instant translators for websites, chat rooms, e-mail and corporate intranets.
The leading translation firms are mobilizing to seize the opportunities. Such
as:
SYSTRAN has partnered with AltaVista and reports between 500,000 and 600,000
visitors a day on babelfish.altavista.digital.com, and about 1 million
translations per day -- ranging from recipes to complete Web pages.
About 15,000 sites link to babelfish, which can translate to and from French,
Italian, German, Spanish and Portuguese. The site plans to add Japanese soon.
'The popularity is simple. With the Internet, now there is a way to use US
content. All of these contribute to this increasing demand,' said Dimitros
Sabatakakis, group CEO of SYSTRAN, speaking from his Paris home.
Alis technology powers the Los Angeles Times' soon-to-be launched language
translation feature on its site. Translations will be available in Spanish and
French, and eventually, Japanese. At the click of a mouse, an entire web page
can be translated into the desired language.
Globalink offers a variety of software and Web translation possibilities,
including a free e-mail service and software to enable text in chat rooms to be
translated.
But while these so-called 'machine' translations are gaining worldwide
popularity, company execs admit they're not for every situation.
Representatives from Globalink, Alis and SYSTRAN use such phrases as 'not
perfect' and 'approximate' when describing the quality of translations, with the
caveat that sentences submitted for translation should be simple, grammatically
accurate and idiom-free.
'The progress on machine translation is moving at Moore's Law -- every 18 months
it's twice as good,' said Vin Crosbie, a Web industry analyst in Greenwich,
Conn. 'It's not perfect, but some [non-English speaking] people don't realize
I'm using translation software.'
With these translations, syntax and word usage suffer, because dictionary-driven
databases can't decipher between homonyms -- for example, 'light' (as in the sun
or light bulb) and 'light' (the opposite of heavy).
Still, human translation would cost between $50 and $60 per Web page, or about
20 cents per word, SYSTRAN's Sabatakakis said.
While this may be appropriate for static 'corporate information' pages, the
machine translations are free on the Web, and often less than $100 for software,
depending on the number of translated languages and special features."
4.3. Computer-Assisted Translation
Within the World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland, the
Computer-assisted Translation and Terminology (Unit (CTT) is assessing technical
options for using computer-assisted translation (CAT) systems based on
"translation memory". With such systems, translators have immediate access to
previous translations of portions of the text before them. These reminders of
previous translations can be accepted, rejected or modified, and the final
choice is added to the memory, thus enriching it for future reference. By
archiving daily output, the translator would soon have access to an enormous
"memory" of ready-made solutions for a considerable number of translation
problems. Several projects are currently under way in such areas as electronic
document archiving and retrieval, bilingual/multilingual text alignment,
computer-assisted translation, translation memory and terminology database
management, and speech recognition.
Contrary to the imminent outbreak of the universal translation machine announced
some 50 years ago, the machine translation systems don't yet produce good
quality translations. Why not? Pierre Isabelle and Patrick Andries, from the
Laboratoire de recherche appliquée en linguistique informatique (RALI)
(Laboratory for Applied Research in Computational Linguistics) in Montreal,
Quebec, explain this failure in La traduction automatique, 50 ans après (Machine
translation, 50 years later), an article published in the Dossiers of the daily
cybermagazine Multimédium:
"The ultimate goal of building a machine capable of competing with a human
translator remains elusive due to the slow progress of the research. [...]
Recent research, based on large collections of texts called corpora - using
either statistical or analogical methods - promise to reduce the quantity of
manual work required to build a MT [machine translation] system, but it is less
sure than they can promise a substantial improvement in the quality of machine
translation. [...] the use of MT will be more or less restricted to information
assimilation tasks or tasks of distribution of texts belonging to restricted
sub-languages."
According to Yehochua Bar-Hillel's ideas expressed in The State of Machine
Translation, an article published in 1951, Pierre Isabelle and Patrick Andries
define three MT implementation strategies: 1) a tool of information assimilation
to scan multilingual information and supply rough translation, 2) situations of
"restricted language" such as the METEO system which, since 1977, has been
translating the weather forecasts of the Canadian Ministry of Environment, 3)
the human being/machine coupling before, during and after the MT process, which
is not inevitably economical compared to traditional translation.
The authors favour "a workstation for the human translator" more than a "robot
translator":
"The recent research on the probabilist methods permitted in fact to demonstrate
that it was possible to modelize in a very efficient way some simple aspects of
the translation relationship between two texts. For example, methods were set up
to calculate the correct alignment between the text sentences and their
translation, that is, to identify the sentence(s) of the source text which
correspond(s) to each sentence of the translation. Applied on a large scale,
these techniques allow the use of archives of a translation service to build a
translation memory which will often permit the recycling of previous translation
fragments. Such systems are already available on the translation market (IBM
Translation Manager II, Trados Translator's Workbench by Trados, RALI
TransSearch, etc.)
The most recent research focuses on models able to automatically set up the
correspondences at a finer level than the sentence level: syntagms and words.
The results obtained foresee a whole family of new tools for the human
translator, including aids for terminological studying, aids for dictation and
translation typing, and detectors of translation errors."
5. LANGUAGE-RELATED RESEARCH
[In this chapter:]
[5.1. Machine Translation Research / 5.2. Computational Linguistics / 5.3.
Language Engineering / 5.4. Internationalization and Localization]
5.1. Machine Translation Research
The CL/MT Research Group (Computational Linguistics (CL) and Machine Translation
(MT) Group) is a research group in the Department of Language and Linguistics at
the University of Essex, United Kingdom. It serves as a focus for research in
computational, and computationally oriented, linguistics. It has been in
existence since the late 1980s, and has played a role in a number of important
computational linguistics research projects.
Founded in 1986, the Center for Machine Translation (CMT) is now a research
center within the new Language Technologies Institute at the School of Computer
Science at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It
conducts advanced research and development in a suite of technologies for
natural language processing, with a primary focus on high-quality multilingual
machine translation.
Within the CLIPS Laboratory (CLIPS: Communication langagière et interaction
personne-système = Language Communication and Person-System Communication) of
the French IMAG Federation, the Groupe d'étude pour la traduction automatique
(GETA) (Study Group for Machine Translation) is a multi-disciplinary team of
computer scientists and linguists. Its research topics concern all the
theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of computer-assisted
translation (CAT), or more generally of multilingual computing. The GETA
participates in the UNL (Universal Networking Language) project, initiated by
the Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) of the United Nations University (UNU).
"UNL (Universal Networking Language) is a language that - with its companion
"enconverter" and "deconverter" software - enables communication among peoples
of differing native languages. It will reside, as a plug-in for popular World
Wide Web browsers, on the Internet, and will be compatible with standard network
servers. The technology will be shared among the member states of the United
Nations. Any person with access to the Internet will be able to "enconvert" text
from any native language of a member state into UNL. Just as easily, any UNL
text can be "deconverted" from UNL into native languages. United Nations
University's UNL Center will work with its partners to create and promote the
UNL software, which will be compatible with popular network servers and
computing platforms."
The Natural Language Group (NLG) at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) of
the University of Southern California (USC) is currently involved in various
aspects of computational/natural language processing. The group's projects are:
machine translation; automated text summarization; multilingual verb access and
text management; development of large concept taxonomies (ontologies); discourse
and text generation; construction of large lexicons for various languages; and
multimedia communication.
Eduard Hovy, Head of the Natural Language Group, expained in his e-mail of
August 27, 1998:
"Your presentation outline looks very interesting to me. I do wonder, however,
where you discuss the language-related applications/functionalities that are not
translation, such as information retrieval (IR) and automated text summarization
(SUM). You would not be able to find anything on the Web without IR! -- all the
search engines (AltaVista, Yahoo!, etc.) are built upon IR technology.
Similarly, though much newer, it is likely that many people will soon be using
automated summarizers to condense (or at least, to extract the major contents
of) single (long) documents or lots of (any length) ones together. [...]
In this context, multilingualism on the Web is another complexifying factor.
People will write their own language for several reasons -- convenience,
secrecy, and local applicability -- but that does not mean that other people are
not interested in reading what they have to say! This is especially true for
companies involved in technology watch (say, a computer company that wants to
know, daily, all the Japanese newspaper and other articles that pertain to what
they make) or some Government Intelligence agencies (the people who provide the
most up-to-date information for use by your government officials in making
policy, etc.). One of the main problems faced by these kinds of people is the
flood of information, so they tend to hire 'weak' bilinguals who can rapidly
scan incoming text and throw out what is not relevant, giving the relevant stuff
to professional translators. Obviously, a combination of SUM and MT (machine
translation) will help here; since MT is slow, it helps if you can do SUM in the
foreign language, and then just do a quick and dirty MT on the result, allowing
either a human or an automated IR-based text classifier to decide whether to
keep or reject the article.
For these kinds of reasons, the US Government has over the past five years been
funding research in MT, SUM, and IR, and is interested in starting a new program
of research in Multilingual IR. This way you will be able to one day open
Netscape or Explorer or the like, type in your query in (say) English, and have
the engine return texts in *all* the languages of the world. You will have them
clustered by subarea, summarized by cluster, and the foreign summaries
translated, all the kinds of things that you would like to have.
You can see a demo of our version of this capability, using English as the user
language and a collection of approx. 5,000 texts of English, Japanese, Arabic,
Spanish, and Indonesian, by visiting MuST Multilingual Information Retrieval,
Summarization, and Translation System.
Type your query word (say, 'baby', or whatever you wish) in and press
'Enter/Return'. In the middle window you will see the headlines (or just
keywords, translated) of the retrieved documents. On the left you will see what
language they are in: 'Sp' for Spanish, 'Id' for Indonesian, etc. Click on the
number at left of each line to see the document in the bottom window. Click on
'Summarize' to get a summary. Click on 'Translate' for a translation (but
beware: Arabic and Japanese are extremely slow! Try Indonesian for a quick
word-by-word 'translation' instead).
This is not a product (yet); we have lots of research to do in order to improve
the quality of each step. But it shows you the kind of direction we are heading
in."
"How do you see the future of Internet-related activities as regards languages?"
"The Internet is, as I see it, a fantastic gift to humanity. It is, as one of my
graduate students recently said, the next step in the evolution of information
access. A long time ago, information was transmitted orally only; you had to be
face-to-face with the speaker. With the invention of writing, the time barrier
broke down -- you can still read Seneca and Moses. With the invention of the
printing press, the access barrier was overcome -- now *anyone* with money to
buy a book can read Seneca and Moses. And today, information access becomes
almost instantaneous, globally; you can read Seneca and Moses from your
computer, without even knowing who they are or how to find out what they wrote;
simply open AltaVista and search for 'Seneca'. This is a phenomenal leap in the
development of connections between people and cultures. Look how today's
Internet kids are incorporating the Web in their lives.
The next step? -- I imagine it will be a combination of computer and cellular
phone, allowing you as an individual to be connected to the Web wherever you
are. All your diary, phone lists, grocery lists, homework, current reading,
bills, communications, etc., plus AltaVista and the others, all accessible (by
voice and small screen) via a small thing carried in your purse or on your belt.
That means that the barrier between personal information (your phone lists and
diary) and non-personal information (Seneca and Moses) will be overcome, so that
you can get to both types anytime. I would love to have something that tells me,
when next I am at a conference and someone steps up, smiling to say hello, who
this person is, where last I met him/her, and what we said then!
But that is the future. Today, the Web has made big changes in the way I shop (I
spent 20 minutes looking for plane routes for my next trip with a difficult
transition on the Web, instead of waiting for my secretary to ask the travel
agent, which takes a day). I look for information on anything I want to know
about, instead of having to make a trip to the library and look through
complicated indexes. I send e-mail to you about this question, at a time that is
convenient for me, rather than your having to make a phone appointment and then
us talking for 15 minutes. And so on."
The Computing Research Laboratory (CRL) at New Mexico State University (NMSU) is
a non-profit research enterprise committed to basic research and software
development in advanced computing applications concentrated in the areas of
natural language processing, artificial intelligence and graphical user
interface design. Applications developed from basic research endeavors include a
variety of configurations of machine translation, information extraction,
knowledge acquisition, intelligent teaching, and translator workstation systems.
Maintained by the Department of Linguistics of the Translation Research Group of
Brigham Young University (BYU), Utah, TTT.org (Translation, Theory and
Technology) provides information about language theory and technology,
particularly relating to translation. Translation technology includes translator
workbench tools and machine translation. In addition to translation tools,
TTT.org is interested in data exchange standards that allow various tools to
interoperate, allowing the integration of tools from multiple vendors in the
multilingual document production chain.
In the area of data exchange standards, TTT.org is actively involved in the
development of MARTIF (machine-readable terminology interchange format). MARTIF
is a format to facilitate the interchange of terminological data among
terminology management systems. This format is the result of several years of
intense international collaboration among terminologists and database experts
from various organizations, including academic institutions, the Text Encoding
Initiative (TEI), and the Localisation Industry Standards Association (LISA).
5.2. Computational Linguistics
The Laboratoire de recherche appliquée en linguistique informatique (RALI)
(Laboratory of Applied Research in Computational Linguistics) is a laboratory of
the University of Montreal, Quebec. The RALI's personnel includes experienced
computer scientists and linguists in natural language processing both in
classical symbolic methods as well as in newer probabilist methods.
Thanks to the Incognito laboratory, which was founded in 1983, the University of
Montreal's Computer Science and Operational Research Department (DIRO)
established itself as a leading research centre in the area of natural language
processing. In June 1997, Industry Canada agreed to transfer to the DIRO all the
activities of the machine-aided translation program (TAO), which had been
conducted at the Centre for Information Technology Innovation (CITI) since 1984.
A new laboratory -- the RALI -- was opened in order to promote and develop the
results of the CITI's research, allowing the members of the former TAO team to
pursue their work within the university community. The RALI's areas of expertise
include work in: automatic text alignment, automatic text generation, automatic
reaccentuation, language identification and finite state transducers.
The RALI produces the "TransX family" of what it calls "a new generation" of
translation support tools (TransType, TransTalk, TransCheck and TransSearch),
which are based on probabilistic translation models that automatically calculate
the correspondences between the text produced by a translator and the original
source language text.
" TransType speeds up the keying-in of a translation by anticipating a
translator's choices and critiquizing them when appropriate. In proposing its
suggestions, TransType takes into account both the source text and the partial
translation that the translator has already produced.
TransTalk is an automatic dictation system that makes use of a probabilistic
translation model in order to improve the performance of its voice recognition
model.
TransCheck automatically detects certain types of translation errors by
verifying that the correspondences between the segments of a draft and the
segments of the source text respect well-known properties of a good translation.
TransSearch allows translators to search databases of pre-existing translations
in order to find ready-made solutions to all sorts of translation problems. In
order to produce the required databases, the translations and the source
language texts must first be aligned."
Some of RALI's other projects are:
- the SILC Project, concerning language identification. When a document is
submitted to the system, SILC attempts to determine what language the document
is written in and the character set in which it is encoded.
- the FAP: Finite Automata Package (FAP), a project concerning finite-state
transducers. The finite-state automaton is a simple and efficient computational
device for describing sequences of symbols (words, characters, etc.) known as
the regular languages. The finite-state transducer is a device for linking pairs
of these sequences under the control of a grammar of local correspondences, and
thus provides a means of rewriting one sequence as another. Applications of
these techniques in NLP include: dictionaries, morphological analysis,
part-of-speech tagging, syntactic analysis, and speech processing.
The Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)'s projects include two main projects
concerning languages: Inter-Language Unification (ILU) and Natural Language
Theory and Technology (NLTT).
The Inter-Language Unification (ILU) System is a multi-language object interface
system. The object interfaces provided by ILU hide implementation distinctions
between different languages, between different address spaces, and between
operating system types. ILU can be used to build multilingual object-oriented
libraries ("class libraries") with well-specified language-independent
interfaces. It can also be used to implement distributed systems, or to define
and document interfaces between the modules of non-distributed programs.
The goal of Natural Language Theory and Technology (NLTT) is to develop theories
of how information is encoded in natural language and technologies for mapping
information to and from natural language representations. This will enable the
efficient and intelligent handling of natural language text in critical phases
of document processing, such as recognition, summarizing, indexing, fact
extraction and presentation, document storage and retrieval, and translation. It
will also increase the power and convenience of communicating with machines in
natural language.
Based in Cambridge, United Kingdom, and Grenoble, France, The Xerox Research
Centre Europe (XRCE) is also a research organization of the international
company XEROX, which focuses on increasing productivity in the workplace through
new document technologies, with several tools and projects relating to
languages.
One of Xerox's research activities is MultiLingual Theory and Technology (MLTT),
to study how to analyze and generate text in many languages (English, French,
German, Italian, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, etc.). The MLTT team creates basic
tools for linguistic analysis, e.g. morphological analysers, parsing and
generation platforms and corpus analysis tools. These tools are used to develop
descriptions of various languages and the relation between them. Currently under
development are phrasal parsers for French and German, a lexical functional
grammar (LFG) for French and projects on multilingual information retrieval,
translation and generation.
Founded in 1979, the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) is
a non-profit scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific
understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and
their embodiment in machines. AAAI also aims to increase public understanding of
artificial intelligence, improve the teaching and training of AI practitioners,
and provide guidance for research planners and funders concerning the importance
and potential of current AI developments and future directions.