as amendment to their charters, be provided by general laws which
may be amended or repealed by the General Assembly. The General
Assembly is not permitted to regulate the affairs of any corporation
or to give it any rights, powers or privileges by special act. The
State Corporation Commission is the unit of the state government
through which all charters and amendments are issued. Therefore,
the State Corporation Commission carries out all the provisions
of the Constitution and of the laws for the creation, visitation,
supervision, regulation and control of corporations chartered by,
or doing business in, the state. The State Corporation Commission
consists of three members elected by members of the General Assembly
for a six-year term. Among other duties, the commission prescribes
rates of railroads and telephone companies. Because of the numerous
incorporated businesses operating in Virginia, this commission
exercises broad, economic authority on behalf of the welfare of the
state.
Article XIII concerns Taxation and Finance. The General Assembly
has the authority for levying taxes, for appropriating revenue,
and, in most instances, is empowered to specify and determine which
goods and services shall be taxed by state and/or local government.
All state, local or municipal taxes must be uniform and must be
levied and collected according to general laws. State income taxes
are levied on incomes over six hundred dollars per year. License
taxes and state franchise taxes are levied upon businesses. A state
capitation or poll tax of one dollar and a half is levied on every
resident of the state at least twenty-one years of age; one dollar
of which is to be used exclusively for public free schools and the
remainder returned to the county or city treasurer to be used for
local purposes. Local taxes are also levied on real estate and
personal property. Property exempt from taxation by Article XIII
includes property owned directly or indirectly by the Commonwealth
or any local unit of government, buildings, land and furnishings
owned and used exclusively for religious organizations or for
benevolent or charitable organizations and private or public burying
grounds or cemetries. Before any money can be paid from the State
Treasury, appropriations must be made by law. No such appropriation
can be made which is payable more than two and a half years after
the end of the session of the General Assembly at which the law is
enacted.
Article XIV primarily pertains to Homestead Exemptions. Certain
homestead exemptions are authorized. Furthermore, this Article
prohibits the General Assembly from passing a law staying the
collection of debts. The General Assembly is authorized to provide
the conditions on which a householder may set apart for himself and
family a homestead on certain property.
_The Amendment Process_
Article XV describes the Amendment Process. An amendment may be
proposed in either house of the General Assembly: the Senate or
the House of Delegates. It is then voted upon for approval or
disapproval. If a majority of the members of each house vote in
favor of the proposed amendment, the amendment is then referred
to the General Assembly at its first regular session held after
the next general election of members of the House of Delegates.
The amendment must then be published for three months previous to
election time. Whenever a majority of all the members in each house
vote in favor of the amendment either in a regular session or in an
extra session, the amendment must then be submitted for approval
by the people. If a majority of the qualified voters approve the
amendment at this time, the amendment becomes effective.
Article XV also includes the procedure necessary for calling a
constitutional convention in Virginia. Whenever a majority of the
members of each house of the General Assembly vote for a convention
to revise or amend the Constitution, the question of calling such
a constitutional convention must be submitted to the qualified
voters. If a majority of the voters favor such a convention for the
specific purpose included in the original question submitted to
the voters, the General Assembly at its next session must provide
for the election of delegates to the special convention. The
qualified voters elect the specific delegates to such constitutional
convention.
Article XVI concerns rules of construction within the constitution
itself pertaining to word usage. Article XVII, already described in
this chapter under Article II, provides for poll tax exemption for
members of the armed forces on active duty.
The original Virginia Constitution of 1776 consisted of 3,000 words.
In 1830, the number of words was doubled with numerous revisions. In
1870, the number of words was increased six times the number in the
original constitution. The present Constitution which was written in
1902 contains approximately 35,000 words. Consequently, as living
becomes more complex, the constitution has become more lengthy.
_State Symbolism_
Certain symbols and emblems are approved by various state
legislatures which indicate a particular idea or belief which is
soon recognized or identified with a specific state. The official
symbols of the Commonwealth are the State Seals, the State Motto,
the State Flag, the State Flower, the State Song and the State Bird.
There are two state seals: the Great Seal and the Lesser Seal.
The official seals now used in the Commonwealth were adopted and
approved by a legislative act on March 24, 1930. The Great Seal
consists of two discs, metallic in nature and two and one-fourth
inches in diameter; there is an ornamental border one-fourth of an
inch in width. On the front or obverse side of the Great Seal is
engraved the figure of Virtus, goddess of courage, garbed as an
Amazon representing the "genius of the Commonwealth." In her right
hand, Virtus holds a spear which points downward toward the earth
and upon which she appears to be resting; in her left hand, she
holds a parazonium or sheathed sword which points upward. The head
of Virtus is erect and her face upturned. The left foot of Virtus
is placed on a prostrate figure of a man who represents Tyranny.
The head of this symbol of Tyranny is to the left of Virtus with
his distorted tyrannical symbols close by: a fallen crown, a broken
chain and a scourge. At the top of this obverse side is the word,
"Virginia," and at the bottom of the seal in a curved line is
engraved the state motto: "Sic Semper Tyrannis" which translated
means "Thus ever to tyrants," implying that such will be the fate of
all tyrants.
On the reverse or opposite side of the Great Seal is engraved a
group of three figures: Libertas, goddess of liberty and freedom,
in the center with a wand and pileus in her right hand, Aeternitas,
goddess of eternity, on her right with a globe and phoenix (a sacred
bird) in her right hand and Ceres, goddess of grain and the harvest,
on her left with a sheaf of wheat in her right hand and a cornucopia
(horn of plenty symbolizing peace and prosperity) in her left one.
At the top of the reverse side of the seal in curved line appears
the word, "Perseverando." Originally, the reverse side of the Great
Seal had engraved the motto: "Deus Nobis Pace Olim Fecit" meaning
"God gave us this freedom" (Virgil's "Eclogues") but the motto was
changed to the brief word, "Perseverando" in October 1779. George
Wythe proposed the original design of the seal and George Mason
originally recommended the motto for the seal at the Williamsburg
Convention in 1776.
The Lesser Seal is one and nine-sixteenths inches in diameter and it
consists of the figures and inscriptions found on the obverse side
of the Great Seal.
On March 24, 1930, the present Flag of the Commonwealth was
officially adopted. It consists of a deep blue field with a circular
white center--all of bunting or merino material. Within this white
circle is embroidered or painted, in such a manner as to appear
alike on both sides, the official coat-of-arms of the Commonwealth:
namely, the identical design of figures and inscriptions which
appears on the observe side of the Great Seal of Virginia. The outer
edge of the flag, the one farthest from the flag-staff, is bounded
by a white silk fringe.
On March 6, 1918, the General Assembly declared the American
Dogwood, known technically as the Cornus Florida or Flowering
Dogwood, as the official state flower in Virginia.
It was not until 1940 that the state legislature officially adopted
its state song. At this time, "Carry Me Back to Ole Virginny,"
written by James A. Bland, a South Carolina Negro, was declared the
state song although it had been widely recognized and sung by many
generations of Virginians. The Cardinal, known technically as the
Cardinalis Virginianus, is considered the official State Bird.
SUMMARY
Fundamental state laws for Virginia are found in a written
constitution, originally adopted in 1776. The United States
Constitution provides not only the framework for our national
government but also the relationships between the national
government and the individual states. With the exception of these
restrictions, the state constitution determines the political
structure or organization within the state area and the various
powers and functions granted to each governmental agency. Like all
governments established by state constitutions, the state government
of Virginia consists of three departments: the legislative,
executive and judiciary departments.
The Virginia Bill of Rights, written by George Mason, furnished a
pattern for the Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution
as well as for numerous state bills of rights. The significance
attached to voting even in the early post-Revolutionary period is
obvious by the location of the voting qualifications in the Virginia
Constitution directly following the Bill of Rights.
Some unique features about government in Virginia include Section 58
of Article IV which lists a series of prohibitions on the General
Assembly as a protection for individual liberties, the fact that
the Governor cannot succeed himself (only sixteen states have this
restriction), the existence of three types of county government
(the County Executive, the County Manager and the County Board),
the lack of a village form of local government, the existence of
thirty-two independent cities and the existence of three forms of
city government (Mayor-Council, Commission and City Manager).
Other articles in the Constitution concern suffrage, education,
public welfare and penal institutions, taxation and finance,
corporations and local government. Since constitution writers
realize that living conditions change from time to time, the method
of making changes in a constitution whenever necessary is included
in the amendment process. Thus, a recent constitutional change was
a revision of Section 141 making it legally permissible to permit
the use of public funds for tuition grants for pupils in private
non-sectarian schools. Virginians, like the residents of other
states, will undoubtedly continue to make necessary revisions when
conditions so warrant in order to keep the state governmental
structure a practical, adjustable foundation for a progressively
changing society.
When one understands the meaning of the various symbols used by
a state in order to create a specific identity or a particular
recognition of its inhabitants and their ideas, the state seal,
motto and flag become more significant to the citizen. Thus, it
is with pride that Virginians show reverence and respect to their
HALLOWED HERITAGE.
INDEX
Academies and Seminaries, 195
Adam Thoroughgood House, 182
Agriculture, 156-158
Agriculture and Immigration, 240
Agriculture and Mechanical College, 131
Alexandria, 49, 50, 57, 103, 111, 112, 127
Amendment process, 242
Annapolis Convention, 82
Antietam (Sharpsburg), Battle of, 116, 117
Appalachian Plateau, 14
Appalachian Ridge and Valleys, 14
Apparel, 153
Appomattox Court House, 123
Aquia Creek, 37
Architects and Architecture, 182-188
Area, 11
Armstrong, Samuel C., 130-131
Arnold, Benedict, 77
Articles of Confederation, 76, 81
Artists, 176-178
Assumption of State Debts, 88
Attorney (Commonwealth), 232
Attorney General, 230, 231
Auditor of Public Accounts, 225
Augusta Academy, 47
Austin, Stephen Fuller, 97
Authors and Poets, 163-176
Bacon, Nathaniel, 40-42
Bales, Richard, 190
Barter Theater, 193-194
Battle Abbey, 181
Battle, John, 144-145
Batts, Thomas, 40
Bean, William, 58
Beauregard, Pierre G. T., 112-113
Berkeley, Sir William, 35, 36, 39, 40-42
Blair, James, 43
Blair, John, 69, 82, 83
Bland, James A., 188-189
Bland, Richard Henry, 54-55, 57
Blue Ridge and Valleys, 13-14
Boone, Daniel, 58
Booth, John Wilkes, 127
Botetourt, Lord, 55
Boundaries, 11
Braddock, Edward, 50-51
Brandy Station, Battle of, 117, 118
Braxton, Carter, 71
Breckinridge, John C., 101-102, 120
Brent Family, 37
Bruton Parish Church, 185
Brown, John, 104-105
Buckner, John, 42
Bull Run; _see_ Manassas
Burgesses, House of, 32, 33, 41, 57
Burke, Edmund, 61
Burnside, Ambrose, 117
Burr, Aaron, 92-93
Byrd, Harry F., 140, 142
Byrd, Richard Evelyn, 139
Byrd, William II, 46
Cahokia, 73
Campbell, William, 75
Cape Charles, 26
Cape Henry, 26
Capitol, Colonial (Williamsburg), 44, 183;
(Richmond), 185
Carillon Tower, 138
Carter, Robert ("King"), 46
Carter's Grove, 184-185
Cary, Archibald, 69
"Cavalier State," 37
Caverns, 15
Cedar Creek, 122
Cedar Mountain, Battle of, 116
Cession for Federal District, 88
Cession of Northwest Territory, 76
Chancellorsville, Battle of, 117
Chancery Court, 230
Chanco, 34
Charters of Virginia:
1606, 25;
1609, 29;
1612, 30;
1618, 31-32
Chemical Products, 152
Christ Church (Alexandria), 185
Circuit Courts, 227, 228, 232
Cities, 228, 233-234
City Council, 234, 237
City Manager Plan of Government, 137, 234, 237
City Officials, 234-235
Clark, George Rogers, 72-73, 76
Clark, William, 92
Clay, 20-21
Clay, Henry, 97, 100, 103
Climate, 17
Coal, 18-19
Cold Harbor, Battle of, 120
College of Henrico, 34
Colleges, 131, 196, 239
Commission form, 234, 237
Commissioner of Revenue (County), 232
Committee of Correspondence, 55-56, 59
Committee of Nine, 128, 129
Committee of Safety, 66, 67
Commonwealth, 37, 69
Confederate States of America, 110
Congressional election districts, 215, 216
Constitution, United States: Ratification, 83-85
Constitutions (State):
1621, 33, 34;
1776, 68-70, 201;
1830, 99-100, 201-202;
1850, 104, 202;
1869 (Underwood), 202, 203;
1902, 135, 203
Continental Congress:
First, 57, 59-60;
Second, 63-65, 69, 70
Conventions, State:
First (1774), 57-58;
Second (1775), 63;
Third (1775), 66;
Fourth (1775-1776), 66-67;
Fifth (1776), 68-70;
1788, 84-85;
1829, 99-100;
1861, 109-110;
1867 (Underwood), 128, 203;
1901, 134-135, 203;
1956, 146
Constitutional Convention Requirements, 242
Corn, 157
Cornstalk (Chief), 59
Cornwallis, Lord, 75, 76-77, 79, 80
Corporation Commission, 241
Corporation Courts, 228
Cotton, 157
Counties, in general: 35, 218, 219, 231;
origin of name and year created:
Accawmack (Accomack), 35;
Albemarle, 48;
Alleghany, 102;
Amelia, 48;
Amherst, 62;
Appomattox, 102;
Arlington, 103;
Augusta, 48;
Bath, 89;
Bedford, 61;
Bland, 105;
Botetourt, 62;
Brunswick, 48;
Buchanan, 105;
Buckingham, 61;
Campbell, 85;
Carroll, 102;
Charles City, 35;
Charles River (York), 35;
Charlotte, 61;
Chesterfield, 48;
Clark (Clarke), 102;
Craig, 105;
Culpeper, 48;
Cumberland, 48;
Dickenson, 133;
Dinwiddie, 61;
Elizabeth City (Kiccowtan), 32, 35;
Essex, 42;
Fairfax, 48;
Fauquier, 61;
Floyd, 102;
Fluvanna, 72;
Franklin, 85;
Frederick, 48;
Giles, 95;
Gloucester, 38;
Goochland, 48;
Grayson, 89;
Greene, 102;
Greensville, 85;
Halifax, 61;
Hanover, 47;
Henrico, 35;
Henry, 72;
Highland, 102;
Isle of Wight (Warrosquyoake), 35;
James City, 35;
Kentucky, 72;
King and Queen, 42;
King George, 48;
King William, 42;
Lancaster, 38;
Lee, 89;
Loudoun, 61;
Louisa, 48;
Lunenburg, 48;
Madison, 89;
Mathews, 89;
Mecklenburg, 61;
Middlesex, 38;
Montgomery, 72;
Nansemond, 38;
Nelson, 95;
New Kent, 38;
Norfolk, 42;
Northampton (Accawmack), 35;
Northumberland, 38;
Nottoway, 85;
Orange, 48;
Page, 102;
Patrick, 85;
Pittsylvania, 61-62;
Powhatan, 72;
Prince Edward, 61;
Prince George, 43;
Prince William, 48;
Princess Anne, 42;
Pulaski, 102;
Rappahannock, 102;
Richmond, 42;
Roanoke, 102;
Rockbridge, 72;
Rockingham, 72;
Russell, 85;
Scott, 95;
Shenandoah, 72;
Smyth, 102;
Southampton, 48;
Spotsylvania, 47;
Stafford, 38;
Surry, 38;
Sussex, 61;
Tazewell, 95;
Warren, 102;
Warwick River (Warwick), 35;
Washington, 72;
Westmoreland, 38;
Wise, 105;
Wythe, 89;
York; _see_ Charles River.
County forms of government, 233
County Officials, 231-232
Dale, Sir Thomas ("Marshall"), 30
Danville, 124
Dare, Virginia, 24
Davis, Jefferson, 108, 122, 124
Debt Problem (ante-bellum), 129-130, 132-134
Declaration of Independence, 70-71
Declaration of Rights (Bill of Rights), 204-207
Delaware (de la Warr), Lord, 29-30
Democratic National Nominating Convention of 1952, 144, 145
Depression Years, 140-141
Dinwiddie, Robert, 49, 50
Drama, 46, 190-194
Dunmore, Lord, 57-59; 64, 65, 67-68, 71
Early, Jubal, 121-122
Eastern Shore, 12
Eaton, Thomas, 194
Education:
Academic, 195;
Colonial, 43, 194-195;
Current Educational Problems, 145-147, 197-199;
Improvements in 1900's, 135, 136, 197-199;
Institutions of Higher Learning, 43, 47, 98, 195, 196-197, 239;
Public Schools, 35, 74, 130, 135, 197-199, 237-240;
School District, 238;
School Property Tax, 239;
State Department of Education, 238
Eggleston, Joseph D., 136
Elections, 209-210
Employment, 150-160:
Agriculture, 156-158;
Construction Activities, 158;
Finance, 159;
Forestry and Fisheries, 159;
Government, 150-151;
Manufacturing, 151-156;
Mining Operations, 159;
Public Utilities, 158;
Services Industries, 158;
Travel Trade, 159, 160;
Wholesale and Retail Trade, 158
Evans, Robley D., 134
Ewell, Richard S., 118-119, 122
Executive Department, 221-226
Executive Department Agencies, 225-226
Fairfax Proprietary, 39, 40
Fairfax Resolutions, 60
Fall Line, 11-12
Fallen, Robert, 40
"The Federalist," 84
Field Crops, 156-158
Fincastle Resolutions, 60
Fish, 18
Floyd, John, 100
Food and kindred products, 152
Foreign settlements, 46, 47
Forests, 18
Fort Duquesne; _see_ Fort Necessity
Fort Kaskaskia, 73
Fort Le Boeuf, 47, 49
Fort Monroe, 124
Fort Necessity, 50-51
Fort Pitt; _see_ Fort Necessity
Fort Vincennes, 73
Fredericksburg, Battle of, 117
Freedmen's Bureau, 127
French and Indian War, 49-52
Fruit, 157
Funk Joseph, 189
Furniture, 154
Garrison, William Lloyd, 100
Gates, Sir Thomas, 29
General Assembly, 32-33, 104, 211-220
General Court, 30-31
Germanna, 45, 47
Gettysburg, Battle of, 119
Gibbs, James Ethan Allen, 104
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 24
Gist, Christopher, 49
Glass, Carter, 134-135, 137
"Golden Age" of Colonial Virginia, 49
Gooch, Sir William, 46
Governor, 29, 33-34, 221-224
Governor's Palace, 45, 183
Grant, Ulysses S., 119-124
Grasse, Comte de, 80
Great Charter, 32
Great Dismal Swamp, 16
Great Massacre, 34
Great Meadows, Battle of, 50
Green, Paul, 194
Hampton, 30
Hampton Institute and Singers, 130-131, 188
Hampton, Wade, 120
Harrison, Benjamin, 57, 71
Harrison, William Henry, 102
"Head-Right" system, 31, 44
Henrico University, 195
Henricopolis (City of Henricus), 30, 34
Henry, Patrick:
"Caesar-Brutus" Speech, 53-54;
Committee of Correspondence, 55;
First Continental Congress, 59-60;
First Governor of the Commonwealth, 70, 72;
"Liberty or Death" Speech, 63-64;
"Parsons' Cause," 52-54;
Williamsburg Convention of 1774, 57
Hill, Ambrose P., 116, 119
Hooker, Joseph E., 117
Hopewell, 30, 47, 138
Hopkinson, Francis, 188
Houdon, Jean Antoine, 80
Houston, Samuel, 101
Hunt, Robert, 26-27
Hustings Courts; _see_ Corporation Courts
Impeachment, 215
Indentured servants, 33
Indians:
Attacks, 27;
Cherokee, 51;
Chickahominy, 22;
College of Henrico, 34;
Illinois area, 72-73;
Lord Dunmore's War, 58-59;
Massacre, 36;
Mattaponi 22;
Northwest Territory, 73;
Pamunkey, 22;
Susequehannock, 40, 45;
William and Mary College, 45-46
"Intolerable Acts," 56
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, 103, 112-117
James River Canal, 88
Jamestown, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 41-42
Jamestown Church, 185
Jefferson, Thomas:
Architecture, 185;
"A Summary View of the Rights of British America," 57-58;
Declaration of Independence, 70-71;
Education, 74, 98-99;
Governor of the Commonwealth, 74-79;
Jeffersonian Democracy, 91;
Presidential Administrations, 91-92;
"Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom," 74;
U. S. Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 87-88;
Vice-President of the United States, 90
Johnson, Joseph E., 103, 112-115
Jones, John Paul, 64, 74
Jouett, Jack, 78-79
Judges, 229-230
Judicial Department, 226-231
Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, 230
Kemper, James L., 132
Kentucky (Independent State), 88
Kentucky Resolutions, 90
King's Mountain, Battle of, 75
Lafayette, Marquis de, 77, 79-80
Lake Matoaka Amphitheater, 194
Lakes, 17
Law and Chancery Courts, 230
Law and Equity Court, 230
Law-making process, 213-214
Leather products, 155
Lee, Fitzhugh, 120, 134
Lee, Henry ("Light Horse Harry"), 57, 73, 84, 90
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 71
Lee, Richard Henry:
Committee of Correspondence, 55-56;
Leedstown Resolutions, 54-55;
Resolution for United States Independence, 70-71;
Williamsburg Convention of 1774
Lee, Robert E.:
Commander-in-Chief of Virginia forces, 111;
Harper's Ferry Mission, 105;
Mexican War, 103;
Military Campaigns of War between the States, 116, 117, 120-123;
President of Washington College, 126;
Resignation from the Union Army, 110-111;
Surrender at Appomattox, 123
Lee, Thomas, 47
Lee, Thomas Ludwell, 54
Leedstown (Westmoreland) Resolves, 54
Legislative Department, 211-221
"Leopard-Chesapeake" Affair, 93
Letcher, John, 108, 110, 111
Levingston, William, 46, 190
Lewis, Andrew, 58-59, 71
Lewis, Charles, 59
Lewis, Meriwether, 92
Lieutenant-Governor, 224
Lincoln, Abraham, 108, 109, 113, 127
Literary Fund, 95, 238-239
Livestock and livestock products, 156
Location of state, 11
London Company, 25-26, 33
Longstreet, James, 116, 120
"Lost Colony," 24
Lumber and lumber products, 153
Lynchburg, Battle of, 121
McCormick, Cyrus Hall, 100-101
Madison, Dolly, 94
Madison, James:
"The Federalist," 84;
Philadelphia Convention, 82-83;
Presidential Administration, 93-94;
Religious clause, 69;
Richmond Constitutional Convention of 1829, 99;
Signer of U. S. Constitution, 83;
U. S. Bill of Rights, 85;
Virginia Constitutional Convention, 68-69;
Virginia Resolution, 90
Maffitt, William, 94
Magisterial Districts, 231, 238
Magistrate Courts (Justice of the Peace Courts), 230
Mahone, William, 122, 133
Makemie, Francis, 44
Malvern Hill, Battle of, 116
Manassas, Battle of, 112-113 (First battle); 116 (Second battle)
"Map of the Chesapeake," 28
Mariner's Museum, 182
Marr, John Quincy, 112
Marshall, John, 84, 91, 93, 98
Marshall Theater, 192
Mason, George:
Committee of Correspondence, 55-56;
Declaration of Rights, 69;
Fairfax Resolutions, 60;
Motto of Official State Seal, 69;
Philadelphia Convention, 82;
Second Continental Congress, 69;
Third Virginia Convention, 66;
Virginia Constitution of 1776, 69, 201;
Virginia State Convention of 1788, 84
Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 126
Mayor, 235-236
Mayor-Council form, 234, 237
McClurg, James, 69, 82, 84
Mercantilism, 38
"Monitor" and the "Merrimac" ("Virginia"), Battle of, 113-114
Metals, 21, 155-156
Metropolitanism, 147-148
Middle Plantation; _see_ Williamsburg, 43-44, 143
Military District No. 1, 128, 202
Military Poll Tax Exemption, 143
Mills, Robert, 96, 186
Minerals, 18-21
Monroe Doctrine, 97
Monroe, James:
Louisiana Purchase, 92;
Monroe Doctrine, 97-98;
Monrovia, 98;
Presidential Administration, 96-97;
Virginia State Convention of 1788, 84
Moore House, 80
Morgan, Daniel, 65-66
Mosby, John S., 117
"Mother of Presidents," 98
"Mother of States," 76
Mount Airy, 185
Mount Alexander, 45
Mount George, 45
Mount Rogers, 13
Mount Vernon Meeting, 81
Muhlenberg, John P. G., 68
Music, 188-190
Museum of Fine Arts, 181
Nat Turner's Rebellion, 100
Natural Bridge, 15
Natural Chimneys, 16
Natural Resources, 17-21
Natural Tunnel, 15
Navigation Acts, 38-39
Negroes, 33, 44, 48, 130, 132, 134, 135
Nelson, Thomas, 71, 80
Nelson, William, 76
New Market, Battle of, 120
Newport, Christopher, 26-27