CONCLUSION
The part played by Belgium during the war is well known. Those who knew
the country and its history were not astonished at the attitude
observed by King Albert and his people on August 3, 1914. Quite apart
from any foreign sympathies, no other answer could be given to an
ultimatum which directly challenged Belgium's rights. A modern nation
might have been intimidated, but an old nation like Belgium, which had
struggled towards independence through long and weary periods of
warfare and foreign domination, was bound to resist. In challenging
King Albert and his ministers, the German Government challenged at the
same time all the leaders of the Belgian people, from De Coninck to
Vonck and De Merode, and the reply of the Belgian Government was
stiffened by an age-long tradition of stubborn resistance and by the
ingrained instinct of the people that this had to be done because there
was nothing else to do.
[_GERMAN INVASION_]
History also accounts for the desperate fight waged by the small and
ill-equipped army against the first military Power in Europe. Liege,
Haelen, the three sorties from Antwerp, the ten terrible days on the
Yser, are not due merely to the personal valour of the leaders and of
their troops, but to the fact that they were Belgian leaders and
Belgian troops, that they belonged to a nation conscious of her
destiny and who had never despaired in the past, in spite of the
ordeals to which she was subjected and of the scorn of those who
questioned her very existence. The same thing might be said of all
Allied nations. Even so fought the British, even so fought the French;
the only difference lies in the fact that their heroism was expected as
a matter of course, while that of the Belgians came to many as a
surprise. For British traditions and French traditions were well known,
while the past of Belgium was blurred amidst the confusion of Feudalism
and foreign rule.
On the Yser, in October 1914, the Belgian forces had been reduced from
95,000 to 38,000 bayonets. These last defences, preserving about twenty
square miles of independent territory, were maintained during four
years while the army was refilling its ranks and reorganizing its
supplies. It took its share in all the concerted actions of the Allies
in Flanders, and when, at last, the final offensive was launched, on
September 28, 1918, King Albert was placed at the head of the
Anglo-Franco-Belgian forces.
Meanwhile the civil population, under German occupation, was undergoing
one of the severest trials that the nation had ever experienced, not
excepting revolutionary oppression and the Spanish Fury. The Germans
used every means in their power to disintegrate the people's unity,
break its resistance and enlist its services. Terrorism was used, from
the first, at Aerschot, Louvain, Tamines, Andenne and Dinant, whilst
the invasion progressed towards the heart of the country. Then, under
the governorship of Von Bissing, the method was altered, and attempts
were made to induce the chiefs of industry and their workmen to resume
work for the greater benefit of the enemy. This policy culminated in
the sinister deportations, pursued during the winter of 1916-17, which
enslaved about 150,000 men and compelled them to work either behind the
German front or in German kommandos. Enormous fines and contributions
were levied on towns and provinces, the country was emptied of all raw
material, private property and the produce of the soil were
systematically requisitioned, and the population would have been
decimated by famine but for the help of the Commission for Relief in
Belgium. When it became evident, in 1917, that the passive resistance
of the workers could not be broken, all the industries which had not
been commandeered were entirely or partially destroyed and the
machinery transported to Germany.
[_VON BISSING'S INTRIGUES_]
The most insidious attack of Governor von Bissing's policy on the
Belgian nation was his attempt to use the Flemish Movement as a means
to divide the Belgians against themselves. The governor, who explained
his intentions in a remarkable document known as his "Political
Testament," undertook this campaign under the assumption that Belgium
was an artificial creation of the Vienna Congress and that such a thing
as Belgian nationality did not really exist. German university
professors had been at great pains to explain to the German and neutral
public that nationality could only be created by unity of race or
language, and that Belgium, possessing neither of these attributes,
could consequently claim no right to independence. Following this
trend of thought, the governor and his advisers considered the Flemish
Movement as the outcome of internal dissensions between Walloons and
Flemings, and hoped that, by encouraging the Flemings, they would
succeed in dividing the country and in securing the protectorate of
Flanders.
First the creation of a Flemish University in Ghent, replacing the
French University, absorbed the attention of the German administration.
Having secured the support of a few extreme "flamingants" known as
"activists" and completed the professorial board with foreigners, they
hastily inaugurated the new institution (1916). To their great
surprise, all Flemish organizations protested indignantly against this
action, contending that the occupying Power had no right to interfere
in internal policy. The next step was a series of decrees establishing
Administrative Separation, with two capitals at Namur and Brussels and
a complete division of Government offices between the Flemish and
Walloon districts of the country. This measure failed like the first,
owing to the patriotic resistance of the Belgian officials and the
inability of the Germans to replace them, and long before they were
obliged to evacuate the country the Germans had given up the hope of
mastering the absurd and unscientific decision of Walloons and Flemings
alike to remain one people, as history had made them.
Professor Van der Linden has given to his valuable work on Belgian
history the sub-title of _The Making of a Nation_, and shown
conclusively how the present institutions of Belgium are the result of
various contributions from the Middle Ages to the present time. But a
book on Belgian history might just as aptly be called _The Resistance
of a Nation_, since history tells us not only how the monument was
built, but also how it was not destroyed in spite of the most adverse
circumstances. From that point of view, Belgium may indeed be
considered as the embodiment of steadfastness, rather than that of
sheer heroism. She has succeeded in preserving, far more than in
acquiring. From her fifteenth century frontiers she has been reduced to
her present limited boundaries, which, nevertheless, contain all the
elements of her past and present genius. She sacrificed territory,
centuries of independence, long periods of prosperity, but she remained
essentially one people and one land, a small people on a small land,
combining the genius of two races and two languages and acting as a
natural intermediary between the great nations of Europe. Her history,
up to her last fight, is nothing but the struggle of a nation to assert
her right to live, in spite of her weakness, in the midst of great
military Powers. Unity, first constituted in the fifteenth century, is
at once endangered by the rule of a foreign dynasty. During the first
part of the sixteenth century the two influences, national and foreign,
contend in the counsels of the nation. The latter tendency prevails,
and, though remaining nominally independent in regional matters, the
country passes under foreign rule. When, in the beginning of the
nineteenth century, after the failure of several insurrections under
the Austrian and French regimes, independence is finally granted, and
when a new dynasty is at last inaugurated as a symbol of national
unity, Belgium remains nevertheless under foreign tutelage. Her
independence is bought at the price of neutrality; and it is only after
the violation of this guaranteed neutrality by two of the foremost
Powers which established it that the cycle of Belgium's trials comes to
an end and that she is allowed to exert her sovereign rights in
external as well as internal affairs.
[_TREATY OF VERSAILLES_]
Some may consider that Belgium has not reaped important advantages from
the treaty of Versailles, and may be inclined to compare the small
territories of the Walloon districts of Eupen and Malmedy with the
efforts made during the last few years. But, quite apart from economic
indemnities, which may prove a great asset if they materialize, Belgium
has conquered a far more valuable possession than any territory could
give. For the first time in modern history she has received full
recognition. She is at last allowed to make friends with her friends
and to beware of her enemies, if she has any reason to fear them.
Through the bitter struggle of the last few years Belgium has conquered
what other nations might consider as their birthright--the right to be
herself, the master of her fate, the captain of her soul.
It becomes more and more apparent to foreign consciousness that her
future is bound up with that of Europe. Her welfare will be Europe's
welfare, her ruin, the ruin of Western civilization and Christianity.
Unless through the League of Nations, or through any other means,
justice prevails in international relations, the history of her
tribulations is not yet closed, for only under a regime of justice may
the weak hope to live in freedom and in peace.
Among the pantheon of monuments erected by modern Belgium to the heroes
of her past history, the stranger will find, with some surprise, in the
midst of the Place Royale in Brussels, an equestrian statue of Godfrey
of Bouillon, who, nine centuries ago, sold his land to join the first
crusade, and who refused to wear a crown of gold where his Saviour had
worn a crown of thorns. Quite close stands the Palace where another
Belgian prince returned lately, after four years' incessant labour at
the side of his soldiers amid the sodden fields of Flanders. There is a
great contrast between the civilization of the eleventh and that of the
twentieth century, between the Great Adventure sought by the old
crusaders and the Great War forced on Western Europe, between the
mystic idealism of the Middle Ages and the practical idealism of modern
times. On both occasions, however, Belgium was placed in the van, and
found in Godfrey IV and Albert I two leaders whose courage and dignity
will stand as the purest symbol of chivalry and national honour.
INDEX
Administration, 106, 107, 119, 125, 126, 145, 152, 155, 188, 209, 211,
261, 265, 269, 277, 278, 286, 315, 317, 340, 345
Aerschot, Duke of, 193
Agadir, 312, 313
Agriculture, 74, 75, 122, 167, 214, 215, 216, 247, 276, 320, 323
Aix-la-Chapelle, 43, 44, 248
Treaty of, 238, 239
Alba, Duke of, 183, 184, 189, 208
Albert, Archduke, 139, 152, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 217, 218,
220, 228
Albert I, 310, 342, 343, 348
Algeciras, 313
Alost, 90, 165, 169, 188
Alsace--
House of, 80
Philip of, 80, 81, 89, 97
Thierry of, 73, 80, 89
Amiens, Peace of, 276
Anabaptism, 168, 171, 172
Anjou, Duke of, 193, 194, 195, 200, 201, 202
Anneessens, Francois, 252
Antoine of Burgundy, 104, 105
Antwerp, 70, 115, 117, 121, 146, 155, 163, 164, 183, 186, 188, 192,
201, 202, 207, 209, 214, 216, 217, 230, 246, 248, 251, 259, 263,
276, 279, 282, 287, 296, 322, 323
Camp of, 307, 308, 311, 312, 342
Cathedral, 93, 221, 223
Fall of, 203
Lutheranism, 168
Monuments, 332, 333, 334
School of, 221, 222, 229
Treaty of, _see_ Barriers
Architecture, 88, 91, 92, 93, 112, 113, 114, 124, 130, 224, 225, 331
Ardennes, 29, 30
Armada, 215
Armentieres, 168, 180, 238
Army defences, 307, 313, 314, 343
Arnolfini, 139
Arras, 61, 97, 117, 124, 141, 143, 195, 205
Bishopric, 32, 38, 64, 175, 176
Confederation of, 196, 199, 201
Peace of, 207, 218
Union of, 196, 197
Art, 125, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 147, 221-29,
258, 331-41
Augsburg League, 239, 241
Austrasia, 41
Baden, Treaty of, 242
Baertsoen, 336
Baldwin I, Iron Arm, 60
Baldwin II, 60
Baldwin IV, The Bearded, 61
Baldwin V, 55, 62, 97
Baldwin VI of Flanders and I of Hainault, 63, 97
Baldwin VII of Flanders and of Hainault, 64
Baldwin VIII of Flanders and V of Hainault, 81, 89
Baldwin II, Count of Guines, 97
Banning, Emile, 310, 311
Barriers, 248, 249, 259
Treaty of the, 243
Bases of Separation, 291, 292, 293
Bastille, Taking of the, 263, 286
Beauneveu, Andre, 137, 138
Beggards, beguines, 90, 127, 128, 136, 168
Beggars, 178, 179, 184
of Religion, 179
of State, 179
Sea, 185
Belfries, 71, 73, 74, 75, 112
Belgae, 30
Belgica Secunda, 30, 34, 40
Belgiojioso, Count of, 260, 262
Belgo-Romans, 30, 32, 37
Bergh, Henry, Count of, 210, 234
Berlaymont, Charles de, 175, 178, 188
Berlin, Congress of, 327
Bilingualism, 94, 95, 96, 98, 104, 125, 126, 284, 285, 339, 340
Bishoprics and bishops, 32, 38, 40, 64, 219
Bismarck, 307, 308, 327
Blondeel, Lancelot, 153
Boendaele, Jean, 127
Bois-le-Duc, 156, 210, 271, 282
Bollandists, 227
Bollandus, 226
Boulanger, Henri, 336
Bouts, Thierry, 139
Bouvines, 81
Brabanconne Revolution, _see_ Revolution
Breda, 209, 234, 263, 264
Congress of, 187
Brederode, 178, 181
Breughel, Peter, 223, 229, 258, 259, 335
Brialmont, General, 308, 311
Broederlam, Melchior, 138
Brotherhood of the Active Love of My Neighbour, 261
Brothers of the Common Life, 127, 128, 136, 168, 169
Bruges, 63, 76, 90, 102, 114, 115, 117, 118-22, 138, 144, 153, 162,
163, 202, 217, 324
Belfry, 75, 77, 113
Chapelle du Saint Sang, 117
Churches, 75, 92
Palais de Justice, 153
Statues, 332, 333
Town Hall, 112, 124
Bruno, 54, 55
Brussels, 74, 75, 102, 114, 115, 151, 154, 155, 156, 161, 181, 184,
191, 192, 203, 206, 214, 217, 239, 246, 248, 249, 251, 252, 263,
266, 269, 286, 320, 324, 345
Industry, 165, 216, 247
Palais de Justice, 332
St. Gudule, 93
Statues, 332, 333, 348
Town Hall, 112, 113, 124
Union of, 190, 193, 196
Burgundy, House of, 142, 153, 173
Calais, 205
Calvinism, 172, 173, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 187, 189, 192, 194,
195, 197, 198, 202, 203, 207, 208, 219, 220, 228
Cambrai, 71, 201
Bishopric, 32, 38, 39, 40, 57, 64, 176
Peace of, 152
Treaty of, 148, 158
Cambraisis, 64
Campin, Robert, 138
Campo Formio, Treaty of, 274
Capuchins, 220, 227
Caroline Concession, 157
Carolingian dynasty, 42, 52, 55, 60
Carthusians, 132
Casement, Roger, 329, 330
Casimir, John, 195
Casimir, Duke Albert, 260, 262
Cateau-Cambraisis, Treaty of, 174
Catholics, Catholicism, 177, 179, 181, 182, 187, 189, 190, 192, 195,
196, 198, 199, 205, 207, 208, 211, 213, 219, 221, 222, 224, 260,
274, 276
Cauldron, War of the, 259
Celtic, 30, 34
Centralization, 36, 66, 80, 155, 160, 162, 168, 316
Charlemagne, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 154
Charleroi, 238, 282, 321
Charles, Archduke, 240
Charles de Lorraine, 249, 256, 261
Charles, Duke, 55
Charles the Bald, 48
Charles the Bold, 109, 110, 115, 118, 119, 123, 140, 145
Charles the Fat, 48, 50
Charles the Good, 73
Charles V, 147, 149-56, 158, 160, 161, 166, 169, 170, 171, 172, 175,
176, 185, 190, 197, 207, 219, 222, 256, 280, 302, 323
Charles II of Spain, 237, 239, 240
Charles III of Spain and VI of Austria, 241, 242, 246, 250
Chastellain, 129, 130
Chazal, Baron, 307
Chepy, 270
Chievres, 148, 149, 150, 151
Christianity, Christianization, 32, 37, 38, 39, 45, 64
Cistercians, 74, 89
Clodion, 33
Cloth Hall, _see_ Halles
Clovis, 37
Clunisians, 58, 89
Coal Wood, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 111
Cockerill, John, 282, 321
Cockerill, William, 276
Cologne, bishopric, 32, 40, 54
Communes, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 78, 89, 103, 109, 114, 144, 156,
167, 192, 195, 315, 318
Compromise of the Nobles, 178, 181, 184
Concordat, 276
Conecte, Thomas, 132
Confederation of Arras, _see_ Arras
Conference, The London, 289, 290, 291
Congo, 313, 325-30
Campaign, 312
Conscience, Henri, 339
Consulta, 175, 176
Council of Blood, 184, 189, 208
Council of Brabant, 263
Council of State, 175, 176, 177, 180, 188, 218, 241
Council of Trent, 225
Council of Troubles, 184, 187, 188
Courtens, 335
Courtrai, 90, 238
Battle of, 78, 84
Crusade, 59, 64, 89
D'Alton, General, 263, 264
Damme, 90, 163
Daret, Jacques, 138
De Braekeleer, Henri, 335
De Broqueville, 313
De Coninck, 84, 333, 342
De Coster, 337, 339
De Groux, 335
De Lalaing, _see_ Lalaing
De la Marck, Erard, 147, 158
De la Marck, Robert, 148
De la Pasture, Roger, _see_ Van der Weyden
De Ligne, Charles Joseph, 249, 250
De Merode, 291, 342
De Paepe, Cesar, 319
De Potter, 287
De Witt, 237, 238
Dietschen, _see_ Thiois
Dijon, 132, 137, 138
Dinant, 166, 216, 343
Sack of, 109
Dixmude, 90
Don Juan, 190, 191, 193, 194, 236
Douai, 61, 97, 225, 238
University, 224
Downs, Battle of the, 215
Dufay, Guillaume, 130
Dumouriez, 269, 271, 273, 274
Dunes, Battle of the, 235
Dunkirk, 202, 205, 215, 216, 247
Duplice, 310
Edict of Marche, 190
Edit Perpetuel, 190
Education, 127, 128, 169, 227, 250, 258, 282, 283, 318, 340
Egmont, Count of, 174, 175, 176, 177, 184, 333
Egmont Count, 210
Entente Cordiale, 310
Erasmus, 169
Ernest, Archduke, 205
Eupen and Malmedy, 301, 347
Exchange, 113, 114, 121, 164, 215, 332
Farnese, Alex., Duke of Parma, 194, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 208,
218, 230
Ferdinand, Cardinal Infant, 235
Ferrand of Portugal, 81
Feudalism, 49, 50, 55, 72, 77, 84
Finance, 119, 121, 158, 282, 283, 308, 311, 312, 323, 328
Flemings, 34, 48, 198
Flemish Movement, 339, 345
Fleurus, 239, 271
Fontainebleau, Treaty of, 259
Fontenoy, 248
Francis I of France, 150, 151, 153, 157
Francis II, 268, 271, 274
Franco-Prussian War, 307, 308, 309
Franks, 41, 42
Invasion, 33, 34, 35
Salian, 41
Frederic, Leon, 335
French Fury, 202
Revolution, _see_ Revolution
Frere-Orban, 306
Froissart, Jean, 129
Furnes, 238, 242, 247
Gavere, 114
Gelder, 157, 158
Duke of, 150
Gerard de Brogne, 56, 58, 168
Gerard de Groote, 127, 128, 168
General Council of the Low Countries, 261
Germania, Inferior, 30, 32, 34, 40
Germanic, 30, 32, 41
Germanization, 42
Gertrude, of Holland, 63
Gezelle, Guido, 339
Ghent, 39, 76, 90, 114, 115, 116, 128, 138, 143, 144, 148, 180, 188,
202, 214, 217, 243, 246, 257, 287, 323
Belfry, 75, 112
Churches, 75, 92, 133
Halle, 112
Industry, 165, 216, 217, 276, 282, 321
Pacification of, 189-92, 196, 197, 207
Revolt, 156
Statues, 332, 333
Treaty, 155
University, 282, 340, 345
Giles de Binche, 130
Gilsoul, 336
Gislebert, 53
Gladstone, 308
Godfrey, of Bouillon, 59, 64, 89, 95, 348
Godfrey of Verdun, 55
Godfrey the Bearded, 55
Godfrey the Hunchback, 58
Golden Fleece, Order of, 107, 218
Golden Spurs, Battle of, _see_ Courtrai
Gorcum, 185, 189
Grand Alliance, 241
Granvelle, Bishop of Arras, 175, 176
Gravelines, 174
Great Privilege, 141, 144, 252, 258
Guilds, 71, 137, 156, 163-66, 167
Guinegate, 143, 149
Hague, The, 288
Treaty of the, 266, 271, 272
Halles, 72, 112, 113, 116, 121, 137
Hansa, Hanseatic, 77, 82, 121, 152
Hapsburg, 141, 142, 143, 148, 158, 159, 173, 210, 242, 251, 254
Hennequin of Liege, 137, 138
Henry III, Duke of Brabant, 97
Hoffmann, Melchior, 171
Horn, Count of, 175, 176, 184, 333
Hotel de Ville, _see_ Town Halls
Huguenot, 179, 185
Humanism, 169, 170, 175, 224
Hundred Years' War, 85
Huy, 92, 217, 243
Iconclasts, 168, 180, 181, 184, 189, 198
Industry, 78, 85, 128, 165, 167, 214, 216, 217, 247, 276, 283, 321,
323
China, 247
Cloth, 45, 70, 86, 116, 117, 121, 146, 164, 216
Coal, 166, 216, 247, 282
Copper-working, 216
Distilling, 217
Dyeing, 216
Glass, 217, 321
Lacemaking, 217, 247
Linen, 117, 165, 216, 247
Metal and Mining, 71, 166, 167, 216, 217, 282, 321, 322
Papermaking, 217
Spinning, 276, 321
Silk, 217
Tapestry, 117, 165, 177, 216, 247
Wool, 32, 48, 70, 74, 80, 83, 87, 116, 117, 216, 247
Inquisition, 171, 172, 177, 178, 180, 181, 208, 256
Invasion--
Frankish, 33, 34, 35
German, 342
Norman, 50
Investitures, Struggle of, 58, 66, 103
Isabella, Archduchess, 139, 152, 204, 206, 208, 211, 212, 217, 218,
228
Italianizants, 222, 223, 229
Jemappes, 269
Jesuits, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 250
John the Fearless, 104, 105, 126
John I of Brabant, 82
John IV of Brabant, 105
Jordaens, Jacques, 228, 229, 258, 338
Joseph II, 152, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264,
265, 268, 272, 282, 286, 288, 291
Josquin des Pres, 130
Joyous Entry of Brabant, 84, 145, 155, 258, 263, 271, 291
Justice, 125, 208, 250, 261, 275, 277, 332
Kermesses, 258, 261
La Brielle, 185
Laermans, Eugene, 335
Lalaing, Count of, 193
Lalaing, J. de, 234
Lambeaux, 333
Lambermont, Baron, 322
Lambert d'Ardres, 97
Lambert le Begue, 90
Lambert of Louvain, 55
Language limit, 34, 35, 36, 42, 126, 287 (_see_ Bilingualism)
League of Nations, 347
Lebeau, 291
Le Bel, Jean, 129
Leipzig, Battle of, 277
Lemaire, Jean, 129
Lemonnier, Camille, 337
Leopold II of Austria, 266, 268
Leopold I of Belgium, 293, 294, 295, 302, 310, 324
Leopold II of Belgium, 266, 268, 310, 311, 312, 318, 324-30
Leys, Henri, 334
Liege, 43, 44, 54, 91, 92, 95, 166, 167, 210, 217, 243, 282, 311, 321,
342
Bishopric, 38, 40, 54, 57 88, 105, 173
University, 282
Lille, 90, 97, 165, 195, 214, 216, 238
Limburg, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300
Lipsius, Justus, 224
Literature, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131,
226, 227, 331, 336, 337, 338, 339
Lotharingia, 48, 52, 55, 58, 103, 109
Lotharius I, 48
Lotharius II, 48, 50
Louis, Buonaparte, 275
Louis the Germanic, 48
Louis de Male, 87, 104, 137
Louis Philippe d'Orleans, 286, 293, 294
Louis XIII, 210
Louis XIV, 235, 237-41
Louis XVI, 259, 268
Louvain, 74, 132, 165, 169, 184, 224, 235, 251, 295, 343
Town Hall, 112, 113, 124
University, 117, 223, 250, 263, 282
Luther, Lutheranism, 168, 169, 170, 171, 179
Luxemburg, 239, 292, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300, 301, 306
Mabuse (Jean Gossaert), 222
Madrid, 173
Treaty of, 151, 158
Maeseyck, 138
Maestricht, 55, 210, 211, 234, 248, 271, 282, 292, 295, 296
Bishopric, 38
Fall of, 200
Maeterlinck, Maurice, 337
Malcontents, 194, 195, 200, 203
Malines, 93, 117, 145, 148, 153, 176, 187, 203, 216, 252, 263, 320,
332
Malplaquet, 241
Manicheans, 89
Mansfeld, Count of, 181, 188
Margaret of Austria, 143, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155,
200, 222, 332
Marguerite of Parma, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 184
Maria Theresa, 246, 247, 250, 251, 253, 257, 258, 259, 260, 266
Marie d'Oignies, 90
Marlborough, Duke of, 240, 241, 242
Marnix, de, 177, 181, 183, 203
Mary of Burgundy, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 153, 252, 258
Mary of Hungary, 155, 156, 157, 169, 222
Massys, J., 222
Matsys, Quentin, 229
Matthias, Archduke, 193
Maximilian, 122, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 153, 174,
184, 187, 288
Maximilian II, 205
Maximilian Emmanuel of Bavaria, 240, 241, 243, 252
Mazarin, 235
Memling, 131, 139, 226, 338
Menapii, 32, 40, 45
Mendicant Orders--
Franciscans, 89
Dominicans, 89
Merchant Adventurers, 121
Merovingian dynasty, 41, 42
Meunier, Constantin, 334
Molinet, Jean, 129
Monarchomaques, 192, 219
Monasteries, 39, 42, 44, 45, 54, 56, 57, 94, 128, 180
Mons, 185, 269, 321
Monstrelet, 129
Morel, 329, 330
Moresnet, 166
Morini, 40
Mousket, Philippe, 98
Muhlberg, 159
Muenster, 171, 172
Treaty of, 235, 236, 237, 243, 246, 271, 272, 289, 296
Music, 124, 130, 133
Namur, 191, 216, 239, 311, 345
Nancy, 140
Napoleon I, 275, 276, 277
Napoleon III, 305, 306, 307, 308
Nassau, 150
Nassau, Frederick Henry of, 210
Nassau, Louis of, 178, 181, 184, 185, 187
Nassau, Maurice of, 204, 205, 209, 215
Nassau, William of, _see_ Orange
National Congress, 287
Navigation and harbours, 115, 120, 121, 209, 217, 276, 323, 324
Neerwinden, 239, 271
Neny, Count de, 250
Nervii, 40
Neustria, 41
Neutrality, 293, 299-314, 316
Nieuport, 209, 216
Nivardus, 99
Nivelles, 90, 91
Normans, 45, 50
Notger, 54
Nothomb, 297
Noyon--
Bishopric, 38, 40
Treaty of, 150
Nymegen, Treaty of, 238
Ockeghem, Jean, 130
Orange, House of, 200
Orange, William of (the Silent), 175, 176, 181, 184-8, 190-5, 197,
200-3
Orange, William III of England, 238, 239, 241
Orange, William I of the Netherlands, 278, 281, 282, 283, 287, 288,
289, 292, 296, 322
Ostend, 216, 217, 248, 249, 276
Company, 245, 246
Siege of, 209
Otto, 54
Oudenarde, 90, 124, 165, 180, 216, 238
Battle of, 241
Party--
Catholic, 284, 285, 315, 317, 318, 319
Labour, 319
Liberal, 285, 315, 317, 318, 319
Liberal Catholic, 317
Peter the Hermit, 89
Philip the Bold, 104, 117, 132, 138
Philip the Good, 105, 106, 110, 114, 115, 123, 126, 131, 132, 139,
140, 145, 176, 280, 302
Philip I (the Handsome), 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 160, 197, 207
Philip II, 152, 157, 160, 161, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 183, 184, 187,
188, 190, 193, 200, 204, 205, 218, 254, 288
Philip III, 209
Philip IV, 209, 212, 236, 237
Pichegru, 271
Pieter Christus, 139
Pillnitz, Declaration of, 268
Placards, 171, 172, 176, 178, 189, 208
Plessiz-lez-Tours, Treaty of, 200, 201
Poelaert, 332
Pol de Limburg, 138
Population, 116, 121, 122, 123, 214, 246, 324
Pragmatic Sanction, 159, 160, 246
Prie, Marquis de, 252
Printing, 128, 169
Protestantism, 177, 179, 180, 201, 203, 207, 208, 219, 224, 260
Pyrenees, Treaty of the, 236, 237
Races, 35
Radewyn, Florent, 128
Ramillies, 241
Rastadt, Treaty of, 242
Ratisbon, Truce of, 239
Recollets, 220, 227
Reformation, 172, 173, 180, 181, 221
Counter, 222, 227
Regner of Hainault, 55
Regner, Long Neck, 53, 59
Reichenbach, Convention of, 267
Renaissance, 114, 130, 135, 164, 167, 221, 224, 336, 339
Renesse, Rene de, 210
Requesens, Louis de Zuniga y, 187, 188, 190
Revolution--
Brabanconne, 212, 252, 265, 274, 279
French, 256, 263-78
1830, 286, 289, 331
Richelieu, 210, 234, 235
Richilda of Hainault, 62
Risquons Tout, 305
Robert the Frisian, 63
Robert II, 64, 89
Rogier, 305, 320
Rolin, Chancellor, 131, 139
Roman Conquest, 29
Roman Culture, 31, 32
Romanization, 42
Roman Road, 31, 33
Rubens, 139, 221, 222, 225, 228, 229, 333, 334
Ruremonde, 210
Ruysbroeck, Jean de, 124
Ruysbroeck, Jan, 127
Ryswyck, Peace of, 240
St. Amand, 37, 38, 39
Schools of, 43
Monastery of, 94
St. Bartholomew, Massacre of, 185
St. Eloi, 39
St. Hubert, 39
St. Lambert, 39
St. Omer, 141, 216
St. Quentin, 174
St. Remacle, 39
St. Ursula, 226
Saxons, 33
Scrap of Paper, _see_ Treaty of XXIV Articles
Sedan, 309
Senlis, Nicolas de, 98
Peace of, 144, 146
Silva Carbonaria, _see_ Coal Wood
Sluis, 163, 215
Sluter, Claus, 137, 138
Smits, Jacob, 325
Spanish Fury, 189
Spanish Succession, War of the, 241
Spinola, Ambrose, 209, 210, 215
States General, 146, 148, 152, 155, 156, 157, 160, 182, 187, 188, 191,
197, 200, 201, 208, 211, 212, 218, 265, 281
Sustershuysen, 127
Stevens, Joseph, 335
Talleyrand, 294
Teniers, 258, 335
Terouanne, bishopric, 40
Thierry, Bouts, _see_ Bouts
Thierry Maertens, 128, 169
Thierry of Alsace, _see_ Alsace
Thierry of St. Trond, 94
Thiois, 40, 41, 42, 95
Thirty Years' War, 218, 231, 234
Tongres, 332
Bishopric, 32, 38, 39, 44
Tournai, 91, 92, 93, 97, 117, 138, 151, 165, 201, 216, 238, 242, 247
Bishopric, 32, 38, 176
Frankish Capital, 33
Belfry, 75
Siege of, 86
Taking of, 149
Tournaisis, 158
Town Halls, 112, 113, 116, 124, 137, 332, 334
Toxandria, 33
Trade, 45, 63, 68, 69, 70, 74, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 113, 115, 116, 117,
120, 121, 146, 163, 164, 167, 168, 185, 186, 192, 206, 209, 215,
216, 218, 233, 245, 246, 249, 276, 279, 283, 322, 323
Trafalgar, Battle of, 276
Transaction of Augsburg, 159
Transport, 217, 320, 321
Treaty of XVIII Articles, 291, 294
of XXIV Articles, 291, 295, 298, 301, 303, 307, 308
Treves, bishopric, 32
Triple Alliance, 238, 264, 266
Triplice, 310
Turenne, 235
Unity, national, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 45, 48, 49, 56, 68, 79, 80, 102,
103, 105, 106, 153, 160, 173, 182, 183, 189, 198, 202, 203, 280,
340, 343-7
Universities, 117, 128, 223, 340
Utrecht, 158
Bishopric, 41, 57, 176
Treaty of, 240, 241, 243
Union of, 199, 200
Valenciennes, 61, 97, 141, 183, 185, 195, 198, 216
Jean de, 124
Van Artevelde, Jacques, 86, 87, 333
Van der Goes, Hughes, 139
Van der Linden, 345
Van der Noot, 262-6, 286
Van der Stappen, 333
Van der Weyden, 131, 136, 221
Van de Weyer, 291
Van Dyck, 228, 229
Van Eyck, 131, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 221, 222, 257
Van Ghent, Justus, 139
Van Helmont, 224
Van Josse, 222
Van Maerlant, 99, 100, 101, 125, 126, 127
Van Thienen, 124
Veldener, Jean, 169
Venloo, 210, 243, 271
Treaty of, 157
Verdun--
Treaty, 48
Second Treaty, 52, 55
Verhaeren, Emile, 337
Versailles, Treaty of, 347
Verwee, 336
Vienna--
Congress of, 278, 279, 288, 322, 343
Treaty of, 279, 292, 295
Viglius d'Ayetta, 175, 188
Voltaire, 249, 317
Von Bissing, 343, 344, 345
Vonck, Vonckists, 262, 263, 264, 265, 268, 269, 286, 315, 342
Wala, 34, 40, 41
Walloon League, 210
Walloons, 34, 42, 48, 85
Wappers, G., 334
War of the Peasants, 274, 275, 304
Waterloo, Battle of, 277
Willem, 99, 100
Willems, Jan Frans, 339
William II of Germany, 312, 313
Woeringen, Battle of, 82
Ypres, 87, 90, 92, 112, 113, 115, 116, 180, 202, 217, 242
Yser, Battle of the, 342, 343
Zeebrugge Canal, 324
Zutphen, 157, 158, 187
Zwyn, 115, 120, 163
_Printed in Great Britain by_
UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED
LONDON AND WOKING
THE STORY OF THE NATIONS
1. =Rome.= By ARTHUR GILMAN, M.A.
2. =The Jews.= By Prof. J.K. HOSMER.
3. =Germany.= By Rev. S. BARING-GOULD, M.A.
4. =Carthage.= By Prof. ALFRED J. CHURCH.
5. =Alexander's Empire.= By Prof. J.P. MAHAFFY.
6. =The Moors in Spain.= By STANLEY LANE-POOLE.
7. =Ancient Egypt.= By Prof. GEORGE RAWLINSON.
8. =Hungary.= By Prof. ARMINIUS VAMBERY
9. =The Saracens.= By ARTHUR GILMAN, M.A.
10. =Ireland.= By the Hon. EMILY LAWLESS.
11. =Chaldea.= By ZENAIDE A. RAGOZIN.
12. =The Goths.= By HENRY BRADLEY.
13. =Assyria.= By ZENAIDE A. RAGOZIN.
14. =Turkey.= By STANLEY LANE-POOLE.
15. =Holland.= By Prof. J.E. THOROLD ROGERS.
16. =Mediaeval France.= By GUSTAVE MASSON.
17. =Persia.= By S.G.W. BENJAMIN.
18. =Phoenicia.= By Prof. G. RAWLINSON.
19. =Media.= By ZENAIDE A. RAGOZIN.
20. =The Hansa Towns.= By HELEN ZIMMERN.
21. =Early Britain.= By Prof. ALFRED J. CHURCH.
22. =The Barbary Corsairs.= By STANLEY LANE-POOLE.
23. =Russia.= By W.R. MORFILL, M.A.
24. =The Jews under the Romans.= By W.D. MORRISON.
25. =Scotland.= By JOHN MACKINTOSH, LL.D.
26. =Switzerland.= By Mrs. LINA HUG and R. STEAD.
27. =Mexico.= By SUSAN HALE.
28. =Portugal.= By H. MORSE STEPHENS.
29. =The Normans.= By SARAH ORME JEWETT.
30. =The Byzantine Empire.= By C.W.C. OMAN.
31. =Sicily: Phoenician, Greek and Roman.= By the Prof. E.A. FREEMAN.
32. =The Tuscan Republics.= By BELLA DUFFY.
33. =Poland.= By W.R. MORFILL, M.A.
34. =Parthia.= By Prof. GEORGE RAWLINSON.
35. =The Australian Commonwealth.= By GREVILLE TREGARTHEN.
36. =Spain.= By H.E. WATTS.
37. =Japan.= By DAVID MURRAY, Ph.D.
38. =South Africa.= By GEORGE M. THEAL.
39. =Venice.= By ALETHEA WIEL.
40. =The Crusades.= By T.A. ARCHER and C.L. KINGSFORD.
41. =Vedic India.= By Z.A. RAGOZIN.
42. =The West Indies and the Spanish Main.= By JAMES RODWAY.
43. =Bohemia.= By C. EDMUND MAURICE.
44. =The Balkans.= By W. MILLER, M.A.
45. =Canada.= By Sir J.G. BOURINOT, LL.D.
46. =British India.= By R.W. FRAZER, LL.B.
47. =Modern France.= By ANDRE LE BON.
48. =The Franks.= By LEWIS SERGEANT.
49. =Austria.= By SIDNEY WHITMAN.
50. =Modern England.= Before the Reform Bill. By JUSTIN MCCARTHY.
51. =China.= By Prof. R.K. DOUGLAS.
52. =Modern England.= From the Reform Bill to the Present Time.
By JUSTIN MCCARTHY.
53. =Modern Spain.= By MARTIN A.S. HUME.
54. =Modern Italy.= By PIETRO ORSI.
55. =Norway.= By H.H. BOYESEN.
56. =Wales.= By O.M. EDWARDS.
57. =Mediaeval Rome.= By W. MILLER, M.A.
58. =The Papal Monarchy.= By WILLIAM BARRY, D.D.
59. =Mediaeval India under Mohammedan Rule.= By STANLEY LANE-POOLE.
60. =Buddhist India.= By Prof. T.W. RHYS-DAVIDS.
61. =Parliamentary England.= By EDWARD JENKS, M.A.
62. =Mediaeval England.= By MARY BATESON.
63. =The Coming of Parliament.= By L. CECIL JANE.
64. =The Story of Greece.= From the Earliest Times to A.D. 14.
By E.S. SHUCKBURGH.
65. =The Story of the Roman Empire.= (B.C. 29 TO A.D. 476.)
By H. STUART JONES.
66. =Denmark and Sweden=, with Iceland and Finland.
By JON STEFANSSON, Ph.D.
67. =Belgium.= From the Roman Invasion to the Present Day.
By EMILE CAMMAERTS.
LONDON: T. FISHER UNWIN, LTD., 1 ADELPHI TERRACE
* * * * *
Transcriber's note i.
In the caption of the illustration in the original text the
name is spelt "Breugghel".