THE BOERS' CAMP--THE PLANS FOR THE FUTURE--OFF TO NATAL--TREATY WITH THE
ZULU CHIEF--HIS TREACHERY--SLAUGHTER OF THE BOERS--THE DEFENCE OF THE
BOERS.
On the return of Hans and the party of hunters to the head-quarters of
the Boers on the branches of the Vet river, matters were in a very
unsettled state. Amongst the Boers who, dissatisfied with the British
laws, had emigrated into the interior, there were dissensions. Some of
the men of wealth and influence were for remaining on the ground they
then occupied, trusting the lesson they had already given to the
Matabili would be a sufficient warning to prevent them from again
venturing into the country which the emigrants now laid claim to. A
large majority, however, were in favour of another commando against the
Matabili, and this party eventually carried the day, and preparations
were at once commenced for an expedition against this formidable savage.
Others again, and amongst these was Retief, the elected leader of the
emigrants, was in favour of treking to the fertile plains south of the
Quathlamba Mountains, and near the Bay of Natal. He was induced to take
this step in consequence of the reports which he had received from some
connexions who had just previously started from Uitenhage and had joined
a small party of English at the Bay of Natal.
Finding these dissensions going on, Hans placed Katrine under the charge
of an aunt, and placed himself at the disposal of those whom he
considered fitted to rule the affairs of the emigrants.
"As soon as things are settled, Katie," he said, "when we have decided
where we are to rest, I will build a house, and we will marry; but I
doubt if I should be as ready for the trek and for fighting if I left
you a young wife behind, as if I left you free; and so we will wait."
The winter passed away, and towards the spring intelligence reached the
Boers' encampment that the Matabili, having heard of their enemy's
preparation for an attack, had driven all their cattle far into the
interior, and had themselves withdrawn so far that to pursue them would
neither be a wise nor a profitable proceeding. Thus the proposed
expedition against the Matabili was given up, and the whole attention of
the emigrants directed to emigrating to Natal A general movement of the
camp was immediately commenced, and Hans, attaching himself, with his
two companions Victor and Bernhard, to the waggons of Katrine and her
relatives, followed the leaders, who started for the long and
adventurous journey to the south-east.
During many weeks the emigrants journeyed on, following the track of
Retief and his party, who had found a means of passing through the
Quathlamba Mountains with their waggons, and in reaching the fertile
plains beyond. Here, on the banks of the Bushmen's river, Hans, with a
large party of his connexions, decided to halt. The country was well
watered and fertile, the climate all that could be wished, and abundance
of pasturage for the cattle; thus seeming to possess all those
qualifications which the emigrants had sought for when they started on
their expedition from the old colony of the Cape.
"We may rest here in peace," said Hans to his two friends. "We shall
not have English interference; we have plenty of grazing-ground; there
are enough of us to prevent any enemy from attacking us; there are
plains under the mountains on which we can hunt elands when we choose,
and we can cultivate our land with no fear of having to leave our farms
in a hurry. So, as soon as I can build a house, I shall many Katrine,
and settle quietly down here. We must take a hunt after the elephant,
though, now and then, Victor, just to get some ivory, for the gold is
thus easily procured. It was good to trek from the old colony, friends,
was it not?"
The party to which Hans had attached himself had been located some
months on the banks of the Bushmen's river, and had begun to gather some
of the produce of their agricultural labours. About the same period,
Retief, the leader of those emigrants who had gone further into the
country, paid a visit to the chief of the Zulus, the nation which lived
to the east of the Natal district.
It was a lovely, calm evening, early in February, that Hans, having
returned from a day's successful shooting, was sitting on the front of
his waggon cleaning his gun, and describing his day's sport to Katrine,
who was engaged knitting. In all directions round them waggons were
grouped, whilst large herds of cattle grazed on the surrounding hills
and in the valleys. Every thing looked peaceable, and suitable for
freedom and enjoyment, and each emigrant was rejoicing at the fair
prospect before him.
"We shall have a large addition to our forces from the colony," said an
emigrant named Uys, as he came to Hans' waggon and examined the fine
reitbok he had brought back with him; "for the news has gone down that
this country is very fine, and is full of game. Retief, too, will make
good terms with Dingaan, and that will enable us to live here quietly.
We have fought enough with the Amakosa and with Moselekatse; we should
now grow corn."
"Yes," replied Hans; "I must grow corn soon and in plenty, for I shall
marry in the winter, and therefore shall have two to feed."
"Where is Victor?" inquired Uys.
"He has gone down towards the coast to see his cousin there, and to
trade for a horse he wants. I hear the country down there is very fine,
and elephants come into the bush every year."
"Yes; that is the truth: there is game in plenty, and the forests
contain good timber. Cess, who is this riding over the hill? He will
kill his horse if he comes at that rate."
"It is Victor," said Hans. "Something must be wrong, or he would never
ride like that, and so near home."
As Victor approached the encampment he raised his hat and shouted, "To
arms, men; to arms for your lives!" Such a cry to a people who had long
had to deal with dangerous foes was not to be neglected: a rush was made
to Hans' waggon, where Victor had reined in his panting steed, and a
hundred men were eagerly inquiring what was the danger.
"The whole Zulu army is upon us," shouted Victor. "Retief and all his
party are murdered. Between us and the Zulus not a Dutchman is left
alive. Men, women, and children are all slain."
Shrieks of horror from the women and cries of vengeance from the men
greeted this intelligence, whilst an organised defence was hastily
arranged. The waggons were brought together and formed into a square,
whilst brushwood was cut to fill up the intervals. A three-pounder gun
was mounted on a waggon, and pointed in the direction from which the
enemy was expected. Guns and ammunition having been served out to all
who could use them,--even the females tended their services as loaders
of spare guns,--and the party having sent out mounted spies, they waited
in momentary expectation of being attacked.
Victor had now time to give a detailed account of the events which had
come to his knowledge, and which subsequent inquiry proved to be in the
main correct.
Retief, having entered the Natal district with his party, decided after
some time to visit the residence of the Zulu chief, in order to
negotiate a treaty of peace, and, if possible, to obtain from him a
grant or sale of land. An English missionary, Mr Owen, was resident at
the kraal of Dingaan, and believed he had so influenced the mind of the
monarch that a friendly reception would be given to the Dutchmen. The
mind of a savage despot is, however, very intricate, and neither Retief
nor the missionary had any idea of the plot that was working in the
chief's mind. After having welcomed Retief and his party, Dingaan
agreed to yield a large portion of land to his friends, the white men,
when they had proved themselves friends, and they were to prove their
friendship by retaking from Sikonyella a quantity of cattle which this
chief, a Mantatee, had captured from the Zulus.
This Retief promised to do, and having first sent messengers to
Sikonyella, demanding restitution, they made preparations for attacking
him in case of his refusal.
Sikonyella immediately gave up about seven hundred head of cattle, as
well as horses and guns, some of which he had taken from parties of
farmers, and Retief returned with these, and with a party of about
seventy of his best-mounted and best-equipped young men.
Dingaan again welcomed the return of Retief and his party, and actually
affixed his signature to a document which ceded to the emigrants the
greater part of the Natal district. During all this time, however, a
plot had been thickening in the mind of the crafty savage. He had heard
how his powerful enemy, Moselekatse, had been defeated by these white
men; how he had been compelled to quit his kraal, and retreat into the
interior; and he therefore decided that they were dangerous neighbours.
With a mistaken, short-sighted policy, he fancied that, could he destroy
all those who were now near his country, he would deter others from
again venturing near him; but such an act, instead of freeing him from
his neighbours, was only likely to bring destruction on his head. His
proceedings, however, had been determined on, and his acts may be
described as follows.
Having acted in every way so as to gain the confidence of his guests, he
invited them to witness a great war-dance, as a fit termination to the
visit; and as it was against custom to bring any weapons into the royal
presence, the visitors were requested to leave their guns outside the
kraal. Dingaan had assembled about three thousand warriors, all armed
with the broad-bladed stabbing assagy, and with the heavy knob-kerrie,
or clubbed stick. The Boers were invited into the centre of a circle of
these warriors, and invited to sit down and drink itchuala, a species of
beer; whilst the warriors, striking their shields and beating their feet
in time, continued to advance and retire, whilst they shouted one of
their popular songs. The very ground seemed to tremble beneath the
heavy beat of six thousand feet, and the Boers began to regret that they
had left their trusty weapons outside the kraal. The Zulu warriors
advanced and retired, shaking their assagies and knob-kerries with
threatening gestures, the chief Dingaan watching the effect upon his
guests. Suddenly withdrawing from the immediate presence of his men, he
from a distance exclaimed, "Bulala," and on the signal the warriors
closed in on their victims, whom they outnumbered forty to one, and
after a brief struggle,--for the Dutchmen drew their hunting-knives, and
fought desperately, slaying several of their enemies,--killed them all,
not before they had tortured several who had been the most formidable in
the defence.
As soon as this slaughter was complete, Dingaan ordered ten thousand men
to dash into the Natal territory, and destroy the white men there
located. The Zulus spread like locusts over the land, [A detailed
description of the slaughter of Retief and his party was given us by two
eye-witnesses, one a Kaffir, who subsequently deserted from Panda,
Dingaan's successor, and who was a warrior in Dingaan's service at the
time of the slaughter of Retief. This man stated that two Boers had
concealed their guns, and had time to use them, but not to reload; thus
evincing that some at least of the party suspected treachery. The other
account was from a Kaffir named Copen, who spoke English well, and who
was a boy at the time in Dingaan's kraal. Both accounts agreed in the
main facts.] and, as the emigrants were principally scattered about in
small parties, they fell easy victims to their numerous foes.
Some emigrants near the Blue Krantz river were killed to a man, and the
place was henceforth termed "Weenen" (Weeping). It was from this
neighbourhood that Victor, being fortunately at a short distance from
the detachment when the Zulus attacked it, escaped, and was able to ride
forward and warn his friends of their danger.
Contrary to expectation, the night arrived and passed with no signs of
the enemy; but scarcely had day begun to break than the spies came
galloping in, and announced that the Zulus were swarming over the hills,
and coming rapidly on to the lager. All was ready for their reception,
and before they came within three hundred yards several of their number
were laid low by the deadly weapons of the Boers.
Hans, with his two old companions Victor and Bernhard, had selected a
position near one of the angles of the square, this being the shape in
which the Dutchmen usually drew up their waggons.
As the solid mass of the Zulus charged up to the waggons, an irregular
discharge from the emigrants was poured upon them with fearful effect.
The three-pounder gun, loaded with bullets, sent its messengers of death
among them, and covered the ground with the slain. Even the
highly-trained Zulus could not face this deadly rain of lead, and they
turned and fled to a secure distance, where they were again drawn up in
order by their chiefs, and once more launched against their foes.
Their recent victories over the white men had caused them to underrate
their foes; and this, added to the dread of returning to their chief
without having carried out his orders of exterminating the white men,
gave them great determination in their charges; and though mowed down by
scores in their advance, still those in the rear leapt over the bodies
of the slain in front, and endeavoured to force an entrance through the
rampart made by the Dutchmen.
In their second charge, several Zulus reached the waggon on which Hans
was standing; and he, having discharged both barrels of his gun with
fatal effect, was for an instant unarmed. The Zulus seemed to be aware
of this, and boldly leapt on to the wheel, and with a yell of triumph
raised their assagies above their heads, as they prepared for their next
spring. Victor and Bernhard, however, saw the danger, and with rapid
aim, such as sportsmen alone can take, the savages were dropped from
their advanced position; whilst Katrine, pushing a freshly-loaded gun
into Hans' hands, grasped his empty weapon, and was soon ready again to
supply him with his loaded gun.
Many times did the Zulus renew their charges on their foes, but without
avail; and from sunrise to sunset the Dutchmen maintained this unequal
contest. As the day advanced the ammunition began to grow scarce, and
there was a general demand for powder and bullets, but none were
forthcoming; many men having placed their last charge in their guns.
Should the Zulus again charge, the fate of the whole party would be
slaughter; for if a hand-to-hand fight occurred, the numbers being about
forty to one, there could be no doubt as to the result. Fortunately at
this crisis a shot was fired from the three-pounder into the midst of
the Zulus, and this shot striking some of the Zulu chiefs at a great
distance, caused a panic, and a rapid retreat of the whole body, leaving
the Boers masters of the field, though their cattle were nearly all
carried off.
As soon as the Zulus retired, the Dutchmen assembled, and mounting their
horses, sallied out to learn the fate of those emigrants who were
scattered about in various parts. Whenever the Boers had been able to
collect and form a lager with their waggons, they had beaten off their
savage foes; but in other cases the slaughter had been complete.
That night was one of deep sorrow at the lager of Bushmen's river.
Fortunately the loss on the part of the Dutch had been very slight, and
their victory complete; but the intelligence brought in from all sides
was most disastrous. At least 600 men, women, and children had been
slaughtered, in addition to the party of Retief. Men with whom most of
the survivors had been in the habit of mixing for years, and who were
known as the good shot, the brave rider, and the generous-hearted
friend, had been slaughtered with wife and children, their mangled
corpses being found near those of their family. War in most aspects is
bad, but this was a mere wanton massacre; and it was only natural that
but one cry should arise from the men, old and young, and also from the
women: that cry was vengeance, retribution for all this. "We have the
power to teach the barbarian that he cannot slaughter us with impunity,
and that mere numbers will not avail. Let us arm and invade his
territory," was the exclamation; and this being the general wish, a
party of about 400 men was hastily assembled, and placed under the
direction of an experienced and gallant leader, Piet Uys, seconded by
Potgieter, and was soon ready for the expedition.
Hans and his two friends joined this party, and were anxious to revenge
the losses of their friends and relatives.
It was in April, 1838, that this party left the Klip river, and advanced
towards Zulu land. Each man was mounted and armed with a
double-barrelled gun, and supplied with ample ammunition; and
considering the foe against whom they were advancing was armed only with
spears, the result of the conflict did not seem for a moment doubtful.
The savage, however, as we have found to our cost in Africa and New
Zealand, is crafty and practical; he knows both his strength and his
weakness, and he appears to know the weak points of our routine system;
of these he takes advantage, and not unusually for a long time sets us
at defiance.
The party of Boers rode on steadily from their lager at Klip river
towards Zulu land. Rivers were crossed, and plains and bush traversed,
whilst every caution was taken to guard against surprise. The first
night's halting-place was reached, and the party bivouacked, having
appointed sentries and reliefs, and detailed the position for each man
to occupy in case of attack.
It was a singularly wild scene, this bivouack of some 400 experienced
hunters. There were among them lion and elephant hunters, men who had
lived for years by the chase; there were others who had fought in
several wars against the Amakosa Kaffirs, and had witnessed strange
scenes in the land.
"We shall capture all the lost cattle and horses," said the veteran Uys,
as he approached Hans, who was cleaning his guns and examining his
bullets.
"Yes; and revenge Retief's murder too, I hope. I think it was not wise
of Retief to leave his guns behind him, for a savage is ever a
treacherous creature."
"Ah! Retief fancied he had won Dingaan over to his side, and he went
with so many men because he wanted to show his power to the Zulus: if he
had followed the advice given, he would have taken only four or five
men, with the cattle that he captured from Sikonyella."
"Do you think we are strong enough, Piet," inquired Hans, "to meet the
Zulus in bush country?"
"I think we are; but we will try not to meet them there: we will meet
them in the open country. Dingaan has never yet fought against men
armed with fire-arms and mounted on horses; if he had he might be more
careful than I expect he will be when he hears there are only 400 men
come to invade his territory."
"We shall kill many hundred Zulus if they attempt to fight us as do the
Matabili. It is only the Amakosa who have been taught lessons, and who
keep to the bush, as they know their weakness."
"Zulu spies are out," said Victor, who had returned from some
neighbouring hills, near which he had been on watch. "I saw three men
running rapidly over the open ground beyond my station; they are going
to report to Dingaan our approach."
"We shall be ready for him whenever he shows himself," exclaimed Uys;
"and we have our relatives and friends to avenge; so let us remember
this as well as that our own safety depends upon the defeat of the
Zulus."
"I cannot help thinking," whispered Hans to Victor, "that if we had more
men it would be better for us. I understand that some of our people,
with some English and deserters from the Zulus, are making an attack on
Dingaan from near the coast; if now we all were to join, it would be
better. One stick is easy to break after another, but if you tie ten
together it is not so easy."
"We must trust to our leaders, Hans," replied Victor, "and fight well
for our cause."