that class) of whom it is utterly impossible to predict where they will
be living in five years. Indeed, as you are the worst of correspondents,
I only learned your present address, by sheer accident, from a perfect
stranger, and he told me, of course, that you had plans for going
somewhere else, but where that might be he knew not. The civilized
English nomad is usually, like yourself, a person of independent means,
rich enough to bear the expenses of frequent removals, but without the
cares of property. His money is safely invested in the funds, or in
railways; and so, wherever the postman can bring his dividends, he can
live in freedom from material cares. When his wife is as unsettled as
himself, the pair seem to live in a balloon, or in a sort of Noah's ark,
which goes whither the wind lists, and takes ground in the most
unexpected places.
Have you ever studied the effect of localities on the mind--on your own
mind? That which we are is due in great part to the accident of our
surroundings, which act upon us in one or two quite opposite ways.
Either we feel in harmony with them, in which case they produce a
positive effect upon us, or else we are out of harmony, and then they
drive us into the strangest reactions. A great ugly English town, like
Manchester, for instance, makes some men such thorough townsmen that
they cannot live without smoky chimneys; or it fills the souls of others
with such a passionate longing for beautiful scenery and rustic
retirement, that they find it absolutely necessary to bury themselves
from time to time in the recesses of picturesque mountains. The
development of modern landscape-painting has not been due to habits of
rural existence, but to the growth of very big and hideous modern
cities, which made men long for shady forests, and pure streams, and
magnificent spectacles of sunset, and dawn, and moonlight. It is by this
time a trite observation that people who have always lived in beautiful
scenery do not, and cannot, appreciate it; that too much natural
magnificence positively crushes the activity of the intellect and that
its best effect is simply that of refreshment for people who have not
access to it every day. It happens too, in a converse way, that rustics
and mountaineers have the strongest appreciation of the advantages of
great cities, and thrive in them often more happily than citizens who
are born in the brick streets. Those who have great facilities for
changing their place of residence ought always to bear in mind that
every locality is like a dyer's vat, and that the residents take its
color, or some other color, from it just as the clothes do that the dyer
steeps in stain. If you look back upon your past life, you will
assuredly admit that every place has colored your mental habits; and
that although other tints from other places have supervened, so that it
may be difficult to say precisely what remains of the place you lived in
many years ago, still something does remain, like the effect of the
first painting on a picture, which tells on the whole work permanently,
though it may have been covered over and over again by what painters
call scumblings and glazings.
The selection of a place of residence, even though we only intend to
pass a few short years in it, is from the intellectual point of view a
matter so important that one can hardly exaggerate its consequences. We
see this quite plainly in the case of authors, whose minds are more
visible to us than the minds of other men, and therefore more easily and
conveniently studied. We need no biographer to inform us that Dickens
was a Londoner, that Browning had lived in Italy, that Ruskin had passed
many seasons in Switzerland and Venice. Suppose for one moment that
these three authors had been born in Ireland, and had never quitted it,
is it not certain that their production would have been different? Let
us carry our supposition farther still, and conceive, if we can, the
difference to their literary performance if they had been born, not in
Ireland, but in Iceland, and lived there all their lives! Is it not
highly probable that in this case their production would have been so
starved and impoverished from insufficiency of material and of
suggestion, that they would have uttered nothing but some simple
expression of sentiment and imagination, some homely song or tale? All
sights and sounds have their influence on our temper and on our
thoughts, and our inmost being is not the same in one place as in
another. We are like blank paper that takes a tint by reflection from
what is nearest, and changes it as its surroundings change. In a dull
gray room, how gray and dull it looks! but it will be bathed in rose or
amber if the hangings are crimson or yellow. There are natures that go
to the streams of life in great cities as the heart goes to the
water-brooks; there are other natures that need the solitude of
primaeval forests and the silence of the Alps. The most popular of
English novelists sometimes went to write in the tranquillity of
beautiful scenery, taking his manuscript to the shore of some azure lake
in Switzerland, in sight of the eternal snow; but all that beauty and
peace, all that sweetness of pure air and color, were not seductive
enough to overcome for many days the deep longing for the London
streets. His genius needed the streets, as a bee needs the summer
flowers, and languished when long separated from them. Others have
needed the wild heather, or the murmur of the ocean, or the sound of
autumn winds that strip great forest-trees. Who does not deeply pity
poor Heine in his last sad years, when he lay fixed on his couch of pain
in that narrow Parisian lodging, and compared it to the sounding grave
of Merlin the enchanter, "which is situated in the wood of Brozeliande,
in Brittany, under lofty oaks whose tops taper, like emerald flames,
towards heaven. O brother Merlin," he exclaims, and with what touching
pathos! "O brother Merlin, I envy thee those trees, with their fresh
breezes, for never a green leaf rustles about this mattress-grave of
mine in Paris, where from morning till night I hear nothing but the
rattle of wheels, the clatter of hammers, street-brawls, and the
jingling of pianofortes!"
In the biography of Dr. Arnold, his longing for natural beauty recurs as
one of the peculiarities of his constitution. He did not need very
grand scenery, though he enjoyed it deeply, but some wild natural
loveliness was such a necessity for him that he pined for it unhappily
in its absence. Rugby could offer him scarcely anything of this, "We
have no hills," he lamented, "no plains--not a single wood, and but one
single copse; no heath, no down, no rock, no river, no clear
stream--scarcely any flowers, for the lias is particularly poor in
them--nothing but one endless monotony of enclosed fields and hedgerow
trees. This is to me a daily privation; it robs me of what is naturally
my anti-attrition; and as I grow older I begin to feel it.... The
positive dulness of the country about Rugby makes it to me a mere
working-place: I cannot expatiate there even in my walks."
"The monotonous character of the midland scenery of Warwickshire," says
Dr. Arnold's biographer, "was to him, with his strong love of natural
beauty and variety, absolutely repulsive; there was something almost
touching in the eagerness with which, amidst that 'endless succession of
fields and hedgerows,' he would make the most of any features of a
higher order; in the pleasure with which he would cherish the few places
where the current of the Avon was perceptible, or where a glimpse of the
horizon could be discerned; in the humorous despair with which he would
gaze on the dull expanse of fields eastward from Rugby. It is no wonder
we do not like looking that way, when one considers that there is
nothing fine between us and the Ural mountains. Conceive what you look
over; for you just miss Sweden, and look over Holland, the north of
Germany, and the centre of Russia."[14]
This dreadful midland monotony impelled Dr. Arnold to seek refreshment
and compensation in a holiday home in the Lake district, and there he
found all that his eyes longed for, streams, hills, woods, and
wild-flowers. Nor had his belief in the value of these sweet natural
surroundings been illusory; such instincts are not given for our
betrayal, and the soul of a wise man knows its own needs, both before
they are supplied, and after. Westmorland gave him all he had hoped
from it, and more. "Body and mind," he wrote, "alike seem to repose
greedily in delicious quiet, without dulness, which we enjoy in
Westmorland." And again: "At Allan Bank, in the summer, I worked on the
Roman history, and hope to do so again in the winter. It is very
inspiring to write with such a view before one's eyes as that from our
drawing-room at Allan Bank, where the trees of the shrubbery gradually
run up into the trees of the cliff, and the mountain-side, with its
infinite variety of rocky peaks and points upon which the cattle
expatiate, rises over the tops of the trees."
Of all happily-situated mental laborers who have worked since the days
of Horace, surely Tycho Brahe was the happiest and most to be envied.
King Frederick of Denmark gave him a delightful island for his
habitation, large enough for him not to feel imprisoned (the
circumference being about five miles), yet little enough for him to feel
as snugly at home there as Mr. Waterton in his high-walled park. The
land was fertile and rich in game, so that the scientific Robinson
Crusoe lived in material abundance; and as he was only about seven miles
from Copenhagen, he could procure everything necessary to his
convenience. He built a great house on the elevated land in the midst of
the isle, about three-quarters of a mile from the sea, a palace of art
and science, with statues and paintings and all the apparatus which the
ingenuity of that age could contrive for the advancement of astronomical
pursuits. Uniting the case of a rich nobleman's existence with every aid
to science, including special erections for his instruments, and a
printing establishment that worked under his own immediate direction, he
lived far enough from the capital to enjoy the most perfect
tranquillity, yet near enough to escape the consequences of too absolute
isolation. Aided in all he undertook by a staff of assistants that he
himself had trained, supported in his labor by the encouragement of his
sovereign, and especially by his own unflagging interest in scientific
investigation, he led in that peaceful island the ideal intellectual
life. Of that mansion where he labored, of the observatory where he
watched the celestial phenomena, surrounded but not disturbed by the
waves of a shallow sea, there remains at this day literally not one
stone upon another; but many a less fortunate laborer in the same field,
harassed by poverty, distracted by noise and interruption, has
remembered with pardonable envy the splendid peace of Uranienborg.
It was one of the many fortunate circumstances in the position of the
two Humboldts that they passed their youth in the quiet old castle of
Tegel, separated from Berlin by a pine-wood, and surrounded by walks and
gardens. They too, like Tycho Brahe, enjoyed that happy combination of
tranquillity with the neighborhood of a capital city which is so
peculiarly favorable to culture. In later life, when Alexander Humboldt
had collected those immense masses of material which were the result of
his travels in South America, he warmly appreciated the unequalled
advantages of Paris. He knew how to extract from the solitudes of
primaeval nature what he wanted for the enrichment of his mind; but he
knew also how to avail himself of all the assistance and opportunities
which are only to be had in great capitals. He was not attracted to
town-life, like Dr. Johnson and Mr. Buckle, to the exclusion of wild
nature; but neither, on the other hand, had he that horror of towns
which was a morbid defect in Cowper, and which condemns those who suffer
from it to rusticity. Even Galileo, who thought the country especially
favorable to speculative intellects, and the walls of cities an
imprisonment for them, declared that the best years of his life were
those he had spent in Padua.
LETTER II.
TO A FRIEND WHO MAINTAINED THAT SURROUNDINGS WERE A MATTER OF
INDIFFERENCE TO A THOROUGHLY OCCUPIED MIND.
Archimedes at the siege of Syracuse--Geoffroy St. Hilaire in the
besieged city of Alexandria--Goethe at the bombardment of
Verdun--Lullo, the Oriental missionary--Giordano Bruno--Unacknowledged
effect of surroundings--Effect of Frankfort on Goethe--Great
capitals--Goethe--His garden-house--What he said about Beranger and
Paris--Fortunate surroundings of Titian.
There are so many well-known instances of men who have been able to
continue their intellectual labors under the most unfavorable
conditions, that your argument might be powerfully supported by an
appeal to actual experience. There is Archimedes, of course, to begin
with, who certainly seems to have abstracted himself sufficiently from
the tumult of a great siege to forget it altogether when occupied with
his mathematical problems. The prevalent stories of his death, though
not identical, point evidently to a habit of abstraction which had been
remarked as a peculiarity by those about him, and it is probable enough
that a great inventor in engineering would follow his usual speculations
under circumstances which, though dangerous, had lasted long enough to
become habitual. Even modern warfare, which from the use of gunpowder is
so much noisier than that which raged at Syracuse, does not hinder men
from thinking and writing when they are used to it. Geoffrey St. Hilaire
never worked more steadily and regularly in his whole life than he did
in the midst of the besieged city of Alexandria. "Knowledge is so
sweet," he said long afterwards, in speaking of this experience, "that
it never entered my thoughts how a bombshell might in an instant have
cast into the abyss both me and my documents." By good luck two electric
fish had been caught and given to him just then, so he immediately began
to make experiments, as if he had been in his own cabinet in Paris, and
for three weeks he thought of nothing else, utterly forgetting the
fierce warfare that filled the air with thunder and flame, and the
streets with victims. He had sixty-four hypotheses to amuse him, and it
was necessary to review his whole scientific acquirement with reference
to each of these as he considered them one by one. It may be doubted,
however, whether he was more in danger from the bombardment or from the
intensity of his own mental concentration. He grew thin and haggard,
slept one hour in the twenty-four, and lived in a perilous condition of
nervous strain and excitement. Goethe at the bombardment of Verdun,
letting his mind take its own course, found that it did not occupy
itself with tragedies, or with anything suggested by what was passing
in the conflict around him, but by scientific considerations about the
phenomena of colors. He noticed, in a passing observation, the bad
effect of war upon the mind, how it makes people destructive one day and
creative the next, how it accustoms them to phases intended to excite
hope in desperate circumstances, thus producing a peculiar sort of
hypocrisy different from the priestly and courtly kind. This is the
extent of his interest in the war; but when he finds some soldiers
fishing he is attracted to the spot and profoundly occupied--not with
the soldiers, but with the optical phenomena on the water. He was never
very much moved by external events, nor did he take that intense
interest in the politics of the day which we often find in people less
studious of literature and science. Raimond Lullo, the Oriental
missionary, continued to write many volumes in the midst of the most
continual difficulties and dangers, preserving as much mental energy and
clearness as if he had been safe and tranquil in a library. Giordano
Bruno worked constantly also in the midst of political troubles and
religious persecutions, and his biographer tells us that "il desiderio
vivissimo della scienza aveva ben piu efficacia sull' animo del Bruno,
che non gli avvenimenti esterni."
These examples which have just occurred to me, and many others that it
would be easy to collect, may be taken to prove at least so much as
this, that it is possible to be absorbed in private studies when
surrounded by the most disturbing influences; but even in these cases it
would be a mistake to conclude that the surroundings had no effect
whatever. There can be no doubt that Geoffroy St. Hilaire was intensely
excited by the siege of Alexandria, though he may not have attributed
his excitement to that cause. His mind was occupied with the electrical
fishes, but his nervous system was wrought upon by the siege, and kept
in that state of tension which at the same time enabled him to get
through a gigantic piece of intellectual labor and made him incapable of
rest. Had this condition been prolonged it must have terminated either
in exhaustion or in madness. Men have often engaged in literature or
science to escape the pressure of anxiety, which strenuous mental labor
permits us, at least temporarily, to forget; but the circumstances which
surround us have invariably an influence of some kind upon our thinking,
though the connection may not be obvious. Even in the case of Goethe,
who could study optics on a battle-field, his English biographer
recognizes the effect of the Frankfort life which surrounded the great
author in his childhood. "The old Frankfort city, with its busy crowds,
its fairs, its mixed population, and its many sources of excitement,
offered great temptations and great pasture to so desultory a genius.
This is perhaps a case wherein circumstances may be seen influencing the
direction of character.... A large continuity of thought and effort was
perhaps radically uncongenial to such a temperament; yet one cannot help
speculating whether under other circumstances he might not have achieved
it. Had he been reared in a quiet little old German town, where he would
have daily seen the same faces in the silent streets, and come in
contact with the same characters, his culture might have been less
various, but it might perhaps have been deeper. Had he been reared in
the country, with only the changing seasons and the sweet serenities of
nature to occupy his attention when released from study, he would
certainly have been a different poet. The long summer afternoons spent
in lonely rambles, the deepening twilights filled with shadowy visions,
the slow uniformity of his external life necessarily throwing him more
and more upon the subtler diversities of inward experience, would
inevitably have influenced his genius in quite different directions,
would have animated his works with a very different spirit."
We are sometimes told that life in a great capital is essential to the
development of genius, but Frankfort was the largest town Goethe ever
lived in, and he never visited either Paris or London. Much of the
sanity of his genius may have been due to his residence in so tranquil a
place as Weimar, where he could shut himself up in his "garden-house"
and lock all the gates of the bridge over the Ilm. "The solitude," says
Mr. Lewes, "is absolute, broken only by the occasional sound of the
church clock, the music from the barracks, and the screaming of the
peacocks spreading their superb beauty in the park." Few men of genius
have been happier in their surroundings than Goethe. He had
tranquillity, and yet was not deprived of intellectual intercourse; the
scenery within excursion-distance from his home was interesting and even
inspiring, yet not so splendid as to be overwhelming. We know from his
conversations that he was quite aware of the value of those little
centres of culture to Germany, and yet in one place he speaks of
Beranger in the tone which seems to imply an appreciation of the larger
life of Paris. "Fancy," he says, "this same Beranger away from Paris,
and the influence and opportunities of a world-city, born as the son of
a poor tailor, at Jena or Weimar; let him run his wretched career in
either of the two small cities, and see what fruit would have grown on
such a soil and in such an atmosphere."
We cannot too frequently be reminded that we are nothing of ourselves,
and by ourselves, and are only something by the place we hold in the
intellectual chain of humanity by which electricity is conveyed to us
and through us--to be increased in the transmission if we have great
natural power and are favorably situated, but not otherwise. A child is
born to the Vecelli family at Cadore, and when it is nine years old is
taken to Venice and placed under the tuition of Sebastian Zuccato.
Afterwards he goes to Bellini's school, and there gets acquainted with
another student, one year his junior, whose name is Barbarelli. They
live together and work together in Venice; then young Barbarelli (known
to posterity as Giorgione), after putting on certain spaces of wall and
squares of canvas such color as the world had never before seen, dies in
his early manhood and leaves Vecellio, whom we call Titian, to work on
there in Venice till the plague stays his hand in his hundredth year.
The genius came into the world, but all the possibilities of his
development depended upon the place and the time. He came exactly in the
right place and precisely at the right time. To be born not far from
Venice in the days of Bellini, to be taken there at nine years old, to
have Giorgione for one's comrade, all this was as fortunate for an
artistic career as the circumstances of Alexander of Macedon were for a
career of conquest.
LETTER III.
TO AN ARTIST WHO WAS FITTING UP A MAGNIFICENT NEW STUDIO.
Pleasure of planning a studio--Opinions of an outsider--Saint
Bernard--Father Ravignan--Goethe's study and bed-room--Gustave Dore's
studio--Leslie's painting-room--Turner's opinion--Habits of Scott and
Dickens--Extremes good--Vulgar mediocrity not so good--Value of
beautiful views to literary men--Montaigne--Views from the author's
windows.
Nothing in the life of an artist is more agreeable than the building and
furnishing of the studio in which he hopes to produce his most mature
and perfect work. It is so pleasant to labor when we are surrounded by
beauty and convenience, that painters find a large and handsome studio
to be an addition to the happiness of their lives, and they usually
dream of it, and plan it, several years before the dream is realized.
Only a few days ago I was talking on this very subject with an
intellectual friend who is not an artist, and who maintained that the
love of fine studios is in great part a mere illusion. He admitted the
necessity for size, and for a proper kind of light, but laughed at
carved oak, and tapestry, and armor, and the knicknacks that artists
encumber themselves with. He would have it that a mind thoroughly
occupied with its own business knew nothing whatever of the objects that
surrounded it, and he cited two examples--Saint Bernard, who travelled
all day by the shore of Lake Leman without seeing it, and the _pere_
Ravignan, who worked in a bare little room with a common table of
blackened pine and a cheap rush-bottomed chair. On this I translated to
him, from Goethe's life by Lewes, a passage which was new to him and
delighted him as a confirmation of his theory. The biographer describes
the poet's study as "a low-roofed narrow room, somewhat dark, for it is
lighted only through two tiny windows, and furnished with a simplicity
quite touching to behold. In the centre stands a plain oval table of
unpolished oak. No arm-chair is to be seen, no sofa, nothing which
speaks of ease. A plain hard chair has beside it the basket in which he
used to place his handkerchief. Against the wall, on the right, is a
long pear-tree table, with bookshelves, on which stand lexicons and
manuals.... On the side-wall again, a bookcase with some works of poets.
On the wall to the left is a long desk of soft wood, at which he was
wont to write. A sheet of paper with notes of contemporary history is
fastened near the door. The same door leads into a bed-room, if bed-room
it can be called, which no maid-of-all-work in England would accept
without a murmur: it is a closet with a window. A simple bed, an
armchair by its side, and a tiny washing-table with a small white basin
on it, and a sponge, is all the furniture. To enter this room with any
feeling for the greatness and goodness of him who slept here, and who
here slept his last sleep, brings tears into our eyes, and makes the
breathing deep."
When I had finished reading this passage, my friend exclaimed
triumphantly, "There! don't you see that it was just because Goethe had
imaginative power of a strong and active kind that he cared nothing
about what surrounded him when he worked? He had statues and pictures to
occupy his mind when it was disengaged, but when he wrote he preferred
that bare little cell where nothing was to be seen that could distract
his attention for an instant. Depend upon it, Goethe acted in this
matter either from a deliberate and most wise calculation, or else from
the sure instinct of genius."
Whilst we were on this subject I thought over other instances, and
remembered my surprise on visiting Gustave Dore in his painting-room in
Paris. Dore has a Gothic exuberance of imagination, so I expected a
painting-room something like Victor Hugo's house, rather barbarous, but
very rich and interesting, with plenty of carved cabinets, and tapestry,
and _biblos_, as they call picturesque curiosities in Paris. To my
surprise, there was nothing (except canvases and easels) but a small
deal table, on which tubes of oil-color were thrown in disorder, and two
cheap chairs. Here, evidently, the pleasure of painting was sufficient
to occupy the artist; and in the room where he made his illustrations
the characteristics were simplicity and good practical arrangements for
order, but there was nothing to amuse the imagination. Mr. Leslie used
to paint in a room which was just like any other in the house, and had
none of the peculiarities of a studio. Turner did not care in the least
what sort of a room he painted in, provided it had a door, and a bolt on
the inside. Scott could write anywhere, even in the family sitting-room,
with talk going forward as usual; and after he had finished Abbotsford,
he did not write in any of its rich and noble rooms, but in a simple
closet with book-shelves round it. Dickens wrote in a comfortable room,
well lighted and cheerful, and he liked to have funny little bronzes on
his writing-table.
The best way appears to be to surround ourselves, whenever it can be
conveniently done, with whatever we know by experience to be favorable
to our work. I think the barest cell monk ever prayed in would be a good
place for imaginative composition, and so too would be the most
magnificent rooms in Chatsworth or Blenheim. A middling sort of place
with a Philistine character, vulgar upholstery, and vulgar pictures or
engravings, is really dangerous, because these things often attract
attention in the intervals of labor and occupy it in a mean way. An
artist is always the better for having something that may profitably
amuse and occupy his eye when he quits his picture, and I think it is a
right instinct which leads artists to surround themselves with many
picturesque and beautiful things, not too orderly in their arrangement,
so that there may be pleasant surprises for the eye, as there are in
nature.
For literary men there is nothing so valuable as a window with a
cheerful and beautiful prospect. It is good for us to have this
refreshment for the eye when we leave off working, and Montaigne did
wisely to have his study up in a tower from which he had extensive
views.
There is a well-known objection to extensive views, as wanting in
snugness and comfort, but this objection scarcely applies to the
especial case of literary men. What we want is not so much snugness as
relief, refreshment, suggestion, and we get these, as a general rule,
much better from wide prospects than from limited ones. I have just
alluded to Montaigne,--will you permit me to imitate that dear old
philosopher in his egotism and describe to you the view from the room I
write in, which cheers and amuses me continually? But before describing
this let me describe another of which the recollection is very dear to
me and as vivid as a freshly-painted picture. In years gone by, I had
only to look up from my desk and see a noble loch in its inexhaustible
loveliness, and a mountain in its majesty. It was a daily and hourly
delight to watch the breezes play about the enchanted isles, on the
delicate silvery surface, dimming some clear reflection, or trailing it
out in length, or cutting sharply across it with acres of rippling blue.
It was a frequent pleasure to see the clouds play about the crest of
Cruachan and Ben Vorich's golden head, gray mists that crept upwards
from the valleys till the sunshine suddenly caught them and made them
brighter than the snows they shaded. And the leagues and leagues of
heather on the lower land to the southward that became like the aniline
dyes of deepest purple and blue, when the sky was gray in the
evening--all save one orange-streak! Ah, those were spectacles never to
be forgotten, splendors of light and glory, and sadness of deepening
gloom when the eyes grew moist in the twilight and secretly drank their
tears.
And yet, wonderful as it was, that noble and passionately beloved
Highland scenery was wanting in one great element that a writer
imperatively needs. In all that natural magnificence humanity held no
place. Hidden behind a fir-clad promontory to the north, there still
remained, it is true, the gray ruin of old Kilchurn, and far to the
south-west, in another reach of the lake, the island-fortress of
Ardhonnel. But there was not a visible city with spires and towers,
there were only the fir-trees on the little islands and a few
gravestones on the largest. Beyond, were the depopulated deserts of
Breadalbane.
Here, where I write to you now, it seems as if mankind were nearer, and
the legends of the ages written out for me on the surface of the world.
Under the shadow of Jove's hill rises before me one of the most ancient
of European cities, _soror et aemula Romae_. She bears on her walls and
edifices the record of sixty generations. Temple, and arch, and pyramid,
all these bear witness still, and so do her ancient bulwarks, and many a
stately tower. High above all, the cathedral spire is drawn dark in the
morning mist, and often in the clear summer evenings it comes brightly
in slanting sunshine against the steep woods behind. Then the old city
arrays herself in the warmest and mellowest tones, and glows as the
shadows fall. She reigns over the whole width of her valley to the folds
of the far blue hills. Even so ought our life to be surrounded by the
loveliness of nature--surrounded, but not subdued.
FOOTNOTE:
[14] How purely this is the misery of a man of culture! A peasant
would not have gone so far.
INDEX.
Abolition of custom, how to effect, 252
Abstinence from newspaper reading, 461
Accomplishments, masculine and feminine, 303
Accumulation of preparatory knowledge, 448
Accumulators, great, of money, 237
Activity, mere, a waste of time, 190
Adult brain, the, 162
Advantages of few authors to poor, 244
-- of experience, 420
Affectations of caste, 351
Affirmations based upon authority, 282
African traveller and map-makers, 469
Alcibiades, education of, 117
Alphabet, Greek, 354
Amateurism, 134
Ampere, profoundly scientific, 278
-- anecdote of, 287
Amusement, necessity of, 454
Analytical observation, value of, 310
Anatomy, difficulty of study, 116
Ancients, incorrect use of word, 146
-- and moderns compared, 255
Application and opportunities, 244
Arabia, use of coffee, 40
Archimedes in the bath, 310
-- at Syracuse, 539
Aristocracy, liberal and illiberal, 358
-- unwritten religious law of, 366
-- and democracy, 341
-- spirit of, in reading, 472
Arnold, Dr., quoted, 144, 535
-- definition of religion, 271
-- intellectual force, 278
Arnold, Matthew, "Self-dependence" quoted, 458
Art of reading, 211
-- of resting, 455
Artist, idea of happy marriage, 289
Artistic conception of black coats, 249
Artists, drudgery of, 75
-- poor critics, 95
Arts, practical pursuit of, 498
Assimilating power of brain, 162
Assimilation, power of, 167
Association of ideas, 168
Atheism, popular construction, 272
Athenian education, 117
Attraction of the future, 255
Author in mortal disease, to an, 53
-- and tradesman compared, 236
-- his advice about notes, 167
-- his study described, 551
Authors, dependence upon private means, 232
-- young, eagerness of, 419
-- selfishness of, 471
-- condition since Goldsmith's time, 509
Authorship, privilege of, 341
Available knowledge, 115
Baker, Sir Samuel, and wife, 302
Balzac's method in literature, 421
Barbarian notions, return to, 356
Bargeman's wife, example of, 417
Basis, moral, the, 67
Baudelaire, Charles, quoted, 85
Beckford, Mr., author of "Vathek," 215
-- two thousand slaves labor for, 218
Beer, use of, 36
Belgian school of painting, 73
Bixio, Alexandre, death-bed, 53
Black coats artistic at dinner table, 249
Blessing of good, cheap literature, 244
Boar-hunt, the author at, 46
Bodily exercise, neglect of, 48
Body and brain, close connection, 21
Book-making differs from literature, 83
Books and newspapers, 470
Bossuet, 232
_Bourgeoisie_, low condition, 367
Brain and body, close connection, 21
Brain work unfavorable to digestion, 34
"Bramleighs, The," quoted, 501
Bruno, Giordano, passion for philosophy, 79
-- constant work of, 541
Buckland, Mrs., 303
Bunyan, results of solitude, 411
Burns, quoted, 353
-- separation from culture, 353
-- injustice of, 354
Byron, cause of his death, 21
-- aristocracy of, 347
-- poetical inspiration of, 450
Capacity and preference, relation, 87
Careers aided by wealth, 225
Carelessness, danger of, 224
Carpenter, Dr., surrenders practice for science, 222
Caste, prejudices of, 348
Catholic Church power in 14th century, 257
-- Roman, belief of, 272
Central passion of men of ability, 231
Chance acquaintances, 376
Character, positive or negative end, 475
"Character" quoted, 507
Charity, intellectual, 438
Chemist, a product of industrial communities, 520
Chemistry, intellectual, 105
Children, imitative power, 162
-- proper division of time, 482
Child-teaching, 155
Christian, muscular, to a, 42
Christianity, fashionable, 394
Church of Rome, embodiment of tradition, 261
-- service to European civilization, 261
Class jealousy, 518
Classical accomplishments, 351
Clergy at variance with scientists, 274
-- English, 490
-- restrictions of, 490
-- injustice and inaccuracy of, 491
Clerical profession, advantages, 489
-- incompatible with intellectual freedom, 422
Code of customs constitutes law, 251
Coffee and tea, use of, 39
Colloquial use of language, 147
Communard's hatred of superiority, 369
Communicativeness of chance acquaintances, 376
Community, intelligent, is conservative, 251
Compensation, principle of, 212
Completeness of education, 171
Composition, drudgery of, 72
Comte, Auguste, laments consequences of anxiety, 230
-- atheist and scientist, 279
-- voluntary isolation of, 411
-- abstinence from newspapers, 466
-- mysticism of, 468
Condescension, intellectual advised, 402
Conjugal felicity, degrees of, 297
Contemporary literature, indifference to, 471
Contempt for skill, 503
-- for trade, 522
Continent, absence of gentlemen, 364
Controversy, unfairness of, 464
Conversation of women, 325
-- between the sexes, 332
-- generally dull, 398
Cookery, science of, 35
Copernicus, monument at Warsaw, 261
Correspondents, the two contrasted, 345
Cotton-manufacturer, letter to, 513
Cotton-trade, effect on the mind, 525
Country people, ignorance of, 439
Cream and curacoa, 331
Creative faculty may be commanded, 85
Critical faculty of English clergy, 277
Critics, artists as, 95
Culture, moral utility, 101
-- proper limitations of, 106
-- how rich may best serve its cause, 323
-- of middle classes, 241
-- independent of sex, 304
-- induces sincerity, 332
-- hostility of democracy, 369
-- high, isolates, 407
-- facilities for obtaining, 432
-- individual, national gain, 433
Curate, poor, in prosperous community, 287
Custom and tradition, 246
-- the one law of society, 248
-- a necessary aid to religion, 248
Custom nature's provision for reform, 250
-- precious legacy of the past, 251
-- not final, but a form, 251
-- opposition unphilosophical, 251
-- how to procure abolition, 252
-- resistance sometimes imperative, 258
Cuvier, a model student, 427
Decline of old prejudices, 522
Democracy and aristocracy, 341
-- envious, 360
-- its levelling _down_ tendency, 363
-- intolerance of, 366
-- metropolitan and provincial, 368
-- hostile to culture, 369
De Saussure, labors of, 229
De Senancour, 232
-- quoted, 406
Descent of man, 274
De Stael, Madame, literary methods, 62
Development of natural gifts, 172
-- of faculty, 175
Deviation produced by marriage, 317
Dickens, narrowness of, 347
-- study described, 549
Discipline necessary to success, 81
-- object of, 84
-- value and necessity, 449
-- of a professional career, 504
Discussions with ladies, best course, 337
Disease, effect of mental labor, 18
Diseased, experience of, 55
Disinterestedness, most essential virtue, 91
Displacement of native tongue, 157
Dissatisfaction of cultured persons, 431
Distinctions in trade, 521
Disuse of native tongue, 156
Diversity of belief in religion, 265
Domestic picture, a, 57
Dore, Gustave, painting-room, 549
Dress-coat, the young gentleman lacking, 245
Drill, intellectual, advantages of, 459
Drinks, question of, 35
Drudgery in all work, 71
Dullness of general conversation, 398
Dunces, illustrious, 80
Duerer, Albert, _Melencolia_, 424
Duty, occasional, of eccentricity, 253
-- of cultured men to society, 401
Eagerness of young authors, 419
Eccentricity sometimes a moral duty, 253
-- sometimes an intellectual duty, 253
Ecclesiastical authority, remarkable decline, 256
Economy of time, 177
Education, 104
-- use of the word, 173
-- completeness of, 171
-- want of thoroughness and reality, 290
-- of sexes compared, 290
-- fashionable, 380
Educator, professional, practice the best, 226
Egotism of the uneducated mother, 324
Electricity practically annihilates distance, 257
Elevation of intellectual life, 55
Emerson's rule, 472
Empire, Second, vulgarity of, 367
Enault, Louis, study of languages, 181
Encouragement to the poor student, 243
Energy, human, limitation of, 244
English officer in Paris, 163
-- strong to resist voluptuousness, 218
-- recognize refining influence of wealth, 240
-- gentry, free expenditures, 241
-- gentleman, methods of culture, 241
-- clergy, criticism of literature, 277
-- tradesman, anecdote of, 313
-- correspondent quoted, 463
Englishman, eminent, poor remuneration, 234
Engraving, 76
_Ennui_ in work, 423
Equality, theoretic, 372
Erdan, M., letters by, 469
Essential virtue, disinterestedness, chief, 91
Etchers, the woes of, 76
Etiquette of society bar to intellectual advance, 326
European civilization, service of church, 261
-- governments resist power of church, 258
Excesses, intellectual, dangers of, 101
Excitement, cerebral, intellectual products, 446
Exercise, bodily, need of, 49
Exeter, bishop of, quoted, 70
Experience, the lesson, 191
-- advantages of, 420
Experiment replaces tradition, 254
Experiments on public taste, 235
Facilities for obtaining culture, 432
Facility of acquiring languages, 161
Faculty, development of, 175
Fane, Julian, religion of, 267
-- late hours, 467
Faraday, intellectual career, 279, 505
-- a Sandemanian, 280
Fashionable education, 380
-- religion, 393
Fickleness of fashion, 392
Fine arts, technical difficulties, 76
-- pursuit of, 498
Five facts regarding languages, 152
France, invasion by Germans, 95
-- intellectual isolation, 148
-- vulgar language of people, 365
-- low condition of _bourgeoisie_, 367
French monarchy, question of, 94
-- college, to a principal of, 137
-- cook, perfection of art, 104
-- officer, incident of, 362
-- peasantry, intellectual apathy, 241
-- peasantry, parsimony, 241
-- peasantry without newspapers, 466
-- school of painting, 73
-- students of English, isolated, 122
Frenchman writes a school-primer with good results, 234
Fresco-painters, troubles of, 76
Friendships of the intellect, reality of, 375
-- succession of, 376
Future, attraction of, 255
Galton, Mr., advice to travellers, 416
Garibaldi, Italian follower of, 45
Generation, our, poetical events, 95
Genius, popular impression of, 447
-- military, of Napoleon, 448
-- dependent upon culture, 450
Gentlemen, absence of, on Continent, 364
German invasion of France, 95
Germans, intellectual labor of, 200
Germany, secular power resists ecclesiastical, 258
Girardin, St. Marc, 255
"_Give it time_," 193
Goethe, habits of, 33
-- pecuniary independence, 233
-- intellectual activity, 427
-- interest in intellectual labor, 427
-- production of _Werther_, 428
-- at bombardment of Verdun, 540
Goldsmith, Oliver, elaborate dress, 390
Good use of opportunity, 212
-- and cheap literature, 244
Government patronage of intellectual pursuits, 138
-- and priests lack harmony, 492
Great problem of human life, 242
Greek, general view of, 146
-- uselessness in industry and commerce, 354
-- alphabet, imaginary terrors, 355
Growing old, the rapidity of, 59
Habits, sure to be acquired, 478
Hack-writing, 508
Heine, last years of, 534
Helps, Sir Arthur, quoted, 186, 230
Hermit, experience of, 405
Highland scenery lacks humanity, 551
Historians, partiality of, 95
-- future, value of journalist, 469
Historical party in England, 257
-- party in France, 257
Honesty, importance of, _note_, 97
-- value of, 265
-- foundation of intellectual life, 274
Hoogstraten and Rembrandt, 378
Hours of idleness, 198
Household, intellectual level of, 434
How to learn a language, 147
-- women help men, 297
Hugo, Victor, intellectual decadence, 95
Human energy, limitation of, 244
-- race, longevity, 274
Humboldt, Alexander, intellectual greatness, 90
Humboldt, Alexander, fortune servant of ambition, 223
-- in South America, 516
-- youth of, 538
Hurry, evil consequences of, 209
Huxley, Professor, quoted, 372
Hygienics, intellectual, 415
Ideal division of life, 412
Ideas, association of, 168
-- ratio of narrowness, 241
Idleness, hours of, 198
-- value of, 458
Illusions, popular, concerning languages, 151
Immorality of intellectual people, 99
Inapplicability of past experience, 256
Incompatibility, fashionable and intellectual life, 394
Incongruous associations, 170
Indirect uses of study, 131
Indolent men who like to be hurried, 207
Industrial classes, results of their labor, 520
Infallibility of the pope, 281
Infraction of custom, penalties, 247
Ingres, counsel to pupils, 421
Ingres, Madame, the first, 289
Inspiration, sister of daily labor, 85
-- waiting for, 449
Instinct of accumulation, 237
-- of solitude, 409
Intellect does not recognize authority, 282
Intellectual and religious questions, difference, 270
-- attainments of two houses of Parliament, 240
-- class necessary, 515
-- deviations resulting from marriage, 317
-- kingdom, difficult entrance of the rich, 220
-- life, inward law, 88
Intellectual requirements of, 221
-- foundation, difficulty, 274
-- differs from religious life, 275
-- based upon personal investigation, 275
-- a solitary one, 298
-- absence of caste, 346
-- man rebels against custom, 250
-- two courses open in marriage, 287
-- methods independent of tradition, 288
-- nature of women, 306
Intellectual natures need intellectual activity, 430
-- progress, necessity of, 521
-- reaction against money making, 229
-- religion, foundations of, 272
-- religion, search and result, 273
-- separation of the sexes, 303
-- stupidity of amassing money, 237
-- workers, suggestions to, 18
International marriages, 162
Interruption, evils of, 204
Intolerance of democracies, 366
Intoxication, literary, 67
Invasion of France by Germans, 95
Inventions a factor in politics, 256
-- mainly due to men, 311
Inward law of intellectual life, 88
Irregular verbs, time-wasters, 193
Irrigation, intellectual, 436
Isolation of high culture, 407
Italian deserter, the, 157
Jacquemont, Victor, letters of, 200
Japanese, revolution of thought and practice, 354
Jealousy of class, 518
Johnson, dignity of his threadbare sleeves, 390
Joubert, 441
-- productive power, 443
-- quoted, 255
Journalism in England, 511
Journalist, value to future historians, 469
Journals, party, injustice of, 464
Kant, Immanuel, habits of, 27
Keats, genius dependent upon culture, 450
Kepler, early struggles, 232
Knight service in society, 251
Knowledge of mankind, 457
-- selection of, 108
Labor, pecuniary rewards of, 233
-- of previous ages, disdain for, 260
-- dominant and subordinate, 478
-- of preparation, 448
_Lalla Rookh_, Moore's trials, 72
Language, Latin as a common, 127
Language, facility of acquisition, 161
-- in France, vulgarity of, 365
Languages, popular illusions, 151
-- five facts, 152
-- separation of, 159
Late hours, 477
Latin, modern ignorance of, 121
-- island, a, 128
Latinist, the modern, 121
Law, complex code of customs, 251
-- of society, 248
Lawyers, superiority of, in certain directions, 495
Lay element of Europe, powerful, 491
Legal profession, advantages of, 493
Leslie's studio, 549
Levels, intellectual, 435
Lever, Charles, quoted, 501
Lewes' "Life of Goethe" quoted, 451, 547
-- quoted, 544
Lewis, John, practice work of, 74
Life, an ideal division of, 412
Limited knowledge and experience of the poor, 240
Limitation of human energy, 244
Line-engraver, labor of, 76
Linguist, the modern, 150
Listening, the art of, 398
Literature, to a student of, 130
-- good and cheap, 244
-- criticism of English clergy, 277
-- contemporary, indifference to, 471
Literary intoxication, 67
Littre quoted, 259
Locality, mental effect of, 530
Locke quoted, 85
Loitering element in liberal education, 196
Longevity, young men careless of, 65
-- of human race, 274
Lost opportunities, 199
Louvre, wanton destruction of, 368
Love, necessity of, 454
Lullo, Raimond, Oriental missionary, 541
"Luxury," article in Cornhill Magazine, 315
-- quoted, 316
Lytton, Robert, letter of Lady Westmorland, 267
-- estimate of Julian Fane, 361
Man unlike a planet, 452
-- need of pluck, 70
Mankind, operations of riches and poverty, 239
-- best knowledge of, 457
Marriage, 285
-- true, a slow intergrowth, 286
-- general ignorance regarding, 286
-- complex effects, 287
-- of intellectual men, 287
-- a distinguished artist's views, 289
-- ideal for man of literary culture, 290
-- intellectual, 291
-- how decided, 293
-- of French professors, 294
-- of the Scotch lawyer, 296
-- the intellectual ideal, 299
-- the necessity of keeping up its interest, 301
-- frequently leads to intellectual deviation, 317
-- risk of eccentric men, 323
-- semi-publicity, 323
Marriages, international, 162
Maximilian, Emperor, execution of, 95
Mediaeval builders, 260
Medicine, profession of, 495
Meissonier, practice for self-instruction, 74
"Melencolia" of Albert Duerer, 424
Memory, defective, advantage of, 165
-- selecting, 166
-- rational art of, 169
Men, how helped by women, 296
-- disguise their thoughts from women, 330
Mental labor not injurious to healthy persons, 22
-- may aggravate disease, 18
Mental stimulants, 69
-- refusals should be heeded, 88
-- powers, immoderate use, 20
-- work, physical preparation, 479
Metaphor of the mountains, 228
"Midshipman Easy," allusion to, 188
Military genius of Napoleon, 448
-- profession, 497
-- profession, intellectual poverty of, 498
Milton, forced retirement, 411
Mind of a fashionable person, 380
Minds, three classes, 443
Miracles, belief in, 272
Miscalculation, bad results, 196
Miscellaneous reading, our debt to, 132
Mitford, Miss, quoted, 471
Mobility of fashionable taste, 392
Modern education, 116
-- inventions, power of, 256
-- languages, to student of, 149
-- languages, limits of soundness, 183
-- mind looks forward, 255
_Modern Painters_, result of long study, 229
-- work of genius and wealth, 229
Money, the influences of, 216
-- restraints of, 238
-- the guardian of peace, 238
-- accumulated labor of the past, 238
-- protector of intellectual life, 238
Montaigne, early education of, 121
-- purchases of books, 405
-- his tower, 550
Moore's trials with "Lalla Rookh," 72
Moral basis, the, 67
-- utility of culture, 101
Morality, individual theories, 99
-- public opinion regulates, 257
-- general advance of, 258
Morbid mind, cure for, 430
Morris, a diligent student, 450
Mother and son, difference in religious views, 284
-- the uneducated, 325
Mulready, preparation for new picture, 74
Multiplicity of modern studies, 120
Muscular Christian, to a, 42
Music, refining influence of, 44, 132
-- limits of soundness, 183
Napoleon, military genius of, 448
Napoleon III., overthrow of, 95
National intellectual life, 433
Native tongue, results of disuse, 156
Natural connection between wealth and culture, 240
-- gifts, development of, 172
-- laws, independent working, 282
Nature, extraordinary reactions, 100
-- high life in, 359
Nature, provision for intellectual life in marriage, 292
-- _will_ be obeyed, 248
Naval profession, 497
Navy, English, reconstruction of, 262
Neapolitan servant, case of, 158
Necessity a help in industrial pursuits, 525
-- disturbs higher intellectual life, 225, 226
Need of society and solitude, 403
Negative end of character, 475
-- qualification for work, 109
Neighbors, education of, 437
Newspaper reading, abstinence from, 460
Newspapers as educators, 437
-- daily house-talk of the world, 465
-- in United States, 466
-- in France, 466
Newton, desire for solitude, 410
Nervous system, physiological action, 17
Nightingale, Florence, quoted, 204
Night-work, medical objection to, 481
Noblesse, old, ignorance of, 363
Nomad, English, life of, 530
Nomadic habits of higher classes, 356
Obedience to nature, necessity of, 248
Object of intellectual discipline, 84
Occasion, mistaken estimates, 186
Opposition to custom unphilosophical, 251
-- of method between intellect and faith, 282
Oil painting, dangers of, 76
Old prejudices declining, 522
Opportunities lost, 199
-- unlimited, danger of, 214
-- and application, 244
Origin of discipline, 82
Orleans, Duchess of, 220
-- system of mental culture, 220
Orthodoxy no guaranty of intellectual capacity, 299
Outlet, intellectual, necessary, 435
Painters, intellectual discipline of, 498
Painting, different schools, 73
Palgrave's, Mr., "Travels in Arabia," 40
Papacy, decline and fall of temporal power, 469
Papal infallibility, 281
Paris, siege of, 95
Parliament, houses of, high attainments, 240
Parsimony of French peasantry, 241
Party journals, injustice, 464
Past, custom a precious legacy, 251
-- not reliable as a guide, 256
Patriotism as a stimulant, 69
Peasants, instruction of, 438
Pecuniary rewards of labor, 233
Pendennis, Major, typical life, 65
_Philistine_ intellects, 202
Philosophy, popular acceptation of term, 273
-- a truly intellectual, 417
Physical basis, the, 17
-- repugnances of surgeons, 87
-- preparation for mental labor, 479
Physician, social rise of, 496
Physiological action of nervous system, 17
Pioneers, intellectual, 516
Planet, dissimilarity of man to, 452
Plans should be well arranged, 189
Pluck, value of, 70
Poet, the true, 447
Poetical events of our generation, 95
-- teachings, true intentions, 453
Political influence of culture, 436
Politics, preponderance in newspapers, 465
Polyglot waiters, 165
Poor, limited knowledge and experience, 240
-- incompetent for work of Parliament, 240
-- independence of public opinion, 243
-- man desirous of culture, consolation, 243
Pope of Rome, affirmed infallibility, 281
Popular illusions regarding languages, 151
-- impression regarding genius, 447
Positive end of character, 475
Poverty and peace incompatible, 223
-- unfavorable to intellectual life, 224
-- advantage in liberal professions, 226
-- obstacle to intellectual perfection, 239
Power of assimilation, 167
-- of time, 176
Practical suggestions to intellectual workers, 16
Practice, best professional as educator, 226
-- of journalism, 511
Preference and capacity, relation, 87
Prejudices of caste, 348
-- old, decline of, 522
Preparatory labor, 448
Prescott, Mr., instance of, 63
Preservation of the senses, 60, 64
Priests, manner of religious teaching, 270
-- and government not harmonious, 492
Prince Consort, example and influence, 305
Problem, great, of life, 242
Products of cerebral excitement, 446
Professions, liberal, advantages of poverty, 226
-- test of, 392
-- and trades, 488
-- purpose of, 507
Progress, satisfactions of, 79
-- its debt to rebellion, 250
-- of work, interest necessary, 416
Propositions about modern languages, 152
Protection in intellectual pursuits, 137
Public taste, experiments on, 235
-- opinion, regulator of morality, 257
-- opinion in France, 258
Purpose of a profession, 506
Qualifications for work, 109
Railways, unforeseen effect, 356
Rational art of memory, 169
Ravignon, _pere_, 547
Reactions of Nature, 100
Reading, miscellaneous, advantage of, 132
-- painful to uneducated, 438
-- newspapers, abstinence from, 460
-- practised by most people, 474
Rebellion, debt of progress to, 250
Reconciliation of poverty and the soul, 242
Refinements of a language, 164
Reform and progress of custom, 250
Refusals, mental, should be heeded, 86
Regret for lost time, 456
Regularity of work, 446
Regulated economy of time, 203
Relation between preference and capacity, 87
-- of trivial events to great principles, 329
Religion as a stimulant, 69
-- requires aid of custom, 248
-- different views of mother and son, 264
-- indefinable, 271
-- according to popular instinct, 272
-- intellectual foundation of, 273
-- influence of caste-law, 366
Religious vitality, periods of, 265
-- teaching, 270
-- and intellectual questions, difference, 270
-- creed does not weaken critical faculty, 277
-- belief, test of, 272
Rembrandt, answer to Hoogstraten, 378
Renan, M., charges Second Empire with vulgarity 367
Repugnances to be overcome, 87
Resisting power of adult brain, 162
Rest, necessary in intellectual labor, 454
Resting, the art of, 455
Restoration of French monarchy, 94
Restraints of money, 238
Retreats demanded by intellectual life, 221
Return to barbarism, 356
Rich man a director of work, 219
-- social diversions of, 220
-- vulgar people, 242
Road to success, commonly gradual increase, 226
Roman Catholic, belief of, 272
Romans, education of, 118
Roscoe, William, Italian studies, 134
Rosse, Lord, colossal telescope, 220
-- useful application of wealth, 220
Rossini, advice to young composer, 195
Ruskin, Mr., value of artistic perception, 62
-- extract from _Modern Painters_, 215
-- wealth of material, 229
-- career of, 229
Sacerdotal system, 270
Sadness of intellectual workers, 426
Sainte Beuve, example of self-discipline, 83
-- system of living, 236
-- atheist and scientist, 279
-- quoted, 458
Saint-Bernard at Lake Leman, 547
Saint-Hilaire, Geoffroy, in blindness, 57
Saint-Hilaire, Geoffrey, at Alexandria, 540
Sand, George, working under pressure, 23
-- quoted, 86
-- novel of "Valvedre," 319
Satisfactions of intellectual riches, 424
Schiller, literary hack-work of, 233
Schoolmaster, thankless office of, 337
Science, methods and laws of, 283
-- requires heat and heroism, 276
-- of living, 395
Scientific cookery, importance of, 35
-- writers and thinkers, independence, 258
-- at variance with clergy, 274
Scott, Sir Walter, physical exercise, 24
-- habits of, 33
-- writing-closet, 549
Secular power resists ecclesiastical, 258
Selection of knowledge, 108
Selfishness of authors, 471
Senses, usefulness to intellectual life, 60
Separation of languages, 159
Shelley, boating exercise, 24
-- the morality of, 99
-- writings unprofitable, 232
-- desire for solitude, 409
Ships of the line, old, 262
Shopkeepers, treatment by English authors, 348
Siege of Paris, 95
Silent student, attainments, 444
Simon Jules, allusion to, 141
Sincerity induced by culture, 332
Skill, indifference to, 502
Skip judiciously in reading, 211
Small talk in England and France, 399
Smiles, Mr., _Character_ quoted, 506
Smith, Sydney, quoted, 173
-- common sense of, 277
Smoking, moderate and excessive, 39
Social diversions of the rich, 220
Society, penalties for infringing custom, 247
-- _will be obeyed_, 248
-- desires harmony, 249
-- and solitude, 374
-- fashionable demands, 380
-- external deference to culture, 393
Solitude and society, 374
-- traditional view of, 405
-- effects upon man, 406
Soul and poverty, reconciliation, 242
Soundness, requisite to best success, 179
Spain, secular power resists ecclesiastical, 250
Spenser, the fables of, 251
State schools, exclusion of theology, 491
Station fetters intellect, 371
Steam makes cities of States, 257
Stimulants, effects of, 37
-- mental, 69
Stone in Glen Croe, the, 455
Structural relations of languages, 170
Student, the poor, encouragement, 243
-- the poor, sad story, 344
-- dangers of society, 382
Study, indirect uses of, 131
-- of medicine, 495
Substitution of experiment for tradition, 251
Success, result of discipline, 81
-- common road, gradual increase, 226
Sue, Eugene, daily habits, 24
Surgeon, social rise of, 496
Surroundings of cultivated men, 434, 531
Swiss gentleman, anecdote of, 276
Systematic arrangement of work, 478
Taste, public, experiments on, 235
Tea and coffee, use of, 39
Teachings, poetical, true intentions, 458
Telescope, colossal, of Lord Rosse, 220
Temptations of wealth, 218
Test of religious belief, 272
Theology, exclusion from state schools, 481
Theoretic equality amongst men, 372
Thiers, antecedents of, 463
-- elevation of, 464
Thoughts upon "Government" quoted, 96
Thrift, the principle of, 193
Tillier, Claude, doctrine of, 457
Time, the power of, 176
-- loss of, 177
-- mistaken estimates, 186
-- regulated economy, 203
Titian, early surroundings, 544
Tobacco, use of, 38
Trade distinctions, 521
-- contempt for, 522
Trades and professions, 488
Tradition and custom, 246
-- rejected for experiment, 254
-- decline of authoritative influence, 200
-- church of Rome, embodiment, 261
-- in industrial and fine arts, _note_, 263
Training, intellectual, 214
Tranquillity conducive to intellectual success, 480
Travellers, Mr. Galton's advice, 416
Triumph of discipline, 86
Trivial events, relation to great principles, 328
Truth a law of religion, 265
Turner's studio, 549
Tyco Brahe, princely ease, 233
-- surroundings of, 537
Ultramontane party, 91
Undisciplined writer, to an, 80
United States, influence of newspapers, 486
Unknown element of all problems, 188
Unproductive class, the, 444
Utility, moral, of culture, 101
"Valvedre," extract from, 319
Variety of labor for children, 482
Various pursuits, objection to, 114
_Vathek_, written at a single sitting, 26
-- author of, 216
Vatican, council of, 127
Vinci, Leonardo da, education of, 172
Waiting for inspiration, 449
Want hinders intellectual pursuits, 231
Warsaw, monument to Copernicus, 261
Wealth, double temptation of, 218
-- an obstacle to labor, 219
-- inordinate respect for, 502
_Werther_ indicative of Goethe's _ennui_, 428
Westmorland, Lady, letter to Robert Lytton, 267
Why men choose their wives, 292
Wine, use of, 35
Wives of French professors, 294
Women and marriage, 285
-- how they help men, 297
-- incapacity for solitary mental labor, 302
-- intellectual nature of, 306
-- absence of scientific curiosity, 308
-- rarity of invention among, 310
-- lack inherent force for advance, 311
-- do not hear the truth from men, 330
-- conversation of, 325
Wordsworth, love of pedestrian excursions, 51
-- failure as a London journalist, 232
-- happy results of a legacy, 232
-- advice to tourists, 288
Work, systematic arrangement desirable, 478
_Work_, article in Cornhill Magazine, 480
World recognizes performance only, 500
Woepke, Franz, remarkable extent of studies, 103
-- mathematician and orientalist, 223
-- pension of Italian prince, 223
Writing against time, 209
-- as a profession, 509
Young men careless of longevity, 65
End of Project Gutenberg's The Intellectual Life, by =Philip Gilbert Hamerton