McKINLEY AS GOVERNOR OF OHIO.
Major McKinley’s defeat for Congress in 1890 resulted in his nomination
and triumphant election as governor of the State of Ohio. The passage of
the “McKinley Bill” made the major the target for the vilest abuse from
the free traders of the country, and from those whose mental range would
never qualify them to judge of statecraft. But at the same time it
stimulated his friends in his own State, and they determined not to lose
his valuable services. The Republican press of the State clamored for
his election as governor, and the Republican papers of other States
agreed that no more fitting reward could be bestowed on Major McKinley
than to make him chief executive of his State.
When the matter was broached to Major McKinley he expressed his
willingness to accept the nomination for the office if it came
spontaneously, but declared he would not enter into a contest for the
honor. Though Ohio had numerous distinguished sons, many of whom were
deserving of reward at the hands of the electors, there was really only
one candidate for governor before the Republican convention, which was
held in June, 1891. Major McKinley was nominated by acclamation, and he
began a campaign that was typical of the man. He proposed that everybody
should be informed on the economic questions of the day, and that every
argument in opposition to the expediency and justice of the McKinley
bill should be fairly met. With this object in view he started on a
campaign of education, and during the canvass spoke in 86 out of 88
counties in the State. He made 130 speeches and won the admiration of
Democrats as well as the heartiest support of his party-followers.
In one of his speeches, while discussing the McKinley bill, he said:
“The law of 1890 was enacted for the American people and the American
home. Whatever mistakes were made in it were all made in favor of the
occupations and the firesides of the American people. It didn’t take
away a single day’s work from a solitary American workingman. It gave
work and wages to all such as they had never had before. It did it by
establishing new and great industries in this country, which increased
the demand for the skill and handiwork of our laborers everywhere. It
had no friends in Europe. It gave their industries no stimulus. It gave
no employment to their labor at the expense of our own.
“During more than two years of the administration of President Harrison,
and down to its end, it raised all the revenue necessary to pay the vast
expenditures of the government, including the interest on the public
debt and the pensions. It never encroached upon the gold reserve, which
in the past had always been sacredly preserved for the redemption of
outstanding paper obligations of the government.
“During all its operations down to the change and reversal of its policy
by the election of 1892, no man can assert that in the industries
affected by it wages were too high, although they were higher than ever
before in this or any other country. If any such can be found, I beg
that they be named. I challenge the enemies of the law of 1890 to name a
single industry of that kind. Further, I assert that on the industries
affected by that law, which that law fostered, no American consumer
suffered by the increased cost of any home products that he bought. He
never bought them so low before, nor did he ever enjoy the benefit of so
much open, free, home competition. Neither producer nor consumer,
employer or employe suffered by that law.”
As governor of the State, Major McKinley was animated by the broadest
and most patriotic motives. His long legislative experience had equipped
him admirably to meet the responsibilities of his office, and to its
duties he gave the same painstaking care that marked his career as
Congressman. When his first term as governor was drawing to a close, the
Republicans renominated him, and after a vigorous and exciting campaign
he was re-elected by a majority of 80,000 votes.
During his incumbency as chief executive of Ohio, Major McKinley
endeavored to improve in every way the institutions of the State, to
accelerate industry, and to conserve in every way the interests of the
people. The canal interests of the State were improved; tax reforms
agitated, and brought to the attention of the legislature; labor
questions received his earnest attention, and through his initiative the
State Board of Arbitration was established in Ohio. Laws providing for
the better protection of the lives and limbs of those engaged in
industrial pursuits were passed during his rule.
His sympathy with the just complaints of the workingmen was further
exemplified by his use of the State troops in turbulent periods. Many
times during his term of office it became necessary to call out the
militia to quell disturbances and to maintain order, but never was any
abuse of power permitted. During the great railroad strike, sometimes
called the “Debs Rebellion,” which occurred in 1894, the State troops
were on duty for three weeks guarding property and protecting citizens.
There was at no time on the part of the soldiers any undue display of
authority, nor any oppression of the strikers. The governor had long
before given evidence of his honest regard for the welfare of the
workingman. As early as 1886, when the O’Neill bill for the adjustment
of controversies between inter-State common carriers and their employes
by arbitration was before the House of Representatives, he said,
speaking on the subject:
“I believe in the principle and tendency of the bill. It confers no
rights or privileges touching arbitration which are not now enjoyed by
common carriers and those engaged in their service. It leaves them where
it finds them, with the right of voluntary arbitration to settle their
differences through a peaceful, orderly tribunal of their own selection.
It only follows the principle recognized in many States of the Union,
notably in Ohio and Massachusetts, and gives national sanction and
encouragement to a mode of settlement of grievances between employer and
employe which is approved by the best judgment of the country and the
enlightened sentiment of all civilized people. While the bill does not
compel arbitration, its passage here will not be without influence as a
legislative suggestion in commending the principle to both capital and
labor as the best and most economic way of composing differences and
settling disagreements, which experience has uniformly shown, in the
absence of an amicable adjustment, results in loss to all classes of the
community, and to none more than to the workingmen themselves. If by the
passage of this simple measure arbitration as a system shall be aided to
the slightest extent or advanced in private and public favor, or if it
shall serve to attract the thoughtful attention of the people to the
subject, much will have been accomplished for the good order of our
communities and for the welfare and prosperity of the people.”
He declared that the bill placed both parties on an equality, in
pursuing an investigation, and permitted the humblest and poorest to
send for persons and papers “without incurring an expense which very
often they can illy bear.” He closed his speech as follows:
“I believe, Mr. Chairman, in arbitration as a principle. I believe it
should prevail in the settlement of international differences. It
represents a higher civilization than the arbitrament of war. I believe
it is in close accord with the best thought and sentiment of mankind; I
believe it is the true way of settling the differences between labor and
capital; I believe it will bring both to a better understanding, uniting
them closer in interests, and promoting better relations, avoiding
force, avoiding unjust exactions and oppression, avoiding loss of
earnings to labor, avoiding disturbances to trade and transportation;
and if this House can contribute in the smallest measure, by legislative
expression or otherwise, to these ends, it will deserve and receive the
gratitude of all men who love peace, good order, justice and fair play.”
The bill was passed with amendments which made it conform more fully
than it did originally to the views of Major McKinley.
It was logical to assume therefore that as governor he would give to
workingmen in all their acts the largest license which the security of
society would permit. During the trying days of the summer of 1894 it is
related that a man who employed a large number of men went to the
governor and inquired what he would do about ordering out the militia in
case certain contingencies arose. Governor McKinley promptly answered:
“It is needless to ask what a public officer in Ohio will do. He does
his duty. The practical question is, what can you do, and what will your
employes do, what can we all do properly, to divert the necessity of
using force? That is the question for immediate solution, at which I
have been engaged for some days.”
The same day, July 17, 1894, there was a meeting, called at his
instance, in the governor’s office, between the employer, the State
Board of Arbitration and citizens and business men concerned. Before
midnight that same day the governor received a dispatch from
Nelsonville, the headquarters of the strikers, announcing the end of the
great American Railway Union strike on the Hocking Valley Railway.
In 1895 he gave another evidence of his deep concern for the welfare of
the workingmen. January 7 of that year the Trades and Labor Union of the
Hocking Valley mining district held a meeting at Nelsonville for the
purpose of effecting an organization and formulating plans for the
relief of the distress and destitution existing among the miners and
their families. For months the miners had been at war with their
employers, and the continued loss of income had reduced them to a state
of great wretchedness. A memorial was adopted at the meeting and a
committee appointed to present it to the governor. They performed the
duty imposed on them, and the governor, after hearing what they had to
say, requested them to return to Nelsonville and ask the mayor to call a
meeting of citizens to consider the question of relief. He promised that
when advised of the result of that meeting he would take immediate
action looking to the carrying out of their wishes. The meeting was
called, and the action of the miners at their previous meeting approved.
At 11:45 p. m., January 9, the governor received a message from the
chairman of the Relief Committee, saying: “Immediate relief needed.” He
at once sent messengers to the proprietor of a wholesale grocery, a
dealer in vegetables, flour, etc., a transfer company and the officials
of the Hocking Valley Railroad Company to meet him immediately at his
rooms. The object of the meeting was for the purchase of a carload of
provisions and to arrange for the shipment early in the morning. The
supplies were purchased and loaded in the car before 5 o’clock a. m.,
and within nine hours after the receipt of the message the carload of
provisions was in Nelsonville ready to be distributed to the hungry.
McKinley not only purchased the supplies, but also assumed the payment
of the same. It was not his purpose to ask the people to provide for the
payment of this car of provisions, amounting to nearly $1,000, but some
of his friends learned that he had assumed the obligation and they at
once took the matter in hand and secured from State officers and heads
of departments the larger proportion of the amount, which they turned
over to him, this being added to his own liberal subscription, thus
meeting the obligation assumed by him.
Several times afterwards he was called upon for assistance, and he
responded in every instance with alacrity. He was called away from the
capital on several occasions during the progress of the relief work, but
each time before leaving he gave positive instructions that in the event
of appeals being made for help, to see that every demand was met and not
allow any one to go hungry. These instructions were adhered to, and the
chairman of the General Committee reported at the close of the work that
the promptness with which McKinley acted, and the liberal contributions
made, prevented hunger and suffering. The result of his efforts, as
shown by the report of the chairman of the Relief Committee, was that
2,723 miners and their families had been made comfortable at an
expenditure of $32,796.95.
Another marked characteristic of Governor McKinley was his respect for
law. He never wavered in his belief in the institutions of his country,
and desired always that the law be upheld, and that every man, no matter
how humble, or for what, or by whom accused, should have the benefit of
all the safeguards that civilized society had erected. This was shown in
October, 1894, during a lawless outbreak at Washington Court House. A
man accused of a heinous crime had been apprehended, tried and sentenced
to undergo the full penalty of the law. He was in jail when a mob
gathered for the purpose of lynching him. The militia was sent to the
scene under command of Colonel Coit for the protection of the prisoner,
and the preservation of order. A conflict ensued between the troops and
the populace, and three people were killed. At once a great cry arose
against Colonel Coit, the claim being set up that he should not have
allowed his men to fire. A court was ordered to inquire into his action,
and he was exonerated. The governor sustained him throughout, and said
concerning the occurrence:
“The law was upheld as it should have been, and, as I believe, it always
will be in Ohio—but in this case at fearful cost. Much as the
destruction of life which took place is deplored by all good citizens,
and much as we sympathize with those who suffered in this most
unfortunate affair, surely no friend of law and order can justly condemn
the National Guard, under command of Colonel Coit, for having performed
its duty fearlessly and faithfully, and in the face of great danger, for
the peace and dignity and honor of the State.
“Lynching cannot be tolerated in Ohio. The law of the State must be
supreme over all, and the agents of the law, acting within the law, must
be sustained.
“The proceedings and findings of the court of inquiry have been
carefully considered by me. I hereby announce my approval of the
conclusions of said court, which find that Colonel Coit and his officers
and enlisted men of the Fourteenth Infantry, O. N. G., acted with
prudence and judgment and within the law, supporting the civil authority
of Fayette county, and in the aid of it, and acting in pursuance of
lawful orders, and that they performed their duty with singular
fidelity, and that through them the majesty of the law and government by
law was vindicated and sustained.”
Other mobs were met in like manner by the governor, and it became known
that under his administration, at least, there could be no recurrence of
such scenes as had been witnessed in Cincinnati ten years before, when
an unrestrained mob burned the court house, destroyed much other
property, and caused the sacrifice of many lives before order was
restored.
[Illustration:
WILLIAM McKINLEY AS GOVERNOR OF OHIO.]
[Illustration:
THE MILBURN RESIDENCE IN BUFFALO WHERE PRESIDENT McKINLEY DIED.]