Events treated at length are here indicated in large type; the numerals
following give volume and page.
Separate chronologies of the various nations, and of the careers of
famous persons, will be found in the Index Volume.
1910. The United States established an annual meeting of State
Governors as a new machinery of government. See "THE UNITED STATES
HOUSE OF GOVERNORS," XXI, 1.
Chile and Argentina completed the first railroad crossing the Andes
Mountains.
A naval revolt in Brazil, finally pacified.
Mrs. Eddy, founder of Christian Science, died.
King Edward VII of England died and was succeeded by his son, George V.
The various British provinces in South Africa united in a single
confederation. See "UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA," XXI, 17.
The "Labor" party gained complete control of power in Australia under
Mr. Fisher as Prime Minister.
A Revolution made Portugal a republic. See "PORTUGAL BECOMES A
REPUBLIC," XXI, 28.
In Paris there were unprecedented floods, and many people were killed.
In Greece a National Assembly was called, and the Constitution was
revised.
The new Turkish government faced revolts in Albania and other
provinces.
Russia completed the destruction of Finnish liberty. See "THE CRUSHING
OF FINLAND," XXI, 47.
In Egypt the native Prime Minister Boutros Pasha was assassinated;
England adopted severe repressive measures.
In Persia, Morgan Shuster, an American, undertook the financial
administration of the new constitutional government.
Corea was formally annexed by Japan.
China began establishing representative assemblies in each province,
also a National Senate, in preparation for an elective government.
Tumultuous demands made for a Constitution.
1911. Widespread use of automobiles seemed to establish an Automobile
Age; unprecedented records of speed made. See "MAN'S FASTEST MILE,"
XXI, 73.
The Woman Suffrage movement gained a most important step by its victory
in California. See "WOMAN SUFFRAGE," XXI, 156.
A Canadian movement for trade reciprocity with the United States led to
suggestions of annexation and was then vehemently rejected.
Renewed persecution of the Jews in Russia led the United States to
abrogate her long-standing Russian treaties.
In Mexico President Diaz was overthrown by a revolution headed by
Francisco Madero. See "THE FALL OF DIAZ," XXI, 96.
In England the Liberals took almost all power from the House of Lords.
See "FALL OF THE ENGLISH HOUSE OF LORDS," XXI, 113.
Germany made Alsace-Lorraine a State of the Empire, partly
self-governing.
A French protectorate was established over Morocco; Germany objected
and war came very close. See "MILITARISM," XXI, 186.
Spain faced a naval mutiny and proclaimed universal martial law.
In Italy a noted Camorrist trial was held at Viterbo, breaking the
criminal power. Italy attacked Turkey and snatched away her last
African province. See "THE TURKISH-ITALIAN WAR," XXI, 140.
The Russian prime minister Stolypin was assassinated by revolutionists.
In Persia the exiled Shah invaded the country and was again defeated
and expelled; Russia demanded the expulsion of Mr. Shuster. The Persian
parliament refused submission, and Russia invaded Persia, overthrew the
government, and compelled submission to all her demands. See "PERSIA'S
LOSS OF LIBERTY," XXI, 199.
In Japan a widespread anarchistic murder plot was discovered and
suppressed.
In China a revolt for a republic began at Wuchang in October; the
Manchu court made Yuan Shi-kai dictator; he summoned a National
Assembly. All southern China joined the republic movement under Sun Yat
Sen; Nanking captured and made capital of the Republic. See "THE
CHINESE REVOLUTION," XXI, 238.
1912. Surgeons established the possibility of keeping human tissues and
organs alive outside the body, and even transferring them from one body
to another. See "OUR PROGRESSING KNOWLEDGE OF LIFE SURGERY," XXI, 273.
England and France made arbitration treaties with the United States.
See "A STEP TOWARD WORLD PEACE," XXI, 259.
New Mexico and Arizona were admitted to United States statehood; the
close of the old territorial system within the mainland of the United
States.
The United States presidential election resulted in almost a political
revolution. Woodrow Wilson was elected to power by the "Progressive
Democrats." See "THE NEW DEMOCRACY," XXI, 323.
In Canada the French of Ontario province made vigorous protest against
efforts to Anglicize them.
"TRAGEDY OF THE 'TITANIC,'" XXI, 265.
In England there were extensive coal strikes; the Liberals prepared a
Home Rule bill and Ulster threatened rebellion.
German Socialists made such gains in the German election that they
became the strongest political party in the Empire.
The suffrage was extended in Italy, so as to include almost all adult
males.
In Spain, prime minister Canalejas was assassinated by anarchists.
The Balkan States formed a league against Turkey, and Montenegro
precipitated a war in which Bulgaria, Greece, and Servia joined her.
See "THE OVERTHROW OF TURKEY," XXI, 282.
Turkey made peace with Italy so as to meet her new foes. Turks
everywhere defeated by the Balkan League; Bulgarians defeated Turks in
chief battle of Lule-Burgas, and besieged Adrianople.
The European Powers intervened for peace. In India England transferred
the official capital to Delhi, the ancient Mogul capital.
In China, the north and south came to an agreement; the Manchu emperor
abdicated and Yuan Shi-kai was made temporary president. Peking was
made the capital of the new republic. See "THE CHINESE REVOLUTION,"
XXI, 238.
The great Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito died.
1913. Two amendments were made to the United States Constitution. See
"THE INCOME TAX IN AMERICA," XXI, 338.
The progressive Democrats under President Wilson passed a Low-Tariff
bill, an Income-Tax, law and a Currency-Revision law. Several
arbitration treaties were made with smaller nations.
In Mexico a revolution overthrew President Madero, and Huerta became
dictator. See "MEXICO PLUNGED INTO ANARCHY," XXI, 300.
A political strike of half a million laborers in Belgium forced the
government to abandon the "plural voting" system.
The "Liberals" ousted the Labor party from control of the government of
Australia.
Peace negotiations between the Balkan League and Turkey broke down; the
Bulgarians and Servians captured Adrianople and beleaguered
Constantinople; the Greeks captured Janina and their fleet captured
Turkish islands; peace left Turkey expelled from all Europe except
Constantinople. See "THE OVERTHROW OF TURKEY," XXI, 282.
The European Powers refused to let the Balkan States take all the
conquered territory, and established the new state of Albania with a
German king; Servia especially aggrieved at Austrian interference.
The Balkan States quarreled; Bulgaria attacked Greece and Servia;
Roumania joined them, and the three allies crushed Bulgaria. Turkey
regained a portion of her territory from Bulgaria. General peace
followed. See "THE SECOND BALKAN WAR," XXI, 350.
King George of Greece assassinated; Greece became the chief state of
the eastern Mediterranean.
The Arabs took advantage of the Turkish defeat to reassert complete
independence.
In China Yuan Shi-kai was elected as the first regular president of the
republic; he had much trouble with his parliament.