of the joint capsule which is prominent just below the internal tibial
malleolus and this affection is characterized by a fluctuating swelling
which varies considerably in size in different subjects. Except in cases
of acute synovitis, lameness is not present and in chronic distension of
the capsule of the tarsal joint, no interference with the subject's
usefulness occurs. In the majority of instances, the disfigurement which
attends bog spavin is the principal objectionable feature. The condition
is bilateral in many instances, and in such cases the subjects have a
predisposition to this condition or it follows attacks of strangles or
other debilitating ailments. Because of a rapid and unusual growth,
bilateral affections are of frequent occurrence in some animals.
Treatment.--The most practical method of handling bog spavin consists
in aspiration of synovia and injection of tincture of iodin. Discretion
should be employed in selecting subjects for treatment, regardless of
the manner in which such cases are to be handled. Where there exists
chronic distension of the joint capsule of several years' standing in
old or weak subjects, needless to say, recovery is not likely to result.
When animals are vigorous and two or three months' time is available,
treatment may be begun with reasonable hope for success.
The average subject is handled standing and can be restrained with a
twitch, sideline and hood. Aspirating needles and all necessary
equipment must be in readiness (sterile and wrapped in aseptic cotton or
gauze) so that no delay will occur from this cause when the operation
has been started. The central or most prominent part of the distended
portion of the capsule is chosen for perforation and an area of an inch
and a half in diameter is shaved. The skin is cleansed and then painted
with tincture of iodin. The sterile aspirating needle is pushed through
the tissues and into the capsule with a sudden thrust. With a large and
sharp needle (fourteen gauge), synovia can be drawn from the cavity in
most instances and the subject usually offers no resistance. By
compressing the distended capsule and surrounding structures with the
fingers, considerable synovia may be evacuated. In singular instances,
no synovia is to be aspirated with the needle, and in such cases the
amount of iodin injected needs be increased, possibly twenty-five per
cent., as experience will indicate. From two to five cubic centimeters
of U.S.P. tincture of iodin is injected through the aspirating needle
into the synovial cavity of the joint, and the exterior of the parts are
vigorously massaged immediately after injection to stimulate
distribution of the iodin throughout the synovial cavity. Where a
bilateral affection exists, two or three weeks' time should intervene
between the treatments of each leg. A sterile metal syringe equipped
with a slip joint for the needle is well adapted to this operation.
Lubrication of the plunger with heavy sterile vaseline or glycerin will
prevent the syringe from being ruined by the iodin.
Following the injection, the subject is kept in a stall or in a suitable
paddock, so that conditions may be observed for four or five days. The
object sought by the introduction of iodin is not only for a local
effect upon the synovial membranes in checking secretions, but the
production of an active inflammation and great swelling, which will
remain from four weeks to three months subsequent to the injection. This
periarticular swelling should produce and maintain a constant pressure
over the entire affected parts for a sufficient length of time until
normal tone is re-established.
In some cases, swelling does not develop as the result of a single
injection of iodin. When marked swelling has not taken place within five
days, none will occur and a repetition of the injection may be made
within ten days after the first treatment has been given. One may safely
increase the amount of iodin at the second injection in such cases by
one-fourth to one-third.
In Europe this method of treating bog spavin has been employed by
Leblanc, Abadie, Dupont and others according to Cadiot; but Bouley, Rey,
Lafosse and Varrier used it with bad results. Where a perfect technic is
executed (and no other is excusable in this operation), no infection
will occur if a reasonable amount of iodin is injected. The dilution of
iodin with an equal amount of alcohol has been practised by the author
in many cases, but later this was found unnecessary.
Other methods of treatment have been used with success. Perhaps the most
heroic consists in opening the joint capsule with a bistoury or with
the actual cautery. Such practice is too hazardous for general use and
is not to be recommended, although good results should follow the
employment of such methods if infectious arthritis does not occur.
Line firing over the distended capsule is a practical method of
treatment. This is attended with good results in young animals in many
cases, but considerable blemish is caused when sufficient irritation is
produced to stimulate resolution.
Vesication also is successfully employed in some instances. However,
only cases of recent origin in young animals--colts of two years or
younger--yield to blistering, and in some affected colts no doubt
recovery would have been spontaneous had no treatment been instituted.
Ligation of the saphenous vein at two points, one above and the other
below the distended ligamentous capsule, is an old operation, which has
undoubtedly given good results in some cases, although it does not seem
to be a rational procedure.
After-Care.--After swelling has fully developed--which occurs within a
week--the subject is turned to pasture and no attention is necessary
thereafter. A gradual subsidence of the swelling occurs and in the
average instance, this completely resolves within six or eight weeks.
Complete recovery succeeds the aspiration-and-injection-treatment in
about seventy-five per cent of cases as the result of one operation, and
subjects may be gradually and carefully returned to work in about sixty
days after treatment has been given.
Distension of the Tarsal Sheath of the Deep Digital Flexor.
(Thoroughpin.)
The terms "thoroughpin" or "throughpin" are translations from the French
_vessignon chevillé_ and have the same significance. They are so named
because of the diametrically opposed distensions of the sheath of the
deep flexor tendon in such manner that the distensions appear to be due
to a supporting peg.
Anatomy.--The theca through which the deep digital flexor (perforans)
plays in the tarsal region, begins about three inches above the inner
tibial malleolus and extends about one-fourth of the way down the
metatarsus. The posterior part of the capsular ligament of the hock
joint is very thick in its most dependent portions and is in part
cartilaginous, forming a suitable groove for the passage of the deep
flexor tendon.
[Illustration: Fig. 57--Thoroughpin. Showing distension of the sheath of
the deep flexor tendon as it protrudes antero-externally to the fibular
tarsal bone (calcaneum).]
Etiology and Occurrence.--Strains and sequellae to debilitating
diseases constitute the usual causes of this affection. As a result of
acute synovitis a chronic synovial distension of the tarsal sheath
occurs. Bog spavin is often present in case of thoroughpin but the two
conditions are separate and distinct excepting in that both may occur
simultaneously and as the result of the same cause. Some animals are
undoubtedly predisposed to disease of synovial structures. The average
horse that has been subjected to hard service on pavements or hard roads
at fast work suffers synovial distension of bursae, thecae or of joint
capsules. Some of the well bred types such as the thoroughbred horses
may be subjected to years of hard service and still remain "clean
limbed" and free from all blemishes. Thus it seems that subjects of
rather faulty conformation, animals having lymphatic temperaments and
the coarse-bred types, are prone to synovial disturbances such as
thoroughpin, bog spavin, etc., sometimes having both legs affected.
[Illustration: Fig. 58--Fibrosity of tarsus as a complication in chronic
thoroughpin.]
Symptomatology.--Thoroughpin is characterized by a distended condition
of the tarsal sheath which is manifested by protrusions anterior to the
tendo Achillis. However, where but moderate distension of the sheath
exists, there is little, if any, bulging on the mesial side of the hock
and but a small hemispherical enlargement is presented on the outer side
of the tarsus, anterior to the summit of the os calcis. In some
instances the protruding parts assume large proportions, but always,
because of the relationship between the fibular tarsal bone (calcaneum)
and the tendon sheath, the larger protrusion is situated mesially.
During the acute inflammatory stage there is marked lameness present but
this soon subsides when local antiphlogistic agents are applied to the
parts. In fact, spontaneous relief from lameness usually results in the
course of ten days' time following the appearance of thoroughpin. No
lameness marks the advent of this affection when it develops as the
result of continuous strain and concussion occasioned by hard service,
and local changes tend to remain in _status quo_.
[Illustration: Fig. 59--Another view of same case as illustrated in Fig.
58.]
Treatment.--Rest and the local application of heat or cold will suffice
to promote resolution of acute inflammation and lameness when present
will subside within two weeks. In chronic affections, however, the matter
and manner of effecting a correction of the condition--distended tarsal
sheath--merit careful consideration. While drainage of distended thecae
and bursae by means of openings made with hot irons was practiced by the
Arabs, centuries ago, and good results have attended such heroic
corrective measures, nevertheless the occasional serious complications
which result from infection likely to be introduced in following such
procedures, cause the prudent and skilful practitioner to employ safer
methods of treatment.
The application of blistering agents is of no value in stimulating
resorption of an excessive amount of synovia in chronic cases and the
actual cautery when employed without perforation of the synovial
structure, is of little benefit. Trusses or mechanical appliances for
the purpose of maintaining pressure upon the distended parts are of no
practical value because of the great difficulty of keeping such
contrivances in position. They usually cause so much discomfort to the
subject that they are not tolerated.
A very practical and fairly successful method of treatment consists in
the aspiration of a quantity of synovia and injecting tincture of iodin.
Cadiot recommends the drainage of synovia with a suitable trocar and
cannula and injecting a mixture consisting of tincture of iodin, one
part, to two parts of sterile water, to which is added a small quantity
of potassium iodid. The latter agent is added to prevent precipitation
of the iodin. This authority (Cadiot) further advocates the removal of
practically all of the synovia that will run out through the cannula and
the immediate introduction of as much as one hundred cubic centimeters
of the above mentioned iodin solution. This solution is allowed to
remain in the synovial cavity a few minutes and by compressing the
tissues surrounding the tendon sheath, the evacuation of as much of the
contents of the synovial cavity as is practicable, is effected.
Subsequently the subject is allowed absolute rest and more or less
inflammatory reaction follows. In some cases there occur marked lameness
and some febrile disturbance, but where a good technic is carried out,
no bad results follow. At the end of four weeks' time, horses so treated
may be returned to service, but the full beneficial effect of such
treatment is not experienced until several months' time have elapsed.
Where good facilities for executing a careful technic in every detail
are at hand, incision of the tarsal sheath, evacuation of its contents
and uniting its walls again by means of sutures and providing for
drainage with a suitable drainage tube, may be practiced. This manner of
treatment has been satisfactory in the hands of a number of surgeons.
Capped Hock.
Enlargements which occur upon the summit of the os calcis, whether
hypertrophy of the skin and subcuticular fascia, the result of injury or
repeated vesication, distension of the subcutaneous bursa or injury to
the superficial flexor tendon (perforatus) or its sheath, are generally
known as capped hock. However, the term should be restricted to use in
reference to distensions of synovial structures of that region.
Etiology and Occurrence.--Usually there occurs a hygromatous
involvement of the subcutaneous bursa due to contusion. As in bog
spavin, following certain infectious diseases (influenza, purpura
hemorrhagica, etc.) there remains a distended condition of the
subcutaneous bursa, after swelling of the member has subsided. In
feeding pens where numbers of young mules are kept in crowded quarters
many cases may be observed. In some instances where violent contusions
result from kicking cross-bars of wagon shafts (by nymphomaniacs or in
habitual kickers where there is opportunity for doing such injury) the
superficial flexor tendon and its synovial apparatus are injured and a
more serious condition may result.
Symptomatology.--In acute and extensive inflammation of the parts,
lameness is present, but in the average case no inconvenience to the
subject results. The prominent site of the affection is cause for an
unsightly blemish. This is undesirable, particularly in light-harness or
saddle horses. These affections are characterized by a fluctuating mass
which has a thin wall and in all cases of long standing the condition is
painless.
By careful palpation one may readily distinguish between a hygromatous
condition of the superficial bursa and involvement of the underlying
structures. Affection of the expanded portion of the flexor tendon and
contiguous structures makes for an organized mass of tissue which is
somewhat dense and in some instances painful to the subject when
manipulated. This is particularly noticeable in cases where the parts
are regularly and repeatedly injured as in habitual kickers.
[Illustration: Fig. 60--"Capped hock." Distension of the bursa over the
summit of the os calcis.]
Treatment.--In acute inflammation, antiphlogistic applications are
indicated and the subject must be kept quiet. The matter of bandaging
the hock is a difficult problem in some cases and needs be done with
care. As has been previously stated in this volume, the tarsus needs to
be well padded with cotton before the bandages are applied and only a
moderate degree of tension is employed in applying the bandages lest
anemic-necrosis result from pressure. In distension of the superficial
bursa, after clipping the hair over a liberal area and preparing the
skin by thoroughly cleansing and painting with tincture of iodin, the
capsule is incised with a bistoury. An incision about an inch in length,
situated low enough to provide drainage, is made through the tissues and
the contents are evacuated. Tincture of iodin is injected into the
cavity and the parts are covered with cotton and bandaged. No after-care
is necessary except to retain the dressing in position, which is not
difficult in the average case if the subject is kept tied. If much
resistance is exhibited, such as extreme flexion of the bandaged hock,
the animal may be put in a sling and little if any objection to the
bandage will be offered thereafter. The wound may be dressed at the end
of forty-eight hours and no redressing will be necessary in the average
instance if infection is not present. But slight local disturbance and
little distress to the subject result in cases so treated even when
infection occurs, but a good technic is possible of execution in most
instances and no infection should take place.
The surgical wound heals in two or three weeks and inflammation
gradually subsides. Bandages are retained one or two weeks, as the case
may require, and subsequently a good wound lotion may be employed
several times daily. A good lotion for such cases as well as in many
others has long been employed with success by Dr. A. Trickett of Kansas
City. It consists of approximately equal parts of glycerin, alcohol and
distilled extract of witch hazel, to which is added liquor cresolis
compositus, two percent, and coloring matter q.s.
Complete resolution does not occur in the average case. There remains
some hyperplastic tissue and even where the enlargement is slight, the
prominent situation of the affection precludes its being unnoticed.
In disease of the flexor tendon and its bursa where contiguous
inflammation of tissue is present, the parts are blistered or fired.
Line firing is beneficial in such instances but in all cases the cause
is to be removed if possible.
Rupture and Division of the Long Digital Extensor
(Extensor Pedis).
Etiology and Occurrence.--Because of the fact that the long digital
extensor is the only extensor of the phalanges of the pelvic limb, its
rupture or division constitutes a troublesome condition, which in some
cases does not readily respond to treatment.
Rupture of this tendon may occur during work on rough and uneven roads,
particularly in range horses that are ridden over ground that is
burrowed by gophers or prairie dogs; in such cases, horses are apt to
suddenly and violently turn the foot in position of volar flexion,
thereby causing undue strain to the digital extensor and its rupture
sometimes follows. In foals of one or two days of age, this tendon is
sometimes found parted or ruptured and the condition may be bilateral.
As the result of accidents, the digital extensor may be divided and when
the wound becomes contaminated, as it does because of the marked volar
flexion (knuckling) which occurs during the course of this affection,
regeneration of tissue is checked and recovery is tardy.
Symptomatology.--There is no interference with ability to sustain
weight in such cases, when the foot is placed in normal position; but
immediately upon attempting to walk, the toe is dragged, and if weight
is borne with the affected member, it comes upon the anterior face of
the fetlock. The flexors are not antagonized and if there be an open
wound the parts soon become contaminated; or, in rupture, if animals
travel about very much, there soon occurs necrosis of the tissues of the
anterior fetlock region and the condition is rendered incurable. Cases
are reported of animals that have suffered rupture of the long digital
extensor and the subjects learned to throw the member forward during
extension, substituting for the extensor tendon the pendulum-like
momentum which the foot affords when so employed; and a walking and even
a trotting pace was possible without doing injury to the fetlock region.
Where a subcutaneous division exists as in rupture, the divided ends of
the tendon may be definitely recognized by palpation.
Treatment.--Subjects are best put in slings and kept so confined until
regeneration of tendinous structures has been completed. This requires
from six weeks to two months' time. In addition, the extremity is kept
in a state of extension by means of suitable splints and shoes,--a shoe
equipped with an extension at the toe and perforated so that a steel
brace may be hooked into the perforation and the brace fashioned to be
buckled to the upper metatarsal region. When braces are placed in front
of the foot, great care is necessary in properly padding the member with
cotton lest sloughing from pressure occurs at the coronet; but this does
not apply in rupture of extensors so much as where flexors are ruptured.
Open wounds are treated along general surgical lines, dressed as
frequently as occasion demands, and recovery will be complete in a few
months' time unless much of the tendon has been destroyed. In one
instance, the author had occasion to observe such a condition, which,
because of the extensive destruction of tendon and lack of facilities
for giving proper attention to the subject, results were so unfavorable
that it was deemed necessary to destroy the animal.
Wounds From Interfering.
When, during locomotion, injury is inflicted upon the mesial side of an
extremity by the swinging foot of the other member, the condition is
termed interfering.
Etiology and Occurrence.--Faulty conformation, bad shoeing and
over-work are the principal causes of interfering. Horses that are "base
narrow" or that have crooked legs are quite apt to interfere. Shoes that
are put on a foot that is not level or applied in a twisted position, or
shoes wide at the heel will often cause interfering and injury. Animals
that are driven at fast work until they become nearly exhausted may be
expected to interfere. Such cases are frequently observed in young
horses that are driven over rough roads, particularly when so nearly
exhausted or weakened from disease or inanition that the feet are
dragged forward rather than picked up and advanced in the normal manner.
Symptomatology.--Wounds inflicted by striking the extremities in this
manner present various appearances and occasion dissimilar
manifestations. The hind legs are almost as frequently affected as the
front and the fetlock region is most often injured, though wounds may be
inflicted to the coronet. In front, the carpus is sometimes the site of
injury.
When only an abrasion is caused, little if any lameness occurs, but
where interfering is continued and nerves are involved or subfascial
infection and extensive inflammation succeed such abrasions, marked
lameness and evidence of great pain are manifested. Frequently, in
chronic cases affecting the hind leg, the fetlock assumes large
proportions, and at times during the course of every drive the subject
strikes the inflamed part, immediately flexing and abducting the injured
member, and the victim hops on the other leg until pain has somewhat
subsided.
Interfering is much more serious in animals that are used at fast work
than in draft horses. In light-harness or saddle horses, it may render
the subject practically valueless or unserviceable if the condition
cannot be corrected.
Treatment.--Wherever possible, cause is to be removed and if animals
are properly used, ordinary interfering wounds will yield to treatment.
If the shoeing is faulty, this should be corrected, the foot properly
prepared and leveled before being shod and suitable shoes applied. In
young animals that become "leg-weary" from constant overwork, rest and
recuperation are necessary to enhance recovery. In such cases it will be
found that very light shoes, frequently reset, will tend to prevent
injury to the fetlock region such as characterizes these injuries of
hind legs.
Palliative measures of various kinds are employed where cause is not to
be removed and a degree of success attends such effort. In draft horses
or animals that are used at a slow pace, shields of various kinds are
strapped to the extremity and protection is thus afforded. Or, large
encircling pads of leather, variously constructed, serve to cause the
subject to walk with the extremities apart.
Interfering shoes of different types are of material benefit in many
instances. Often the principle upon which corrective shoeing is based is
that the mesial (inner) side of the foot is too low; the foot is
consequently leveled and the inner branch of the shoe is made thicker
than the outer, altering the position of the foot in this way. This is
productive of desirable results. However, much depends upon the manner
in which the foot in motion strikes the weight-bearing member as to the
corrective measures that are indicated. This belongs to the domain of
pathological shoeing and the reader is referred to works on this subject
for further study of this phase of lameness.
Lymphangitis.
Excluding glanders, in the majority of instances, lymphangitis in the
horse, such as frequently affects the hind legs, is due to the local
introduction of infectious material into the tissues as a result of
wounds. However, one may observe in some instances an acute lymphangitis
which affects the pelvic limbs of horses and no evidence of infection
exists. Consequently, lymphangitis may be considered as _infectious_ and
_non-infectious_.
INFECTIOUS LYMPHANGITIS.
Etiology and Occurrence.--Traumatisms of the legs frequently result in
infection and when such injuries are near lymph glands, even though the
degree of infection be slight, more or less disturbance of function of
the muscles in the vicinity of such glands occurs and lameness follows.
The prescapular, axillary and cubital lymph glands when in a state of
inflammation, cause lameness of the front leg, and the superficial
inguinal and deep inguinal lymph glands not infrequently become involved
also. Because of the location of these lymph glands, they are subject to
comparatively frequent injury and inflammation, causing lameness more
often than other lymph-gland-affections.
Small puncture wounds in the region of the elbow are often met with.
These may be inflicted when horses lie down upon sharp stumps of
vegetation or shoe-calk injuries may be the means of introducing
contagium, and an infectious inflammation results. Abscess formation,
the result of strangles or other infection in the prescapular glands,
may be observed at times. Following castration, the inguinal lymph
glands may become involved in an infectious inflammation and locomotion
is impeded to a marked degree. Horses running at pasture sometimes
become injured by trampling upon pieces of wood, causing one end of
these or of various implements to become embedded in the soft earth and
the other end to enter at the inguinal region and even penetrate the
tissues to and through the skin and fascia just below the perineal
region.
Nail punctures resulting in infection frequently cause an infectious
lymphangitis and a marked and painful swelling of the legs supervenes.
[Illustration: Fig. 61--Chronic lymphangitis. Showing hypertrophy of the
left hind leg, due to repeated inflammation.]
Symptomatology.--Lameness, mixed or swinging-leg, signalizes the
presence of acute lymphangitis. There is always more or less swelling
present and manipulation of the affected parts gives pain to the
subject. Depending upon the character of the infection and its extent,
there is presented a varying degree of constitutional disturbance. There
may be a rise in temperature of from two to five degrees, and in such
instances there is an accelerated pulse. Where much intoxication is
present, anorexia and dipsosis are to be noticed.
Swelling may increase gradually and in time discharge of pus may take
place spontaneously without drainage being provided for, if the
character of the infection does not cause early death. In these cases
lameness is pronounced and the cause of the disturbance is to be sought,
particularly if the condition be due to a nail puncture.
[Illustration: Fig. 62--Elephantiasis.]
Treatment.--Location of the site of injury is advisable in all cases
and in some instances provision for drainage, as in puncture wounds, is
helpful. Locally, curettage and the application of suitable antiseptics
are indicated. Hot fomentations are beneficial and should be continued
for several days if necessary, to stimulate resolution. A brisk purge
should be admintered at the onset and strychnin, because of its indirect
stimulative effect upon the circulation together with its tonic effect
upon the musculature, is beneficial.
In all such cases rational treatment, good hygiene and careful nursing
are the principal factors which stimulate recovery. Individual
resistance or lowered vitality has a marked influence on the course of
this affection.
NON-INFECTIOUS LYMPHANGITIS.
This type of lymphangitis is associated with, or the result of, a
derangement of digestion. It affects heavy draft horses, rarely other
types of animals, and involves one or both hind legs.
Occurrence.--In healthy and well nourished horses irregularly used,
this affection may suddenly manifest itself. It occurs in singular
instances in mares that are in advanced pregnancy even when such animals
are at pasture. Usually, however, this malady is found in heavy draft
horses that have been kept stabled from one to three days.
Symptomatology.--At the outset in severe cases, there is elevation of
temperature, labored breathing, accelerated pulse, anorexia and more or
less swelling of the affected members. Swelling is very painful and when
the affected legs are palpated, pain is manifested by flinching. The
inguinal lymph glands are often swollen but in some cases they are not
affected in any perceptible degree. In the average case suppuration does
not occur and when conditions are favorable, resolution is complete
within ten days. The extent of the involvement and the intensity of the
affection vary materially in different cases and a chronic lymphangitis
may succeed the acute attacks and finally in some instances,
elephantiasis results.
Treatment.--An active purgative should be given at once and in the
ordinary case, stimulants are indicated. If marked distress is present,
morphin is given and where there is much rise of temperature, cold
drinking water is offered in abundance and catharsis is enhanced by
enemata. Locally, hot applications are of benefit. Hot towels or cotton
held in position by bandages and kept soaked with warm water will
relieve pain and stimulate resolution. Diuretics may be of benefit and
anodyne applications are to be employed with profit in some cases.
Walking exercise, if not indulged in to excess, is helpful as soon as
acute inflammation has subsided. By giving careful attention to the
regimen and providing regular exercise for susceptible subjects, this
type of lymphangitis is often forestalled.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 34: Manual of Veterinary Physiology. Page 610.]
[Footnote 35: Manual of Veterinary Physiology, page 601.]
[Footnote 36: Case report at meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary
Medical Association, Jan., 1904, by Dr. S.H. Bauman, Birmingham, Ia.]
[Footnote 37: Regional Veterinary Surgery and Operative Technique, by
John A.W. Dollar, M.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.E., M.R.I., page 733.]
[Footnote 38: As quoted by A. Liautard, M.D., V.M., American Veterinary
Review, Vol. 37, page 667.]
[Footnote 39: Quoted by Prof. Liautard, American Veterinary Review, Vol.
33, page 190.]
[Footnote 40: Traite de Thérapeutique Chirurgical des Animaux Domestique
par P.J. Cadiot et J. Almy, Tome second, page 460.]
[Footnote 41: Traite de Thérapeutique Chirurgical, Tome second, page
465.]
[Footnote 42: Luxation of the Femur, by Wm. V. Lusk, Veterinary Surgeon,
U.S. Cavalry, American Veterinary Review, Vol. 21, page 254.]
[Footnote 43: Because of the intimacy of the psoas major (p. magnus) and
the iliacus they are sometimes called iliopsoas.]
[Footnote 44: Dr. John Scott, Peoria, Ill., in The American Veterinary
Review, Vol. 16, page 16.]
[Footnote 45: Annotation on Surgical Items, by Drs. L.A. and Edward
Merillat, American Veterinary Review, Vol. 31, page 358.]
[Footnote 46: W.L. Williams in American Veterinary Review, Vol. 21, page
452.]
[Footnote 47: Geo. H. Berns, D.V.S., report, American Veterinary Medical
Association, 1912, page 238.]
[Footnote 48: Joseph Hughes, M.R.C.V.S., in the Chicago Veterinary
College Quarterly Bulletin, Vol. 10, page 15.]
[Footnote 49: Traite de Therap. Chir. Cadiot et Almy, Tome second, page
480.]
[Footnote 50: E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S., American Veterinary Review,
Vol. 27, page 1189.]
[Footnote 51: Discussions on paper entitled "The Spavin Group of
Lamenesses," by W.L. Williams, Carl W. Fisher and D.H. Udall,
Proceedings of American Veterinary Medical Association, 1905.]
[Footnote 52: "Hock-Joint Lameness," by Dr. James McDonough, Proceedings
of the A.V.M.A., 1913, page 545.]
INDEX
A
Acetabulum, 185
Acute arthritis, 65
Acute laminitis, 162
Acute tendinitis, 135
Affections of blood vessels, 31
Affections of bursae and thecae, 27
Affections of the feet, 34
Affections of ligaments, 20
Affections of lymph vessels and glands, 32
Affections of muscles and tendons, 28
Affections of nerves, 30
Anamnesis, 38
Anatomo-physiological review of parts of fore leg, 55
Anatomo-physiological consideration of the pelvic limbs, 185
Anatomy of the joint capsule, 220
Annular ligament, 58
Antea-spinatus muscle, 65
Anterior brachial region, wounds of, 90
Anterior digital extensor muscle, 193
Arteritis, 209
Artery (brachial), thrombosis of the, 81
Arthritis, 22, 84
Arthritis, acute, 65
Arthritis, chronic, 65
Arthritis, infectious, 66
Arthritis, metastatic, 25
Arthritis of the fetlock joint, 152
Arthritis, rheumatic, 26
Arthritis, scapulohumeral, 65
Arthritis, tarsal, 225
Arthritis, traumatic, 22
Articular ringbone, 121
Articulation, femeropelvic, 185
Articulation, metacarpophalangeal, 58
Articulation, scapulohumeral, 55
Aspiration-and-injection treatment of bog spavin, 244
Aspiration-and-injection treatment of capped hock, 252
Aspiration-and-injection treatment of thoroughpin, 250
Astragalus, 190
Astragalus, fracture of the, 230
Attitude of the subject, 41
Atrophy of the quadriceps muscles, 205
Atrophy, shoulder, 73
B
Biceps brachii, 58, 65, 68, 69
Bicipital bursa, inflammation of, 68
Blood vessels, affections of, 31
Bog spavin, 242
Bog spavin, aspiration-and-injection treatment of, 244
Bog spavin, line firing for, 246
Bog spavin, vesication for, 246
Bone spavin, 235
Bones, degenerative changes in, 16
Bones, tarsal, 190
Bossi's double tarsal neurectomy, 242
Brachial artery, thrombosis of the, 81
Brachial paralysis, 77
Bursa intertubercularis, 62, 69
Bursa podotrochlearis, inflammation of the, 157
Bursae, affections of, 27
Bursitis, 27, 104
Bursitis, infectious, 28
Bursitis in the fetlock region, 150
Bursitis intertubercularis, 68
Bursitis, noninfectious, 28
C
Calcaneo-cuboid ligaments, 190
Calcaneo-metatarsal ligaments, 190
Calcaneum, fracture of the, 230
Calk wounds, 170
Capped hock, 251
Capped hock, aspiration-and-injection treatment of, 252
Capsular ligament, 190
Caput muscles, 71
Carpal bones, fracture of the, 96
Carpal bones, luxation of the, 96
Carpal flexors, contraction of the, 93
Carpal flexors, inflammation of the, 93
Carpal joint, 58
Carpal joint, open, 100
Carpitis, 98
Carpus, inflammation of the, 98
Cartilage, lateral, inflammation of, 174
Cartilages of the third phalanx, ossification of the, 155
Chronic arthritis, 65
Chronic gonitis, 217
Chronic laminitis, 164
Chronic tendinitis, 137
Cochran shoe for dropped soles, 169
Collateral ligaments, 190
Comminuted fractures, 17
Compound fractures, 17
Contracted tendons of foals, 143
Contraction of the carpal flexors, 93
Contraction of the flexor tendons, 137
Contusions of the triceps brachii, 71
Contusive wounds, 85
Coracoradialis, 58
Corns, 172
Coronary region, wounds of the, 170
Corpora oryzoidea, 218
Cotyloid ligament, 185
Courbe, 233
Crepitation, false, 48
Crepitation, true, 47
Crucial ligaments, 188
Crural nerve, paralysis of the, 204
Cunean bursa, 237
Cunean tenotomy, 242
Cuneiform magnum, 191
Cuneiform medium, 191
Curb, 233
D
Deep digital flexor, distension of the tarsal sheath of, 246
Deep flexor tendon (perforans), 60
Degenerative changes in bones, 16
Diagnosis by exclusion, 53
Diagnosis by use of the X-ray, 179
Diagnostic principles, 37
Disease, navicular, 157
Dislocations, 21
Distension of the tarsal joint capsule, 242
Distension of the tarsal sheath of the deep digital flexor, 246
Division of long digital extensor, 253
Dorsal ligaments, 190
Dropped elbow, 71, 80
Dropped soles, shoe for, 169
Dropped stifle, 205
Dry spavin, 225
E
Elbow, dropped, 71, 80
Elbow, inflammation of the, 84
Elbow joint, 58
Elephantiasis, 34
Etiology, general discussion of, 15
Examination by palpation, 43
Examination, special methods of, 53
Examination, visual, 39
Exclusion, diagnosis by, 53
Exostosis of splint bones, 107
Exostosis, phalangeal, 118
Extensor (long digital) rupture and division of, 253
Extensor of the digit, rupture of, 145
Extensor pedis, 60
Extensor pedis, rupture of, 145
Extensor pedis, rupture and division of, 253
F
False crepitation, 48
Feet, affection of the, 34
Femoral nerve, paralysis of the, 204
Femeropatella ligaments, 188
Femeropelvic articulation, 185
Femur, 185, 192
Femur, fracture of the, 199
Femur, luxation of the, 201
Fetlock joint, 58
Fetlock joint, arthritis of the, 152
Fetlock joint, luxation of the, 125
Fetlock joint, open, 110
Fetlock region, thecitis and bursitis in, 148
Fetlock, shoe for bracing the, 181
Fibular tarsal bone, fracture of the, 230
Firing, treatment of ringbone by, 123
First phalanx, 59
"Fish knees", 145
Fixed luxations, 21
Fixed patellar disarticulation, 213
Flexor brachii, 58, 68, 69
Flexor carpiradialis, 93
Flexor carpiulnaris, 93
Flexor metacarpi externus, 94
Flexor metacarpi internus, 93
Flexor metacarpi medius, 93
Flexor metatarsi, 193
Flexor, superficial digital, 194
Flexor tendons, contraction of the, 137
Flexor tendons, inflammation of the, 135
Flexor tendons, rupture of, 146
Flexors of phalanges, open sheath of, 124
Foals, contracted tendons of, 143
Forearm, wounds of, 90
Fore leg, lameness in the, 55
Fracture of the carpal bones, 96
Fracture of the femur, 199
Fracture of the fibular tarsal bone, 230
Fracture of first and second phalanges, 131
Fracture of humerus, 82
Fracture of the ilium, 198
Fracture of the ischial tuberosity, 199
Fracture of the metacarpus, 106
Fracture of the patella, 212
Fractures of the pelvic bones, 196
Fracture of the proximal sesamoids, 128
Fracture of the pubis, 197
Fracture of the radius, 87
Fracture of the scapula, 62
Fracture of the tibia, 222
Fracture of the tibial tarsal bone, 230
Fracture of the ulna, 86
Fractures, 16
Fractures, comminuted, 17
Fractures, compound, 17
Fractures, green stick, 18
Fractures, impacted, 19
Fractures, longitudinal, 18
Fractures, multiple, 18
Fractures, multiple longitudinal, 19
Fractures, oblique, 18
Fractures, simple, 17
Fractures, simple transverse, 18
Fractures, transverse, 18
Fragilitas, 199
Fragilitas osseum, 128
G
Gait, observing character of, 48
Gastrocnemius, 194
Gluteal tendo-synovitis, 203
Gluteus medius muscle, 192, 203
Gonitis, chronic, 217
Green stick fractures, 18
H
Hind leg, lameness in the, 185
Hind leg, paralysis of the, 204
Hip lameness, 195
Hip swinney, 205
Hock, capped, 251
Hock joint, 188
Hoof testers, 53
Humeroradioulnar joint, 58
Humerus, fracture of, 82
I
Iliac thrombosis, 209
Iliopsoas, 204
Ilium, fracture of the, 198
Impacted fractures, 19
Infectious arthritis, 66
Infectious bursitis, 28
Infectious inflammation of the lateral cartilage, 173
Infectious lymphangitis, 257
Infectious synovitis, 124
Inflammation of the bicipital bursa, 68
Inflammation of the bursa podotrochlearis, 157
Inflammation of the carpal flexors, 93
Inflammation of the carpus, 98
Inflammation of the elbow, 84
Inflammation of the flexor tendons, 135
Inflammation of posterior ligaments of pastern, 129
Inflammation of proximal sesamoid bones, 127
Inflammation of third sesamoid and deep flexor tendon, 157
Inflammation of the trochanteric bursa, 204
Infraspinatus muscle, 65
Injection of fluids for quittor, 177
Injuries to scapulohumeral joint, 66
Interfering, shoeing for, 256
Interfering, wounds from, 255
Ischial tuberosity, fracture of the, 199
J
Joint capsule, anatomy of the, 220
Joint, carpal, 58
Joint, elbow, 58
Joint, fetlock, 58
Joint capsule, tarsal, distension of the, 242
Joint, fetlock, arthritis of the, 152
Joint, fetlock, luxation of, 125
Joint, hock, 188
Joint, humeroradioulnar, 58
Joint, open, 67
Joint, open carpal, 100
Joint, open fetlock, 110
Joint, pastern proximal interphalangeal, 129
Joint, shoulder, 55
Joint, stifle, open, 220
Joint, tarsal, open, 229
L
Lameness, hip, 195
Lameness, mixed, 49
Lameness in the fore leg, 55
Lameness in the hind leg, 185
Lameness, shoulder, 61
Lameness, supporting-leg, 49
Lameness, swinging-leg, 49
Laminitis, 160
Laminitis, acute, 162
Laminitis, chronic, 164
Lateral cartilage, infectious inflammation of the, 174
Lateral cartilages, ossification of, 155
Ligaments, affections of, 20
Ligament, capsular, 190
Ligaments, collateral, 190
Ligament, cotyloid, 185
Ligaments, crucial, 188
Ligaments, dorsal, 190
Ligaments, femeropatella, 188
Ligament, medial, 190
Ligaments, mesial tarsal, sprains of the, 232
Ligaments of pastern proximal interphalangeal joint, inflammation of, 129
Ligaments, patellar, 188
Ligaments, plantar, 190
Ligament, pubiofemoral, 185
Ligament, superior check, 58
Ligament, suspensory, rupture of, 146
Ligaments, volar, 129
Ligament, volar-carpal or annular, 58
Ligation of the saphenous vein, 246
Line firing for bog spavin, 246
Longitudinal fractures, 18
Lumbosacral plexus, 204
Luxation of the carpal bones, 96
Luxation of the femur, 201
Luxation of fetlock joint, 125
Luxation of the patella, 213
Luxation of the patella, outward, 215
Luxation of the patella, upward, 214
Luxation of scapulohumeral joint, 67
Luxations, 21
Luxations, fixed, 21
Luxations, temporary, 21
Lymph vessels and glands, affections of, 32
Lymphangitis, 32
Lymphangitis, infectious, 257
Lymphangitis, non-infectious, 260
M
Medial ligament, 190
Median neurectomy, 124
Mesial tarsal ligaments, sprains of the, 232
Metacarpophalangeal articulation, 58
Metacarpus, fracture of the, 106
Metastatic arthritis, 25
Mixed lameness, 49
Momentary patellar disarticulation, 213
Movements, passive, 47
Multiple fractures, 18
Multiple longitudinal fractures, 19
Muscles, affections of, 28
Muscle, antea-spinatus, 65
Muscle, anterior digital extensor, 193
Muscle, biceps brachii, 58
Muscle, caput, 71
Muscle, gluteus medium, 192, 203
Muscle, infraspinatus, 65
Muscle, peroneus tertius, 193
Muscle, postea-spinatus, 65
Muscles, quadriceps, 193
Muscles, quadriceps, atrophy of the, 205
Muscle, subscapularis, 65
Muscle, supraspinatus, 65
Muscle, tibialis anticus, 193
Muscle, triceps brachii, 58
Myalgia, 195
N
Nail punctures, 178
Navicular disease, 157
Nerves, affections of, 30
Nerve, femoral, paralysis of the, 204
Nerve, obturator, paralysis of the, 206
Nerve, sciatic, paralysis of the, 208
Nerve, (suprascapular) paralysis of the, 75
Non-infectious lymphangitis, 260
Non-infectious bursitis, 28
Neurectomy, Bossi's double tarsal, 242
Neurectomy, median, 124
Neurectomy, plantar, 124
O
Oblique fractures, 18
Observing character of gait, 48
Obturator nerve, paralysis of the, 206
Occurrence, general discussion of, 15
Omphalophlebitis, 25
Open carpal joint, 100
Open fetlock joint, 110
Open joint, 67
Open sheath of flexors of phalanges, 124
Open stifle joint, 220
Open tarsal joint, 229
Os corona, 60
Ossification of cartilages of the third phalanx, 155
Ossification of the lateral cartilages, 155
Os innominatum, 196
Os suffraginis, 59
Osteitis, rarefying, 16
Outward luxation of the patella, 215
P
Palpation, examination by, 43
Paralysis, brachial, 77
Paralysis of the femoral nerve, 204
Paralysis of the hind leg, 204
Paralysis of the obturator nerve, 206
Paralysis of the sciatic nerve, 208
Paralysis of the suprascapular nerve, 75
Paralysis, radial, 77
Paronychia, 170
Passive movements, 47
Pastern proximal interphalangeal joint, inflammation of ligaments of, 129
Patella, 188
Patella, fracture of the, 212
Patella, luxation of the, 213
Patella, outward luxation of the, 215
Patella, upward luxation of the, 214
Patellar disarticulation, fixed, 213
Patellar disarticulation, momentary, 213
Patellar ligaments, 188
Pelvic bones, fractures of the, 196
Pelvic limbs, anatomo-physiological consideration of the, 185
Penetrative wounds, 85
Periarticular ringbone, 122
Peroneus tertius muscle, 193
Phalangeal exostosis, 118
Phalanges, fracture of first and second, 131
Phalanges, open sheath of flexors of, 124
Phalanx, first, 59
Phalanx, second, 60
Phalanx, third, ossification of cartilages of, 155
Plantar ligaments, 190
Plantar neurectomy, 124
Polyarthritis, 25
Postea-spinatus muscle, 65
Principles, diagnostic, 37
Proximal sesamoid bones, inflammation of, 127
Proximal sesamoids, fracture of, 128
Pubiofemoral ligament, 185
Pubis, fracture of the, 197
Punctures, nail, 178
Q
Quadriceps muscles, 193
Quadriceps muscles, atrophy of the, 205
Quittor, 174
Quittor, injection of fluids for, 177
R
Rachitic ringbone, 122
Radial paralysis, 77
Radius, fracture of the, 87
Rarefying osteitis, 16
Rheumatic arthritis, 26
Rheumatism, 196
Ringbone, 118
Ringbone, articular, 121
Ringbone, periarticular, 122
Ringbone, rachitic, 122
Ringbone, traumatic, 122
Ringbone treated by firing, 123
Roberts shoe for bracing the fetlock, 181
Rupture of the extensor pedis, 145
Rupture of flexor tendons and suspensory ligament, 146
Rupture of long digital extensor, 253
Rupture of the tendo archillis, 224
S
Saphenous vein, ligation of the, 246
Scapula, fracture of the, 62
Scapulohumeral articulation, 55
Scapulohumeral joint, injuries to, 66
Scapulohumeral joint, luxation of, 67
Scapulohumeral joint, wounds of, 67
Scapulohumeral arthritis, 65
Sciatica, 208
Sciatic nerve, paralysis of the, 208
Second phalanx, 60
Sesamoid bones, 59
Sesamoid, third, inflammation of the, 157
Sesamoids, proximal, fracture of, 128
Sesamoiditis, 127
Setons, 75
Sheath of flexors of phalanges, open, 124
Sheath (tarsal) of the deep digital flexor, distension of the, 246
Shoe for dropped soles, 169
Shoeing for interfering, 256
Shoulder atrophy, 73
Shoulder joint, 55
Shoulder lameness, 61
Simple fractures, 17
Simple transverse fractures, 18
Soles, dropped, shoe for, 169
Spavin, bog, 242
Spavin, bone, 235
Spavin, dry, 225
Spavin test, 239
Special methods of examination, 53
Sprains of the mesial tarsal ligaments, 232
Sprains, tarsal, 232
Splints, 107
Spring-halt, 225
Stifle, dropped, 205
Stifle joint, open, 220
Strangles, 25
Streptococcus equi, 25
String-halt, 225
Subject, attitude of the, 41
Subscapularis muscle, 65
Supporting-leg-lameness, 49
Suprascapular nerve, paralysis of the, 75
Supraspinatus muscle, 65
Superficial digital flexor, 194
Superior check ligament, 58
Suspensory ligament, rupture of, 146
Sweeny, 73
Swinging-leg-lameness, 49
Swinney, 73
Swinney, hip, 205
Synovial distension of tendon sheaths, 104
Synovitis, 25
Synovitis, infectious, 124
T
Tarsal arthritis, 225
Tarsal bones, 190
Tarsal joint capsule, distension of the, 242
Tarsal joint, open, 229
Tarsal sheath of the deep digital flexor, distension of the, 246
Tarsal sprains, 232
Tarsus, 192
Temporary luxations, 21
Tendinitis, 135
Tendinitis, acute, 135
Tendinitis, chronic, 137
Tendo achillis, rupture and wounds of the, 224
Tendon, deep flexor, inflammation of the, 157
Tendon, deep flexor (perforans), 60
Tendon, extensor, rupture of, 145
Tendon, flexor, rupture of, 146
Tendons of foals, contracted, 143
Tendon sheaths, synovial distension of, 104
Tendons, affections of, 28
Tendons, flexor, contraction of the, 137
Tendons, flexor, inflammation of the, 135
Tendo-synovitis, gluteal, 203
Tenotomy, cunean, 242
Tensor fascia lata, 192
Test, spavin, 239
Testers, hoof, 53
Thecae, affections of, 27
Thecitis, 27, 104
Thecitis in the fetlock region, 150
Thoroughpin, 246
Thoroughpin, aspiration-and-injection treatment of, 250
Thrombosis, iliac, 209
Thrombosis of the brachial artery, 81
Tibia, 188
Tibia, fracture of the, 222
Tibial tarsal bone, fracture of the, 230
Tibialis anticus muscle, 193
Tibioastragular joint, distension of the, 242
Transverse fractures, 18
Traumatic arthritis, 22
Traumatic ringbone, 122
Treatment of bog spavin by aspiration and injection, 244
Treatment of capped hock by aspiration and injection, 252
Treatment of ringbone by firing, 123
Treatment of thoroughpin by aspiration and injection, 250
Triceps brachii, 58
Triceps brachii, contusions of, 71
Triceps extensor brachii, 71
Trochanteric bursa, inflammation of the, 204
True crepitation, 47
U
Ulna, fracture of the, 86
Ulnaris lateralis, 94
Upward luxation of the patella, 214
V
Vein, saphenous, ligation of the, 246
Vesication for bog spavin, 246
Vessignon chevillé, 246
Visual examination, 39
Volar-carpal ligament, 58
Volar ligaments, 129
W
Wounds, calk, 170
Wounds, contusive, 85
Wounds from interfering, 255
Wounds of anterior brachial region, 90
Wounds of coronary region, 170
Wounds of scapulohumeral joint, 67
Wounds of tendo achillis, 224
Wounds, penetrative, 85
X
X-ray diagnosis, 179
AUTHORITIES CITED
Almy, J., 141, 200, 202, 208, 212, 216, 214, 233
Bassi, 215
Bauman, S.H., 197
Bell, Roscoe R., 69
Benard, 216
Berns, Geo. H., 77, 218
Bouley, 225
Bourdelle, 147
Cadiot, P.J., 78, 141, 200, 202, 208, 212, 214, 216, 223, 225, 233, 245,
250
Campbell, D.M., 162, 166, 167
Castagné, 84
Cochran, David W., 169, 170
Diekerhoff, 237
Dollar, Jno. A.W., 68, 198
Eberlein, 237
Fisher, Carl W., 236
Frost, J.N., 113
Frost, R.F., 128
Greaves, Thomas, 157
Hoare, E. Wallis, 25, 211, 230
Hughes, Joseph, 176, 221
Hutyra and Marek, 205
Law, James, 33
Leblanc, 223
Liautard, A., 84, 199, 238
Lusk, Wm. V., 203
McDonough, James, 237
Merillat, Edward, 210
Merillat, L.A., 80, 96, 175, 210
Millar, Thomas, 145
Möller, H., 119, 156, 211, 222
Montane, 147
Moore, R.C., 162
Roberts, G.H., 181
Schumacher, 215
Scott, John, 208
Seeley, J.T., 176
Sisson, Septimus, 129, 204, 220
Smith, F., Major General, 56, 60, 155, 188, 194
Strangeways, 193
Taylor, Henry, 71
Thompson, H., 83, 87
Trickett, A., 253
Udall, D.H., 236
Uhlrich, 224
Walters, Wilfred, 83, 97
Williams, W.L., 217, 236
Transcriber's notes:
Accented words: The following spelling differences have been
maintained:
Moller / Möller
Montane / Montané
Traite / Traité.
Hyphenation: The following hyphenation differences have been
maintained:
bilateral / bi-lateral
calcaneocuboid / calcaneo-cuboid
calcaneometatarsal / calcaneo-metatarsal
counterirritation / counter-irritation
counterirritating / counter-irritating
foreleg / fore-leg
interphalangeal / inter-phalangeal
noninfectious / non-infectious
nonsensitive / non-sensitive
overwork / over-work
posteaspinatus / postea-spinatus
ringbone / ring-bone
subacute / sub-acute
subcoronary / sub-coronary
subfascial / sub-fascial
subperiosteal / sub-periosteal
Typographical errors:
sub-facial for sub-fascial
"At two-year-old" for "A two-year-old"
Ameircan for American
Symtomatology for Symptomatology
extoses for exostoses
admintered for administered