_State of Seringapatam prior to the Siege—Fortifications—
Natural Advantages—Military Force—Besieged and Captured
by the British—Death of Tippoo—General Carnage—Riches
found in the City—Many of Tippoo’s Jewels yet concealed—
Progressive State of the Arts in his Dominions._
The British troops entered the territories of Tippoo, from Yacotta, on
the 5th of March, and encamped before Seringapatam on the 5th of April;
and it may be considered as a fortunate circumstance, that the sultan
neither employed his whole force against us, nor thought of turning his
attention to the Bombay army. The numerous attendants of the Nizam’s
forces, as well as those of the European corps; the immense quantity of
public stores and provisions; the long train of ordnance; with about
40,000 Bengarries, formed altogether such a host, as not to admit being
covered by our army; so that if Tippoo had employed his powers with the
military skill which he was supposed to possess, he might, without
hazarding an engagement by desultory skirmishes, distant cannonades, and
other hostile movements, have so harassed our infantry, and weakened our
cavalry, that a great part of the baggage, stores, and ammunition, would
probably have fallen into his hands, and the army have been greatly
impeded in its march to the place of its destination. And, moreover, as
the rainy season was approaching, there is reason to believe, that had
the sultan employed his power with equal judgment and activity, the
immediate object of the campaign might have been defeated. It had,
indeed, been for some time reported, that Tippoo was become subject to
fits of mental derangement; and the whole of his conduct seems to
justify that opinion. He had dismissed from his councils all his
faithful friends, who had served him long, and had served him well, and
had called into his service, men of little experience or capacity, who
won his favour by flattering his caprices, and practising an unresisting
submission to his will. The former had always discouraged their master’s
disposition to connect himself with France, as pregnant with the
mischief it has since produced; while the latter promoted it, for no
other reason, but because it flattered his hopes of gratifying his
resentment against the British power in India. His treasures were
immense, and his army was not only numerous, but in a high state of
discipline and equipment. However, by not employing the one, and
misemploying the other, his fall was precipitated, and his country
conquered in a manner, and with a rapidity of good fortune, which
greatly exceeded the most sanguine expectations.
This powerful empire, which had been shaken and diminished by the
military skill and political sagacity of the Marquis Cornwallis, is now
razed, as it were, to its foundations, and the house of Hyder Ali
degraded from the usurped power which it had maintained during a period
of forty years. The importance of this event, to the power and commerce
of Great Britain in the East, is not within the reach of ordinary
calculation.
From every appearance of the improving state of Seringapatam, the
cultivation of the country, the number of its inhabitants, and the
advancing progress of its military establishment, that capital would, in
a short time, have been impregnable; and the power of Tippoo Saib would
have been at least equal to the combined strength of the European
settlements in India. The sultan certainly was not inactive; but his
activity was misguided, and became inadequate to its object. He
destroyed the villages, and laid waste the country in front of the army;
but not sufficiently spreading the tracks of devastation, his purpose
for distressing our army was defeated, as General Harris, by a slight
deviation from the common road, reached his destination at the time he
wished, and without any material interruption.
From the late plentiful rains, and the peculiar construction of the
tanks, which could not be entirely drained, there was no deficiency of
water; and though the usual attempts had been made to poison it, by
steeping in it the bruised branches of the milkhedge tree, no very
noxious effect was produced; for though no prohibition, or bodies of
guards, could prevent the men or cattle from slaking their thirst at
these tanks, very little inconvenience was felt; very few of the people
suffered any disorder whatever from the poisonous impregnation. The
sickness that at any time appeared among the troops, arose from the heat
of the sun, extreme fatigue, or irregular refreshment; and especially
among the common men, from an intemperate use of every species of
vegetable they could find, and particularly that of the sugarcane.
The action which Tippoo risked on the 27th of March, at Malwilly, with
the right wing of our army, was as ill conceived, as it was ill
conducted; because, having the choice of his ground, he ought either to
have received us with his whole force, or to have avoided every kind of
regular engagement. By turning to the left the second day after this
action, instead of crossing the river, as Tippoo appeared to have
expected, we gained a flourishing and highly cultivated country, which,
most fortunately, his destroying hand had not touched. After a march of
about fourteen miles, we reached the Cavery, without the least
molestation, and took possession of the large fort Soocilly, which was
full of cattle, grain, and forage; and commanded an excellent ford,
which the army, with all its equipment, passed in one day, without any
loss or interruption, even to the vicinity of his capital.
General Harris had the choice of his route, so that he was enabled to
sit down before it with all his resources for the siege undiminished.
The evil most to be dreaded on this service, and a tremendous evil it
is, was famine; and this the sultan had means of producing, if he had
been wise enough in employing them. The whole of our draft and carriage
bullocks, public and private, died, and rice had risen three rupees the
pound, the day the city was stormed. It was not till nine days after
that event, that the detachments, commanded by Read and Brown, could
arrive with supplies, notwithstanding all the cavalry, and a brigade of
native infantry, had been detached, under the command of General Floyd,
to favour their junction; so that if we had not succeeded in our
attempt, the consequence would have been fatal to the army; and that we
were not repulsed, was owing to the incomparable conduct and intrepidity
of the troops, as well as the judicious means employed to support and
protect their extraordinary efforts.
It is not necessary to enter into the detailed progress of the siege. It
may, however, be proper to remark, that notwithstanding the errors
committed by the sultan, in defence of the place, nothing less than the
vast combined army in our service, could have carried the enterprise
into effect. The extent of post we were obliged to occupy on both sides
of the river, required the whole force of the coast and Bombay armies;
besides the troops necessary to dislodge the numerous swarms of the
enemy. As the service was entrusted chiefly to European officers, who
were appointed to the various branches of it, not by selection, but in
regular succession, opportunities were given, as they were universally
employed, to display the skill and military superiority of the British
character.
The act of storming was a most animating and unrivalled picture of
valour. The columns of grenadiers dashed across the river at noon-day,
despising the difficulties of the passage, to mount the breach, which
could be practicable alone to their irresistible force and bravery. The
impetuous spirit which led them on in the face of a very heavy and
continued fire of cannon and musketry, the rapidity with which they
ascended the ladders, and the daring courage which drove the affrighted
enemy from their walls, soon combined to place the British colours on
them. The enfilading batteries of the Bombay advanced post were of
signal service, as they deterred numbers from disputing the breach, who
might otherwise have kept up a galling fire upon it. The hour of attack
was also fortunate, it being one at noon, when numbers of the besieged
had retired to take refreshment, though enough still remained to have
repelled less daring assailants. The sultan, who had hitherto commanded
his troops, was also engaged in another quarter; but on hearing the
alarm, he hastened back, when finding our grenadiers had entered the
breach, and seeing his people falling all around him, he made for a
sally-port, where, amidst a crowd of fugitives, he was overtaken and
slain.
Since our arrival in England, we have ofttimes heard him extolled for a
brave prince; but those who have thus stated, we presume, know little of
him. That he was a coward, we could easily demonstrate, and that he was
a tyrant, equal, if not superior, to a Domitian, a Caligula, a Nero, or
even Nabis the tyrant of Sparta, is a fact of which we had ocular
demonstration. For vigorously defending his country against any power on
earth, I give him credit, and for using every exertion in expelling all
its invaders; but this should have been done without those unheard-of
cruelties, which were interwoven in his very nature;—but he is gone, and
I proceed.
It is not yet known by whose hand the tyrant of the East was laid low;
and it is supposed, that the jewels which he always wore about his
person, and which became the property of some fortunate soldier, whoever
he might be, that was his conqueror, are too precious to be hastily
acknowledged.
The following particulars were related by Bejeb Saib, one of the sidars
who came with the hostage princes to Lord Cornwallis. “He constantly
wore a ruby ring, which was esteemed by him as the most valuable in his
treasury; his turban also was always adorned with a diamond of great
value; and a pearl rosary was continually ornamental of his person. The
pearls of which it consisted were of uncommon size and beauty; they had
been the collection of many years, and were the pride of his dress.
Whenever he could purchase a pearl of extraordinary size, he never
omitted the opportunity, making it supply, on his rosary, the place of
another inferior in form and beauty.” Neither of these precious articles
has appeared since the sultan’s death. His body was found late in the
evening, beneath a heap of others, mingled together in one promiscuous
slaughter; it had been shot in the temples, and was otherwise wounded,
as appeared, by a bayonet. After it had been properly identified, it was
delivered to the survivors of his family, and interred in the sepulchre
of his father, Hyder Ali, with the solemnities and ceremonials belonging
to his exalted rank and station.
It is not among the customs of European nations to war with the dead,
otherwise the remains of such a tyrant, whose peculiar aversion towards,
and inveterate cruelty exercised on, the English, whenever they were so
unfortunate as to become subject to his tyranny, might have been treated
with indignity. The rooted and barbarous antipathy which he manifested
against his prisoners in a former war, seems to have accompanied him to
the last.
About twenty unhappy stragglers from our army had fallen into his hands
in the course of our march, among whom was a little drummer-boy of the
Scotch brigade; all these he ordered to be put to death. Even his small
motley band of French auxiliaries, execrate his memory as a most cruel
tyrant, and represent, with bitter imprecations, the ignominy and
hardships to which he subjected them.
The carnage, on this occasion, is very much to be lamented, though it
was much less than might have been expected in a large city entered by
storm, and filled with people, whose opposition was continued from the
streets and from their houses. Here was a spot where no incentive was
wanting to gratify lust, rapine, and revenge! but it should be for ever
remembered, to the honour of the general officer who conducted the
assault, and to others who seconded his humane efforts, that the
effusion of blood was very soon restrained, and under circumstances of
provocation, which sufficiently proved, if proof were wanting, the
humanity of the British character; nor in the course of that plunder,
which the laws of war allow in certain cases, to the conquerors, was any
defenceless inhabitant killed, or any woman treated with wanton
brutality.
That the French republicans obtained the quarter which they so ill
deserved, must be imputed to accident, rather than any disposition in
their favour. This party had shut themselves up with the defenders of
the palace, till the first burst of violence had passed, and mixing with
them, partook of the mercy by which they were preserved. Their
appearance, in every respect, was extremely mean, though their
commander, for there was an elderly man among them who bore some sort of
commission, displayed somewhat of the military veteran in his aspect.
The two sons of Tippoo, who had been hostages at Madras, comported
themselves well, submitting with resignation to their fate. They were
ignorant of their father’s death until the body was found, it being
believed by them, as it was suspected by us, that he had made his
escape. Tippoo was so infatuated, as not to entertain an idea of the
catastrophe which befell him. He considered himself in a state of
perfect security in his capital, where he retained all his family and
treasures, instead of sending them off to remote strong-holds, where
they might at least have been safe from a victorious enemy. His
principal people, and all the inhabitants, possessed the same
confidence, so that no preparations had been made either for concealment
or flight. The plunder of the city was consequently very great; and many
of the soldiers, both native and European, possessed themselves of very
precious effects in gold and jewels. Considerable fortunes are also
supposed to have been made by persons of higher rank, by way of
purchase. The houses of the chief sidars, as well as of the merchants
and skioffs, were completely gutted; while the women, alarmed for their
personal safety, emptied their coffers, and brought forth whatever
jewels they possessed.
Fortunately, however, for the army in general, the palace was secured,
and all the riches it contained reserved for the army at large, as
captured property. They were immense, and consisted of jewels, gold and
silver, plate, rich stuffs, and various other articles of great price
and rarity. The quantity of money yet discovered, though great in
itself, is by no means what ought to have been expected from the known
extent of Tippoo’s revenue and expenditure. Many lacks of specie, it is
supposed, are not yet found, and it is equally probable that they will
never be discovered. This enormous mass of wealth appeared to be
arranged without taste or judgment. All the parts of this extensive
building, except the Zenana and the state durbar, were appropriated to
its reception. A succession of quadrangles, with their ranges of
storehouses and galleries, were filled with the articles which were the
least susceptible of injury. The jewels were kept in large dark rooms,
strongly secured behind one of the durbars, and were deposited in
coffers. In the same manner were preserved the gold and plate, both
solid and in filigree, of which last manufacture there was an almost
endless variety of most beautiful articles. The jewelry was set in gold,
in the form of bracelets, rings, necklaces, aigrettes, plumes, &c. &c.
An upper, and very long apartment, contained the silver plate, solid and
filigree, of all dimensions and fashions. In one of the galleries were
two elephants, of this metal; there were also many pieces of massive
silver plate, richly inlaid with gold and jewels. The greater part of
this treasure must have been the plunder of the unhappy Mysore families,
and of many other inferior rajahs, which Tippoo and his father had
amassed, after the extermination of their respective possessors. Two of
the most capital articles were, however, of his own purchase, and were
deposited in two small rooms on each side of the hall of audience. The
one was a throne, estimated at a lack of pagodas; and the other an
howdar, of equal value.[34] His repositories of curious and costly
fire-arms and swords were equally astonishing, and some of the latter
were most magnificently adorned with gold and jewels. The greater part
of these have been presents, and several of them were of English
manufacture. The palanquins of state were four; but those which were
presented to him by Lord Cornwallis for his two sons, appeared never to
have been unpacked. There were also several door-posts of ivory, of
exquisite workmanship.
To this succession of treasure, may be added, various extensive
workhouses, filled with the richest furniture and most costly carpets.
In short, there was every thing that power could command, or money could
purchase, in this stupendous collection. Telescopes of every size,
spectacles for every sight, with looking-glasses and pictures in
unbounded profusion; while, of china and glass ware, there was
sufficient to form a large mercantile magazine. But amidst the confusion
that appeared in the arrangement, there was an unexpected degree of
regularity; the whole being accurately registered, and every article
bearing its corresponding label. Tippoo, whose desire of hoarding was
insatiable, passed the greatest part of his leisure hours in reviewing
this various and splendid assemblage of his riches. Nor is this all:
Tippoo, with his tyrannic nature, blended the love of literature, and
was possessed of a very large and curious library. The volumes were kept
in chests, each having a separate wrapper, so that they were in
excellent preservation. Some of those that have been examined, were very
richly adorned, and beautifully illuminated, in the manner of the Roman
missals. This library, which contains many thousand volumes, will, it is
presumed, be presented by the army to the English nation; if so, it will
form the finest, most curious, and valuable collection of Oriental
learning and history, that has ever been introduced into Europe.
The collection of military stores rivalled the arsenal of Madras; the
cannon, mounted on the works, were very numerous; and the quantity of
ordnance and musket ammunition expended, must have been very great, from
the constant heavy fire which was maintained, and which, from the
variety of its bearings, could never be silenced. The gunpowder, to the
manufacture of which great attention appears to have been paid, was
better than ours; and some of their shot was thrown from their walls
considerably within our lines, which were at the distance of two miles.
All his brass six-pounders, which were fifty-one in number, were said to
be English; the others were in general cast in his own foundry, and
curiously ornamented. One brass forty-two-pounder, and one brass
six-inch howitzer, with a great number of his iron ordnance, were of
English manufacture: and it was said he did not succeed so well in
casting iron as brass ordnance. Tippoo had established powder mills on
the European construction; but as they were without the walls, and on
the side of our approaches, he had destroyed them. There was a paper
mill also within the fort, on a large scale. His stores of grain
surpassed all credibility. In the stables were found only a few fine
horses and brood mares, his cavalry being at that time in the field. The
body of the fort appeared as large as Tritchinopoly, but its defences
and outworks were vastly more extensive; and as the most laborious
additions were continually making to it, there is little doubt, when its
insular situation is considered, that it would, in a short time, have
been rendered impregnable. Its population was very great; and the
mosque, which was built while we were in Seringapatam in the years 1787
and 1788, was a magnificent structure. This edifice was ornamented by a
deserter from Bombay, whose name was Elliot. He was a man of
considerable talents, but I suppose he met his fate in the general
catastrophe. But, amidst all their splendour, neither the ancient Mysore
palace, nor the pagodas, are on a grand scale. The ruins of the Pettah,
or citadel, form a very striking spectacle; they occupy more ground than
the fort and black town of Madras, including the vacant space, and cover
the greatest part of the island. It was closely built, and in regular
streets, but nothing remains except the walls of the houses. It is,
however, a pleasing reflection, that its former inhabitants are
returning by degrees to rebuild their ruined dwellings; the deserted
villages will also be shortly reinhabited; and there is every reason to
believe, that notwithstanding its hostile invasions, Seringapatam will
soon be seen to flourish in a renewed state of cultivation.
One material mischief will not, however, be easily remedied; this is,
the draining off the water in the Moottertellua lake, which was kept up
by natural streams, and by means of sluices a large tract of country was
watered. It is about twelve miles from Seringapatam; and the army was
encamped near its bed. Its ordinary depth was about 40 feet, and Tippoo
had employed a number of men for several weeks, under his own
inspection, to make a breach in the mound, which is really tremendous,
being about 100 feet deep, and much more in width and thickness.
Of the two gardens, the Laul-bog and Dowlah-baugh, the former has been
already described; the latter, being close under the walls of the fort,
was not in our possession in the last war. It contains a large,
handsome, and ancient mansion, but has neither temple nor mausoleum; it
formed the headquarters of the commander-in-chief. On one of the
buildings was represented, but, as may be supposed, in a miserable style
of painting, the defeat of Colonel Bailey, which the painter exhibited
with every exaggeration that might flatter the vanity of the conqueror.
The Laul-baugh was employed as an hospital.
The houses of Patam are very spacious, and well constructed; but the
interior embellishments are without variety, yet as gaudy as splendid
colours can make them. The streets are like those of Tanjour, but
contain a larger proportion of houses of two stories. The situation of
the ancient capital of the Mysore dominions must have been originally
Chaser, on account of its strength, as the district is naturally barren.
It is indebted for its population and fertility to the most persevering
industry, in procuring the means of watering it. The water-courses from
the river, as well as the distant lakes and tanks, in all directions,
are stupendous works. The principal erections are finished with stone,
having bridges at convenient intervals.
The chief, Sirdar Kumeradeen Cawn, surrendered himself at our post on
the fourth day of the capture, as did Tippoo’s eldest legitimate son,
and Hyder Saib, his eldest illegitimate son, who commanded a separate
army. All the circar horses were shortly after delivered up; and there
has been selected a sufficient number of them to complete the king’s
regiment of dragoons, serving on the coast, as well as the Company’s
establishment of native cavalry. Upwards of 2000 of an inferior order
were transferred to the Nizam. The draft and carriage bullocks, with the
camels and elephants, surrendered at the same time, so that our army was
immediately furnished with every necessary equipment. To crown the
whole, the dispersed and affrighted natives gradually returned in great
numbers to their former situations.
As a proof of the mental derangement of the late sultan, which his
subjects in general confirm, he neglected for several months past the
war department of his affairs, and particularly that branch of it which
related to the maintenance of those animals which are so essentially
necessary to it. This was an object to which his father Hyder,
throughout his reign, and himself, till very recently, had paid the most
unremitted attention: but of late, his bullocks, his horses, and his
elephants, were almost starved; and the people who had the care of them
were in long arrears of pay. This too was at a time when he must have
expected to be attacked by us; for he actually invited an army of French
auxiliaries, who, being destitute of every kind of equipment, must
necessarily have been provided by himself with the means to render their
services effectual.