hanged, 303.
Towton, Battle of, 18.
Trinity House, Corporation of, 394.
Tudor, Jasper, Earl of Pembroke, 16.
Tudor, Owen, ancestor of Tudor line, beheaded at Hereford, 16.
Tyrone, Hugh, Earl of, rebellion of, 333.
Uniformity, Act of, 248.
Uses, Statute of, 347.
Usury, Laws against, 395.
Vane, Sir Henry, sent by Charles to Commons, 584;
at Strafford's trial, 598.
Vauclerc, Lieutenant of Calais, 28.
Verulam, Baron, 470;
trial of Raleigh, 477;
Viscount St. Albans, his genius, impeachment, 483;
retires to Gorhambury, 484;
death, 485.
(_See_ also Bacon, Sir Francis.)
Villiers, George, 454.
(_See_ also Buckingham, Duke of.)
Wakefield, Battle of, 15.
Wales incorporated with England, 187.
Warbeck, Perkin, origin, 85;
adventures in France, Ireland, and Burgundy, 86;
in Scotland, marries Lady Gordon, 88;
lands at Cork, 91;
in Cornwall, 92;
defeated, takes sanctuary in monastery of Beaulieu, at the
Royal Court, 94;
escapes to Sheen Priory, placed in stocks in London, and
imprisoned in Tower, 94;
plots with Warwick, hanged at Tyburn, 95.
Warwick, Earl of, battle of St. Albans, 7;
Governor of Calais, 8;
retires to Calais, 9;
attacks fleet of Lübeck merchantmen in Channel, 10;
Attainted, 11;
lands in Kent with Cospini the Pope's legate, Northampton, 12;
defeated at St. Albans, 16;
at Ferrybridge, and Towton, commands the North, 18;
Ambassador at the Scottish Court, 19;
Ambassador to France for Bona of Savoy, 23;
his chagrin at marriage of Edward to Elizabeth Woodville, 23;
visits France to negotiate marriage of Margaret the king's sister
with son of Louis XI. of France, 24;
indignation at rejection of the proposed alliance, accused of
secret partisanship with Lancastrians, restored to royal
favour, 25;
retires to Calais, 26;
takes the king prisoner at Olney, defeats Lancastrian insurgents
under Sir Humphrey Neville, 27;
meets Edward at the Moor, flees to Calais after failure of
insurrection of Sir Robert Wells, 28;
received by Louis XI., alliance with the Lancastrian party and
Queen Margaret, 29;
Anne, his daughter, married to the Prince of Wales, 30;
proclaims Henry king, 30;
summons Parliament, 31;
battle of Barnet and death, 34.
Warwick, son of Duke of Clarence, heir apparent of York, imprisoned
in the Tower, 76;
exhibited to the people as the real earl by Henry VII., plot with
Warbeck, 95;
tried and beheaded, 96.
Warwick, Dudley, Earl of, rivalry with Somerset, 214;
ungenerous conduct of party to Princess Mary, 216;
warden of the Scottish Marches, 216.
Wentworth, arbitrary action in Ireland, 554;
Lord President of the North, 560;
dishonourable treatment of Irish Parliament and Convocation, 562;
inquiry into Irish titles, 563;
Mountnorris, 565;
recalled from Ireland to advise Charles, 581;
returns as Earl of Strafford and Lord Lieutenant, 582.
(_See_ also Strafford, Earl of.)
William the Silent, assassination of, 294.
Williams, Bishop, Lord Chancellor, 486.
Wishart, George, Scottish Reformer, 198;
burnt, 199.
Wolsey, Cardinal, receives bishopric of Tournay, 110;
Bishop of Lincoln, 114;
origin and rise, 116;
Archbishop of York, 117;
Cardinal, Papal Legate, and Chancellor, favours learning and the
arts, 118;
conduct of foreign affairs, 122;
power and magnificence, 126;
conference with the emperor, 127;
candidature for the Papacy, 128;
forced loans for king, 130;
disappointed of Popedom a second time, legatine and increased
powers granted for life by Clement VII., suppresses
monasteries, 138;
unpopularity, 142;
treaty with French envoys, 143;
seeks to dissuade Henry from marriage with Anne Boleyn, 147;
joined in Commission with Papal legate to try divorce, 148;
fall of, 153;
death, 154.
Woodvilles, The, their unpopularity, and aggrandisement of the
family, 24;
their influence, 46.
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, revolt under, 229.
York, Battle of, 26.
York, Archbishop of, Edward Neville, peacemaker between Woodvilles
and Nevilles, 25;
invites king to the Moor to meet Warwick and Duke of Clarence, 28;
confirmed in Chancellorship by Warwick, 31.
York, Richard, Duke of, lineal descent, 4;
in Ireland, 5;
proposed as successor to Crown, Protector, rupture with king,
battle of St. Albans, 7;
Protector again, resigns, 8;
Council of Coventry, 9;
Conference in London, 10;
attainted, 11;
claims the Crown at Westminster, 14;
slain at Wakefield, 15.
Zutphen, Battle of, 306.
PRINTED BY CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, LONDON, E.C.
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| Transcriber's note: |
| |
| P.12. 'perferment' changed to 'preferment'. |
| P.44. 'peithet' changed to 'epeithet'. |
| P.295. 'Campion' changed to 'Campian'. |
| P.326. 'slily' changed to 'slyly'. |
| P.342. 'Bastile' changed to 'Bastille'. |
| P.348. 'Arragon' changed to 'Aragon'. |
| P.417. 'eing' changed to 'being'. |
| P.490. 'negociations' changed to 'negotiations'. |
| P.549. 'nothi' changed to 'nothing'. |
| P.611. 'Campion' changed to 'Campian'. |
| P.612. 'bishopric o' changed to 'bishopric of'. |
| Corrected various punctuation errors. |
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