Every girl who is guided by common sense will aim at becoming a business
woman. That is to say, she will try to cultivate habits of order,
industry, perseverance, method, and punctuality, and will do her best to
learn how to conduct formal correspondence, how to keep accounts, how to
manage money, and what to do with savings. Besides this, she will make a
point of knowing something about the laws relating to domestic life--the
renting of houses and the employment of servants, for example--and she
will push her inquiries in every direction, so as to acquire not only
the right way of doing things, but the right way of forming a judgment
upon them.
A wise girl will thus greatly increase her usefulness in the world. She
will be able to take part in the affairs of life with pleasure to
herself and without being a trouble and hindrance to her neighbours.
Another advantage may be pointed out. There are always people trying to
get the better of those who know nothing, and their victims more often
than not are ladies. It is easy to fall a prey to rogues and sharpers if
one is ignorant of business, especially when nature has made women
kind-hearted and experience has not rendered them suspicious. As a
protection, there is nothing like being a business woman.
Perhaps someone may say that "business woman" has a hard sound, and
stands for a character precise, selfish, and uninteresting. That is not
what we intend by it at all. Is a girl to be less loveable, less gentle,
less charming, whenever we cease to say of her, That girl, in regard to
all the ways of business, is a perfect simpleton? On the contrary,
business is a fine training-school for many virtues; and of all good
women, a good business woman may be reckoned the very best.
Our articles are intended to be of use to two classes of girls. The
first consists of those who either have or are likely to have a little
money of their own, and need to know how to manage it and how to
regulate those affairs which money always brings in its train. By
ignorance of business many a useful life of this class as been marred.
The second is made up of girls who have to earn their own living and
make their own way in the world. These have a special need to know
something about business. People as a rule are valuable in proportion to
their knowledge--those who know nothing being simply worth nothing.
One great reason for the work of girls and women being poorly paid, is
that few know anything about either the principles or the practice of
the most ordinary business affairs. We shall try in these articles to
put girls in future on a better footing, and to make them in business
equal, at any rate, to any average men. In this way there is a good
chance of doubling their usefulness and value, and of more than doubling
their independence.
Nothing is done all at once, and in business, as in everything else, if
you mean to build high you must begin low. A girl who wishes to be a
business woman must start with accumulating the same sort of knowledge
as an office-boy. We shall therefore try to deal with the subject simply
and from the very beginning. You may sometimes be tempted to say, "Oh,
we knew that before," but another girl may not have been so fortunate,
and her ignorance must be taken as our reason for pointing out what
appears to be familiar facts.
We begin with the subject of business letters, and the first thing we
shall say about them is--Be very particular about their appearance.
There is a proverb, to be sure, warning us that appearances are
deceitful, but that proverb is only true occasionally; in general we may
safely draw an inference as to the writer from the look of her letter.
An ill-folded, clumsy, up-and-down-hill, blotted, greasy-looking letter
almost certainly comes from an untidy house and a stupid girl, whereas a
neat, carefully-written epistle suggests just as surely the opposite.
In friendly letters our correspondents know something about us
beforehand, but in business we may be writing to perfect strangers, who
can only judge of us by the figure we cut on a sheet of note-paper. To
secure prompt attention and a polite reply, no plan works so well as
putting good taste into the appearance of letters. They are really a
part of ourselves, and a girl should as soon think of sending them
marked with carelessness to either a friend or a stranger as of going to
make a call in a patched frock, a faded hat, and gloves with holes.
An indispensable point in a business letter is to have the meaning quite
clear. It must say exactly what the writer intends, leaving nothing to
be guessed at.
And after clearness the next point is shortness. A brief letter makes
far more impression than a long one, besides which it usually gets
attended to at once. We have known a man open a lady's letter on a
matter of business, and, seeing it a long rigmarole, put it at once in
his pocket and let it lie there forgotten for a week.
That long letters receive most notice is a mistake into which girls fall
very often, but she who aspires to be a real business woman must give
herself to the study of such short epistles as that of the officer who
sent in as his official report, "Sir,--I have the honour to inform you
that I have just shot a man who came to kill me.--Your obedient servant,
----."
All letters should be headed with the address from which they were
written, the day of the month, and the year; in this way:--
2, Ireland Avenue,
Stratford-on-Avon, 9th October, 1886.
It is an irritating peculiarity with many people unaccustomed to
business to be careless on this point. Common sense suggests that they
should mend their ways, and by putting the date and a full address on
every letter, save their correspondents sometimes a good deal of
trouble.
There is a short way, occasionally employed, of writing the date; for
example, 4 / 7 / 86; meaning the 4th day of the 7th month (July, that
is) of 1886. This contraction--which is improved by having the month put
in Roman figures (as, 4 / vii. / 86)--is handy now and again, but it
does not strike one as looking particularly well at the head of a
letter.
Put the name of the person to whom the letter is written at the
beginning or the end. Long ago, when envelopes were not in use, this did
not matter so much, because the name of the person addressed could be
seen by turning to the postal direction; but nowadays the envelope
bearing the address is dropped into the waste-paper basket, and a second
address is required to give the letter completeness, and enable third
parties, perhaps, to understand it.
As to how to begin, whether "Sir" or "Madam," or "Dear Sir" or "Dear
Madam," everyone may please herself, only taking note that the "Dear"
should be omitted when any special reason exists for being distant and
formal. Not, however, that the word when used in a business letter has
anything of an affectionate meaning. It is just one of the drops of oil
used to keep the machinery of human intercourse working smoothly.
Perhaps it originally crept in to soften the sharp effect of "Sir,"
which sounds for all the world as if it would snap a correspondent's
head off.
"Dear Sir" and "Dear Sirs" are both right, but "Dear Gentlemen" is not,
though there seems no reason against it. If you begin "Sir" you must not
end "I remain, dear sir." The beginning and the end should be all of a
piece, and in both places the same form of address should be used.
In concluding a business letter you may say "yours respectfully," or
"your obedient servant," or "yours truly," or "yours faithfully,"
according to the degree of intimacy existing between you and your
correspondent. But really there are no very nice distinctions to be
observed between such phrases, and their use may safely be left to every
girl's common sense and discretion.
Take pains to sign your name always so that people can read it. Some,
out of pure affectation, conceal what they call themselves under a
scribble which none can read--"a hopeless puzzle of intemperate
scratches." How is a stranger, getting a letter signed in this way, to
know to whom to send a reply, unless, as is sometimes done, he cuts out
the signature, pastes it on the envelope, and adds the address? But
illegible signatures, it must be confessed, are more often a man's folly
than a woman's.
Always, too, sign your name the same way: get into the habit of it.
Don't let it be to-day "Mary G. Snodham," and to-morrow "Mary Snodham,"
and the day after "M. G. Snodham." If character comes out anywhere in
writing, it is in the signature, and it ought to be every day the same,
the same in words, the same in writing, and the same in flourishes--that
is to say, if there are any flourishes.
When you send a Post Office order to anyone, however, you may make an
exception to this rule. It is a good plan to sign a letter accompanying
such an order with initials only. When this is done, should the letter
fall into the hands of dishonest people, the chances are considerably
reduced of their knowing the name of the sender so as to get payment of
the order. In getting the money for a Post Office order it is always
necessary, as perhaps you know, to tell at the post-office who sent it.
When you (we shall call you Elizabeth Fisher) are asked to write a
letter in the name of another person (call her Janet Constable), how
should you sign it? Not, certainly, by just writing Janet Constable;
that would be highly improper. To put another person's name to any
letter or document whatever, even in fun, is not even to be dreamt
about. You must sign--
Yours truly,
_for_ JANET CONSTABLE,
ELIZABETH FISHER.
Or, if you like it better--
Yours respectfully,
JANET CONSTABLE,
_p._ ELIZABETH FISHER.
In this case the _p._ stands for _per_, and means that Janet Constable
signs the letter _by_ or _through_ you. You may write _per_ in full, if
you like.
Sometimes you may have to write inquiring about the character of people
or their standing from a money point of view. In doing so, put the name
or names on a slip of paper and gum it at the foot of your letter, so
that it can be easily torn off. Your correspondent can then at once
destroy the slip, and should your letter or her reply afterwards be read
by other people, they will probably be none the wiser, for they will
only see in your letter an inquiry regarding the person or persons
"noted at foot," and in hers an answer about the person or persons
"about whom you inquire."
All enclosures sent in a letter should be mentioned in a note in the
left-hand bottom corner after signing one's name. Thus:--
Enclosed:
Postal Order, 10s. 6d.
Recipe for cooking rattlesnakes.
Pattern: the Tullochgorum mantle.
We have spoken about the clearness and brevity required in business
letters, but to the subject of style a few lines more may be devoted.
Business letters are of necessity dry and matter-of-fact, and in writing
them no time should be lost in hunting for fine expressions. They should
contain politeness, but light and airy sentences are worse than thrown
away.
"Accuracy of expression," says Mr. George Seton, in his pleasant "Gossip
about Letters and Letter-writers," "as distinguished from looseness and
slovenliness of statement, is of the utmost consequence--not only with
the view of saving the time of one's correspondent, but also to prevent
what may prove a very serious misunderstanding. I have known many cases
of prolonged litigation which were chiefly owing to some doubtful or
equivocal expressions in the course of a business correspondence."
There are many phrases peculiar to business letters--formal beginnings,
for example, such as--
"I am favoured with yours of 14th curt."
"I duly received your favour of 19th inst."
"I am in receipt of your lines of y'day, and note that, &c."
"I beg to confirm my last respects of 25th ult."
"I beg to confirm my letter of yesterday."
These phrases and many others which will appear in the course of these
articles may seem formal enough, but we must not expect in business to
meet with the language of story-books.
A common business term is "advice," used to mean information sent by
letter. For example: "I wait your advice as to the despatch of the
parcel." A funny misunderstanding of the word occurred recently, when a
provincial postmaster, new to his duties, in the United States, sent the
following communication to the Postmaster-General:--
"Seeing by the regulations that I am required to send you a letter of
advice, I must plead in excuse that I have been postmaster but a short
time; but I will say, if your office pays no better than mine, I advise
you to give it up."
Every subject mentioned in a letter should have a separate paragraph.
Very formal, you may say. Perhaps; but it is also very clear.
Always acknowledge receipt of business letters at the earliest possible
opportunity. If they come with money, an acknowledgment ought to be sent
by return of post, that is to say, by the first post after they arrive.
The same rule may safely be applied to letters coming with any enclosure
whatever. Sometimes delay may be of no consequence, but to answer at
once will at any rate get you the credit of courtesy.
Of all business letters a copy should be kept. If you write few they may
be copied by hand into a book kept for the purpose, but if many the use
of a copying-press saves a great deal of monotonous labour, and secures
absolute accuracy besides.
The way to use a copying-press is this. Write the letter with
copying-ink. Then put a sheet of oiled paper under the leaf of the
letter-book on which you wish to take the copy. Letter-books of thin
paper are sold for the purpose. Wet the leaf with a brush or soft
sponge. On the top of the wet leaf put a sheet of blotting paper, and on
the top of that another sheet of oiled paper. Then shut the book, put it
in the press, and give it a squeeze for a second to take off the
superfluous moisture. Take out the book, remove the blotting-paper and
the top sheet of oiled paper, and in their place put your letter face
downwards on the damp page. Shut the book, put it back into the
copying-press, give it a hard squeeze by means of the lever or screw,
leave it in from half a minute to a minute, and the whole thing is done;
an exact copy of the letter will be left in your letter-book.
A letter being written and copied, has to be posted; but before being
posted it must be addressed. The address should be written neatly and
plainly, neither too high up nor too low down.
To say, Be sure to put the direction on your letters is not unnecessary
advice. Thousands of letters are posted every year without any address
whatever. In the year ending 31st March, 1886, there were no fewer than
26,228 of them, and of this large number 1,620 contained cash and
cheques to the amount, in all, of £3,733 17s. 5d.
Be sure, too, that your letters are properly fastened. On this subject,
hear Mr. George Seton. "There is," he says, "no real security in wafers,
and probably still less in adhesive envelopes, which are now in almost
universal use. Both may easily be loosened by the application of either
water or steam. The best mode of securing a letter is first to wafer it
and then seal it with wax. When, however, an adhesive envelope is used,
the proper course is to _damp_, rather than wet, _both_ sides of the
flap before pressing it down; and if the paper is very thick, the upper
side should be again damped after being pressed down."
Insufficient and wrong addresses occasion a great deal of trouble to the
Post Office officials, and this trouble one of the present
Postmaster-General's predecessors remarks, with some pathos, "ought
scarcely to be given to make up for what generally arises from the
carelessness of the writers, without an additional charge." Last year,
through some fault in the addresses, no fewer than 12,822,067 letters,
postcards, newspapers, and parcels were received in the returned letter
offices.
As an example of an insufficiently-addressed letter, we may mention one
the subject of a complaint made by a Mrs. Jones of Newmarket. She stated
that a letter had been posted to her, but had not reached her. It
appeared, however, on inquiry, that there were twenty-nine Mrs. Joneses
at the place, and that there was nothing in the address to help the
postman to decide between their several claims.
When money or anything of value is sent through the post, the letter in
which it goes should be registered. By this means we can be almost
absolutely sure of its travelling safely. The fee for a registered
letter was at one time half-a-crown, and not so long ago was a shilling.
In 1878 it was reduced from 4d. to 2d. Not only has the fee been reduced
to what may be thought the lowest possible point, but registered letter
envelopes are now sold in different and convenient sizes. The Post
Office also undertakes to make good, under certain reasonable
conditions, up to £2 the value of any registered letter which it loses.
If people who have these facilities for sending letters securely
provided for them choose to run the risk of loss, they deserve very
little sympathy if the chance goes against them. Last year an
unregistered letter containing a cheque was alleged to have been stolen
in the post. It was found, however, to have been duly delivered by being
pushed under the front door, and afterwards to have been torn in pieces
by some puppies inside the house. The fragments were in the end
discovered in the straw of the dog-kennel. Now, had the sender only
spent 2d. in registering this letter, a receipt would have been taken on
its delivery, and all chance of its falling into the paws of the
puppies would have been prevented.
But it is wonderful what people, penny-wise and pound foolish, will
sometimes do to save 2d. A few years back the sealing-wax on a letter
was found to contain £1 10s. in gold coins. There could hardly be a more
stupid way of sending money.
If coin, or watches, or jewellery are posted in letters or packets
without registration, and the fact is discovered, the Post Office people
bring into force a system of registration by compulsion, and on delivery
charge a fee of 8d. in addition to the ordinary postage.
When coins are sent in a letter they should on no account be put in
loose, but should be packed so as to move about as little as possible.
The best way is to take a card, and, cutting quite through to the other
side, make a cross on it for each coin; then slip the coin into the
cross, so that it is held in its place by the tongues of cardboard, two
on each side.
Who owns letters whilst they are in the post? In Great Britain the
ownership of a letter whilst it is in the post lies in the Queen, as
represented by her Postmaster-General and her Secretary of State.
"Neither the sender nor the person to whom it is sent can claim to
interfere with a letter whilst it is in the Post Office. Only the
warrant of a Secretary of State can stay its delivery." Once a letter is
dropped into a letter-box it is like a spoken word, it cannot be
recalled.
After letters come postcards, which were introduced into this country in
October, 1870, and have proved a great convenience to many people,
saving them both time and money. By means of reply postcards you can
make sure of an answer from a correspondent without putting her to any
expense or to any trouble worth mentioning.
The back of the postcard is for the message; nothing must be put on the
front except the address. This limitation of space is useful for the
cultivation of brevity; but those who have a great deal to say may
derive consolation from the fact that on the back of a postcard you can,
by writing small, easily put at least four hundred and sixty words! We
do not, however, say that such a performance, good enough for amusement,
would be like that of a woman of business.
All business letters ought to be preserved. They should be folded neatly
longways and all of a size, and docketed, as it is called--that is to
say, the date and the name of the sender and his (or her) address, and
the subject, should be put on the back thus:
6th September, 1886.
MARTIN ROSE AND CO.,
Liverpool.
Remittance, £10 19s. 2d.
Do not, however, crowd these particulars together, as has been done here
for convenience in printing; leave a considerable space between the
first and second, and the third and fourth lines. When letters are
folded and docketed they should be tied up in the order of their dates,
or put away in pigeon holes under the different letters of the alphabet.
One can never tell when it may be necessary to refer to old letters on
matters of business, so it is prudent to keep them all. Doing so and
turning them over occasionally is also useful for giving us a humble
opinion of ourselves; we see by the light of additional experience how
we might often have managed things much better than we did.
Besides letters and postcards, telegrams furnish another means of
communication. For a telegram sent to any place in the United Kingdom,
the charge is sixpence for the first twelve words, and a halfpenny for
every word after the first twelve. Addresses are charged for, so a
sixpennyworth of telegraphing does not represent a long message, but by
ingenuity--and a business woman is nothing without ingenuity--a few
words may be made to mean a great deal. The cost of a reply to a
telegram may be prepaid.
About the newspaper post, the book post, and the parcel post, not much
need be said. Always be careful about wrappers. A great many newspapers
and books escape from their wrappers every day, and land in the returned
letter office. In sending parcels the packing is often a weak point; it
is not so much that people are either handless or stupid, they are just
thoughtless. "It must be borne in mind," says the Postmaster-General,
"although, of course, every care will be taken by the officers, that a
parcel with fragile or perishable contents must be several times handled
before it reaches its destination, and will probably have to be packed
with many others of a different kind and shape, or more weighty and
bulky. Eggs, butter, and fruit, especially delicate fruit, such as
grapes and peaches, should be placed in strong boxes and so placed as
not to shift. Fresh flowers should be carefully packed in strong boxes;
but cardboard boxes should not be used for the purpose, as they are
often reduced to pulp by the moisture which exudes from the contents.
Fish or game should be carefully packed in strong boxes, or hampers, or
in perforated boxes."
Remember that some things are forbidden to be sent by post--live
animals, for instance. This prohibition is very little regarded by some
people. Last year, in Dublin alone, two hens, eight mice, and two
hedgehogs were stopped on their way through the post. One of the hens
which was addressed to a veterinary surgeon in London, was in bad
health, and though carefully attended to, died in the office. The rest
of the animals were given up alive to the senders.
Certificates of the posting of parcels can be got at all post offices.
If you have any doubt about the trustworthiness of the person entrusted
with the posting of a parcel, instructions should be given to bring back
a receipt. A few months ago the Post Office was charged at Liverpool
with the non-delivery of a bottle of wine and a box of figs. It turned
out, however, that the missing goods had never come under its charge,
the person to whom the packet had been given to post having eaten the
figs and drunk the wine.
Parcels can also be insured against loss and damage by the payment of a
small sum. Paying a penny insures to the extent of £5 and twopence to
the amount of £10.
In order to understand the outs and ins of the Post Office--and it is a
subject with which every sensible person should be familiar--let a girl
invest sixpence in a copy of the Post Office Guide, a publication of
which an edition is issued every quarter. She will there find everything
necessary to be known about the posting of letters, postcards,
newspapers, book packets, and parcels to places in the United Kingdom,
or abroad, the sending of telegrams, the rates for money and postal
orders, and the regulations of the Savings Bank. To turn over its 300
pages or so is decidedly interesting. One sees what a complicated
machinery is now employed for the convenience of the public, what
wonders--to speak of letters alone--can be done for a penny, and how
thousands of miles can be reduced to insignificance by the magic of
twopence-halfpenny.
In the twelve months from the 31st of March, 1885, to the same day of
this year, the number of letters delivered in the United Kingdom was
1,403,547,900, giving an average of 38.6 to each person in the kingdom.
The total number of postcards was 171,290,000. Adding to the letters and
postcards the book-packets, newspapers, and parcels which passed through
the Post Office during the twelve months, we have a grand total of
2,091,183,822, which shows an average to each person of 57.5.
VARIETIES.
THE "WOMAN OF STENAY."
"And so you have not heard the story of the 'Woman of Stenay'?" said a
Lorraine peasant. "It was in war-time, and she offered a barrel of wine
to a detachment of Austrians, saying--
"'You are thirsty, friends. Drink. You are welcome to all my store.' And
as she spoke she drank a cupful in their honour.
"The soldiers accepted with pleasure, and in a few minutes four hundred
men were writhing on the ground in agony.
"Then the 'Woman of Stenay' rose, and with her dying breath shrieked
out--
"'You are all poisoned! _Vive la France!_'
"She then fell back a corpse."
This is the legend of Lorraine, and the memory of its heroine is revered
by the peasantry as highly as that of Charlotte Corday.
SINGING SERVANTS.
Tusser, in his "Points of Huswifry united to the Comforts of Husbandry,"
published in 1570, recommends the country housewife to select servants
who sing at their work as being usually the most painstaking and the
best. He says--
"Such servants are oftenest painful and good
That sing in their labour, as birds in the wood."
A HINT FOR WORKERS.--St. Bernard has said that the more he prayed and
read his Bible the better he did his ordinary work and the more clearly
and regularly did he conduct his correspondence. An increase of private
devotion will be found not to lessen one's power of work or one's
efficiency in ordinary duties.
OUR OWN SELVES.--How can you learn self-knowledge? Never by meditation,
but best by action. Try to do your duty, and you will soon find what you
are worth. What is your duty? The exigency of the day.--_Goethe._
USELESS ANXIETY.--I shall add to my list as the eighth deadly sin that
of anxiety of mind, and resolve not to be pining and miserable when I
ought to be grateful and happy.--_Sir Thomas Barnard._
THE MOONLIGHT SONATA.--The "Moonlight Sonata" is an absurd title which
has for years been attached, both in Germany and England, to one of
Beethoven's sonatas. It is said to have been derived from the expression
of a German critic comparing the first movement to a boat wandering by
moonlight on the Lake of Lucerne.
[Illustration: THE SHEPHERD'S FAIRY]
THE SHEPHERD'S FAIRY
A PASTORALE.
BY DARLEY DALE, Author of "Fair Katherine," etc.