1│Circumcision
6│Epiphany
25│St. Paul.
30│K. Charles I. Mart.
──────────┼────────────────────
Feb.│
2│Purific. V. Mary
24│St. Matthias
──────────┼────────────────────
Mar.│
25│Lady Day
──────────┼────────────────────
April│
23│St. George
25│St. Mark
26│D. of Cumb. born
──────────┼────────────────────
May│
1│St. Philip & Jac.
29│K. Ch. II. restor.
──────────┼────────────────────
June│
4│Pr. Wales born
11│St. Barnabas
21│Midsummer Day
22│Inaug. K. Geo. II.
24│St. John Baptist
26│K. Geo. II. pro.
29│St. Peter & Paul
──────────┼────────────────────
July│
25│St. James
──────────┼────────────────────
Aug.│
1│Lammas Day
24│St. Bartholomew
──────────┼────────────────────
Sept.│
2│London burnt
21│St. Matthew
29│St. Michael
──────────┼────────────────────
Oct.│
18│St. Luke
22│K. Geo. II. crown.
28│St. Simon & Jude
──────────┼────────────────────
November│
1│All Saints
2│All Souls
4│K. William born
5│Powder Plot
9│Ld. Mayor’s Day
10│K. Geo. II. born
28│Q. Elizabeth’s Ac.
30│Pr. Wales born
──────────┼────────────────────
December│
21│St. Thomas
25│Christmas Day
26│St. Stephen
27│St. John
28│Innocents
Moveable Holidays.
Shrove Tuesday.
Ash Wednesday.
Good Friday.
Easter Monday.
Easter Tuesday.
Easter Wednesday.
Ascension Day.
Whitsun Monday.
Whitsun Tuesday.
Whitsun Wednesday.
This Company is under the direction of a Governor, Deputy Governor and
twenty-four Directors, who are annually elected at a general court, in
the same manner as the Governor and the Directors of the East India
company. Thirteen are sufficient to compose a court of Directors, for
managing the affairs of the Company; but if both the Governor and
Deputy Governor should be absent two hours after the usual time of
proceeding to business, the Directors may chuse a chairman by
majority, all their acts being equally valid, as if the Governor or
Deputy Governor were present.
BANK END _stairs_, Bank side.
BANK SIDE _row_. 1. Millbank. 2. Vine street, Southwark.
BANK’S _court_. Knave’s acre.†
BANK’S _yard_, Bunhill row.†
BANNER’S _rents_, Portpool lane.†
BANNISTER’S _yard_, Water lane, Black Friars.†
BANNISTER’S _alley_. 1. Broad St. Giles’s.† 2. Nightingale lane, East
Smithfield.†
[Illustration: _S. Wales delin._ _J. Green sc. Oxon._ _Banqueting
House._]
BANQUETING HOUSE, Whitehall, so called from there being originally in
this place an edifice in which our Kings had public entertainments.
This was a small part of the ancient palace of Whitehall, which was
destroyed by fire in 1697, and only the Banqueting House, and one
court left standing. See the article WHITEHALL.
In the reign of King James I. the Banqueting House being in a ruinous
condition, that Monarch formed the design of erecting a palace on the
spot, worthy the residence of the Kings of England. The celebrated
Inigo Jones was employed to draw the plan of a noble edifice; this was
done, and the present structure erected, as a small part of the great
intended work, for the reception of ambassadors, and other audiences
of state. The engraved view of it, which is here given, will best
illustrate what follows.
This is a regular and august building which has three stories. The
lowest has a rustic wall, with small square windows, and by its
strength happily serves for a basis for the orders. Upon this is
raised the Ionic, with columns and pilasters, and between the columns
are well-proportioned windows, with arched and pointed pediments. Over
these is placed the proper entablature, and on this is raised a second
series of the Corinthian order, consisting of columns and pilasters
like the other; column being placed over column, and pilaster over
pilaster. From the capitals are carried festoons, which meet with
masks and other ornaments in the middle. This series is also crowned
with its proper entablature, on which is raised the balustrade with
Attic pedestals between, which crown the work. Every thing in this
building is finely proportioned, and as happily executed. The
projection of the columns from the wall has a fine effect in the
entablatures, which being brought forward in the same proportion,
gives that happy diversity of light and shade so essential to fine
architecture. _English Architecture._
To render this edifice as perfect as possible, the ceiling is finely
painted by the celebrated Sir Peter Paul Rubens, who was ambassador
here in the time of Charles I. The subject is the entrance,
inauguration, and coronation of King James I. represented by Pagan
emblems. It is esteemed one of his most capital performances, and may
be justly esteemed one of the finest ceilings in the world. This great
apartment is at present converted into a chapel, for the service of
which certain select preachers were appointed out of each university,
by King George I. to preach here every Sunday; for this each are
allowed a stipend of 30_l._ a year.
BANSTED, a village in Surrey, situated between Dorking and Croydon,
famous for producing a great number of walnuts; but much more for its
neighbouring Downs, one of the most delightful spots in England, on
account of the agreeable seats in that neighbourhood; for the
extensive prospect of several counties on both sides the Thames, and
even of the royal palaces of Windsor and Hampton Court; and for the
fineness of the turf, covered with a short grass intermixed with
thyme, and other fragrant herbs, that render the mutton of this tract,
though small, remarkable for its sweetness. In these Downs there is a
four miles course for horse races, which is much frequented.
BAPTISTS, a sect of dissenters, thus denominated from their baptizing by
immersing the body all over, and from their not considering infants as
proper subjects of baptism. They are principally divided into two
classes, termed general and particular. The general Baptists, who with
Arminius maintain the doctrine of universal redemption, consist of
only six congregations, who have their meeting-houses as follows:
1. Fair street, Horsely down. 2. Glasshouse yard, Pickax street, near
Aldersgate bars. 3. Mill yard, Rosemary lane. 4. Pinner’s hall, Broad
street, in the afternoon. 5. Paul’s alley, Redcross street, where are
two different congregations, who maintain their own Minister. 6. Queen
street, in the Park, Southwark.
The particular Baptists, who with Calvin believe that none will be
saved but the elect, and that all the rest of mankind are doomed to
eternal misery, are much more numerous, and have the following
meetings.
1. Angel alley, Whitechapel. 2. Artillery street, Spitalfields. 3.
Brewers hall, Addle street. 4. Cherry Garden lane, Rotherhith. 5.
Church lane, Limehouse. 6. Collier’s rents, White street, Southwark.
7. Curriers court, near Cripplegate. 8. Devonshire square, Bishopsgate
street without. 9. Dipping alley, Horselydown, Southwark. 10. Duke’s
street, near Pepper street. 11. Eagle street, Red lion street,
Holborn. 12. Flower de luce yard, Tooley street. 13. Glasshouse
street, Swallow street. 14. Goat yard passage, Horselydown. 15.
Johnson’s street, Old Gravel lane. 16. Little Wild street, Great Wild
street. 17. Little Wood street, Cripplegate. 18. Maze Pond street,
Southwark. 19. Maidenhead court, Great Eastcheap. 20. New Way, Maze,
Southwark. 21. Pennington’s street, Virginia street. 22. Pepper
street, Southwark. 23. Rose lane, Limehouse. 24. Rosemary branch
alley, Rosemary lane. 25. Rotherhith. 26. St. John’s court, Little
Hart street. 27. Sheer’s alley, White street, Southwark. 28. Snow
fields. 29. Unicorn yard, St. Olave’s. 30. Union yard, Horselydown
lane. 31. Vinegar row, Shoreditch.
BAPTIST _court_, by Boswell court, Carey street.*
BAPTIST’S HEAD _court_, Whitecross street.*
BARBERS. The art of surgery was anciently practised in this city by none
but the Barbers, who were incorporated by letters patent granted by
King Edward IV. in the Year 1461, and in 1512 an act was passed to
prevent any persons besides the Barbers practising surgery within the
city of London, and seven miles round. At length several persons, who
were not Barbers, being examined and admitted as practitioners in the
art of surgery, the parliament united them in the thirty-second year
of the reign of King Henry VIII. by the appellation of _the Masters or
Governors of the mystery or commonalty of Barbers and Surgeons of the
city of London_; and by this act all persons practising the art of
shaving, are strictly enjoined not to intermeddle with that of
surgery, except what belongs to drawing of teeth. Thus this company
obtained the name of Barber-Surgeons, which they continued to enjoy
till the eighteenth year of the reign of his present Majesty King
George II. when the Surgeons applying to Parliament to have this union
dissolved, were formed into a separate company; though the Barbers
were left in possession of the hall and theatre, and were constituted
a body politic, under the name of _the Master, Governors and
Commonalty of the mystery of Barbers of London_.
This company has a Master and three other Governors, a court of
Assistants of twenty-four members, and a very numerous livery.
BARBERS HALL, a fine edifice on the west side of Monkwell street,
consisting of a spacious hall room, a court room, theatre, library,
and other commodious offices. The grand entrance from Monkwell street
is enriched with the company’s arms, large fruit, and other
decorations. The court room has a fretwork ceiling, and is also
adorned with the pictures of King Henry VIII. and the court of
Assistants, in one fine piece; a portrait of King Charles II. and
other paintings. The theatre contains four degrees of cedar seats, one
above another, in an elliptical form, and the roof is an elliptical
cupola; this room is adorned with a bust of King Charles I. the
figures of the seven liberal sciences, and the twelve signs of the
Zodiac; the skins of a man and woman on wooden frames, in imitation of
Adam and Eve; the figure of a man flayed, done after the life, all the
muscles appearing in their due place, and proportion; the skeleton of
an ostrich; an human skeleton, with copper joints, and five other
skeletons of human bodies. But as this furniture was introduced by the
Surgeons, it is now of no use, and the theatre is entirely deserted.
This Hall is one of the works of that great architect Inigo Jones, and
is a masterpiece in its kind, that elegant simplicity which
characterises all his works, giving the spectator the highest
satisfaction.
BARBER’S _alley_, Brown’s lane, Spitalfields.*
BARBER’S POLE _alley_, St. Margaret’s hill, Southwark.*
BARBICAN, Aldersgate street, so called from a high watch tower which
stood there, from which a view might be taken of the whole city.
Barbican, according to Camden, being an Arabic word signifying a watch
tower.
BARE _lane_, Gravel lane.
BAREMERE’S ALMSHOUSE, in Almshouse yard, Hoxton, which was built about
the year 1701, by the Rev. Mr. Baremere, a Presbyterian Minister, for
eight poor women, who have no other allowance but half a chaldron of
coals each _per annum_. _Maitland_.
BARE _yard_, Bucklersbury.
BAREHOUSE _yard_, Silver street, Wood street.
BARKER’S _rents_, Paul’s alley, Red cross street.†
BARKING, a large market town in Essex, situated ten miles from London,
on a creek that leads to the Thames, from whence fish is sent up in
boats to London, the town being chiefly inhabited by fishermen. The
parish has been so much enlarged by lands recovered from the Thames,
and the river Rothing, which runs on the west side of the town, that
it has two chapels of ease, one at Ilford, and another called New
chapel, on the side of Epping forest, and the great and small tithes
are computed at above 600_l._ _per annum_. At a small distance from
the town, in the way to Dagenham, stood a large old house, where the
gunpowder plot is said to have been formed.
BARKING _alley_, Tower street, by Tower hill, so called from the church
of Allhallows, Barking.
BARLAM’S _mews_, New Bond street.†
BARLOW’S _court_, Coal yard, Broad St. Giles’s.
BARNABY _street_, Tooley street, Southwark.
BARNES, a village in Surrey, almost encompassed by the Thames. It lies
between Mortlake and Barn Elms, and is seven miles from London, and
five from Kingston.
BARNET, a market town in Hertfordshire, situated in the road to St.
Alban’s, eleven miles from London, on the top of a hill, whence it is
called High Barnet, and also Chipping, or Cheaping Barnet, from King
Henry the Second’s granting the monks of St. Alban’s the privilege of
holding a market here; the word Cheap, or Chepe, being an ancient word
for a market. As this place is a great thoroughfare, it is well
supplied with inns. The church is a chapel of ease to the village of
East Barnet. Here is a free school founded by Q. Elizabeth, and
endowed partly by that Princess, and partly by Alderman Owen, of
London, whose additional endowment is paid by the Fishmongers company,
who appoint 24 governors, by whom the master and usher are chosen to
teach seven children gratis, and all the other children of the parish
for 5_s_ a quarter. Here is also an almshouse founded and endowed by
James Ravenscroft, Esq; for six widows.
This place is remarkable for the decisive battle fought there between
the houses of York and Lancaster, on Easter day, 1468, in which the
great Earl of Warwick, stiled _the Setter up, and Puller down of
Kings_, was slain, with many others of the principal nobility. The
place supposed to be the field of battle, is a green spot, a little
before the meeting of the St. Alban’s and Hatfield roads: and here, in
the year 1740, a stone column was erected, on which is inscribed a
long account of that battle.
BARNET (EAST) a pleasant village in Hertfordshire, near Whetstone and
Enfield Chace, formerly much frequented on account of its medicinal
spring, which was discovered in a neighbouring common about an hundred
years ago. The church is a mean edifice; but the rectory is very
beneficial.
Here is the fine seat of the Lord Trevor, to which Queen Elizabeth
gave the name of Mount Pleasant.
BARNET’S _yard_, Mill bank.†
BARON’S ALMSHOUSE, in Elbow lane, Shadwell, was founded in the year
1682, by George Baron, for fifteen poor women, who also endowed it
with 5_l._ 4_s._ _per annum_ for bread.
BARRAT’S _rents_, Stepney Causeway.†
BARRET’S _court_, Horselydown, Fair street.†
BARROW’S _rents_, Windmill hill.†
BARTHOLOMEW _close_, near Smithfield, so called from its being situated
near the church of St. Bartholomew the Great.
BARTHOLOMEW _court_. 1. Houndsditch. 2. Throgmorton street.
_St._ BARTHOLOMEW’S _Church_, situated at the south east corner of
Bartholomew lane, behind the Royal Exchange, was one of the churches
consumed in the general conflagration in 1666, and this structure
arose in its place. It consists of a very irregular body, with a tower
suited to it, the top of which, instead of pinnacles, a spire, or
turrets, is crowned with arches, supported by columns of the
Corinthian order. It is a rectory, in the gift of the Crown, and the
Rector receives 100_l._ a year in lieu of tithes.
BARTHOLOMEW _lane_, extends from Threadneedle street to Lothbury, and is
so named from St. Bartholomew’s church at the corner.
_St._ BARTHOLOMEW _the Great_, situated near the east end of Duck lane,
on the north east side of Smithfield, escaped the flames in 1666, and
is a large plain church, with a tower crowned with a turret. It is a
rectory in the patronage of the Earl of Holland, The Rector’s profits,
besides casualties, amount to about 60_l._ _per annum_.
_St._ BARTHOLOMEW _the Less_, is seated on the south east side of
Smithfield, adjoining to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. It was founded in
the year 1102, and belonged to the neighbouring convent of the same
name; but as it was not destroyed by the fire in 1666, it remains in
the same state it was in before that dreadful calamity. It is a low
building, composed of brick and rough stone plaistered; and consists
of a roofed body with Gothic windows, and a tower with a corner
turret. This church is a vicarage, in the gift of the Lord Mayor,
Aldermen, and Common Council, who upon receiving the grant of the
church and hospital, covenanted to pay the Vicar 13_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._
_per annum_, which, with an allowance from the hospital, and
casualties, amounts to about 120_l._ _per annum_.
_St._ BARTHOLOMEW’S HOSPITAL, on the south east of Smithfield, for the
cure of the poor, sick and lame, formerly belonged to the Priory of
St. Bartholomew in Smithfield; but both the priory and hospital being
dissolved by K. Henry VIII. that Monarch, in the last year of his
reign, founded the hospital anew, and endowed it with the annual
revenue of 500 marks, upon condition that the city should pay the same
sum, which proposal was readily embraced, and the managers of this
foundation were incorporated by the name of _The Hospital of the
Mayor, Commonalty and Citizens of London, Governors for the poor,
called Little St. Bartholomew’s, near West Smithfield_. Since that
time the hospital has received prodigious benefactions from great
numbers of charitable persons, by which means not only the poor of
London and Southwark, but the distressed of any other parts of the
King’s dominions, and from foreign countries, are taken in, whether
sick or maimed, and have lodging, food, attendance, and medicines,
with the advice and assistance of some of the best Physicians and
Surgeons in the kingdom, who belong to the hospital, and attend the
patients as occasion requires; they have also matrons and nurses, to
look after and assist them; and at their discharge when cured, some,
who live at a considerable distance, are relieved with money, cloaths,
and other necessaries, to enable them to return to their several
habitations. Pity it is that so noble and humane a foundation should
want any thing to render it perfect, and that every sick person who is
admitted, except such as have suffered by sudden accidents, as the
fracture or dislocation of a bone, should be obliged to deposit or
give security for the payment of a guinea, in case of death, in order
to defray the expence of the funeral; for by this some of the poorest
and most miserable, and consequently the most proper objects, are
unhappily excluded from reaping the benefit they might otherwise
receive from it: but this is also the case of several of the other
hospitals of this city; however many thousands of persons labouring
under the most dreadful diseases and wounds, are annually cured at
this hospital, and in those of Kent street in Southwark, and the Lock
at Kingsland, both of which are dependent on it. Besides all this,
there are great numbers of out-patients, who receive advice and
medicines gratis.
The ancient hospital which escaped the fire of London becoming
ruinous, it was found absolutely necessary in the year 1729 to rebuild
it; a plan for that purpose was formed, and a grand edifice erected,
by subscription, which was designed to be only one out of four noble
detached piles of building, to be afterwards raised, about a court or
area 250 feet in length, and 60 in breadth.
The original design is now nearly compleated, and this hospital
altogether forms a very elegant building, or rather buildings, for the
sides which compose the quadrangle do not join at the angles, as is
usual, but by four walls, each having a large gate which admits you
into the area, as may be seen in the print. Here is a staircase
painted and given by Mr. Hogarth, containing two pictures with figures
large as the life, which for truth of colouring and expression may vie
with any thing of its kind in Europe. The subject of the one is the
Good Samaritan, the other the Pool of Bethesda.
BARTLET’S _buildings_, Holborn.†
BARTLET’S _court_. 1. Bartlet’s street.† 2. Holborn hill.†
BARTLET’S _passage_, Fetter lane.†
BARTLET’S _street_, Red Lion street, Clerkenwell.†
BARTON _street_, Cowley street, Westminster.†
BARTON’S _rents_, Shoreditch.†
BARTRAM’S _yard_, Nightingale lane.†
BASINGHALL, a very ancient building now called Blackwell hall, which
see.
BASINGHALL _court_, Basinghall street.†
[Illustration: _S Wale del._ _B. Green sculp._ _S^t. Bartholomew’s
Hospital._]
BASINGHALL _street_, Cateaton street, extends on the east and north
sides of Blackwell hall, anciently called Basing hall. Tho’ this
street is neither uniform nor regularly built, it has many handsome
houses inhabited by merchants. It received its name from its belonging
to the family of the Basings. _Stow._ See BLACKWELL HALL.
BASING _lane_, Bread street, Cheapside.†
BASKET _alley_, 1. Golden lane. 2. Goswell street.
BASKET-MAKERS, a fraternity by prescription, and not by charter;
however, they have the honour of being reckoned one of the city
companies. This community is governed by two Wardens and forty-eight
Assistants; but has neither livery nor hall.
BASSHAW’S _rents_, Love lane, Bank side, Southwark,
BASSISHAW _ward_, so called from a corruption of Basinghall, once the
principal house in it, is bounded on the north by Cripplegate ward, on
the west by that and Cheap wards, and on the south and east by Coleman
street ward. See the article BLACKWELL HALL.
This ward is very small, it only consisting of Basinghall street. Its
principal buildings are St. Michael’s church, also called Bassishaw
church; Blackwell hall; Coopers hall; Masons hall; and Weavers hall.
It is governed by an Alderman, his Deputy, four Common Council men,
seventeen wardmote inquestmen, two scavengers, two constables, and a
beadle: and the jurymen returned by the wardmote inquest in this ward,
serve in the several courts of Guildhall in the month of March.
BATCH’S _walk_, Ratcliff highway.†
BATEMAN’S BRIDGE _yard_, Upper Ground street, Southwark.†
BATEMAN’S _street_, May fair.†
BATTERSBY _court_, near King street, Westminster.†
BATTERSEY, a village in Surrey, situated on the river Thames, four miles
from London, and at the same distance from Richmond. The gardens about
this place are noted for producing the finest asparagus. It gave the
title of baron to the late Lord Viscount St. John, who had a seat
here, which is a plain old building. Here Sir Walter St. John founded
a free school for twenty boys.
BATES _street_, Ratcliff highway.†
BATH _court_, Queen street.
BATH _street_. 1. Cold Bath fields, thus named from the Cold Bath near
it. 2. Welbeck street, thus named from the Earl of Bath.
BATTLEBRIDGE. 1. Gray’s inn lane, 2. Mill lane, Tooley street,
Southwark; it was so called from Battle’s abbey; it standing over a
water-course, which flows out of the Thames, and formerly belonged to
that abbey. This bridge was therefore built and repaired by the Abbots
of that house. _Stow._
BATTLEBRIDGE _stairs_, near Mill lane, Tooley street.
BATT’S _rents_, Whitechapel Common.†
BAXTER’S _court_, Church street, Hackney.†
BAYNARD’S CASTLE _lane_, Thames street, so called from a castle of that
name built there by William Baynard Lord of Dunmow. _Camden._
BAYNING’S ALMSHOUSE, in Gunpowder alley, Crutched Friars, was erected in
the year 1631, by Paul Viscount Sudbury, for ten poor housekeepers;
but being surrendered to the parish, they have made it their
almshouse.
BEACH _lane_, Whitecross street, Cripplegate‡
BEACONSFIELD, a small town in Buckinghamshire, in the road to Oxford,
about 23 miles from London. It has several good inns, and is
remarkable for being the birth-place of Mr. Waller, the celebrated
poet, who had a great estate, and a handsome seat here, which is still
in the possession of Edmund Waller, Esq; his descendant. There is a
fine monument erected in the church yard, to the memory of Mr. Waller
the poet.
BEADLES _court_, Eagle street, Holborn.
BEAK _street_, Swallow street, Piccadilly, so called from most of the
houses belonging to Col. Beak.
BEAL’S _wharf_, Mill street, Tooley street.†
BEAR _alley_. 1. Addle hill, Thames street.* 2. Fleet ditch.* 3. London
wall.*
BEAR _court_, Butcher row, Ratcliff.*
BEARBINDER _lane_, Swithin’s lane, Cannon street.
BEAR GARDEN, Bank side, Southwark.
BEAR _lane_, Gravel lane, Southwark.†
BEAR KEY, or Bear quay, near the Custom house. There are two streets of
this name, Great and Little Bear Key, which lead from Thames street to
the water side. On the key opposite to them, are landed vast
quantities of corn, and formerly much bear, a small sort of barley,
now little used in England; tho’ a great deal of it is brewed into ale
and beer in Dublin, and from this grain Bear key undoubtedly took its
name.
BEAR _Key stairs_, Bear key.
BEAR’S _court_, Butcher row, Ratcliff cross.
BEAR’S FOOT _alley_, Bank side.
BEAR _street_, Leicester fields.