SLEDGING EQUIPMENT
The sledge which we used is the outcome of the experience of many
former explorers, but to Nansen is the chief credit that it has become
such a very useful vehicle.
Our experience on the _Discovery_ expedition had convinced me that
the eleven-foot sledge is the best for all-round use, but I took with
me some twelve-foot sledges as being possibly more suitable for pony
traction. A good sledge for Antarctic or Arctic travelling must be
rigid in its upright and cross-bars, and yet give to uneven surfaces. A
well-constructed sledge needs to be supple without interfering with the
strength of the structure, and in our case there was nothing wanting in
this respect.
[Illustration: Marston in his Bed. (_See page 66_)]
The wooden runners were about four inches wide and made of hickory, and
in pulling the sledge the direction of the grain on the snow surface
has to be observed, for it is wonderful what a difference it makes
whether one is pulling with or against the grain of the runner.
The second point to consider is the height of the framework of the
sledge above the surface of the snow, and as it has been found that
a clearance of six inches is ample in ordinary circumstances, the
uprights of our sledges were only about six inches high.
An eleven-foot sledge, fully loaded, is at its best working weight with
about 650 lb. on it, but this does not represent its actual strength
capacity, for while we were unloading the ship we often placed over a
thousand pounds' weight on a sledge without damaging it in the least.
Another vitally important article of equipment for the polar explorer
is the cooker and cooking-stove, and here again we were indebted to the
practical genius of Nansen who designed the form of cooker that is now
invariably used in polar work. The stove was the ordinary "primus,"
burning kerosene, vapourised in the usual way.
Such was the efficiency of the cooker and stove that, in a temperature
of forty or fifty degrees below zero, the snow or ice, which would be
at this temperature, could be melted and a hot meal prepared within
half an hour from the time the cooker was placed on the primus. The
whole apparatus, including the primus, did not weigh more than fifteen
pounds.
The next important item was the tent, and as the usual unit for
sledging consists of three men, our tents were designed to contain that
number. The tent cloth was thin Willesden duck, with a "snow-cloth"
of thicker material round the lower edge, and instead of a single
tent-pole we used five bamboo rods fastened together at one end in a
cap, over which the apex of the tent fitted. Inside the tent was placed
on the snow a circle of thick Willesden water-proof canvas to protect
the sleeping-bags from actual contact with the ground.
It has been generally assumed by polar explorers that sledge travellers
must wrap themselves up in furs, but my experience during two
expeditions convinces me that except for the hands and feet in the
way of personal clothing, and the sleeping-bags for camping, furs are
unnecessary. The term "bag" literally describes this portion of the
sledging gear, for it is a long bag with closely sewn seams, and is
entered by means of a slit at the upper end.
The appetite of a man who has just come to camp after a five-hours'
march in a low temperature is something that the ordinary individual at
home might possibly envy but would scarcely understand, and, indeed,
the sledger himself is sometimes surprised when his ration is finished,
and he feels just about as hungry as before his meal.
In choosing supplies I tried to provide those of heat-giving and
flesh-forming materials, and to avoid foods containing a large amount
of moisture. Our cuisine was not varied, but a voracious appetite has
no nice discernment, indeed all one wants is more, and this is just
what cannot be allowed if a party is to proceed a great distance while
confined to man-haulage. It is hard for a hungry man to rest content
with the knowledge that the food he is eating is sufficient for his
needs, when he does not feel satisfied after his meal and the aching
void has not even temporarily disappeared.
Pemmican, which consists of the finest beef powdered with 60 per cent,
of fat added was one of the main items of our food supply, and biscuits
are also a standard food in polar work.
I secured thicker biscuits than were used in the previous expedition,
and the Plasmon Company supplied a ton of the best wholemeal biscuit,
and with an allowance of one pound for each man per day we were as
regards farinaceous food considerably better off than those on the
_Discovery_ expedition had been.
This allowance, I may mention, was reduced very considerably when food
began to run short on the southern and northern journeys, but we had
no fault to find with the quality of the biscuits and the addition of
Plasmon certainly increased their food-value.
Tea and cocoa were chosen as our beverages for use on the march, tea
for breakfast and lunch; and cocoa, which tends to produce sleepiness,
for dinner at night. Sugar is a very valuable heat-forming substance,
and our allowance of this amounted to about a third of a pound per day
for each man.
We also took chocolate, cheese, and oatmeal, so that although there was
not much variety we felt that we were getting the most nutritious food
possible.
I have already mentioned the clothing which I bought for the
expedition, but as regards the most effective head-gear there were
marked differences of opinion. The general method, however, of keeping
head and ears warm was to wrap a woollen muffler twice round the chin
and head, thus protecting the ears which are the first parts of the
body to show signs of frost-bite. The muffler was then brought round
the neck, and over the muffler was pulled a fleecy travelling-cap, a
woollen helmet something like an old-time helmet without the visor.
[Illustration: Plan of the Hut at Winter Quarters (_See page
64_)]
If a blizzard were blowing the muffler was discarded, the helmet put
on, and over this the Burberry helmet, which has a stiff flap in front
that can be buttoned into a funnel-shape. In very low temperatures, or
even in moderately low temperature and a breeze, we had occasionally to
inspect each others' faces for the sign of frost-bite; and if the white
patch denoting this was visible, it had to be attended to immediately.