SINAI IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
THE close of the eighteenth century witnessed events in Egypt which
directly affected the conditions of life in Sinai; they further reduced
the man of the desert in his resources.
Since the conquest of Egypt by the Turks in 1517 the country
was administered by a pasha who was appointed by the Sultan at
Constantinople. But the order of the Sultan to Ali Bey to join in a
war against Russia in 1769 met with a direct refusal; the Egyptian saw
his chance of proclaiming his independence. The revolt of the pasha of
Egypt gave Bonaparte an ostensible reason for occupying Alexandria in
1796. Bonaparte’s imagination was fired by the thought of incorporating
Egypt, the land of antiquity, in his world dominion. As part of this
wider scheme he addressed a letter as _général en chef_ to the monks
of Sinai in 1798, in which he took them under his protection, “to
the end,” as he said, “that they should hand on to future races the
tradition of his conquest, as he was filled with respect for Moses
and the Jews, and because the monks were learned men living in the
barbarity of the desert.” He further decreed that henceforth the Arab
Bedawyn had no claim whatever on the monks, that they should be left to
devote themselves unmolested to the claims of their religion, that they
should be exempt from paying tribute or tax on imports or exports on
the produce of their property in Schio (_i.e._ Chios) and Cyprus, that
they should freely enjoy their rights in Syria and in Cairo, and that
their ruler should be independent of the patriarch.[303]
At the order of Bonaparte the gentlemen Coutelle and Rosières were
sent on a tour of inspection to collect material for the work which he
planned. On this tour they came to the convent of Sinai in 1800, where
they found six monks and twenty-two lay brothers in residence. The
east wall of the convent, built by Justinian, had collapsed. By order
of General Kléber at Cairo, the monk Hallil, with forty-two masons
and a hundred and fifty camels, were dispatched from Cairo to do the
necessary repair. The camels were furnished by the Towarah.[304]
In the meantime Nelson, scouring the seas in search of the French
fleet, came upon it near the coast of Egypt, and attacked and
scattered it at the Battle of the Nile (Oct., 1798). The Turks, aware
that Bonaparte’s descent on Egypt was prompted by his desire for
self-aggrandisement, felt called upon to declare war on the French in
Egypt (1799). Hereupon Bonaparte, with nearly the whole of his army,
marched along the desert road to Gaza and took Jaffa by assault, but a
few months later he was in full retreat. A Turkish army soon afterwards
reached Aboukir and joined forces with the British fleet, but Bonaparte
inflicted a crushing defeat on them. He then left Egypt leaving his
army in charge of General Kléber. But a further expedition was launched
by the Turk, one detachment of troops was landed at Damietta, another
under Yussuf Pasha approached by the El Arish road. They were defeated
by the French, but General Kléber soon afterwards was assassinated
(June, 1808). The English now effected a landing at Aboukir (March,
1801), and the French, after some struggles, evacuated the country.
In Egypt itself confusion reigned. The Mameluks were regaining their
influence, when Mehemed Ali († 1849), the leader of an Albanian corps,
secured the adherence of the sheykhs and claimed the Pashalik with the
support of the French. An expedition made by the British to oppose him
in 1807 miscarried. In 1811 he caused a massacre of the Mameluks and
extended his influence by carrying war into Arabia and invading Syria.
The interference of the English reduced, but did not break, his power.
In 1841 he secured the hereditary sovereignty of Egypt.
The period of upheaval naturally reacted on the desert and rendered
travelling unsafe. Seetzen visited the convent under Russian orders
and found the road dangerous. There were twenty-five monks in the
convent, who longed for the end of the Turkish government and the
establishment of European influence in Cairo.[305] Seetzen was murdered
in Syria on a later journey. Again the traveller Boutin was in Serabit
in 1811, where he scrawled his name on a stone in the temple where
Rüppell found it. Boutin also was murdered in Syria. Burckhardt
travelled in the disguise of a Bedawyn and repeatedly visited Sinai,
and the convent (1816, 1822). Both Rüppell and Burckhardt travelled in
the interest of geography.
With the return of more settled conditions travellers became more
numerous. Lord Prudhoe and Major Felix (1827) were among those who
visited the ruins of Serabit. The account of their journey was lost,
but Lord Prudhoe, after inspecting the temple ruins, was the first
and, as far as I am aware, the only traveller to whom it occurred
that this might be the sanctuary that was visited by the Israelites.
The fact was recorded by Edward Robinson who came into Sinai in the
interest of Biblical research in 1838 and 1852 (i. 79) and who was
himself immensely impressed by the ruins at Serabit. Other travellers
who made a prolonged stay were Laborde and Linant (1828), to whom we
owe the first detailed and illustrated account of the convent church,
its architecture, its great mosaics and its numerous side chapels;
Tischendorf, who secured the famous MS. for Petrograd, as mentioned
above; Bartlett, whose rapid visit in 1839 established interesting
geological facts, more especially with regard to the lie of the land
between Sinai and Syria; and Lepsius, who came into Sinai in 1845 for
the express purpose of copying the hieroglyph inscriptions at Maghara
and Serabit, which he incorporated in his _Denkmäler_ (1860).
Under the rule of Mehemed Ali safety was restored to the _hadj_ route
across Sinai by the rebuilding of the forts at Adjrud (near Suez),
Nakhl and Akaba. The settlement of a garrison brought regularity of
transport which reacted favourably on the Bedawyn who undertook it.
Mehemed Ali, also, was favourably disposed towards the convent. His
nephew, Abbas Pasha, who succeeded him in 1849, visited Sinai in
1853, and formed the plan of building himself a summer residence on
Mount Horeb. A road was therefore planned leading up from Tur on the
coast, which crossed the desert and then led through the relatively
luxurious valley of Hebron, with its many streams and the tamarisk
grove of Solaf. It was partly completed in 1854, when the Pasha was
assassinated. His successor Said Pasha (1854-63), was in friendly
relations with Ferdinand Lesseps, whom he zealously supported in the
scheme for constructing a canal through the Isthmus of Suez. The
enterprise was financed by French and Turkish subscriptions, and was
at the outset worked by means of forced labour, later with the help of
modern engineering appliances. The canal was completed under Ishmael
Pasha (1863-79) in 1869, and the British Government became a large
shareholder. Ishmael Pasha was an Oriental despot who depleted the
treasury and robbed the people, but who modernised Egypt by building
schools, laying down railways, and setting up telegraph communications.
In return for a large annual tribute he was raised to the rank of
Khedive, or viceroy, of Egypt by the Sultan in 1867. But the financial
difficulties, in which he became involved, were such that France and
England brought pressure to bear on him and finally deposed him. He was
succeeded by his son Tewfik Pasha (1879-92).
Among the visitors to the peninsula in 1845 was Major Macdonald, who
came to inspect the turquoise that was left, and who settled near the
mines at Maghara in 1855, where he remained ten years. His mining was
done with the help of Bedawyn labour. He took considerable interest
in the great inscriptions, and it was not he, but a French engineer,
who took up the work after he left, who destroyed by blasting a large
number of valuable rock inscriptions, including those of King Khufu
and of the Pharaohs of the Sixth Dynasty. The general interest taken
in the peninsula led to the sending out an expedition under General
Wilson in 1868, who engaged in a survey of Sinai, _i.e._ the mountains
of the south, under the auspices of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
The work was published in 1871 and contains text, maps and a number
of photographic views. Among those working on the Survey was the Rev.
F. W. Holland, who had previously stayed in Sinai in 1861 and 1867;
and the distinguished Arabic scholar, Prof. E. H. Palmer, who made
the acquaintance of Sir Richard Burton on this occasion, and who was
brought into prolonged contact with the Bedawyn. Prof. Palmer published
in 1871 a special account that deals with the story of the Israelites
in Sinai under the title _The Desert of Exodus_. Another visitor to the
peninsula was the Egyptologist, Prof. Ebers, who published his work
_Durch Gosen zum Sinai_ in 1872. The interest in geography now caused
travellers to journey along different routes and to explore different
parts of the peninsula, but, in spite of the work accomplished then
or undertaken since, the central part of the peninsula is still
insufficiently known.
[Illustration: Fig. 22.—Sulyman abu Sīlm, a Bedawy.]
From these writers we gain a further insight into the state of things
at the convent, and the attitude of the Bedawyn.
The number of monks at the convent remained much the same. Seetzen
found twenty-five monks there and a “guardian” who acted for the
absentee bishop (i. 73); Edward Robinson found twenty monks in
residence (i. 131); Lepsius in 1845 found twenty-five; Ebers in 1871
found twenty-eight. In 1890 there were between twenty and thirty.
Of the property that is at present owned by the monks I fail to find
a complete list. At different periods mention is made of priories in
Alexandria, Jerusalem, Tripoli, Gaza, Constantinople, Crete and Cyprus,
besides the house owned at Cairo.[306] Wolff, in 1839, mentioned
property held by the monks at Constantinople, Cyprus, Belgrad,
Bukarest, Jassy, Athens, India and Calcutta;[307] Robinson mentioned
houses at Bengal, Golconda, Crete and Cyprus (p. 549). According to
Burckhardt the monks received their supplies from Gaza and Cairo.
After an interregnum of eight years Constantius II ruled as archbishop
from 1804 to 1859, and was succeeded by Cyrillus III (1859-67). The
next archbishop, Callistratus (1867-85), was the first prelate who
returned to the convent in 1872, but his installation was attended by
difficulties. His successor, Porphyrius, fell out with the patriarch
of Alexandria, who caused him to be expelled from Cairo. He was in
residence at the convent in the winter of 1905-6.
Modern accounts give a further insight into the temper of the men of
the desert.
The pilgrims of the Middle Ages generally dreaded the Bedawyn who were
apt to swoop down on them, clamouring for dues, as they passed from
the territory of one tribe into that of another, but we hear of few
excesses committed by them. Burckhardt, Prof. Palmer and Sir Richard
Burton gave an account of the different tribes.
The Bedawyn of southern Sinai are collectively known as Towarah from
Towa, Arabic for mountain, as distinct from the Tiyaha, or Bedawyn of
the Plain and the tribes who hold the northern districts.
Among the Towarah Prof. Palmer included (1) the Sawaliheh, who are
divided into three clans or families, of which each has its sheykh, so
that there are three sheykhs to each tribe. In 1870 the sheykhs of the
Sawaliheh were Fatir, Kadir Ibn Simhan and Abu Farh, of whom Fatir was
_agyd_ or commander-in-chief of all the military operations undertaken
by the Towarah generally. Burton spoke of the Salihi (_i.e._ Sawaliheh
or Benu Saleh) as the principal tribe of the Sinaitic Bedawyn.
The next tribe, included among the Towarah, were (2) the Auled Said,
who include several families. The sheykhs in 1870 were Hasan Ibn ’Amir
and Embarek ed Dheiri.[308]
The next tribe mentioned were (3) the Garrasheh, who are principally
found in the neighbourhood of Wadi Feiran. Their chief sheykh, Ibn
Nasir, was made responsible to the Egyptian government for the good
conduct of the Towarah. He had died when the expedition returned to
England. Husein Abu Ridhwan was the only remaining sheykh in 1870,
Mansur Ibn Gormah also having recently died.
Another tribe were (4) the Aleyat (or Aliki), whose district was the
neighbourhood of the (western) Wadi Nasb. Their sheykhs were Suleiman
Ibn Emdakkhal, Juma Abu Shawish, and Amdan Abu Ukri. This tribe was
described as not numerous by Prof. Palmer.
There were further, (5) the Emzeineh, (Muzaineh) the descendants of
an illustrious tribe who are regarded by the Towarah as comparative
strangers, though not excluded from the right of intermarriage. They
roam over the eastern coast of the peninsula and are said to have come
into Sinai from the Hedjaz in comparatively recent times. According to
Sir Richard Burton five persons, ancestors of the Muzaineh, were forced
by a blood feud to fly from their native country and landed at Sherm,
where they were received by the Aleyat. With these they jointly own the
palm trees at Dahab, and the rights of transporting the people landing
at Dahab and Sherm. “Anyone who knows the Bedawyn,” wrote Sir Richard,
“can see that the Muzaineh are pure blood. Their brows are broad, their
faces narrow, their features regular, and their eyes of moderate size,
whereas the other Towarah clans are as palpably Egyptian. They are of
an impure race, Egypto-Arabs, whereas their neighbour, the Hedjazi, is
the pure Syrian or Mesopotamian.”
Besides these tribes Prof. Palmer named (6) the Auled Shahin as the
branch of the Towarah, who occupy the country immediately around Tur
and the mountain which borders on the plain of El Kaa; they are,
properly speaking, a branch of the Aleyat.
There are also, (7) the Gebeliyeh, the so-called serfs of the
convent, who are held to be the lineal descendants of the four
hundred Wallachian and Egyptian slaves whom the emperor settled in
the peninsula. Their district comprises the Wadi esh Sheikh and the
immediate neighbourhood of the convent. Their chief sheykhs in 1870
were Awwad Ibn Atiyeh, Eid Ibn Suad and Suleiman Ibn Ghanaim.
Of these tribes the Saidi and the Aleyat are the recognised _ghufara_,
or protectors of the convent. The MS. account of 1710 calls them Waled
Sahin, three tribes, the sons of Saleh, _i.e._ the Selim, the Saidi and
the Haliq (Aleyat). These met at the annual festival at the tomb of
Nebi Saleh.
The fluctuations of the tribes are insufficiently known. In
Burckhardt’s days Harun Ibn Amer, sheykh of the Saidi, was accounted
one of the most powerful sheykhs of the Towarah (p. 594).
Of the Towarah generally, Sir R. Burton wrote that in the reign of
Mehemed Ali no governor of Suez dared to flog or lay hands on a Turi,
whatever offence he might have committed in the town of Suez. Later
the wild man’s sword was taken from him before he was allowed to enter
the gates. In his estimation “the most good-humoured and sociable of
men, they delight in a jest and may readily be managed by kindness
and courtesy. Yet they are passionate, nice on the point of honour,
revengeful and easily offended when their peculiar prejudices are
misunderstood. I have always found them pleasant companions, and
deserving of respect, for their hearts are good and their courage is
beyond a doubt” (p. 102).
In distinction to the Towarah or men of the mountain, the Bedawyn
further north are known as Tiyaha, or men of the plain, who go south as
far as Nakhl. They have for their neighbours the Terrebin, a powerful
tribe, whose territory extends from about forty miles south-east of
Suez on the Sinai road as far as Gaza in the north. There are also
the Heiwatt occupying the land between Akaba and Nakhl, who have a
bad reputation for raiding, and their neighbours the Anazeh, whose
pasture grounds extend from about Medina in Arabia to Palmyra in Syria,
including the Arabah. Another wealthy tribe are the Howeitat who can
raise as many as twelve hundred camels.
The difficulty of dealing with the Bedawyn, was shown by the events
that attended the rising of Arabi in Egypt, in 1880. When Tewfik
became Khedive in 1879 dissatisfaction reigned. A military revolution
broke out in Cairo, and Arabi Bey, a fellah officer, arose determined
to diminish European influence. When rioting began at Alexandria the
Khedive sought the protection of the British Fleet, and Sir Garnet
Wolseley occupied the Suez Canal, whereupon Cairo surrendered. But the
dread of Arabi’s influence among the men of the desert led the British
Government to request Prof. Palmer to bring his influence to bear on
the Bedawyn of Et Tîh. His work in the Ordnance Survey had brought him
into friendly relations with many of the sheykhs, and he was instructed
to prevent them from joining the Egyptian rebels. With a _firmân_
signed by Tewfik, Prof. Palmer left Jaffa as Abdallah Effendi, and
crossed the peninsula to Suez, being conducted by Hamdan, the head man
of the Tiyaha, and on his way met the great sheykh of the Heiwatt. His
plan was to raise 10,000 of the Tiyaha and Terabin to fight Arabi. From
Suez he therefore departed carrying the sum of £3000 in gold in order
to buy camels, and arranged for a great meeting of the sheykhs. It was
in vain that Sheykh Ode Ismaileh of the Aleyat, and Umdakhl, a minor
sheykh, advised him not to go. He and his three companions were lured
into an ambush in the Wadi Sudr, and were murdered, August, 1882.[309]
Following upon the mission of Prof. Palmer to Sinai was the expedition
to the Sudan for which General Gordon volunteered. He was killed in
1885, whereupon General Kitchener set out to reconquer the Sudan
and occupied Khartoum. In 1892 Tewfik in Egypt was succeeded by
Hussein Kamel. A misunderstanding with Turkey in connection with the
Sinaitic frontier caused a passing difficulty in the year 1906-7. The
Turco-Egyptian frontier was drawn from Rafa, now in Egypt, to the Gulf
of Akaba, Akaba itself being included in the domain over which Turkey
claimed supremacy. At this it stood at the outbreak of the Great War.
The population of the whole of the peninsula at the time was estimated
as below 40,000 persons, including the settled inhabitants of El Arish,
the Gebeliyeh (400-500), and the rest of the Bedawyn. From a military
point of view these were looked upon as of small importance, except
as possible secret agents and scouts, and no effort was apparently
made to organise them. Although Sinai was politically an Egyptian
dependency, with the frontier line between Rafa and Akaba, the Suez
Canal was chosen as the means of defending Egypt, and bridgeheads
were constructed along it, chief of which was the one at Kantara. The
peninsula was therefore open to the Turks, who advanced across it along
three routes, _i.e._ along the coast, along the pilgrim road from Akaba
by way of Nakhl, and by a route half-way between the pilgrim route and
the Mediterranean. Nakhl became a Turkish military centre. The attacks
made at different points along the canal were defeated. The Turk, from
the first, engaged the help of the Bedawyn of the eastern desert, but
he failed to raise much enthusiasm among them. Only the Terabin, the
Ayayme, and some of the sub-tribes of the Howeitat supplied irregular
lines, the Ruala and the Anazeh promised to defend Syria, other tribes
failed altogether. When a raiding party of Turks advanced from Nakhl on
Tur, they were joined by some Bedawyn from Midian and Sinai, who were
tempted by the promise of loot. On the way, they requisitioned food at
the convent, but they found Egyptian troops in occupation of Tur and
were repulsed.
The advance along the shore of the Mediterranean, and expeditions
from the bridgeheads and secured posts, engaged the Allied forces in
1916. Ayun Musa was fortified and connected with Suez by means of a
light railway, and a railway was constructed along the Mediterranean.
In the course of this progress the walls and water cisterns on which
the enemy depended were naturally destroyed, and one does not wonder
to find the Bedawyn acting in concert with the Turk in their defence.
It was not till January, 1917, that Rafa was captured, and the Turk
swept out of northern Sinai. Along the eastern frontier the Arabs were
prepared to side with the Allies. As early as 1916 Prince Hussein of
Mecca organised his forces to resist the Turk, but his progress was
indifferent, when he was sought out by Capt. Lawrence, who urged him to
advance and persuaded Auda Ibn Tayyi, the great sheykh of the Howeitat,
to act in concert with him. The result was a camel charge on the fort
of Akaba, which wiped out the Turkish battalion stationed there, and
freed the Arab and the Allies from a centre of enemy plotting. By their
action the Arabs made a further step in realising themselves as a
nation.[310]
[Illustration: Fig. 23.—Map of the Peninsula.]
In the light of these recent events, one is set wondering how they will
affect the chances of well-being of the men of the Sinai desert, and
what future may be in store for the convent.
INDEX
Aahmes, 42, 54
Aaron, 67
Abbas Pasha, 186
Abd-el-Melek, 135
Abraham of Ostracine, 109, 149
Abraham of Sinai, 154
Abu Saleh, writer, 146
Actisanes, 91
Ad Dianam, 80, 94
Ademarus, writer, 144
Adites, 48, 49
Adornes, writer, 167
Adze, settlement, 108
Aekatherina. _See_ Katherine.
Aerts, writer, 167
Agatharcides, writer, 83
Aila, city, 48, 80, 81, 94, 99, 110, 134
Ain en Nuêbeh, 5
Ain Hudhera, 78
Ain Kadeis, 79, 170, _also_ Kadesh.
Akaba, 5, 51, 175, 185
Akhen-aten. _See_ Amen-hotep IV.
Albert of Aix, writer, 147
Al Biruni, writer, 10, 76
Aleyat, tribe, 124, 189
Alfonso da Paiva, 168
Al Lat, divinity, 24
Alphius of Rhinocorura, 109
Alvarez, Francesco, 168
Amalekites, 2, 44 ff., 72, 99
Amen-em-hat I, 34, 35, 43
Amen-em-hat II, 36, 38
Amen-em-hat III, 16, 25, 37 ff., 57, 59
Amen-em-hat IV, 18, 40
Amen-hotep I, 54
Amen-hotep II, 42, 57
Amen-hotep III, 58 ff.
Amen-hotep IV, 42, 60, 65
Ammanus, phylarch, 44, 105
Ammonius, writer, 100 ff., 119, 125
Amu-anshi, sheykh, 43, 44
Ananias of Sinai, 179
Anastasius of Sinai, 130, 177
Anastasius, writer, 110, 112
Anazeh, tribe, 190, 192
Andrew, monk, 111
Anglure, writer, 156, 157
Ankhab, 35
Antoninus Martyr, writer, 98, 99, 125, 127
Antoninus of Cremona, writer, 155, 157
Antoninus of Sinai, 179
Anu, people, 15, 33, 39, 41
Arandara, 115, 120
Arbaïn, settlement, 99, 172
Aretas I and III, 86
Ariston, 83, 84
Arius, 99, 100
Arselao, settlement, 113
Arsinius of Sinai, 153
Arsinoë, city, 83, 87, 92, 94
Artapanus, writer, 10, 65 ff.
Athanasius I of Sinai, 154
Athanasius II of Sinai, 180
Athanasius, patriarch, 100
Athos, 10
Atika, 63
Aud, divinity, 47-8
Aulon, 78
Avaris, 48
Ayayme, tribe, 192
Ayun Musa, 70, 71, 84, 115, 172
Ba-alat, divinity, 24, 52
Baal-zephon, 70, 118
Baboons, 11
Badiet Tîh, 2, 46, 78, 191
Baedeker, guidebook, 95, 171
Balaam, 45, 79
Baldensel, writer, 155, 157, 163
Baldwin, king, 147
Barbosa, writer, 147
Barhebræus, writer, 65, 67
Bartlett, writer, 4, 185
Barton, writer, 10
Basil, Vaivode, 178
Basileus, Menology, 97, 138
Basileus of Seleucia, writer, 114
Baumgarten, writer, 127, 187
Bedawyn, 165, 188 ff.
Belon, writer, 175
Benedict III, Pope, 136
Benjamin of Tudela, writer, 146
Besant, writer, 191
Beryllus of Aila, 110
Bethrambe. _See_ Thrambe.
Bianchi, writer, 170
Bibars, Sultan, 153
Birch, S., writer, 8, etc.
Bir Hassana, 171
Bir Shaweis, 78
Bir Themed, 51, 78
Bishops and Archbishops of Sinai, vii
Bishops of Pharan, vii
Blemmyes, people, 102
Bliss and Macalister, writers, 28
Bonajuto del Pan, 168
Bonaparte, 183
Bononius, 144
Boutin, traveller, 185
Brancovan, Vaivode, 180
Breasted, _History_, 30, 31
Breasted, _Records_, ix, 25, 32, etc.
Breydenbach, writer, 167 ff.
Briggs, writer, 156
Brugsch, _Dict. Geog._, 93
Brugsch, _Religion_, 26
Bulls, Papal, 149, 178
Burckhardt, _Notes_, 189
Burckhardt, _Travels_, 44, 99, 111, etc.
Burning Bush, 67, 69
Bursbai, Sultan, 165
Burton, writer, 82, 186, 189
Bush, settlement, 98, 100, 106, 119, 123, 128, 136
Calixtus III, Pope, 166
Callistratus of Sinai, 188
Capgrave, writer, 161
Casium, city, 92, 93, 109
Castale, writer, 177
Castro, Don John de, 174
Caussin de Perceval, 48, 50
Chabot, writer, 149
Charles VIII of France, 166
Cheikho, writer, vii, 124, 150
Choreb, settlement. _See_ Horeb.
Clayton, Bishop, 180
Clédat, writer, 86, 92
Clesma or Clysma, 94, 115, 122, 143, _also_ Kolzoum.
Codar or Kedar, settlement, 101
Constantine of Sinai, 137
Constantius I of Sinai, 181
Constantius II of Sinai, 181
Convent, building of, 121 ff.
Convent, property of, 148-50
Copper, 3, 63
Cosmas and Damianus, 98, 172
Cosmas Indicopleustes, 88, 115, 120
Cosmas of Sinai, 180
Crusades, 143 ff.
Cyrillus I of Sinai, 154
Cyrillus II of Sinai, 181
Cyrillus III of Sinai, 188
Dadkara, 33, 34
Dahab, 5, 189
Dating of Egyptian Dynasties, v
Dating of the Exodus, 64
Delitzsch, writer, 51
Demetrius, writer, 65
Den-Setui, 31, 41
Desher, 46
Diodorus Siculus, writer, 51, 83, etc.
Dionysius of Alexandria, 95
Dizahab, 78
Djundu, king, 50
Dobschütz, writer, 177
Dorotheus of Petra, 147
Dorotheus of Sinai, 153
Dorotheus II of Sinai, 182
Doughty, writer, 24, 50, 70
Doulas, monk, 101, 104
Doulas, Superior, 124
Dulcetius, monk, 132
Ea, divinity, 10, 15
Ebers, writer, 46, 187
Eberwein, writer, 139
Edom, 5, 43, 47, 79
Edrizi, writer, 146
Egyptians in Sinai, 30 ff., 52 ff.
El Arish, city, 91, 145, 146
El Kaa, desert, 4, 189
El Markha, plain, 3, 17, 18
El Paran, 41, 45, 72, _also_ Pharan.
El Ramlah, 50
Elias, monk, 108
Elias, Superior, 137
Elijah, prophet, 94, 117, 137
Elim, 70, 120
Elim, settlement, 102, 108, _also_ Raithou.
Elusa, city, 79, 108, 125
Epiphanius, monk, 111
Epiphanius, writer, 25, 65, 100
Episteme, 98
Esau, 47
Etham, 70, 118
Etheria, writer, 88, 90, 114 ff.
Eucherius, writer, 95
Eugenius of Sinai, 177
Eusebius, monk, 108, 111
Eusebius, writer, 10, 66, 79
Euthymius of Sinai, 150
Euting, writer, 89
Eutychius, writer, 82, 122, 124, 129
Evagrius, writer, 133
Eziongeber, 80
Fabri, writer, 166, 167
Faran, 81, _also_ Pharan.
Farma, city, 145, 147
Férotin, writer, 114
Franciscans in Sinai, 156, 165
Fraymansperg, writer, 155, 158
Frescobaldo, writer, 156, 162
Fretellus, writer, 142, 146
Fromont, 136 ff.
Gabriel I of Sinai, 145
Gabriel II of Sinai, 154
Galac̭tion, monk, 97
Gamurrini, writer, 114
Gardiner, Alan, 24
Gardthausen, writer, 132, 153
Garindeans, people, 84
Garrasheh, tribe, 189
Gebbet er Ramleh, 2
Gebel el Ejneh, 2
Gebel Emreikah, 2
Gebel er Raha, 46
Gebel Hammam Faraun, 46
Gebel Haroun, 147, _also_ Hor.
Gebel Hellal, 171
Gebel Katrîn, 4, 158, 171
Gebel Mukattab, 89
Gebel Musa, 4, 124, 127, 141
Gebel Thebt, 4
Gebel Umm Iswed, 4
Gebel Umm Riglên, 3
Gebel Umm Shomer, 4
Gebeliyeh, tribe, 189, 191
George, monk, 113
George of Sinai, 145
Germanus I and II of Sinai, 150
Germanus III of Sinai, 154
Gerra, city, 92, 93, 97
Gethrabbi. _See_ Thrambe.
Giustiniani, writer, 139
Giziret el Faraun, 46, 149
Glaber, writer, 137
Goshen, 10, 26, 28, 73, 83, 118
Gouda, settlement, 113
Gregor von Gaming, writer, 127-8, 167
Gregoriades of Rhinocorura, 145
Gregoriades, writer, 148-50, 166
Gregorius, Superior, 133
Gregory I, Pope, 130
Gregory IX, Pope, 149, 178
Gubernatis, writer, 180
Hallil, 184
Ha-Sela. _See_ Petra.
Hardwick, writer, 141
Harff, Ritter von, 120, 162, 169
Harnakt, 36
Hathor, divinity, 22 ff., 35 ff., 56 ff., 83
Hatshepsut, queen, 26, 53, 56-7
Havilah, 2, 45, 47
Hazeroth, 78
Hedjaz, province, 45, 135
Heiwatt, tribe, 190, 192
Helena, empress, 99
Helfferich, writer, 177
Henri III of France, 177
Henry II of Brunswick, 153
Hermits, 94 ff.
Hermogenes of Rhinocorura, 109
Heyd, writer, 156
High Places, 20, 27, 58, 67
_Hima_, 6, 18
Hobab, 78
Holland, Rev., 5, 186
Honorius III, Pope, 149, 178
Hor, Mount, or Gebel Haroun, 68, 79
Horeb, 67
Horeb, or Choreb, settlement, 101, 117, 125, 136
Hor-em-heb, 91
Horites, 41
Hormah, 80
Horoura, 38
Hughes, writer, 29, 75
Hugo of Flavigny, writer, 140
Hull, Ed., writer, 1
Hume, W. F., writer, 4
Hyksos, 42, 48
Hypatius, monk, 108
Ibn Ishak, writer, 134
Ibn Zobeir, writer, 146
Innocent VI, Pope, 154
Innocent VIII, Pope, 178
Innocent IX, Pope, 179
Irby and Mangles, writers, 92
Isabella of Spain, 166
Isaiah, monk, 101
Isaurus, monk, 130
Ishmael, 46, 47
Ishmaelites, 47, 95, _also_ Saracens.
Isidorus, writer, 109
Israelites in Sinai, 64 ff.
Jacopo, writer, 155, 158
Jacques of Vitry, writer, 147
Jastrow, writer, 10
Jeremiah of Constantinople, 180
Jethro, 67, 74, 78, 81, 116
Joannes de Hese, writer, 167, 168
Joannicus I of Sinai, 179, 180
Joannicus II of Sinai, 180
Joasaph of Sinai, 178 ff.
John Cilix, writer, 111
John Climacus, 110, 112, 130, 172
John, monk, 107
John Moschus, 110 ff.
John I of Sinai, 144
John II of Sinai, 145
John III of Sinai, 153
John the Sabaite, 112, 113
Joos van Ghistelle, writer, 167, 171
Jorius of Sinai, 137
Joseph, monk, 102
Josephus, writer, 41, 65, etc.
Joshua, 22, 80
Julian Sabbas, monk, 98, 116
Julius II, Pope, 178
Justinian, emperor, 121 ff., 177
Kadesh, 68, 151, _also_ Ain Kadeis.
Kantara, 86, 92
Katherine, St., 134 ff., 151, 154 ff.
Katia, 86, 92
Kedar, settlement, 101
Keduma or Aduma, 43
Kenites, 68
Khalesa. _See_ Elusa.
Khalil Sabag, writer, 181
Khalu or Kharu, 42
Khent, queen, 35
Khenti-hotep, 36
Khufu, 14, 15, 33, 41, 186
Kibroth-Hata-avah, 78, 119
Knust, writer, 142
Kolzoum, 81, 143, 144, _also_ Clesma.
Koran, 18, 24, 49, 50, 81, 92
Korobeïnikoff, writer, 177
Labbé, writer, 109, etc.
Laborde and Linant, writers, 129, 185
Lachmienses, people, 135
Lammens, writer, 166
Lampetius of Casium, 109
Laurentius of Sinai, 177
Leman, 167
Le Nain de Tillemont, 97
Lepsius, writer, 4, 46, 185, 187
Lequien, writer, 99, etc.
Leukokome, 85 ff.
Loewenstein, writer, 176
Longinus, Superior, 130
Louis IX of France, 142, 153
Louis XI of France, 166
Lua or Levi, 36
Ludolf of Sudheim, 155, 157
Macarius of Pharan, 110
Macarius I and II of Sinai, 150
Macdonald, Major, 186
Maderus, writer, 154
Madian. _See_ Midian.
Mafkat. _See_ Turquoise.
Magan or Maganna, 8
Maghara. _See_ Wadi Maghara.
Makrizi, writer, 45, 80, 85, 124
Malchos I, 86
Malocha, settlement, 111, 112
Manetho, 65
Mann, writer, 149
Manna, 6, 72, 78
Marah, 70, 115
Maraneans, 84
Marcian, emperor, 110
Marcus I of Sinai, 137
Marcus II of Sinai, 154
Martone, writer, 156, 161
Martyrios, monk, 113
Massah, 72
Masudi, writer, 44, 82
Maundeville, writer, 155, 158
Mavia or Mania, queen, 104, 105
Maximilian I, emperor, 166
Maximilian II, emperor, 177
_Mazzeboth_, 22, 34, 49, 75
Mehemed Ali, 184, 185, 190
Meister K., writer, 114
Melas of Rhinocorura, 100
Melik el Nasir, Sultan, 155
Mena, monk, 70
Men-kau-hor, 42
Mentu, people, 26, 33, 34, 39, 42
Mentu-hotep, 34
Meren-ptah, 62
Meribah, 72, 78
Merytamen, 54
Meryt-aten, 66
Michael of Sinai, 154
Midian or Madian, 81, 82
Milukhkha, 3, 8, 45
Miriam, 78
Moab, 80, 81
Mohammad, prophet, 134 ff.
Monconys, writer, 178
Monreale, 147, 151, _also_ Petra.
Mons Latrus, settlement, 138
Moon-cult, 8 ff.
Moses of Pharan, 102, 104, 105
Moses, prophet, 41, 60, 64 ff., 98, 99, 116, 117
Mosque on Gebel Musa, 127, 160
Mukaddisi, writer, 134, 144
Muralt, writer, 148
Murray, guidebook, 27
Nabat and Nabateans, 83 ff.
Naghb el Racki, 171
Nakhb, 5
Nakhl, Kala at en, 2, 51, 171, 175,
185, 190
Natyr of Pharan, 105
Nawamis, 90
Nectanebo, 93
Nectarius, writer, 95, 99, 129, 178
Neitzschitz, writer, 178
Nestorius, 109
Nicephorus of Sinai, 181
Niebuhr, writer, 17, 89, 181
Nielssen, writer, 77
Nilus, writer, 106 ff.
Nitocris, queen, 82
Normandy, dukes of, 137, 141
Obedianus, sheykh, 100, 104
Oil, holy, 140, 152, 153, 157, 172
Onophrius, hermit, 95, 164
Ordnance Survey, ix, 1, 6, 125, 126, 184, 189
Orontios, monk, 131
Orosius, writer, 115
Ostracine, 92, 100, 109
Pa-kesem, 10, 26
Palladius, monk, 130
Pa-qahert. _See_ Pihahiroth.
Palmer, E. H., 1, 89, 125, 126, 191
Palmer, H. S., writer, 6
Paphnutius, monk, 95, 96
Passover, 70, 71, 77
Paul of Petra, 102
Paul II and III, Popes, 178
Paulus a Latro, 138
Paulus II of Aila, 121
Paulus, monk, 107
Pedro da Cavillan, 168
Pepy I and II, 33
Perigraphe, 109, 112, 124
Per-Sopd, 26, 83, or Pa-kesem.
Peter of Aila, 99
Peter of Alexandria, 101, 104
Peter of Jerusalem, 132
Petra, city, 44, 49, 79, 86, 90, 92, 108, _also_ Monreale.
Petrie, Prof.: _Abydos_, 12;
_Egyptian Tales_, 26, 32, 43;
_History_, 42, 43;
_Researches_, ix, 18, etc.
Petrus Diaconus, 115, 116
Peutinger Table, 93, 94
Phacusa, 119, _also_ Per-Sopd or Pa-kesem.
Pharan, city, 44, 94, 104, 116, etc.
Phillip of France, 166
Philo, writer, 65, 67
Photius of Pharan, 132
Pietro della Valle, 89
Pietro Ziani, Doge, 148
Pihahiroth, 70, 118
Pilgrims, 155 ff.
Piloti, writer, 162, 165
Pithom, 118
Pliny, 46, 92
Pococke, Bishop, 98, 126, 135, 181
Polybius of Rhinocorura, 100
Pompey the Great, 93
Poncet, writer, 180
Posniakow, 176
Postumianus, 96
Proclus, monk, 108
Procopius, writer, 122, 127
Property of convent, 149, 150, 180
Prudhoe, Lord, 185
Psamtek I, 83
Psoes, monk, 102, 104
Ptahwer, 39, 42
Pteleos, 111
Ptolemæus of Rhinocorura, 109, 145
Ptolemy, geographer, 44, 46, 49, 51
Puteus Soldani, 2, 157
Qasr Ghait, 86
Raamses, city, 65
Ra-en-user, 33, 42
Rafa, _also_ Raphia, 1, 44, 93, 170, 191
Raguel. _See_ Reuel.
Raha or Rahan, 46, 116
Raithou, 48, 102, 111, etc.
Raleigh, Sir W., 175
Rameses, city, 65, 70, 118
Ramessu I, 60
Ramessu II, 62, 64
Ramessu III, 43, 62
Ramessu IV and V, 63
Ramessu VI, 63, 83
Raphia. _See_ Rafa.
Ras Fartak, 5
Ras Mohammad, 4, 5, 46
Ras Safsaf, 4, 111
Ra-smenkh-ka, 66
Reissbuch, 155, 167, 176
Renaudin, Dom, writer, 183
Renaudot, writer, 136
Rephaim, 41, 44
Retennu, people, 36, 42
Reuel or Raguel, 67, 78
Rewich, 168
Rhinocorura, 11, 100, 109, etc.
Rieter, writer, 167
Robinson, writer, 78, 130, 185,187, 188
Roehricht, writer, 167
Ruala, tribe, 192
Rüppell, writer, 56, 185
Rusticiana, 131
Sabbas, monk, 101, 102
Sabbas of Sinai, 154
Safed, 27, 28
Sahura, 33
Said Pasha, 186
Saidi, tribe, 124, 189
Saladdin, 147
Salael settlement, 108
Saleh, prophet, 49, 50
Saleh, Benu, or Sawaliheh, 49, 124, 135, 188
Sanekht, 32
Saracens, 95, 125, 163
Sarbut el Khadem. _See_ Serabit.
Sawaliheh. _See_ Saleh, Benu.
Sayce, Prof., 8, 17
Sebat, princess, 35
Sebek-her-heb, 38
Seetzen, writer, 17, 184, 185, 187
Selim, Sultan, 135, 174, 175
Semerkhet, 14, 31
Sen-usert I, 26, 34, 35, 43
Sen-usert II, 26, 36
Sen-usert III, 36
Serabit, 3, 12, 17 ff., 83, etc.
Serapion of Ostracine, 83
Serbal, 4, 7
Serbonian Bog, 92
Sergius, Abbas, 111
Sergius, monk, 103
Set-nekht, 62
Sety I, 43, 60
Sety II, 62
Severus, writer, 96
Shaddad, king, 48
Shahin, Auled, tribe, 189
Sherm, 5, 189
Shoeib, 81, 82
Shophet, 28
Shur, 2, 45, 70, 93, 115
Sicard, Prefect, 180
Sidde, settlement, 112
Sigoli, writer, 156
Silvanus, monk, 96
Silvanus of Pharan, 154
Silvia of Aquitaine, 114
Simeon Metaphrastes, 97, 138, 162
Simeon, monk, 127, 139
Simeon of Sinai, 148, 153
Sin, moon-god, 8
Sin, wilderness, 2, 8, 70
Sisoeis, monk, 114
Smith-Lewis, Mrs., 100, 132
Smith, Robertson, 20, 24, 41, 42, 48
Sneferu, 13, 32, 34, 57
Socrates, writer, 105
Solms, Count, 168, 170
Solomon of Sinai, 154
Solon, monk, 100
Song of Deborah, 8, 68
Sopd or Sopdu, 25, 39, 56, 59, 67
Sozomenus, writer, 95, 97, 100
Sprenger, writer, 49, 95
Stephanos, builder, 129
Stephen Martyr, 66
Stephen, monk, 112
Stephen of Cappadocia, 113, 132
Strabo, 84, 87, 92
Succoth, 70, 118
Syllæus, general, 87
Taberah, 78, 119
Tafur, writer, 148, 166
Tahhieh ibn Robah, 134
Tahutmes I, 43, 54
Tahutmes II, 54
Tahutmes III, 42, 43, 56, 57, 62
Tahutmes IV, 58
Tarfat el Gidaran, 7
Tartir ed Dhami, 3
Ta-usert, 62
Tell er Rotab, 70, 118
Tell es Safi, 27
Terrebin, tribe, 190, 192
Tewfik Pasha, 186
Thamudites, 48-51
Theoctistes of Ostracine, 100
Theodor of Pharan, 133
Theodora, empress, 121, 129
Theodoret, writer, 98
Theodosius, monk, 110
Theodosius of Sinai, 150
Theodulos, monk, 107, 108
Theonas, monk, 121
Thévenot, writer, 178
Thietmar, writer, 129, 142, 150-2
Tholas, settlement, 98, 108, 110, 113
Thomas of Swynburne, 161
Thoth, divinity, 10, 14, 15
Thrambe or Bethrambe or Gethrabbi, settlement, 101, 108
Thuku, 70, _i.e._ Succoth.
Thyi, queen, 60, 61
Tischendorf, writer, 89, 126, 185
Tiyaha, tribe, 188 ff.
Tobler, writer, 128
Tor. _See_ Tur.
Towarah, tribe, 184, 188 ff.
Trajan, emperor, 90
Trumpet, 75
Tucher, writer, 167
Tur, city, 5, 95, 120, etc., 186
Turquoise, 3, 23, 32, 34, 38, 56, 63
Tut-ankh-amen, 66
Urban VIII, Pope, 178
Uz, land of, 47
Valerius, writer, 114
Volney, writer, 181
Wadi Aleyat, 90
Wadi Baba, 3, 6, 17
Wadi Bateh, 17
Wadi Beda, 3
Wadi Dhaba, 17, 52, 54, 74
Wadi el Arabah, 5, 190
Wadi el Arish, 2, 5, 49, 91, 170, 171
Wadi el Jain, 171
Wadi el Watiyeh, 171
Wadi eth Themed, 101 n.
Wadi Feiran, 5, 6, 46, 133, 189
Wadi Gharandel, 5, 70, 84, 116, 172
Wadi Hafera, 78
Wadi Hebran, 101
Wadi Jarf, 2
Wadi Khalig, 3, 40
Wadi Layan, 99
Wadi Maghara, 14, 30 ff., 185
Wadi Malga, 111
Wadi Nasb, 3, 6, 17, 30, etc.
Wadi Seneb, 3, 112
Wadi Serbal, 4, 6
Wadi Sheykh, 50
Wadi Sidreh, 3
Wadi Sigilliyeh, 108
Wadi Suweig, 17
Wadi Tla’ah, 98
Wadi Umm Agraf, 3, 5, 18, 67, 112, 113
Wadi Werdan, 172
Wadi Wutah, 90
Weil, writer, 66
Weill, Capt., writer, 1, 17, 33, 101, 160
Wilkinson, writer, 26
William of Tyre, writer, 147
Wilson and Palmer, ix, 1, etc.
Wormbser, writer, 176
Yahveh, 68, 77
Zacharias, monk, 97
Zacharias of Sinai, 145
Zeher, Pharaoh, 93
Zeno of Rhinocorura, 109
Zeser, Pharaoh, 32
Zigiret el Faraun, 148, 149
Zin, 8, 72
Zosimus, monk, 132
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Wilson and Palmer: _Ordnance Survey_, 1870-71; Hull, Ed.: _Mount
Seir, Sinai and Western Palestine, 1885, with geological map_; Weill,
R.: _La presqu’île de Sinai_, 1908.
[2] Lepsius: _Reise nach Sinai_, 1846, p. 19 ff.
[3] Bartlett, W. H.: _Forty Days in the Desert_, 1849, p. 88.
[4] Hume, W. F.: _Topography and Geology of the South-eastern Portion
of Sinai_, 1906.
[5] _Ordnance Survey_, i. 226.
[6] In this and other passages of the Bible, the word that stands as
coal should be understood as charcoal.
[7] Palmer, H. S.: _Sinai from the Fourth Dynasty_, revised by Prof.
Sayce, 1892, p. 47.
[8] Birch, S.: _Records of the Past_. New Series. Edit. Sayce, I. 41.
[9] _Ibid._, II, 75, 83.
[10] Birch, S.: _Records of the Past_, XI. 148.
[11] Jastrow, M.: _The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, 1898, p. 76.
[12] Al Biruni (Muhammad Ibn Ahmad): _Chronology of Ancient Nations_,
transl. Sachau, 1879, p. 187.
[13] Cited Eusebius, _Evang. Præp._, bk. ix. c. 18, c. 23.
[14] Barton, G. A.: _A Sketch of Semitic Origins_, 1902, p. 198.
[15] Birch, _Rec. Past_, N.S., I. 145.
[16] Such tablets are in view in the British Museum.
[17] Petrie, W. M. Fl.: _Hierakonpolis_, I. 1900, p. 129.
[18] Petrie, W. M. Fl.: _Abydos_, I. 1902, p. 25.
[19] On the dating of the dynasties of the Egyptian kings, see p. v.
[20] Cf. Weill, R.: _La presqu’île de Sinai_, 1908, p. 302.
[21] Petrie: _Res. Sinai_, p. 72 ff.
[22] Smith, W. Robertson: _The Religion of the Semites_, Ed. 1901, p.
197.
[23] _Ibid._, p. 490.
[24] Hastings: _Dictionary of the Bible_, art. “High Places.”
[25] Petrie: _Res. Sinai_, p. 99.
[26] Hastings: _Dictionary of the Bible_, art. “Gilgal.”
[27] Gardiner, Alan: _Journal of Egyptian Archæol._, 1916, vol. 3, p. 1.
[28] Smith, W. Robertson: _Lectures and Essays_, 1912, p. 554.
[29] Wellhausen: _Reste Arabischen Heidenthums_, 1897, pp. 30, 39.
[30] Petrie: _Res. Sinai_, p. 133.
[31] _Ibid._, p. 134.
[32] _Hær._ 79 in Migne: _Patr. Græc._, xlii, 742.
[33] Breasted, J. H.: _Ancient Records of Egypt_, i. 722.
[34] Petrie: _Res. Sinai_, fig. 98.
[35] Petrie: _Egyptian Tales_, I. 1895, p. 116.
[36] Brugsch, H.: _Religion u. Mythologie der alten Egypter_, 1888, p.
568.
[37] Wilkinson: _Ancient Egypt_, ed. 1878, vol. 3, 234-6.
[38] Murray: _Palestine and Syria_, 1903, p. 259.
[39] Birch: _Rec. Past_, ii, p. 111.
[40] Bliss, F. G., and Macalister, R.: _Excavations in Palestine_, 1902.
[41] Hughes, Th.: _Dictionary of Islam_, 1845, art. “Masjid.”
[42] Petrie, W. M. Flinders: _Researches in Sinai_, 1906.
[43] Breasted, J. H.: _A History of Egypt_, 1909, p. 597.
[44] Breasted: _A History_, fig. 26, p. 42.
[45] Petrie: _Res. Sinai_, fig. 49.
[46] Breasted: _Rec._, i. 731.
[47] Petrie: _Egyptian Tales_, I. p. 18.
[48] Weill, R.: _Recueil des Inscriptions_, 1904, 120 ff.
[49] Petrie: _Res. Sinai_, p. 52.
[50] _Ibid._, p. 123.
[51] Petrie: _Res. Sinai_, p. 124.
[52] Breasted: _Rec._, i. 713, 717-8.
[53] Breasted: _Rec._, i. 735-6.
[54] _Ibid._, pp. 725-7.
[55] Petrie: _Res. Sinai_, p. 66.
[56] Breasted: _Rec._, i. 728; Petrie: _Res. Sinai_, p. 156.
[57] Breasted: _Rec._, i. 716.
[58] Petrie: _Res. Sinai_, p. 27.
[59] Smith, W. Robertson: _Lectures_, p. 471.
[60] Petrie: _Hist._, ii. 105.
[61] _Ibid._, ii. 22.
[62] Petrie: _Res. Sinai_, p. 118.
[63] Petrie: _Egyptian Tales_, i. 97-127.
[64] Petrie: _Hist._, ii. 101; iii. 3.
[65] Breasted: _Rec._, iv. 28.
[66] Burckhardt: _Travels in Syria_, ed. 1822, p. 544.
[67] Birch: _Rec. Past_, vii. 26.
[68] Masudi: _Prairies d’Or_, c. 4, trad. _Société Asiatique_, vol. i.
p. 98.
[69] Makrizi: _Description de l’Egypte_, 1900, ii. 27, p. 543.
[70] Ebers: _Durch Gosen zum Sinai_, 1872, p. 288.
[71] Lepsius: _Denkmäler_, ii. 150, a. 12.
[72] Keith Johnson: _General Atlas_.
[73] Hastings: _Dict. Bible_, art. “Esau.”
[74] Masudi: _Prairies_, c. 3, vol. i. p. 77.
[75] Smith, W. Robertson: _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_, 1885,
p. 260.
[76] Masudi: _Prairies_, c. 37, vol. 3, p. 78.
[77] Caussin de Perceval, A. P.: _Essai sur l’historie des Arabes avant
l’Islam_, 1847, i. 13.
[78] Makrizi: _Descrip._, ii. 21, p. 523.
[79] Sprenger: _Alte Geographie Arabiens_, 1875, no. 207, p. 144.
[80] Makrizi: _Descrip._, ii. 27; _De la ville d’Eilah_, p. 530.
[81] Doughty: _Travels_, ed. 1888, i. p. 81, etc.
[82] Caussin: _Essai_, i. 26.
[83] Masudi: _Prairies_, c. 38, vol. 3, p. 90.
[84] Delitzsch: _Wo lag das Paradies_, 1881, p. 304.
[85] Sprenger: no. 314, p. 192.
[86] Diod. Siculus: _Bibliotheca_, iii. 3, trans. 1814, p. 185.
[87] Caussin: _Essai_, i. 27.
[88] Petrie: _Res. Sinai_, p. 127.
[89] _Ibid._
[90] Petrie: _Res. Sinai_, p. 151.
[91] Breasted: _Rec._, iv. 404-9.
[92] Hastings: _Dict. Bib._, art. “Hexateuch.”
[93] _Chron. Liber_ III. Migne: _Patr. Græc._, xix. 374.
[94] _Hær._, 78 in Migne: _Patr. Græc._, xlii. 745.
[95] Barhebræus: _Chronicon_, 1789, p. 14.
[96] Cited Eusebius: _Evang. Præp_., bk. ix. 27.
[97] _Chronicon Paschale_ in Migne: _Patr. Græc._, xcii. 200.
[98] Weil, G.: _Biblical Legends of the Moslim_, 1846, p. 100.
[99] Eusebius: _Evang. Præp._, bk. ix. c. 27.
[100] Barhebræus: _Chron._, p. 79.
[101] Doughty: _Travels_, p. 8.
[102] Petrie: _Res. Sinai_, p. 211.
[103] _Encyclopædia Brit._, art. “Sinai.”
[104] Hughes: _Dict. of Islam_, art. “Azan.”
[105] “Ramadan, the time when the heat commenced and the soil was
burning hot.” _Al Biruni_ (c. a.d. 1000), c. 19, 1879, p. 321.
[106] Nielssen, D.: _Altarabische Mondreligion_, 1904, p. 276.
[107] Robinson, E.: _Biblical Researches in Palestine_, ed. 1867, vol.
i. p. 157.
[108] Comp. Hastings: _Dict._, art. “Dizahab.”
[109] _Vita_, c. 25 in Migne: _Patr. Lat._, xxiii. p. 39.
[110] Robinson: ii. 175.
[111] Eusebius: _Onomastikon_, ed. Lagarde, 1887, p. 291.
[112] Makrizi: _Desc._, ii. 24, p. 530, “De la ville d’Eilah.”
[113] Makrizi: _Desc._, ii. 25, p. 540.
[114] Burton, Sir R.: _The Golden Mines of Midian_, 1878.
[115] Eutychius: _Annales_ in Migne: _Patr. Græc._, cxi. 930.
[116] Masudi: _Prairies_, c. 47, vol. iii. p. 305.
[117] Breasted: _Rec._, iv. 956.
[118] Diodorus Sic.: iii. 3, transl. 1814, I. p. 183.
[119] Strabo, xvi. 4, 18; 776.
[120] Josephus: _Antiq._, i. 12, 4.
[121] Birch: _Rec. Past._, N. S., v. 120; vi. 85.
[122] Birch: _Rec. Past._, N. S., v. 120; vi. 85.
[123] Birch: _Rec. Past._, i. 26, 93, etc.
[124] Makrizi: _History of the Copts_, transl. Wüstenfeld, 1845, p. 1.
[125] Diod. Sic.: xix. 6, transl. 1814, I. p. 398.
[126] Clédat, J.: _Fouilles_ in _Memoires_, xii. 1913, p. 145-168,
Institut français d’Archéologie orientale.
[127] Strabo: xvi. 4, 22; 780.
[128] Birch: _Rec. Past_, i. 98.
[129] Cosmas Ind.: _Christian Topography_, transl. McCrindle, 1897, p.
159.
[130] Cf. Weill: _La Presqu’île_, p. 288.
[131] Tischendorf: _Voyage en terre sainte_, 1868, p. 33.
[132] Euting, J.: _Nabataeische Inschriften aus Arabien_, 1885.
[133] Euting, J.: _Sinaitische Inschriften_, 1891.
[134] Diod. Sic.: I. 5, transl. 1814, I. 64.
[135] Strabo: xvi. 4, 23; 780
[136] Irby and Mangles: _Travels in Egypt_, etc., ed. 1844, p. 54.
[137] Brugsch: _Dict. Geog._, 1879, p. 52, 1105.
[138] Sprenger: _Alte. Geog._, nr. 326, p. 199.
[139] Eucherius: _Epist._, ed. Geyer, _Itiner. Hier._, 1908, p. 122.
[140] Sozomenus: _Hist._, vi. 38.
[141] Dionysius: _Ep. ad Fabium_. Migne: _Patr. Græc._, x. 1306.
[142] Nectarius: _Epitome of Holy History_, 1805, p. 75.
[143] Baedeker: _Lower Egypt_, 1895, p. 270.
[144] Paphnutius: _Vita St. Onophrii_, Migne: _Patr. Græc._, lxxiii.
211-22.
[145] _De Vita Patrum_, vi. 11, Migne: _Patr. Lat._, lxxiii. 1009.
[146] Severus: _Dialogue_, i. 17, Migne: _Patr. Lat._, xx. 199.
[147] Sozomenus: _Hist._, vi. 32.
[148] Le Nain de Tillemont: _Memoires pour servir à l’histoire
eccles._, x. p. 448-451.
[149] Nov. 5. Migne: _Patr. Græc._, cxvii. 143.
[150] _Vita S. Galactionis_, Migne: _Patr. Græc._, cxvi. 94.
[151] Pococke, Bishop: _A Description of the East_, 1743, i. 147.
[152] Theodoret: _Religiosa Historia_, Migne: _Patr. Græc._, lxxxii.
1315.
[153] Antoninus Martyr: _Itinerarium_, c. 40, ed. Greyer, p. 186.
[154] Nectarius: _Epit._, p. 95.
[155] Burckhardt: p. 544.
[156] Lequien: _Oriens Christianus_, 1740, iii. 759.
[157] Epiphanius: _Hær._, 73, 26. Migne: _Patr. Græc._, xlii. 454.
[158] Lequien: _Or. Chr._, ii. 545.
[159] Sozomenus: _Hist._, vi. 31.
[160] Nectarius: _Epit._, p. 73-93; Smith-Lewis, Agnes: _The Forty
Martyrs of Sinai_ in _Horæ Semit._, no. 9, 1912.
[161] Weill located this in the Wadi Eth Themed, the upper part of the
Wadi Hebran. 1908, p. 198.
[162] Socrates: _Hist._, iv. 36.
[163] _Itinerary_, transl. Pal. Pilg. Soc., vol. 3, p. 52, 1891.
[164] _Acta SS. Boll._, Feb. 7, ii. p. 45.
[165] Nilus: _Narrationes_, Migne: _Patr. Græc._, lxxix. pp. 590-693.
[166] Weill located Salael in the present Wadi Sigilliyeh, p. 195.
[167] _Perigraphe of Holy Mount Sinai_ (first issued by the
archimandrite Jeremiah in 1768), ed. 1817, p. 173.
[168] Labbé: _Concilia_, ed. Mansi, v. 615-17.
[169] Isidorus: _Epistol. liber_, v. 358, 448, etc., in Migne: _Patr.
Græc._, lxxviii.
[170] Lequien: _Or. Christ._, ii. 543.
[171] Labbé: _Conc._, iv. 1477.
[172] Labbé: _Conc._, vi. 567.
[173] _Ibid._, vii. 483.
[174] Lequien: _Or. Christ._, iii. 751.
[175] Joannes Moschus: _Pratum Spirituale_, no. 117, in Migne: _Patr.
Græc._, lxxxvii. pars. 3.
[176] Burckhardt: p. 546.
[177] Anastasius: _Récits inédits_, F. Nau, 1902.
[178] Joh. Climacus: _Scali Paradisa_, no. 7 in Migne: _Patr. Græc._,
lxxxviii. 814.
[179] _Perigraphe_, p. 164.
[180] Férotin: _La veritable auteur de la Pereginatio Silviæ_, 1903.
[181] Valerius: _De B. Etheria_ in Migne: _Patr. Lat._, lxxxvii. 422.
[182] Basileus: _De Vita et Mir. S. Teclæ_. Migne: _Patr. Græc._,
lxxxv. 618.
[183] Petrus Diaconus: _Liber de locis sanctis_, p. 115 in Geyer:
_Itinera Hieros._, 1898.
[184] Orosius: _Hist._, i. 10, Migne: _Patr. Lat._, xxxi. p. 717.
[185] Cosmas Ind.: v. p. 193.
[186] “Moses in Phacusis.” Lequien: _Or. Hist._, ii. 546.
[187] Lequien: _Or. Christ._, iii. 759.
[188] Labbé: _Conc._, viii. pp. 884, 889.
[189] Procopius: _De Ædific._, v. 8, transl. Pal. Pilg. Soc., ii. 1897,
147.
[190] Eutychius: _Annales_, 1071.
[191] Makrizi: _History of the Copts_, p. 116.
[192] Cheikho: _Les archévèques du Sinai_, in _Mélanges de la faculté
orientale de St. Joseph_, ii. 1907, p. 408, ff.
[193] Antoninus Martyr, c. 38. According to another text printed by
Geyer: “Quando etiam venit tempus festivitatis ipsorum recurrente luna,
antequam egrediatur luna, ad diem festum ipsorum incipit colorem mutare
marmor ilia” (ed. 1898, p. 184, 213).
[194] _Ord. Survey_, i. 67.
[195] Cheikho: p. 411.
[196] Tischendorf: _Voyage_, 1868, p. 55.
[197] _Ord. Survey_, i. 209.
[198] Gregor von Gaming: _Ephemeris peregrinationis_, in Pez:
_Thesaurus Anecdot._, ii. part 3, p. 498.
[199] Tobler: _Golgotha_, ed. 1849, p. 139.
[200] Nectarius: _Epit._, p. 159. Another reading is “Stephanos, son of
Martyrios, builder and architect, from Aila.”
[201] Laborde et Linant: _Voyage de l’Arabie Pétrée_, 1830.
[202] Nectarius: _Epit._, p. 159.
[203] Robinson, E.: _Researches_, vol. i. 99.
[204] Gregorius: _Epist. Liber_ in Migne: _Patr. Lat._, lxxvii. xi. 1,
p. 1118; xi. 2, p. 1119; ii. 23, p. 562.
[205] Gregorius: _Epist._, v. 49, p. 719.
[206] Gardthausen, Victor: _Catalog. Cod. Græc. Sin._, 1886.
[207] Smith-Lewis, Agnes: _Sinaitic Studies_, nr. 1, nr. 3.
[208] Moschus: _Pratum_, no. 123-4, 127.
[209] Evagrius: _Hist. Eccles._ Migne: _Patr. Græc._, lxxxvi. 2, p.
2803.
[210] Eutychius: _Annales_, p. 1082.
[211] Labbé: _Conc._, x. 1071.
[212] Makrizi: _Desc._, ii. 25, trad. 1900, _De la ville d’Eilah_, p.
532.
[213] _Description of Syria_, transl. Pal. Pilg. Soc., 1892, vol. 3, p.
64.
[214] Burckhardt: p. 546.
[215] Pococke: i. p. 258.
[216] Makrizi: _Descrip._, 1895, i. 25, p. 209.
[217] Eutychius: _Annales_, p. 1072.
[218] Renaudot, E. S.: _Hist. Patriarch. Alex._, 1713, p. 841.
[219] De Frotomundo, in Mabillon: _Acta Ord. St. Benedicti._, vol. ii,
219.
[220] Pococke: i. 146.
[221] _Commemoratorium_, a MS. of the 9th or 10th _century_, edit.
Tobler: _Descriptiones Terræ Sanctæ_, 1874, p. 139.
[222] _Perigraphe_, p. 152.
[223] Labbé: _Conc._, vol. xvi. p. 194.
[224] Lequien: _Or. Chris._, iii. 754.
[225] Glaber: _Hist. Lib. Quinque_, in _Collection pour servir à
l’histoire_, 1886.
[226] Vita Pauli Jun., in _Analecta Boll._, xi. 1892, p. 1-74, 136-182.
[227] Robinson: i. p. 132; _Ord. Surv._, i. 60.
[228] Nov. 25. Migne: _Patr. Græc._, cxvii. 179.
[229] _Martyrium St. Catherinæ_ in Migne: _Patr. Græc._, cxvi. 275-302.
[230] _Hist. Eccles._, viii. 34.
[231] Giustiniani, Bern.: _Hist. cronol. dei ordini militari_, ed.
1672, i, p. 188.
[232] _Vita St. Symeon_ is in _Acta SS._ Boll. June 1, pp. 89-95.
[233] _Translatio et Miracula St. Kath._ in _Analecta Bolland._, 1902,
vol. 22, pp. 423-39.
[234] _Chronicon_, ii. 26 in Migne: _Patr. Lat._, cliv. 25.
[235] Canisius, H.: _Thesaurus Mon. Eccles._, iv. 1725, p. 345.
[236] _Translatio_, p. 423, footnote.
[237] Hardwick: _Historical Enquiry_, etc., 1849.
[238] Knust: _Geschichte der Legenden der heil. Katharina von Alex._,
1890.
[239] Mukaddisi: 3, 65.
[240] Ademarus: _Chronicle_, 3, 47, ed. 1897, p. 170.
[241] Makrizi: _Descrip._, ii. 24.
[242] _Vita_ in _Acta SS._ Boll., Aug. 30, p. 627.
[243] Nectarius: _Epitome_, p. 211; _Perigraphe_, p. 153.
[244] Abu Saleh: _Churches, etc._, trans. Butler, 1895, p. 167.
[245] Benjamin of Tudela: _Itinerary_, trans. Adler, 1907, p. 77.
[246] Fretellus: _Jerusalem_, etc., Pal. Pilg. Soc., 1892, vol. 5, p.
16.
[247] Albert of Aix: _Hist._, xii. 21 in Migne: _Patr. Lat._, clxvi. p.
707.
[248] William of Tyre, _Hist._, xxi. 3 in Migne: _Patr. Lat._, cci. p.
781.
[249] Lequien: iii. 727, mentioned that “Dorotheos, bishop of Petra,”
was present at the Council of Bethlehem in 1672.
[250] Jacques of Vitry: _Histoire des Croisades_, transl. Guizot, iii.
197.
[251] Tafur, P.: (1435-39): _Andances et Viajes_, ed. 1874, p. 94.
[252] Muralt: _Essai de Chron. Byz._, p. 312.
[253] Gregoriades: _Holy Mount Sina_, p. 98.
[254] Mann, H. K.: _Lives of the Popes_, vol. 2, p. 293.
[255] Assemanni: _Bibl. Orientalis_, ii, p. 511.
[256] Honorius, Pope: _Regesta_, 1888, i. 123; ii, 178, 391, 394, 396.
[257] Chabot: _A propos du convent_ in _Revue de l’Orient. Chrétien._,
vol. v., 1900, p. 495.
[258] Nectarius: _Epit._, p. 211; Cheikho: p. 418.
[259] Thietmar, Magister: _Peregrinatio_, ed. Laurent, 1857.
[260] Gardthausen: nos. 94, 657, 662, 670.
[261] Nectarius: _Epit._, p. 212.
[262] Maderus: _Antiquitates Brunvicenses_, 1661, p. 267.
[263] Bulls in _Archives de l’Orient Latin_, 1881, i. 274, 283.
[264] Antoninus of Cremona (_c._ 1331): _Itinerarium_ in _Zeitschrift
des deutsch. Palestin. Vereins_, vol. xiii. year 1890; Jacopo of
Verona (_c._ 1335): _Liber Peregrinationis_, ed. 1895, in _Revue de
l’Orient Latin_, iii. p. 163-302; Wilhelm de Baldensel (_c._ 1336):
_Hodoeporicon_, ed. 1725, in Canisius: _Thesaurus_, vol. iv.; Ludolf
of Sudheim or Rudolf de Suchen (_c._ 1336-41): _Reise_, ed. 1609, in
Feyerabend: _Reissbuch_, 1610, p. 803, ff.; Sir John Maundeville (_c._
1340): _Travels_, ed. Halliwell, 1866; Rudolf von Fraymansperg (_c._
1346), ed. 1725 in Canisius: _Thesaurus_, vol. iv. pp. 358-60.
[265] Sigoli, Simone (1384): _Viaggio al Monte Sinai_, ed. Piroti,
1831; Frescobaldo, Lionardo (1384): _Viaggio_, ed. 1818; (Gucci:
_Viaggio_ in Gargiolli: _Viaggi in terra santa_, 1862;) Martone, Nic.
(1393): _Liber Pereg. ad loca sancta_ in _Revue de l’Orient Latin_,
iii. 1895; Briggs (1392) in _Archives de l’Orient Latin_, 1884;
Anglure, Ogier d’ (_c._ 1395): _Le saint voyage_, ed. Bonardot et
Legnon: _Soc. des anciens textes français_, 1878.
[266] Heyd, W. von: _Gesch. des Levanthandels_, 1879, vol. 2, 466.
[267] Weill: _Presqu’île_, p. 93.
[268] Ed. 1893, p. 247.
[269] Piloti: _Tractatus_, in _Monuments pour servir à l’histoire_;
Brussels, vol. iv. p. 357.
[270] Harff, A. von: _Pilgerfahrt_, ed. 1860, p. 133.
[271] The meaning of this word may be Lenten pardons.
[272] In Purchas: _His Pilgrims_, reprint, vii. 566.
[273] Lammens: _Mélanges_ in _Revue de l’Orient Chrétien_, vii., 1902,
p. 503, ff.
[274] Lequien: _Or. Chr._, iii. 515.
[275] Gregoriades: p. 95.
[276] _Ibid._, pp. 101-107.
[277] Röhricht: _Deutsche Pilgerreisen_, 1880, p. 104.
[278] Adornes, Anselme (1470): _Voyage au Mt. Sinai_, 1893, in
_Annales de la Société d’Emulation_, Ser. v. tom. 4; Tucher, Hans
(1479): _Beschreibung der Reise_ in Feyerabend: _Reissbuch_, 1609, p.
652-99; Rieter: _Reissbuch_, 1884; Bernhard v. Breydenbach (1483):
_Pilgerfahrt_ in Feyerabend: _Reissbuch_, pp. 91-229. ed. with Rewich’s
woodcuts, 1486; Felix Fabri (1483): _Wanderings_, i., ii., transl.
Pal. Pilg. Soc., vols. 7-10; Jan van Aerts (1484), cf. Neefs: _Revue
Catholique_, vol. ix. 1873, p. 566; Joos van Ghistelle: _Tvoyage_, ed.
1572; Joannes de Hese (1489): _Reise_ in appendix to Oppert: _Presbyter
Johannes_, 1864; Ritter von Harff (1496-99): _Pilgerfahrt_, ed. 1860;
Martin Baumgarten (1507): _Peregrinatio_, 1594; Gregor von Gaming
(1507): _Ephemeris Peregrinationis_, in Pez: _Thesaurus_, 1721, ii.
[279] Francesco Alvarez: _Voyage_ in Ramusio: _Primo volume delle
Navigazioni_, 1588, p. 236.
[280] Ed. 1824, Roxburgh Club.
[281] Röhricht: p. 311
[282] Baedeker: 1895, p. 276.
[283] Barbosa: Letter in Ramusio: _Delle Nav._, 1888, p. 291.
[284] Heyd: _Levanthandel_, ii. 540.
[285] Ed. Purchas: _His Pilgrims_, reprint 1905, vii. 236-310.
[286] Belon: _Observations de certaines singularités_, 1554, p. 126.
[287] Nectarius: _Epit._, p. 212.
[288] _Perigraphe_, p. 153.
[289] _Voyage_, ed. 1889 in Khitowo: _Itinéraires russes en Orient_, p.
288.
[290] _Perigraphe_, pp. 156-160.
[291] Lammens: _Mélanges_, p. 503.
[292] Lequien: _Or. Chr._, iii. 517.
[293] Cf. Dobschütz: _Sammelhandschrift_ in _Byz. Zeitschrift_, vol.
15, 1906, pp. 247-51.
[294] _Le saint voyage_, 1619, p. 564.
[295] Neitzschitz: _Siebenjahr Wanderung_, ed. 1674, p. 544.
[296] Monconys: _Journal de Voyage_, ed. 1665, p. 164.
[297] Thévenot, Jean de: _Voyages_, 1689, vol. v. p. 532.
[298] Monconys: _Journal_, p. 203.
[299] Lacroix: _Le Turchie Chrétienne_, 1695.
[300] Gubernatis (Dom. de) Orbis Seraphicus: _Historia de Tribus
Ordin._, 1888, ii. 293, 310.
[301] Poncet, C. J.: _Journey_ in Pinkerton: _Voyages_, vol. 15, 1814,
p. 105.
[302] Robinson: i. p. 130.
[303] Renaudin, Dom: _Le monastère de Ste. Catherine_ in _Revue de
l’Orient Chrétien_, 1900, p. 319-21.
[304] _Ord. Survey_, i. 200.
[305] Seetzen: _Reisen_, 1807, vol. 3, on Sinai.
[306] Gregoriades: pp. 88-117.
[307] Cited Weill: _Presqu’île_, pp. 250, footnote.
[308] Palmer, Prof. in _Ord. Survey_, I, p. 456, ff.; Burton:
_Pilgrimage_ (1855), ed. 1879, p. 100, ff.; Burckhardt: _Notes on the
Bedouin_, 1830.
[309] Besant, W.: _Edward Henry Palmer_, 1883.
[310] _Times History of the War_, parts 48, 128.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE:
—Obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected.