The Last Stand. Battle of Wigan Lane. Trial and Death of the Earl of
Derby.
During the last five years the Earl of Derby had been in the Isle of
Man. Since the failure of the former overtures made to him by the
Parliament through the agency of Sir John Meldrum, he had been living in
retirement at Castle Rushen. It was the life which he liked best, and
had it not been for the recollections of the events of the preceding
years, he might have been happy in the leisure afforded for the exercise
of the literary tastes in which he delighted. He composed, during this
period, his Commonplace Books and several Books of Devotions which
manifest his deeply religious nature. But confinement and reflection
only deepened the natural melancholy of his nature, and increased his
hatred for the enemies who had deprived him of his position and his
estates. In 1644 Meldrum had found him willing to listen to reason;
proposals made a few years later were rejected with contempt. In 1649
Derby was summoned to surrender the Isle of Man, being offered the
enjoyment of half his estate if he would do so. He had apparently
petitioned to compound in the ordinary way and particulars of his estate
were furnished by himself, upon which his fine was estimated at £15,572;
but when matters had gone so far the Earl changed his mind, and
he refused to "forfeit his allegiance and sell his loyalty for
£15,000."[211] Apparently there would have been opposition on the other
side. Representations were made to the Council of State about the
resentment with which the prospect of admitting the Earl of Derby to his
composition had been received in some parts of Lancashire and Cheshire.
It was urged that if he should complete his surrender and be free to
enter Lancashire again the peace of the county would be in danger; and
the Council of State ordered that the matter should not be proceeded
with until the pleasure of Parliament was known.[212] Evidently
therefore there were insuperable obstacles on both sides. The last
proposals had apparently been made through General Ireton, and in reply
to these the Earl of Derby wrote his famous letter of defiance. "I scorn
your proffers, disdain your favour, and abhor your treason; and am so
far from delivering up this Island to your advantage, that I will keep
it to the utmost of my power to your destruction. Take this for your
final answer, and forbear any further solicitations; for if you trouble
me with any more messages on this occasion, I will burn the paper, and
hang the bearer; this is the immutable resolution, and shall be the
undoubted practice of him who accounts it his chiefest glory to be his
Majesty's most Loyal and Obedient Servant Derby."
It has been suggested with some force that the display of anger in this
letter is so unusual in the Earl of Derby, that probably the Countess
was chiefly responsible for it;[213] but in any case after this all
possible chance of reconciliation between him and the Parliament was at
an end. And it must be admitted that the Earl himself from his
uncompromising attitude, was largely responsible for the merciless
hostility with which he was pursued to the scaffold. In a further list
of those to be exempted from Parliament, containing about 30 names, the
name of the Earl of Derby comes third, following those of Prince Rupert
and Prince Maurice.
The Isle of Man had been put into a position of defence, and plundering
expeditions were organised by the few ships which the Earl had under his
command. Since the royalist defeat he had been cut off from all
communication with England, but maintained intercourse with the Earl of
Ormonde in Ireland. Derby addressed many letters to Ormonde urging him
to send some guns and ammunition to his help, but without success;
eventually Ormonde did despatch some powder, but it was lost at
sea.[214] There is no doubt, however, that the piracy of the royalists'
vessels was a great nuisance to the shipping in the Irish Sea. In
November, 1649, the Admiralty Committee were urged to send a frigate for
service upon the coast of Lancashire and North Wales in order to protect
the shipping in those parts; but it does not seem to have had very much
effect, for the trouble continued during the following year.[215] At
length the Parliament adopted a more effective but very dishonourable
means of retaliation. In May, 1650, Colonel Birch was ordered to seize
the daughters of the Earl of Derby, who were at Knowsley, and any other
of the Earl's relatives whom they could secure; and then to send over to
Derby to release by a certain date all the Parliamentarian prisoners
whom he had, otherwise he must expect retaliation.[216] Lady Katherine
and Lady Amelia Stanley were kept in prison for some months; on October
8th, 1650, they were ordered to be set free on bail, but the order was
afterwards deferred pending the development of events in the Isle of
Man.
There was perhaps some fear in the court of Charles II. now at the
Hague, that the Earl of Derby might yield to the proposals made to him
by Parliament for surrender. At any rate in January, 1650, he was made a
Knight of the Garter, an honour which he had expected in the previous
reign. Of the four Knights elected at this time the Duke of Hamilton,
Marquis of Newcastle, the Marquis of Montrose, and the Earl of Derby,
only Newcastle lived to be installed. The letter of appointment to the
Earl of Derby makes special reference to his defence of the Isle of Man;
and in the following June Sir Marmaduke Langdale and Sir Lewis Dives
were despatched to the Island to urge the importance of preserving it.
There had been plans made in the Spring of 1650 for a royalist rising in
England, and the Earl of Derby had been named as General in Lancashire;
and when Charles II. had a prospect of regaining power, his advisers
realised that the Earl of Derby could give substantial assistance in any
attempt on the North of England.[217]
It was in June, 1650, that Charles landed at Speymouth in Scotland, took
the Covenant, and six months later was crowned King. To anticipate the
inevitable invasion of England Cromwell crossed the border and signally
defeated Leslie at Dunbar (Sept. 3rd, 1650). After his victory all the
South of Scotland submitted to the English. The following summer
Cromwell again took the field; Lambert turned the Scots' position by a
flank march through Fife, and Leslie, realising that Scotland was lost,
staked all on the desperate venture of an invasion of England. Perhaps
it did not seem so desperate as it was. They were convinced, as the
Jacobites were convinced half a century later, that the country would
rise in force out of affection for the House of Stewart; and there was
certainly more reason for the expectation in 1651 than in 1715. For the
majority of Englishmen after all favoured monarchy, and the prospect of
a military despotism alarmed most people. The tyranny of Charles I. was
being forgotten, and his tragic death had to a large extent effaced the
memory of his incompetence and duplicity. But still more powerful than
this feeling was the desire for peace and quietness. The country would
probably have accepted Charles II. in 1651 as in 1660, if it could have
done so peaceably. Perhaps a majority of the nation, certainly a
majority of the inhabitants of Lancashire would have already preferred
the restoration of the King to the rule of Cromwell but they were not so
anxious for his restoration that they would support it by force of arms.
And the old Parliamentarian leaders in Lancashire, estranged as they
were from Cromwell, had no more sympathy with their old royalist enemies
who now emerged from their retirement in the Isle of Man to welcome
Charles' march.[218]
Early in the year the King had opened a correspondence with the Earl of
Derby through the medium of Sir John Birkenhead, and had received loyal
letters from the Earl in return. It was not to be expected that Charles'
submission to the Scots and his taking of the Covenant would be in
accord with Derby's views, but it made no difference to the latter's
loyalty. When the danger from Scotland seemed imminent the Parliament
had made fresh efforts to secure the Isle of Man by force. Derby
defeated an attempt of five Parliamentarian ships on the Calf of Man on
March 29th, 1651, and shortly afterwards repulsed a second invasion of
the Island.
There was some other design of the royalists in England during the
Spring of this year for which several people were imprisoned; and by
Cromwell's order there were seized at Greenock a party of royalists who
were on their way to the Isle of Man to concert measures with the Earl
of Derby.[219]
The Scots began their march into England in June, 1651, and entered
Lancashire early in August. They had about 16,000 men, "I daresay near
double the number of those that the King of Sweden entered Germany with
if not more," wrote one of the officers. Charles was proclaimed King at
Penrith on August 7th, and afterwards at all the market towns through
which he passed. On Saturday, August 9th, the army was at Kendal; two
days later they entered Lancaster, and on the following day Charles was
proclaimed at the Cross, and all the prisoners in the Castle were
released.[220] That night the King slept at Ashton Hall, near Lancaster,
and on the 13th at Myerscough Lodge, Sir Thomas Tyldesley's house. Next
day they passed through Preston, and leaving there the same day, Charles
stayed on August 14 at Sir William Gerrard's house at Bryn Hall, six
miles from Warrington. The conduct of the royal army was very different
from that of the Scotch Invasion of 1648. No plundering was allowed, and
violence was strictly forbidden. No one was forced to join the army, and
Charles marched swiftly, staying only a night or two at each place so as
not to be too great a burden on the country. Yet in spite of this no
great enthusiasm was allowed. Few recruits joined the royal standard,
and there were a number of desertions. At Preston Charles rode on
horseback through all the streets of the town; but even here he was
disappointed by the coolness of his reception. There were already
misgivings among his followers. "We have quit Scotland," wrote Hamilton
on August 8th, "being scarce able to maintain it; and yet we grasp all;
nothing but all will satisfy us or to lose all. I confess I cannot tell
you whether our hopes or fears are greatest; but we have one stout
argument, despair; for we must now either stoutly fight it or die. All
the rogues have left us; I shall not say whether for fear or disloyalty;
but all now with His Majesty are such as will not dispute his
commands."[221]
The Council of State had not been idle in view of the projected Scotch
invasion. On April 19th they had issued instructions to Major-General
Harrison to go down to Lancashire with three troops of horse, of his own
regiment, and on his arrival to replace Colonel Rich, who was to return
to headquarters with the three troops under his command. Harrison
remained in Lancashire to keep order. When the Scots approached nearer,
Colonels Duckenfield, Birch, and Mackworth were commissioned to raise
ten new companies of foot of 100 men each out of the late militia forces
in the counties of Lancashire, Cheshire and Salop. Liverpool was to be
especially guarded, and Duckenfield, who was Governor of Chester,
addressed an appeal to the Council of State for the replacement of forty
barrels of powder and a quantity of arms which he had previously
furnished out of the magazine under his charge for use of the troops in
Ireland.[222] The Council of State were evidently quite satisfied with
the preparations which were being made in these three counties for
resistance. Meanwhile Cromwell had sent Major-General Lambert with a
detachment of cavalry to follow the Scots, and he hung on their rear all
along the line of march without being strong enough to engage them. On
their way through Lancashire, however, Lambert slipped round them and
effected a junction with Harrison somewhere south of the Ribble (Wed.,
Aug. 13th). Their combined forces, together with the newly raised local
troops, amounted in all to 12,000 horse, foot and dragoons; but they
were still unwilling to engage the Scots before they had been joined by
Cromwell. When Lambert and Harrison met Charles was still north of
Preston, and still retreating before him they passed through Bolton on
Thursday, August 14th.[223] On reaching Warrington, however, Lambert
decided to oppose the Scots' advance. Sending out a few troops to
skirmish with their advance guard, he occupied Warrington Bridge by a
detachment of foot, whose retreat was secured by cavalry. The
skirmishing party encountered the royalists two miles north of
Warrington, and were soon dispersed; the royalist scouts entered the
town about noon, and being followed by the rest of the army, at once
attacked the bridge. The Cheshire foot who were posted there, held their
ground for an hour and a half; as 2,000 of the Scots pressed upon them
their position was for a time somewhat perilous; but at length, breaking
down as much of the bridge as they could, they regained the main body of
the army in safety. The Scots following, engaged the Parliamentarian
rearguard, consisting of Major-General Lambert's, General Whalley's and
Colonel Twistleton's regiments, but they were beaten off; and Lambert
withdrew in safety to Knutsford, a more favourable place for cavalry
operations, expecting Charles to follow him; but the King continued his
march through Cheshire in a more direct line.[224]
The Parliamentarians had really the better of the skirmish, but it was
magnified by the royalists into a great victory for themselves. Charles
issued from Higher Whitley on the same evening, a statement of his
affairs in which he declared that he might have crossed the Mersey by
several fords, but attacked the bridge directly in order to give his
troops confidence.[225] The fact that it was thought necessary to
magnify so greatly this small success, showed how much the royalists
lacked confidence. Even Clarendon admits that the extent of the
achievement was to force Lambert to retire somewhat faster than he had
intended; and it was thought that the disorder of his retreat was partly
feigned in order to draw the royalists on. And even in the army there
was misgiving in spite of the apparent success. The King perceiving
David Leslie's gloomy expression, rallied him upon it, and asked him
what he thought of the troops now. Leslie replied that however well the
army looked it would not fight.[226]
This was on August 16th. It seems to have been the day before this that
the Earl of Derby landed his men from seven ships on Preesall Sands, on
the eastern side of the estuary of the River Wyre. He had been delayed
by contrary winds from sailing out of Douglas Harbour for some days.
After all the announcements of his coming, which had been talked about
in Lancashire for months beforehand, the country was surprised to find
that he had with him only some 300 foot and 60 horse, not very well
armed. On account of the delay Derby had arrived too late to meet
Charles in Lancashire, but at once hastening after the main army he had
an interview with his royal master between Northwich and Nantwich on
August 17th. On the previous day a warrant had been made out to Derby as
Captain-General of all the royal forces in Lancashire, authorising him
to raise troops by summoning all men "of what quality and condition
soever from sixteen to sixty years of age." He was instructed not to
make "any distinction of persons with reference to former differences."
On Derby's arrival at the royal camp he was directed to return to
Lancashire in order to put the warrant into force.[227] According to
Clarendon this was a mistake, for Derby's following consisted for the
most part of officers and gentlemen, whose presence in the main army
would have given it a strength which it very much needed. The Earl
thereupon returned to Lancashire, and on August 20th met at Warrington a
deputation of the Presbyterian ministers of the county, Major-General
Massey also being present. Massey was regarded as a martyr for the
Presbyterian cause, and had been especially commissioned by the King to
remain behind; he was also personally known to many of the Lancashire
Presbyterians. It would almost appear that it had been originally
intended to hold this meeting in Manchester, and that the place was
afterwards altered on account of the approach of some hostile troops.
Massey wrote from Cadishead on August 19th that his journey to
Manchester had been interrupted, and he had therefore been unable to
meet the gentlemen as expected, but he had sent for them to have an
interview with Ashhurst and himself the same evening; and he urged Derby
to send a detachment of horse to Manchester. A large number of the local
Presbyterians, however, met Derby and Massey at Warrington the following
day (Aug. 20); but the conference was of no service to the royalist
party. The estrangement between the local leaders and the ruling powers
was complete; "they are the men who are grown here more bitter and
envious against you than others of the old Cavaliers stamp," wrote
Robert Lilburne to the Speaker: and Manchester itself was "very
malignant." But the Presbyterians would not go so far as to make an
alliance with their old enemies. The Earl of Derby before his coming
over had been promised substantial help by them; but when it came to the
point, the Presbyterian ministers, who really ruled the councils of
their party, would give no help except on their own terms. There was
indeed no bond between these two ill-assorted allies but hatred of the
Sects, and that was not sufficient to bridge over the gulf which
otherwise divided them. The ministers began with a demand that Derby
should put away all the papists whom he had brought with him from the
Isle of Man, and himself take the Covenant. The Earl replied that on
those terms he might long ago have been restored to all his estates, and
the late King to his throne; and urged that this was not a time to argue
but that everyone who was desirous for the restoration of Charles II.
should fight for him. He added that he would refuse none who came to him
with that purpose. The Presbyterians, however, refused to make the
slightest concession, and after Derby and Massey had both argued in vain
for some time, the meeting broke up without having arrived at any
decision. The Earl made one last appeal for support; if this was refused
"I cannot hope to effect much, I may perhaps have men enough at my
command, but all the arms are in your possession without which I shall
only lead naked men to slaughter; however I am determined to do what I
can with the handful of Gentlemen now with me for His Majesty's service,
and if I perish I perish; but if my master suffer, the blood of another
Prince and all the ensuing miseries of this nation will lie at your
doors." This appeal, however, was equally unavailing; and Derby had to
abandon all prospect of aid from the Presbyterians, and depend on the
royalists. Massey thereupon hastened after the King.[228]
On landing from the Isle of Man on August 15th, the royalists had
marched that night to Weeton, near Kirkham, and next day over the Ribble
to Lathom, proceeding the same evening to Upholland. It would have been
a sad sight for the Earl to have visited the ruins of his formerly
splendid home, but he was probably not with the march that day, having
hurried on after the King. The main body had, however, reached
Warrington before he returned there, and on his arrival a Council of War
was held on the day before the abortive meeting with the Presbyterians.
There were present the Earl of Derby, Lord Widdrington, Sir Thomas
Tyldesley, Sir William Throgmorton, Sir Francis Gamul, Sir Theophilus
Gilbey, Sir Edward Savage, and Colonels Vere, Standish, James Anderton,
Hugh Anderton, Robinson and Legge. It was resolved to raise out of
Lancashire altogether 1,300 horse and 6,000 foot. The Hundreds of
Leyland and West Derby were to provide 500 horse and 2,000 foot,
Amounderness and Lonsdale Hundred the same number, and the proportion of
the others was to be assessed on Derby's further advance. Rates of pay
were fixed. The Earl had previously issued Commissions to officers to
serve under him; they were particularly directed that there was to be no
plunder. Derby issued an appeal to the Gentlemen of Lancashire, urging
his royal warrant, and for a few days the prospect seemed bright.[229]
"He thought himself master of Lancashire (as indeed he was)" wrote
Lilburne. There were at present no troops near to the county, and no one
dared rise against the royalists in Lancashire. But Derby might well be
disappointed at the response with which his appeals were met; for not
one-fifth of the numbers estimated were raised, and probably never would
have been raised even if there had been more time. It might reasonably
have been expected that in this county where royalism was so strong,
many more troops could have been raised. It was not Derby's fault; no
one could have done so much as he, but partly the difficulty already
referred to of Presbyterians and royalists acting together was
responsible, and above all the general wearisomeness of the war.
And even in the royalist Fylde the Earl's enemies were already active.
Some of the Commissioners of the Militia collected a few soldiers, and
surprised the crews of Derby's ships at Preesall, took them prisoners
and seized the ships. The prisoners were taken first to Preston, and
then on an alarm of the royalists' march thither, to York, narrowly
escaping a rescue party under Tyldesley. The chief of them, Captain
Cotterell, who had done much service for the royalists at sea, was tried
and executed.[230] Moreover, Colonel Robert Lilburne had been ordered to
Lancashire with his regiment, and was now marching in hot haste. From
Warrington the Earl of Derby moved northwards to Preston, and remained
there for some days. He issued warrants for raising troops in the Fylde,
and arranged for musters at Singleton and at Kirkham on August 25th; but
these musters were never held. Lilburne, having made a forced march from
Cheshire, reached Wigan on August 21st, thinking to have surprised the
royalists; but they had retreated to Chorley. Next day (Friday, August
22nd) he advanced to Preston, and in the night sent 40 horse to make a
surprise attack. Colonel Vere was wounded in the skirmish and apparently
took no part in the further fighting. The royalists had now increased
their numbers to about 600 horse and 900 foot, and held a rendezvous at
Preston on Saturday, August 23rd.
Lilburne was not anxious to force on an engagement, as he had no
infantry with him, and his men were tired with their long marches from
Cheshire. Cromwell's own regiment of foot under Major-General Worsley
were following him as fast as possible, and he resolved to wait for this
reinforcement. On the same day the royalists delivered a surprise attack
on their own account. Lilburne had now encamped at Brindle, four miles
from Preston, and the royalists were informed by a secret enemy "they
being all enemies hereabouts" that the horses were turned loose and the
men off their guard. A party of about 20 horse, mostly gentlemen's sons
from the Fylde and their servants, rode out of Preston for the
adventure, and guided by byways reached the Parliamentarian camp
unperceived. Lilburne's troopers were lying on the grass by their
saddles, half asleep in the summer afternoon, with their horses grazing
near by in the fields between Brindle and Preston. Suddenly the
royalists, who had evaded the guard in the lane below burst out upon
them. For a few moments all was confusion; but "the finest soldiers in
Europe" were more than a match for a few hot-headed youths, even caught
thus at a disadvantage. Recovering their horses they fell upon the
assailants and pursued them as far as Ribble Bridge; and all the
royalists were either taken or slain, excepting one who escaped like
Charles II. after Worcester, by climbing into a tree and hiding there
until the following day. Among those killed were the sons of Mr. Butler
of Rawcliffe and Mr. Hesketh of Maines Hall, near Poulton-le-Fylde.
John Clifton, the second son of Mr. Clifton of Lytham, was badly wounded
and taken prisoner.
[Illustration: The Campaign of Wigan Lane]
Not knowing what other surprises might be delivered in such a hostile
country Lilburne moved his camp next morning (Sunday, August 24th) two
miles further east to Hoghton, and that day Colonel Richard Shuttleworth
and a number of others from the neighbourhood came to him at Hoghton
Tower and remained till evening; showing that the county was not
entirely hostile to the Cromwellians. On the previous evening Lilburne
had received two companies of foot from Chester, and there also arrived
another company of newly raised foot from Liverpool; but he was still
waiting for Cromwell's regiment which was now reported to be at
Manchester. The royalists, however, had also heard of their advance, and
thinking to surprise Worsley before he could join the cavalry, and
having also the promise of reinforcements in Manchester themselves, they
marched out of Preston towards midnight on Sunday and proceeded south.
The movement was not one of flight as has been suggested, and as
Lilburne at first thought. He did not hear of their march until 8 or 9
o'clock next morning when intelligence was brought by an old woman. At
once he started off in hot pursuit, and came up with the royalists about
mid-day near Wigan. But Lilburne, when he found that the royalists were
not flying, still held off, hoping to be able to march on their flank to
Manchester. The royalists, however, had now resolved to give him battle,
and about 3 o'clock in the afternoon they were seen advancing along the
lane which led out of the town towards Standish.
It was a gallant company of royalists who rode out of Wigan that August
afternoon to make their last stand for the King in Lancashire. In
command was the Earl of Derby, the uncompromising enemy of the
Parliament; and with him were Sir Thomas Tyldesley, the hero of many
fights, the perfect exponent of all the cavalier virtues; Lord
Widdrington, "one of the most goodly persons of that age, being near the
head higher than most tall men, and a gentleman of the best and most
ancient extraction";[231] Sir William Throgmorton, who had been
Major-General in Newcastle's Yorkshire army; Colonel Boynton, some time
Governor of Scarborough for the Parliament, and their chief instrument
in the discovery of the Hothams' plot to betray Hull; with many others
of equal bravery but of less note. Opposed to them were the stern, well
disciplined cavalry of the Cromwellian army. The two forces were
absolutely typical of the opposing armies of the Civil War. It is said
that when Lilburne's men saw that they must fight they turned on the
country people who had come out to see their march and dispersed them
with harsh words.
The two forces were nearly equal in cavalry,[232] for the Earl of Derby
had by now 600, and Lilburne his own regiment, which would be 600 if the
ranks were full; and Lilburne also had about 60 horse and dragoons which
Birch had mounted for him from the Liverpool garrison. The royalists
were superior in foot, having 800 to the Cromwellians 300; but the
advantage was not so great as it appeared, for the Manxmen whom Derby
had brought over with him were poor fighters; and moreover the battle
was essentially a cavalry engagement, in which infantry played only a
subordinate part. Wigan Lane was then a broad sandy lane bordered by
hedges, and was thus as unsuitable a position for manoeuvring cavalry
as could be imagined; but the time was too short for Lilburne to choose
any other ground. Placing his musketeers behind the hedges, he awaited
the royalist onset. The place had other memories for him, and perhaps
for some of his men; for it was here that he had driven in Hamilton's
rearguard in the campaign of 1648.
Difficult as the ground was, the combat which ensued was the fiercest of
all the 10 years fighting in Lancashire. So furious was the royalist
charge that they drove back the Cromwellians far along the lane. In the
confined space no manoeuvring was possible, and for nearly an hour the
cavalry fought at close quarters. At length at the third charge Lilburne
brought up a small reserve, and the superior steadiness of the veterans
of the new Model prevailed over the impetuous bravery of the cavaliers.
The royalists wavered and began to give ground; Widdrington fell dead,
Tyldesley was unhorsed and shot down as he attempted to extricate
himself from the press;[233] Derby himself was wounded, and Lilburne's
men chased the now broken royalist squadrons down the hill into Wigan.
The pursuit and slaughter continued through the streets and town. The
rout was complete; Throgmorton and Boynton were also among the slain
which numbered 300; 400 prisoners were taken, and the rest of the force
melted away. In an hour the hopes of the royalists in Lancashire had
been destroyed.
The Earl of Derby, who had fought with his accustomed bravery, was
surrounded by six of his men and succeeded in reaching the town, where
he slipped in through an open door of a house in the Market Place and
lay concealed until nightfall. He had a number of slight wounds about
the arms and shoulders, and his beaver which he wore over a steel cap
was picked up afterwards in the Lane with thirteen sword cuts upon it.
In the middle of the night he left his place of refuge disguised in a
trooper's old coat, and accompanied only by Colonel Roscarrock and two
servants, made his way out of the town and rode away to join the King.
Events had moved with too tragic suddenness for news to come to those
waiting in the Isle of Man. There is in the Tanner MSS. a short letter
written by Henrietta Stanley on August 11th from Castle Rushen to
Tyldesley who was superintending the embarkation of the troops at
Douglas. The girl writes light-heartedly, in high hopes of the success
of the expedition which fair winds were just about to set free to sail,
and closes with a playful message to Colonel Roscarrock about a book.
Now, just fourteen days later, the royalist army had been scattered,
Tyldesley was slain, and Roscarrock one of the three who rode away under
cover of darkness with the wounded Earl of Derby. But no tidings of the
disaster came to Castle Rushen for many weeks. After long waiting, the
Countess sent out a pinnace but it was driven by contrary winds upon the
coast of Cheshire, and fell into the enemy's hands.[234]
Journeying as quickly as his wounds and weariness would permit, Derby
reached the house of a Mr. Watson at Newport in Shropshire, where he met
a friend, who conducted him to Boscobel House, which was then only
occupied by two servants, William Penderel and his wife (Friday, August
29th). This was just a fortnight after he had landed at Preesall.
Resting there until Sunday, the Earl was then guided by Penderel to
Gatacre, and so reached Worcester. Pursued by ill-fortune to the last,
he arrived there bringing the news of his own disaster, only two days
before the Battle of Worcester; where Cromwell, with an army more than
twice as numerous as the Scots, had no difficulty in gaining a complete
victory. Derby fought in the battle, and after the defeat his chief care
was for Charles' safety. He was one of the few noblemen who attended the
King to Kinver Heath near Kidderminster; and it was by Derby's advice
that Charles was conducted to White Ladies, and from there, under the
care of the Penderels Richard and William, to Boscobel. "This is the
King," said Derby to William Penderel, "thou must have a care of him and
preserve him as thou didst me." Thus saved from the first pursuit,
Charles after many narrow escapes reached Brighton and crossed to
France.[235]
Derby then joined the retreat northwards with Leslie, the Earl of
Lauderdale, Lord Talbot and others. They were attacked by Colonel
Blundell, but managed to make their escape. Soon afterwards, however,
they fell in with another skirmish and were captured. A Lancashire
captain named Oliver Edge was riding by himself to see what had become
of the 'forlorn,' when he noticed a party of horse in the field behind
him. Fearing they were enemies he hastened back towards his regiment;
when to his surprise all the horsemen dismounted and surrendered
themselves prisoners. The Earls of Derby and Lauderdale were the most
important of those captured. Edge gave the prisoners quarter but his
action was over-ruled by the Parliament through no fault of his own.
Derby afterwards wrote of Edge as "one that was so civil to me, that I
and all that love me are beholden to him." The Earl with some other
prisoners was carried to Chester Castle.[236]
After the battle of Wigan Lane, Lilburne sent up Lieutenant Turner to
London with letters to the House of Parliament which were read on August
30th. After hearing the letters Turner was called in to give an account
of the battle; and the House made him a present of £100, at the same
time voting to Lilburne the sum of £500 and lands to the yearly value of
£200. This was to be raised out of some delinquent's lands, and was in
satisfaction of two former votes of £1,000 each which remained
undischarged. The Sunday after the battle (August 31st) was named as a
public thanksgiving.[237]
The Earl of Derby's papers were referred to the Council of State to see
whether they contained anything of importance (August 30th); for so
hasty had been his flight from Wigan that all his baggage, including his
cloaks with his Orders, fell into Lilburne's hands. On the following
Monday Sir Harry Vane, the younger, reported to the House that papers of
great importance had been found in the Earl's hampers, and as a result
of their examination the Council of State decided on September 10 to
represent to Parliament that Derby was a fit person to be brought to
trial and made an example of justice; and that he should be tried by
court-martial at Chester.[238] Parliament made the required vote on the
following day, September 11th.
The irreconcilable hostility of the Earl to the Parliament, his high
rank, and especially his prominent part in the last campaign, rather
than his personal character, probably decided the Council of State to
deal hardly with him. He was not a dangerous man. But it was thought
necessary that an example should be made. Much has been written by
royalists of the perfidy of putting him on trial for his life after
quarter had been given; but Derby must have known that Edge's promise
was liable to be over-ruled by a higher authority; and in any case it
could have made little difference, for if Derby and his companions had
not surrendered at Newport, they must have been captured during the next
few days.
The trial began at Chester on September 29th. The Earl of Lauderdale had
been sent to the Tower, and Giffard, another of those who had
surrendered, escaped from Bunbury in Cheshire. Two other prisoners, Sir
Timothy Featherstonhaugh and Captain Benbow were tried at Chester with
Derby. After the resolution of Parliament on September 11th, a
commission was directed to Major-General Mitton, Colonel Duckenfield,
Colonel Mackworth, Colonel Birch, Colonel Henry Brooke, Colonel Henry
Bradshaw, Colonel Thomas Croxton, Colonel Gilbert Ireland, Colonel John
Carter, Colonel Twistleton, Colonel Mason or any three of them. Most of
the names were those of officers of the Cheshire Militia Regiments
enrolled in Hamilton's invasion of 1648. Birch and Ireland were the only
two Lancashire names, and neither of them attended any of the sittings
of the court martial. Mackworth was chosen President. He was Governor
of Shrewsbury, and on Charles' march it was thought that he might be
prevailed upon to surrender the town, but he returned a rude denial.
Most of the other members of the commission were comparatively
unknown; indeed it was not a dignified court by which to try a great
nobleman.[239]
The articles against Derby were that he had in defiance of the Act
of Parliament of August 12th, 1651, making it treason to hold
correspondence with Charles Stewart, received a commission from him,
proclaimed him King at several places in Lancashire, had raised forces
to assist him, and on their defeat had himself fought in the Battle of
Worcester. The Earl did not attempt to deny his acts, but he asked for
more time to consider his answer, and the court was adjourned until the
following day, Derby being furnished with a copy of the articles. Next
morning (September 30th) at 8 o'clock in the morning the other two
prisoners were tried. Derby was then brought to the bar, and pleaded
that he was in the Isle of Man on August 12th and had never heard of the
Act under which he was being convicted. His request for counsel was
considered and allowed, and at the Earl's own suggestion Mr. Zancthy, a
Chester lawyer, was named. The court then adjourned, and it was decided
that the Earl should have liberty at 9 o'clock next morning to plead his
own case. Later in the day a request was made on his behalf that he
might have Sir Maurice Enslow or Sir Robert Brerewood as counsel instead
of Zancthy, but this was refused.
Next day the Earl again pleaded that he was ignorant of the Act of
Parliament of August 12th, and further that Captain Edge had given him
quarter, and therefore that a court-martial had no authority over him;
and he appealed to Cromwell to support his claim. The court, however,
over-ruled the plea, and decided with two dissentients that there was
cause to proceed to a conviction according to the articles proved. It
was objected that quarter could not be allowed to traitors, and it
cannot be supposed that Derby would have acted otherwise had he known of
the Act of August 12th. The two voting in the negative were Twistleton
and Delves, and the former desired his vote to be recorded. When the
court met in the afternoon, however, and decided that the Earl was
worthy of death and should be executed at Bolton on October 16th,
Twistleton was one of those who voted. Delves was apparently not
present, but of the nineteen members, none voted in the negative.
Regarding the place of execution ten voted for Bolton, and eight for
Manchester; against the name of Lieutenant-Colonel Finch no place is
given. So that it was only by a bare majority that Bolton was fixed
upon.
The trial of the Earl of Derby was really only a pretence of justice. As
in the case of Charles I., two years before, the verdict had been
decided upon before the court met. The result was a foregone conclusion,
for Parliament had resolved to put Derby out of the way. As a matter of
law his excuses were good enough; but no one could suppose that the
trial would be decided by technical points. Of course the Earl had not
heard of the Act of August 12th, but it would have made no difference if
he had; and he knew quite well that he had been exempted from pardon by
the Parliament years before, and must have been fully conscious of the
risk he ran in taking part in the invasion of the Scots. The Council of
State had evidently decided also that the sentence of the court-martial
should be carried into effect. They had written to Colonel Duckenfield
on September 30th "As to what you mention of the Earl of Derby, order
has been given by Parliament concerning him, which is to be effectually
pursued, without expecting any interposition from Council."[240]
Nevertheless great efforts were naturally made to secure a reprieve. On
September 29th, after the first day's sitting of the court, Derby
himself directed two petitions, one to the Council, and the other to
Parliament, promising to surrender the Isle of Man if his life should be
spared. He also wrote to Lady Derby to surrender the Island, but no hope
was given that his petition would be granted even on these terms.
As a matter of fact the Isle of Man was not surrendered until November.
After the Earl's death Duckenfield and Birch led an expedition against
it, and landed troops; but the Countess asked for terms, and before any
fighting took place capitulated. Castle Rushen was given up on November
1st, and Peel Castle on November 3rd. Duckenfield thought that the terms
were satisfactory, because "these Castles might have cost a great
expense of blood, time and charge, besides several other difficulties
which in this Island are to be undergone in a siege, which are only
obvious to such as be upon the place."[241]
To return, however, to the trial of the Earl of Derby, Charles, Lord
Strange, now appeared upon the scene. He was a worthless person of whom
his father had written "I have no good opinion of him; he is not ashamed
of his faults."[242] Strange was only 14 on the breaking out of the war,
and had therefore been too young to have any considerable part in
affairs. But a few years later the exile of the Isle of Man became
irksome to him and he left his parents and went to France, where he
spent most of the next few years. Now, however, he returned, and a
reconciliation was made; and to do him justice Strange seems to have
used great efforts on his father's behalf. He journeyed to London, but
no one in London would intercede for the Earl, the intention of
Parliament being evidently too well known. Derby then applied personally
to Cromwell, emphasising the illegality of his condemnation by a
court-martial after having received quarter. There seems to have been no
doubt that Cromwell was anxious to secure the Earl's reprieve;[243] but
Parliament would not listen to him. Other means were then used.
President Bradshaw was tried through his brother, Colonel Henry
Bradshaw, one of the Earl's judges, and Brideoak, one of Derby's
Chaplains, applied to Speaker Lenthall. Brideoak pleaded so well for
himself that he was made Lenthall's own chaplain and Preacher at the
Rolls, but he failed to secure his patron's pardon.
Finding there was no hope of reprieve the Earl made an attempt to escape
which was very nearly successful. One night he found some pretext for
being on the lead roof above his chamber, and procuring a rope slid down
and escaped from the city. The alarm, however, was raised, and he was
recaptured on the roodee, having unawares discovered himself to his
pursuers. Before attempting to escape, he left on his table a letter to
the Countess advising her to make the best terms she could with Colonel
Duckenfield "who being so much a gentleman born will doubtless for his
own honour's sake deal fairly with you."[244]
After this Derby was of course more carefully watched. He made one final
attempt in a petition to Lenthall on October 11th. In this he offered no
vindication, but cast himself entirely on the Parliament's mercy,
stating that he had been persuaded by Colonel Duckenfield that
Parliament would spare his life. He again offered to surrender the Isle
of Man, to take no further action against the Government, and to be
imprisoned or banished as the House might direct. If this was refused he
particularly asked that the place of his execution might be altered from
Bolton, because "the nation will look upon me as a sacrifice for that
blood which some have unjustly cast upon me"; and he claimed that the
charge of cruelty at the capture of Bolton was never once mentioned
during his trial, which indeed was quite true. This petition was not
brought forward in the House till Tuesday, October, 14th, the day before
that which had been fixed for the execution. The House voted by 22 votes
to 16 that the petition should be read, Sir William Brereton being one
of the tellers for the ayes; but no action could be taken, for if a
reprieve had been intended it would have been decided upon long
before.[245]
The Earl's last hours were moving and dignified enough; and told chiefly
by Rev. Humphrey Bagguley, who was in attendance upon him during the few
days before his death, they lose nothing in effect. Bagguley, with the
Rev. Henry Bridgeman, Vicar of Wigan and brother of Orlando Bridgeman,
together with Lord Strange, were the three who remained to the last. The
authorities at Chester showed unnecessary cruelty in forbidding the
Earl's children intercourse with him; but his second and third
daughters, Lady Katherine and Lady Amelia were allowed to spend most of
Monday, October 13th, with their father. Next day Derby was informed
that he must start for Bolton on the following morning, and that evening
he wrote his two last affectionate letters to his wife and children in
the Isle of Man. Next morning he duly set out for Bolton, after his
fellow-prisoners had been permitted to say farewell to him at the Castle
gate. There was one sadder farewell still to be gone through. The Earl
rode on horseback and about half a mile out of the town was met by his
two daughters in a coach. Alighting from his horse he kneeled down and
prayed for them before taking a final farewell. "This was the deepest
scene of sorrow my eyes ever beheld," says the narrator, "so much grief,
and so much tender concern and tender affection on both sides, I never
was witness of before." That night the cavalcade rested at Leigh, and
next day with a guard of 60 foot and 50 horse the Earl reached Bolton
about noon. His request to be allowed to visit Sir Thomas Tyldesley's
grave had been refused. After resting two hours at an inn the Earl was
conducted to the scaffold, which had been built near the Cross partly of
timber brought from the ruins of Lathom House.
Not very many people were present besides the soldiers on guard; but a
tumult arising from some unexplained cause interrupted Derby in his last
speech. He seems to have been afraid of the hostility of the crowd, but
the soldiers with more reason feared a demonstration in his favour, for
most of the onlookers evidently pitied him.[246] The Earl's last words
were heard by few of those present, but they were taken down in
shorthand and afterwards printed. In them he again repudiated the
charges of cruelty made against him. After having spent some time in
private prayer, the Earl gave the signal to the executioner by lifting
his hands, and his head was severed at one blow. The body was taken by
Lord Strange to Haigh Hall, near Wigan, and the next day to Ormskirk,
to be buried with the former Earls of Derby. So died, if not the
wonderful possessor of all the virtues which partisan biographers
afterwards pretended, a brave, upright and Christian gentleman, weak
rather than offending, who deserved a better fate.[247]
And with his death the Civil War in Lancashire really ends.
FOOTNOTES:
[211] _Vide_ note on p. 41. "A Declaration of the Earl of Derby, etc."
E. 566 (5). "A Message sent from the Earl of Derby, Governor of the Isle
of Man, to his dread Sovereign Charles II., 1649." E. 566 (21).
[212] "C.S.P.," 1649-1650, p. 278. It would seem that this was the real
reason for the final breaking off of the negotiations.
[213] "A Declaration of the Earl of Derby, etc." E. 566 (5). The letter
has been frequently reprinted. Cf. Marlet, "Charlotte de la Tremoille,"
p. 186: "Signé Derby; mais faut-il dire: écrit par lord Derby? On est en
droit de croire que sa femme eut une parte prépondérante à la redaction
de ses phrases hachées, vibrantes, pareilles aux coups de canon, qui,
sur les vaisseaux, saluent au lever du jour, le pavillon national,
montant fièrement dans les airs: car elles sont en parfaite conformité
avec ses mâles repliques aux assiegeants de Lathom-house: elles n'ont,
au contraire, aucun trait de resemblance avec le style flasque et
ampoulé des lettres ou des discours du comte."
[214] "Carte MSS.," Vol. 9, fol. 55, 195; Vol. 11, pp. 326, 495; Vol.
12, fol. 127; Vol. 14, fol. 12, 249, 291; Vol. 23, fol. 105. There is
also a letter referring to this matter in the "Ormonde MSS.," Hist. MSS.
Com., new series, Vol. 1, p. 99.
[215] "C.S.P.," 1649-50, p. 381; 1650, p. 290, etc.
[216] "C.S.P.," 1650, pp. 169, 282, 470.
[217] "Ashmolean MSS.," 1110, ff. 164, 165; 1112, ff. 43, 45. The
particulars are from the Garter Records of Sir Edward Walker; but,
curiously enough, the date in one of the volumes is given incorrectly as
January, 1651. The fact that the patent was directed from Castle
Elizabeth in Jersey, however, is proof of the correctness of the earlier
date.
[218] It must, however, be remembered that few of the original
Parliamentarian leaders in Lancashire were now left. Assheton had died
in February of this year, and Moore and Rigby in 1650.
[219] Gardiner, "Commonwealth and Protectorate," Vol. 2, p. 12.
[220] Cary's "Memorials," Vol. 2, pp. 299, 306.
[221] Cary's "Memorials," Vol. 2, p. 305. "Discourse," p. 70. The latter
has high praise for the moderate conduct of the royal troops.
[222] "C.S.P.," 1651, pp. 97, 156, 302. "Rawlinson MSS.," a. 184, ff.
390, 392.
[223] "C.S.P.," 1651, p. 322.
[224] "C.W.T.," p. 290. "Discourse," p. 71.
[225] "A Brief Statement of His Majesty's Affairs, etc." ("Tanner MSS.,"
Vol. 54, fol. 155, 156.)
[226] "Clarendon" (Macray), Vol. 5, p. 180 (book 13, par. 62).
[227] "C.W.T.," p. 297. The "Discourse," p. 71, says: "Besides men of
quality, some 300 Manck soldiers." In the previous month Derby had
declared himself ready to join the King with 500 men well armed. Cary's
"Memorials," Vol. 2, p. 288. "Seacome," p. 111, says that the Earl of
Derby landed with "300 gallant gentlemen." For the warrant to Derby
_vide_ "Tanner MSS.," Vol. 54, fol. 170. It was directed "To our Right
Trusty and Right Well-beloved Cosen the Earl of Derby, our Captain
Generall in our County Palatine of Lancaster," and states that owing to
his rapid march the King had been unable to send particular summonses to
Lancashire; he was now pursuing the enemy, who had been dislodged from
Warrington Bridge. Gardiner, "Commonwealth and Protectorate," Vol. 2, p.
37, gives the date of Derby's meeting with Charles as August 17.
[228] "Clarendon" (Macray), Vol. 5, p. 177, (book 13, par. 58). Massey's
letter of August 19 is printed in "Cary," Vol. 2, p. 324. He says that
his advance has been checked by a regiment of Lilburne's horse quartered
near Middleton; but this cannot have been Lilburne's own regiment, which
only left Stockport on the 22nd. Some prisoners were made by Massey.
"Seacome," pp. 112, 113, is the authority for the meeting at Warrington,
but his statements are accepted by Mr. Gardiner. Seacome's account that
Massey strongly seconded Derby's appeals is, however, not compatible
with a sentence of Mr. Gardiner's: "Too late Charles discovered that a
letter carried by Massey from the Scotch ministers attending the army
contained a warning against a too close conjunction with malignants."
"Commonwealth," Vol. 2, p. 38. It must be supposed that Seacome
overrated Massey's part in the meeting.
[229] "Portland MSS.," Vol. 1, p. 614. Several warrants issued by Derby
are given, and orders against plundering; companies on the march,
however, were to have free quarter. The Earl's appeal to the Gentlemen
of Lancashire is printed in "Cary," Vol. 2, p. 333.
[230] "Discourse," pp. 72, 73.
[231] "Clarendon" (Macray), Vol. 5, p. 185 (book 13, par. 69).
[232] The fullest accounts of the Battle of Wigan are: "A Great Victory,
etc." ("C.W.T.," p. 296); "Two Letters from Col. Robert Lilburne, etc."
("C.W.T.," p. 300); "Seacome," pp. 113, 114; Whitelock's "Memorials," p.
504; and "Discourse," pp. 72-76. The last gives most details, probably
from personal knowledge; Major Robinson was one of the Lancashire
officers to whom a commission was given in the reorganisation of the
Militia in 1650. His narrative and that of Lilburne, as those written by
eye-witnesses, may be taken as the most reliable.
With regard to the numbers of the respective forces, there can be little
doubt that they were very nearly equal. Seacome's wild estimates, which
are, as usual, unhesitatingly followed by Canon Raines, may be dismissed
as impossible; he gives Lilburne 3,000 horse and foot. It has already
been mentioned that Derby landed with less than 100 horse, and either
250 or 300 foot (p. 187). All the accounts substantially agree in
respect to these figures. In the few days after landing these numbers
were considerably increased; Seacome acknowledges that Derby had 600
horse at the battle, while Lilburne says that the royalists had
increased to 1,400 or 1,500 men, and the "Discourse" gives them 1,000
foot and 500 horse. Lilburne's estimate of his own army, as stated in
the letter to Cromwell, may be accepted as correct. He writes: "I had
only my own regiment, and those three companies of foot, and the 60
horse and dragoons." His own regiment of horse he had brought with him;
two of the foot companies had been sent from Chester, and one, together
with the 60 dragoons, from the garrison at Liverpool. "Discourse," p.
75; "C.W.T.," p. 297. The latter of these references is to a letter from
Birch, the Governor of Liverpool, who writes: "All that could be
afforded in assistance were two foot companies from Chester, one of my
Regiment, left about Manchester, not being so ready as the rest to march
out, and what musketeers I horsed from hence with some few countrymen."
A regiment of cavalry in the New Model Army numbered 600 men. Firth,
"Cromwell's Army," p. 42. Dragoons in the seventeenth century were not
cavalry, but mounted infantry. Mr. Gardiner's account of the Battle is
not quite correct ("Commonwealth," Vol. 2, p. 39). He says: "Lilburne
fell back through Wigan.... Entangled in the lanes south of the town he
was compelled to fight, etc." Wigan Lane is the road out of Wigan to the
north.
[233] A monument to Tyldesley was erected on the spot where he fell by
his cornet, Alexander Rigby, of Layton, when the latter was Sheriff of
Lancashire in 1677. The monument still stands: it was restored by the
Corporation of Wigan in 1886. The long inscription is printed by Canon
Raines. "Stanley Papers," pt. 3, Vol. 2 (C.S. 67), p. cccxxxiii.
[234] This letter is printed in "Cary," Vol. 2, p. 320; Marlet,
"Charlotte de la Tremoille," p. 239.
[235] Hughes' "Boscobel Tracts," pp. 174, 190.
[236] For the narrative of Derby's capture we are indebted to Capt.
Hodgson ("Autobiography," p. 48). Little seems to be known about Edge;
but the name of Oliver Edge occurs in a statement about the seating
of Manchester Church in 1649, which was largely signed by the
inhabitants of the town, and this signature is very probably his.
("Manchester Municipal Records.") He belonged to the family of Edge of
Birch-Hall Houses near Manchester. Halley's "Lancashire Puritanism and
Nonconformity" (2nd ed. in 1 vol., 1872), p. 286.
[237] "C.J.," Vol. 7, pp. 8, 9.
[238] "C.S.P.," 1651, pp. 422, 423. "C.J.," Vol. 7, pp. 9, 16.
[239] The official record of the trial of the Earl of Derby, from the
original in the Library of the House of Lords, is printed by Canon
Raines in the appendix to his "Stanley Papers," pt. 3, Vol. 2 (C.S. 67),
pp. cccxxxiv-ccclvii, as well as other valuable documents relating to
the Earl's trial and death. _Vide_ also "Discourse," pp. 78-85;
"C.W.T.," pp. 311-323.
[240] "C.S.P.," 1651, p. 457.
[241] Duckenfield and Birch to Lenthall. Ramsey, Nov. 2. ("Tanner MSS.,"
Vol. 55, fol. 87.)
[242] Marlet, "Charlotte de la Tremoille," p. 151.
[243] Gardiner ("Commonwealth," Vol. 2, p. 62, note) quotes a Newsletter
of Salvetti, which seems decisive on this point. As the Earl's death has
been attributed to Cromwell's own influence the quotation may be
repeated here: "Il General Cromwell fa buonissimi uffizii per salvarlo
la vita, con conditione che consegni nelle mane del Parlamento la sua
isoletta di Man, della quale se ne intitole Re."
[244] "Seacome," p. 133.
[245] "Raines," _op. cit._, p. ccxvii, ccvxiii. Canon Raines here
repeats a wild story from Seacome, to the effect that this petition
would have been allowed by the House, had not Cromwell and Bradshaw
contrived to reduce the number of Members present to less than 40, so
that no question could be put. There is no foundation for this
statement. As a matter of fact, the House voted that Derby's petition
should be read, but it could not possibly be dealt further with owing to
the impossibility of sending a messenger into Lancashire in time to stop
the execution, had that been intended. ("C.J.," Vol. 7, p. 27.) For
Cromwell's real attitude towards the reprieve, _vide_ note on p. 201.
[246] "The Earl of Derby's Speech on the Scaffold, etc." ("C.W.T.," p.
320). The best account of the Earl's last hours is naturally given by
Seacome, who quotes Bagguley's "Narrative" (pp. 120-127), "Discourse,"
pp. 82-85: "The Earl was no good Orator, and the tumult put him out of
speaking what he intended; he was much afraid of being reviled by the
people of the town, but they rather pitied his condition."
[247] "The Earl of Darby was a man of unquestionable loyalty to the
King, and gave clear testimony of it before he received any obligations
from the Court, and when he thought himself disobliged by it.... He was
a man of great honour and clear courage; and all his defects and
misfortunes proceeded from his having lived so little time among his
equals, that he knew not how to treat his inferiors: which was the
source of all the ill that befell him, having thereby drawn such a
prejudice from the persons of inferior quality, who yet thought
themselves too good to be contemned, against him, that they pursued him
to death." ("Clarendon," Macray, Vol. 5, p. 184, bk. 13, par. 68).
INDEX.
Aberconway, 146.
Acton Church, Royalist defeat at, 98.
Adwalton Moor, Battle of, 5, 68, 89-90.
Allen, Rev. Isaac, Rector of Prestwich, 41.
Albany Mill, Middleton, 32_n_.
Alport Lodge, 42.
---- burnt down, 42_n_.
---- demolished, 55.
Amounderness Hundred, 54, 58, 67, 131, 188.
---- Royalist collectors for, 58.
---- Parliamentarian captains in, 93.
Anderton, Christopher, of Lostock, 137.
---- Hugh, 188.
---- James, 58, 188.
Appleby, 163.
---- Castle, 164, 172.
Ardern, Captain, 80.
Array, Commissions of, 11, 13, 14.
---- voted illegal by Parliament, 11.
Ashhurst, Henry, 35_n_, 172.
---- Captain John (afterwards Major), 34, 161, 186.
---- ---- at Bolton, 69-70.
---- ---- at Lathom, 103.
---- ---- appointed Governor of Liverpool, 137.
---- ---- his negotiations with Lord Derby, 138.
---- William, M.P. for Newton, 30.
---- ---- notice of, 34-5.
Ashton Hall, Lancaster, Charles II. at, 182.
Ashton, distress in, 173.
Assessments, on Lancashire, 152.
Assheton, Radcliffe, royalist collector in Blackburn Hundred, 58, 59_n_.
---- Ralph, of Downham, 32.
---- ---- of Whalley, M.P. for Clitheroe, 30, 32.
---- ---- of Middleton, M.P. for Lancashire, Colonel and Major-General,
20_n_, 30, 54, 171_n_.
---- ---- secures the magazine at Manchester, 14.
---- ---- notice of, 31-2, 32_n_.
---- ---- his tenants at the siege of Manchester, 43, 46.
---- ---- commands at first defence of Bolton, 69.
---- ---- relieves Lancaster, 76.
---- ---- retreats to Whalley, 77.
---- ---- sacks Wigan, 79.
---- ---- victory in the Fylde, 86.
---- ---- takes Hornby and Thurland Castle, 88.
---- ---- at Adwalton Moor, 89.
---- ---- defeated at Booth Lane, near Sandbach, 97.
---- ---- at the siege of Lathom House, 101-2.
---- ---- at York, 126.
---- ---- serves at siege of Chester, 149.
---- ---- Commander-in-Chief in Lancashire in 1648, 162.
---- ---- takes Bentham House, Westmoreland, 163.
---- ---- at battle of Preston, 167.
---- ---- takes Appleby Castle, 172.
---- ---- ordered to disperse Lancashire Militia, 175.
---- ---- dismissed from his command, 175.
Aston, Sir Thomas, letter of, intercepted, 16.
Atherton, 60_n_.
Audlem, 117.
Aylesbury, taken by Prince Rupert, 115.
Bagguley, Rev. Humphrey, attends Lord Derby, 202.
Baillie, Lieut.-Gen., surrenders at Warrington, 170.
---- Robert, letters of, 125, 130, 153.
Bamber, Captain, 175.
Banquet to Lord Strange at Manchester, 17.
Barlow Moor, near Manchester, 120.
---- rendezvous on, 140.
Barton, Sir T., 56.
Barwick, Lieutenant, 43.
Beaumont, 30.
Beeston Castle, 97.
Bellasis, Lord, taken prisoner at Selby, 115.
Benbow, Captain, 197.
Berwick-on-Tweed, 160.
Betley, Prince Rupert at, 117.
Birch, Thomas, of Birch, successively Captain, Sergeant-Major and
Colonel, 55, 161, 173, 175, 183.
---- ---- at the affray in Manchester (1642), 18-20.
---- ---- at capture of Preston, 63.
---- ---- occupies Lancaster, 71.
---- ---- seizes Earl of Derby's daughters, 179.
---- ---- chosen one of Earl of Derby's judges, but does not act, 197.
---- ---- Isle of Man surrendered to him, 200.
Blackburn, 56, 63, 67, 74, 121.
---- occupied by royalists, 59.
---- royalist attack on, 62.
---- Hundred, 3, 7, 54, 55, 59, 77, 78.
Blackstone Edge, 5.
---- fortified, 91, 92_n_.
Blaire, Major-Gen., royalist commander at Wigan, 79.
Bolton-le-Moors, 67, 74, 101, 148.
---- first attack on, 69, 70.
---- second attack on, 78.
---- stormed by Prince Rupert, 121-4.
---- collection for, in Manchester, 125.
---- meeting of Deputy-Lieutenants at, 161.
---- execution of Earl of Derby at, 203.
Booth, Col. Sir George, 148.
---- John, Captain and Colonel, 43.
---- ---- notice of, 43_n_.
---- ---- his bravery at Preston, 63.
---- ---- at Nantwich, 98.
---- ---- at Ormskirk, 133.
---- Lane, Parliamentarian defeat at, 97.
Bootle, Capt., 123-4.
Boscobel, 195.
Bourne, Rev. Wm., 46, 46_n_.
Boynton, Col. Matthew, 192.
---- ---- slain at Wigan, 194.
Braddyl, John, 56.
Bradford, 90, 91.
Bradshaw, Col. Henry, one of Lord Derby's judges, 197.
---- John, of Bradshaw, 56, 56_n_, 161.
---- President, 201.
---- Capt. Robert, 43.
---- ---- notice of, 43_n_.
---- ---- taken prisoner at Westhoughton, 54.
Bradshawgate, Bolton, 70.
Brereton, Lord, 56.
---- Sir William, of Handforth, 5, 11, 12_n_, 136, 202.
---- ---- in Manchester, 15, 16_n_.
---- ---- notice of, 15_n_.
---- ---- besieges Warrington, 80.
---- ---- takes Warrington, 86-7.
---- ---- at siege of Chester, 140, 148.
---- ---- letter of, 141.
---- ---- Lancashire troops with, 149.
Bretherton, John, 58.
Bridgeman, Edward, 81.
---- Rev. Henry, 202.
---- Orlando, M.P. for Wigan, 30.
Bright, Col., at Preston, 167.
Brindle, skirmish at, 190.
Bristol, 68, 150.
Brook, Col. H., one of Lord Derby's judges, 197.
Bruerton, 117.
Brunstock, 163.
Bryn Hall, Charles II. at, 182.
Buckley, Capt., 69.
Buckshawe Hall, Chorley, 29_n_.
Bury, 15, 55, 78.
Butler, Mr., of Rawcliffe, 190.
Butterworth, Alexander, 47.
Byron, Sir John, royalist Governor of Chester and of Liverpool,
116, 129.
---- Col. Robert, letter to Ormonde, 130.
Cadishead, 186.
Callander, Earl of, 164, 171.
---- letter of, 141.
Cantsfield, 93.
Carlisle, 160, 162, 171.
Carter, Col. John, one of Lord Derby's judges, 197.
Castle Rushen, 147, 177, 194.
Charles I., petition to, from Lancashire, 10.
---- raises his standard at Nottingham, 21.
---- makes the Cessation in Ireland, 96.
---- expected to march into Lancashire, 140.
---- storms Leicester, 142.
---- defeated at Rowton Heath, 142.
---- surrenders to the Scots, 150.
---- negotiations with Parliament, 150.
Charles II. proclaimed at Manchester Cross, 174.
---- appoints Earl of Derby K.G., 180.
---- lands at Speymouth, 180.
---- invades England, 181.
---- passes through Lancashire, 182.
---- defeated at Worcester, 195.
---- his escape, 195.
Charnock, Capt., 104, 143.
Chester, 65, 124, 140.
Chetham, Humphrey, 14.
---- College, 14.
Chipping, 77.
Chisenhale, Capt., 104, 106.
---- sortie by, 105, 107.
---- made Colonel, 129.
Cholmondeley, Sir H., 170.
Chowbent, skirmish at, 60, 60_n_, 61.
Clifton, Mr., of Lytham, 72, 74.
---- Col. Cuthbert, 129, 136.
---- John, 191.
Clitheroe, 30, 92.
Cockerham, 76.
Committee of Both Houses, 162.
Committee of Both Kingdoms, letters to, 129, 135.
Conduit, Manchester, 17.
Cotterell, Capt., 189.
Crane, Sir Richard, 124.
Cromwell, Oliver, 165, 174.
---- ---- victory at Preston, 166-8.
---- ---- ---- Dunbar, 180.
Croxton, Col. Thomas, 197.
Danson, Thomas, Under Sheriff, 14.
Darwen, River, 167.
Dean, Col., 167.
Deansgate, Manchester, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50.
Derby, Charlotte de la Tremoille, Countess of, 26-7.
---- ---- letters of, to Prince Rupert, 21, 80.
---- ---- defends Lathom House, 101-110.
---- ---- removes to Isle of Man, 129, 129_n_.
---- ---- surrenders Isle of Man, 200.
Delamere, royalist defeat at, 98.
Denbigh, Earl of, 126, 129.
Derby, Earl of. _See_ Stanley, James.
Dives, Sir Lewis, 180.
Dodding, Col. George, 72, 120.
---- ---- appointed Colonel, 54.
---- ---- taken prisoner, 72.
---- ---- suspicions of, 119, 119_n_.
---- ---- defeats royalists at Walton, 132.
---- ---- besieges Greenhalgh Castle, 137.
---- ---- in Second Civil War, 162.
Doncaster, 165.
Dorsetshire, affray in, 19.
Duckenfield, Col. Robert, 76, 183.
---- ---- surrenders Stockport to Rupert, 117.
---- ---- suppresses free companies, 175.
---- ---- subdues Isle of Man, 200.
---- ---- Lord Derby's opinion of, 201.
Dukenhalgh Hall, 82.
Dunbar, battle of, 180.
Eccleston, 58_n_.
---- Green, 120.
Edge, Capt. Oliver, 196_n_, 198.
---- ---- Earl of Derby surrenders to, 196.
Egerton, Peter, of Shaw in Flixton, Colonel and Major-General, 54, 56.
---- ---- in command at second siege of Lathom, 143-4.
---- ---- his letter to the Speaker, 153.
Ellel, 76.
Emmott Lane Head, 92.
Fairfax, Ferdinando, first Baron, 39, 89, 90.
---- Sir Thomas, 115, 140.
---- ---- victory at Wakefield, 85.
---- ---- at Adwalton Moor, 90.
---- ---- Lancashire troops with, in Cheshire, 93.
---- ---- relieves Nantwich, 98.
---- ---- at Lathom, 101-104.
---- ---- insubordination to, 119.
---- ---- defeats Goring at Langport, 150.
---- ---- at Preston, 167.
Fanshawe, Anne, Lady, 30.
---- Sir Richard, 30.
Farington, William, of Worden, 13, 56, 58.
---- ---- notice of, 29.
---- ---- at siege of Manchester, 42.
---- ---- at Lathom, 104, 143.
Farmer, Capt., at Lathom House, 104.
---- sortie led by, 105.
Featherstonhaugh, Sir T., 197.
Fitton, Sir Edward, summoned as delinquent, 13.
---- ---- letters of, 16, 23.
---- ---- disarms his tenants, 41.
Fleetwood, John, 56, 58.
---- Richard, of Rossall, 20_n_.
Fox, Capt., 104.
Friars Gate, Preston, 76.
Freckleton Marsh, 132.
Fulwood Moor, royalist gathering on, 12.
Gamul, Sir Francis, 182.
Gell, Sir John, 15_n_, 129.
Gerard, Sir Gilbert, 42.
Gilbey, Sir Theophilus, 182.
Girlington, Sir John, Sheriff of Lancashire, 12, 18, 58, 74.
---- ---- notice of, 29.
---- ---- at siege of Manchester, 42.
---- ---- surrenders at Lancaster, 71.
---- ---- taken prisoner at Thurland, 88.
---- ---- reoccupies Thurland, 93.
Gisburn, 165.
Goring, Lord, 131, 132.
---- joins Rupert, 129.
---- defeated at Langport, 150.
Greaves Town, 132.
Green, Alexander, 17, 17_n_, 18.
Greenhalgh Castle, 88, 99, 109, 135.
---- ---- siege of, 137.
Grey, Lord, 129.
Haigh Hall, Wigan, 204.
Haleford, 86, 124, 124_n_, 142.
---- Prince Rupert at, 131.
---- guarded, 140.
Halifax, 89, 90.
Hamilton, First Duke of, invades Lancashire, 159, 163, 165.
---- ---- his letter to Lancashire Ministers, 164.
---- ---- at Hornby, 164.
---- ---- defeated at Preston, 166-168.
---- ---- executed, 171.
---- Second Duke of, 182.
Harrison, Col., at Preston, 166, 167.
---- sent to Lancashire (1651), 183.
---- joins Lambert, 184.
---- Sir John, notice of, 30.
Haslington, Cheshire, 117.
Hastings, Mr., 19.
Hatherton, 117.
Hawarden Castle, 97.
Hesketh, Mr., 190.
Heyrick, Richard, Warden of Manchester, 10, 49.
---- ---- notice of, 44_n_.
---- ---- special preacher before Parliament, 156, 171.
Heywood, Peter, plot to betray Manchester, 119.
Hindley, Capt., 99.
Hinfield Moor, 59_n_.
Hodder Bridge, 165.
Hoghton, Sir Gilbert, 16, 64.
---- ---- notice of, 29.
---- ---- at siege of Manchester, 42.
---- ---- defeated by Col. Shuttleworth, 59.
---- ---- attacks Blackburn, 62.
---- ---- at Preston, 64.
---- ---- ordered to Chester, 96.
---- Lady, 64.
---- Richard, killed at Preston, 64.
---- Tower, 59, 68_n_.
---- ---- beacon at, fired, 59.
---- ---- surrendered and blown up, 68-9.
---- ---- Lilburne's camp at, 191.
Holcroft, Col. Thos., in affray at Manchester, 18, 19, 20.
---- ---- at Lancaster, 75.
Holland, Richard, of Heaton, Governor of Manchester, 46, 56, 76, 161.
---- ---- notice of, 46_n_.
---- ---- at Preston, 63-4.
---- ---- in command at Wigan, 79.
---- ---- accused of cowardice, 79_n_.
---- ---- at Warrington, 80.
---- ---- at York, 89.
---- ---- with Fairfax in Cheshire, 98.
---- ---- suspicions of, 119.
Holt, 117.
---- Capt., 69.
---- Robert, of Castleton, 15, 56, 58.
Hornby Castle, 86, 88_n_, 93.
---- ---- captured, 87-8.
---- ---- Prince Rupert at, 131.
---- ---- Hamilton at, 164.
Hotham, Sir John, 90.
Howe Bridge, 60_n_.
Huddleston, Col., defeated at Lindale, 94, 132.
---- Sir William, 172.
Hull, 5.
---- first blood of the Civil War shed at, 19-20.
---- first siege of, 20.
---- powder sent from, to Lancashire, 54.
---- retreat of the Fairfaxes to, 90.
Hunt's Bank, Manchester, 43.
Hutchinson, Colonel, 129.
Ireland, Sir Gilbert, 174_n_.
---- ---- chosen one of Lord Derby's judges, 197.
Ireton, General, 178.
Irish troops for Lancashire, 96.
---- ---- land in Wales, 97.
---- ---- defeated at Nantwich, 98.
Kendal, 163, 165.
---- Charles II. proclaimed at, 174.
Key, Capt., 143.
Kilmorey, Lord, 56.
King, Act forbidding proclamation of, 173.
Kinver Heath, 195.
Kirkby, Roger, M.P. for Lancashire, 58, 94.
---- ---- notice of, 30.
---- ---- surrenders at Lancaster, 71.
Kirkby Lonsdale, 163, 166.
Kirkham, 86, 132, 188, 189.
Knutsford, royalist muster at, 16.
---- Lambert retreats to, 184.
Lambert, General, 162, 163, 170, 180.
---- ---- joins Cromwell, 165.
---- ---- disbands Lancashire forces, 174.
---- ---- follows Scots march, 183.
---- ---- skirmishes at Warrington, 184.
Lancashire, geographical features of, 1, 2.
---- ---- effect on Civil War, 3-5.
---- religious parties in, 3.
---- course of Civil War in, 4.
---- petitions from, 9, 10.
---- members of Long Parliament, 30.
---- attempted pacification in, 56.
---- troops from, in Yorkshire, 89.
---- ---- in Cheshire, 93, 141_n_.
---- ---- at siege of Chester, 148-9.
---- state of, after first Civil War, 151, 153, 154.
---- ---- after second Civil War, 173.
---- Presbyterianism established in, 156.
---- Ministers, Hamilton's letter to, 164.
---- troops refuse to disband, 174.
Lancaster, 67, 74, 80, 120, 163_n_.
---- M.P.'s for, 30.
---- occupied for Parliament, 71.
---- retaken by Royalists, 75.
---- besieged, 87.
---- Castle, 75_n_.
Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, 160, 165.
---- ---- at Preston, 166.
---- ---- taken prisoner, 171.
---- ---- visits Isle of Man, 180.
Langho, 83.
Landown, 68.
Lathom House, 58, 61, 84, 85, 88, 96, 118, 132, 135, 188.
---- ---- description of, 100.
---- ---- first siege of, 99-109.
---- ---- site of, 110-113.
---- ---- siege of, raised, 120.
---- ---- garrison of, 136.
---- ---- second siege of, 142-6.
---- ---- surrender of, 147.
Lauderdale, Earl of, 195, 197.
Layton Common, 72.
Lea Hall, 132.
Leeds, 89.
Legge, Col., 188.
Leicester, 19, 142.
---- Charles I. at, 165.
Leigh, skirmish at, 60.
---- taken by Manchester troops, 61.
---- Mr., of Adlington, 41.
---- ---- his house attacked, 62.
Leslie, Alex., first Earl of Leven, 115.
Leyland Hundred, 54, 58, 66, 67, 93, 131, 188.
Lilburne, Col. Robert, 190.
---- ---- letter of, to Speaker Lenthall, 187.
---- ---- ordered to Lancashire, 189.
---- ---- at Preston, 190.
---- ---- defeats Derby at Wigan, 192-194.
---- ---- lands voted to, by Parliament, 196.
Lindale, 94.
Liverpool, 74, 135, 191.
---- M.P.'s for, 30.
---- occupied for Parliament, 87.
---- fortified by Col. Moore, 95.
---- captured by Prince Rupert, 127.
---- retaken by Parliament, 135, 136.
Long Parliament, Lancashire members of, 30.
Lonsdale, Hundred, 54, 58, 188.
Loughborough, 19.
Lowton Common, 60.
Lygonia, 33.
Lytham Hall, 72, 74, 132.
Mackworth, Col., 183, 197.
Magazines seized by royalists, 13, 14.
Mains Hall, 190.
Mainwaring, Col., 117.
Malpas, 116, 170.
Man, Isle of, 179.
---- ---- surrendered to Parliament, 200.
Manchester magazine secured for Parliament, 14.
---- first affray at, 16.
---- in 1642, 37.
---- proposed university for, 38.
---- siege of, 41-51.
---- state of, during siege, 49-51.
---- importance of siege of, 51.
---- powder sent to, 54.
---- distress in, 154-5, 173.
---- plague in, 154.
---- collection for, 154.
Market Drayton, 117, 142, 170.
Market Stead Lane, Manchester, 43, 45.
Markland, Capt., 101.
Marston Moor, battle of, 125, 130, 139.
---- ---- result of, in Lancashire, 129, 130.
Martindale, Adam, opinion of Col. Moore, 34_n_.
---- ---- description of Lancashire distress, 151.
Mason, Col., 197.
Massey, Major-General, 186, 188.
Maurice, Prince, 179.
Meldrum, Sir John, surrenders Newark, 115.
---- ---- in Manchester, 119.
---- ---- victory at Ormskirk, 132-3.
---- ---- negotiations with Derby, 138-9.
---- ---- death of, 137_n_.
Mercer, Robert, 58.
Middleton, Sir George, summoned as delinquent, 13.
---- Lieut-Gen., 171.
---- Church, 32_n_.
Middlewich, 97.
Militia, 9.
---- ordinance, 10, 11.
---- ---- in Essex, 19.
---- ---- in Lincolnshire, 19.
---- Lancashire, disbanded, 174.
---- ---- reconstituted, 175.
Millgate, Manchester, 43.
Ministers, Lancashire, Hamilton's letter to, 164.
Mitton, Major-General, one of Lord Derby's judges, 197.
Molyneux, Caryll, afterwards 3rd Viscount, 27.
---- Richard, 2nd Viscount, 12, 84, 131.
---- ---- raises troops for the King, 21.
---- ---- notice of, 27, 28.
---- ---- at siege of Manchester, 42.
---- ---- at battle of Whalley, 81.
---- ---- leaves Lancashire, 86.
Monck, Col., 98.
Moore, Edward, 34, 35.
---- Col. John, of Bank Hall, 6.
---- ---- notice of, 34, 34_n_.
---- ---- appointed Colonel, 54.
---- ---- fortifies Liverpool, 95.
---- ---- at siege of Liverpool, 128-9.
Moot Hill, 81.
Morgan, Col., 102, 102_n_, 143.
Mort, Adam, Mayor of Preston, 58.
---- ---- death of, 64.
Mosley, Sir Edward, intercepts powder for Manchester, 54.
---- Nicolas, boroughreeve of Manchester, 14, 18.
Munro, Sir George, 160, 165, 168, 170.
Musgrave, Sir Philip, 94.
---- ---- occupies Carlisle, 160.
---- ---- surrenders at Appleby, 172.
Myerscough Lodge, 28, 28_n_, 120.
---- ---- Charles II. at, 182.
Nantwich, 80, 86, 117, 185.
---- besieged, 97.
---- relieved by Sir T. Fairfax, 98.
Newcastle, 115.
---- Wm. Cavendish, Earl of, 67, 68.
---- ---- victory at Adwalton, 89-90.
---- ---- summons Manchester, 91.
---- ---- retreats to York, 115.
Newton, Lancashire, M.P.'s for, 30.
Norris, Col., 87.
Northwich, 185.
Nottingham, 129, 165.
---- royal standard raised at, 21.
Nowell, Col. Roger, of Read, 55, 56.
---- ---- surrenders Lathom House, 146.
Oath imposed by Lord Derby on Lancashire, 57_n_.
Ogle, Capt. Henry, royalist collector, 58.
---- at first siege of Lathom, 104, 106.
Ogleby, Lord, 132.
Ordinance. _See_ Militia.
---- for disbanding the Militia, 174.
Ordsall Hall, 18, 18_n_.
Ormonde, Marquis of, 96, 97_n_, 179.
Ormskirk, 58_n_, 105, 141.
---- royalist defeat at, 133.
---- riot at, 173.
---- Lord Derby buried at, 204.
Otley, 165.
Pacifications, local, 55.
---- in Lancashire (1642), 56-8.
Padiham, 81, 82.
Palmer, Roger, M.P. for Newton, 30.
Pateson, Capt. Wm., 95, 120.
Penderel, Wm., 195.
Penrith, 163.
Penwortham Hall, 83.
---- Moor, 132.
Perceval, Richard, killed at Manchester, 18.
Petitions from Lancashire to Parliament, 9.
---- to King, 10.
---- from Lancashire recusants to King, 3, 10.
Pontefract, 89, 163, 165.
Poulton-le-Fylde, 72.
Pownall, Major, 166.
Preesall Sands, royalists land at, 188, 189.
Presbyterianism established in Lancashire, 156.
Presbyterians, Lancashire, difficulty of, in 1648, 160.
---- ---- manifesto by, 161.
---- ---- meeting with Lord Derby, 187.
Prescot, 58_n_, 95.
Preston, 67, 74, 80, 94, 120, 165, 188.
---- magazine seized by royalists, 13.
---- M.P.'s for, 30.
---- captured by Parliamentarians, 63-5.
---- importance of, 65.
---- retaken by Lord Derby, 76.
---- battle of, 166-8.
---- riots at, 173.
---- Charles II. at, 182.
---- skirmish at, 190.
Prestwich Church, 41.
---- Mr., 14.
Pride, Col., 167.
Queen Henrietta Maria lands at Bridlington, 78.
---- ---- prepares to invade Lancashire, 85.
Radcliffe, Sir Alexander, 13, 14, 18, 18_n_.
---- ---- at siege of Manchester, 42.
---- Molyneux, 104, 143.
---- Capt. Richard, 43.
---- ---- notice of, 43_n_.
---- Savile, 56.
Raglan Castle, 150.
Rawcliffe Hall, 190.
Rawsthorne, Capt., at first siege of Lathom, 104.
---- made Colonel, 129.
---- at second siege of Lathom, 143.
Read, Col., 167.
---- Hall, 82, 83.
Recusants, Lancashire, petition of, 3, 10.
Rhodes, Sir E., 170.
Ribble Bridge, 63, 132, 190.
---- ---- Scots defeated at, 167.
Ribchester, 81.
Rich, Col., 183.
Rigby, Alexander, of Burgh, 56, 58, 59_n_, 94.
---- of Layton, 194_n_.
---- of Middleton in Goosnargh, 6, 16.
---- ---- at the meeting on Fulwood Moor, 12, 13.
---- ---- prepares Lord Strange's Impeachment, 22.
---- ---- M.P. for Preston, 30.
---- ---- notice of, 33-4.
---- ---- appointed Colonel, 54.
---- ---- arrives in Lancashire, 93.
---- ---- takes Thurland Castle, 93-4.
---- ---- at first siege of Lathom, 102, 104, 107-9.
---- ---- at sack of Bolton, 120, 124.
---- ---- at second siege of Lathom, 145.
---- ---- summons Deputy Lieutenants, (1648), 161, 162.
---- ---- occupies Kendal, 163.
---- ---- dismissed from his command, 175.
---- George, of Peel, 58.
---- Major Joseph, 137, 175.
Robinson, Col., 188.
---- Major, 29_n_, 148.
Rochdale occupied by Parliament, 91.
---- riots at, 173.
Roscarrock, Col., 194.