---+--------+---------+---------+------ -------+--------------+---------
No.|Diameter| Stroke |Capacity | Discharge | Suction |*Lift and
|Cylinder| | per Rev.| | | Force
---+--------+---------+---------+--------------+--------------+---------
4 |3 in.|6-1/2 in.| ·40 gal.|1-1/4 in. hose|1-1/2 in. pipe|100 ft.
4 |3 „ |6-1/2 „ | ·40 gal.|1-1/4 „ |1-1/2 „ |100 ft.
6 |3-1/2 „ |6-1/2 „ | ·54 „ |1-1/2 „ |2 „ | 75 „
8 |4 „ |8 „ | ·87 „ |2 „ |2-1/2 „ | 75 „
10 |4-1/2 „ |8 „ |1·10 „ |2 „ |2-1/2 „ | 75 „
12 |5 „ |8 „ |1·36 „ |2 „ |2-1/2 „ | 75 „
16 |6 „ |7 „ |1·96 „ |2-1/2 „ |4 „ | 50 „
---+--------+---------+---------+--------------+--------------+---------
* _Total lift and force from supply to point of delivery, Pump not more
than 25 feet above water._
Fig. 166 represents _a hand, rotary force pump_ provided with a balance
wheel. A sectional view of this pump is given in Fig. 167; these pumps
are adapted for almost any place or purpose where lift or force pumps
can be used, they can be moved to any place where water is within
suction distance and immediately operated.
[Illustration: FIG. 166.]
The provision of a foot valve at the end of the suction pipe will keep
it always filled.
_In the rotary pump there are no pistons._ As will be seen in the Fig.
167, there are two pinions of extremely coarse pitch meshing into
one another with neat fit in the case; the joints become practically
air-tight by the water which surrounds them and passes through the case.
[Illustration: FIG. 167.]
Both pinions are supported by a journal at each end, the shaft of one
being extended to receive a pulley or hand wheel as shown in Fig. 166,
hence, one pinion causes the other to revolve. The teeth on the bottom
side of the pinions move away from each other and form a partial vacuum
which the water fills and is carried around between the teeth of the
pinions on opposite sides and is discharged through a central opening
in the case at the top, thence through the discharge pipe into the tank
or reservoir.
In the small sizes of the rotary pump there is no trouble from leakage,
until the parts become much worn.
[Illustration: FIG. 168.]
_Bag Pump._ This is a form of bellows-pump in which the valve disc A,
which takes the place of the bucket, is connected with the base of the
barrel by an elastic bag distended at intervals by rings. This bag
may be made of leather or of double canvas. The upper end of the bag
should be firmly tied with a cord in a groove gouged out of the rim of
the board at A. Into this board is fixed the fork of the piston rod,
and the bag is kept distended by a number of wooden hoops or rings of
wire, fixed to it at a few inches distance from one another, and kept
at equal distances by three or four cords binding them together and
stretching from the top to the bottom of the bag. Now let this trunk be
immersed in the water: it is evident that if the bag be stretched from
the compressed form which its own weight will give it by drawing up the
piston rod, its capacity will be enlarged, the valve A will be shut by
its own weight, the air in the bag will be rarefied, and the atmosphere
will press the water into the bag. When the rod is thrust down again,
the water will come out at the valve A, and fill part of the trunk. A
repetition of the operation will have a similar effect; the trunk will
be filled, and the water will at last be discharged at the spout.
[Illustration: FIG. 169.]
_Bellows-pump_ (Page 186). This is an atmospheric pump in which the
part of the piston is played by the top leaf of the bellows. A very
simple method of describing an invention, from which great good in
drainage of waste lands in Europe, was realized. “There was of course a
valve covering the interior orifice of the nozzle and opening outwards,
to prevent the air from entering when the upper board was raised. This
valve is not shown because the art of representing the interior of
machines by section, was not then understood, or not practiced. The
lower board is fastened to the ground by a platform while the suction
pipe dips into the water. A weight is placed on the upper board to
assist in expelling the water.”
Fig. 169 represents a _Double Lantern Bellows-Pump_ as used in the 16th
century. This engraving is plain and requires no description. Fig. 170
shows a diaphragm pump in which a sheet of rubber or its equivalent is
used as a substitute for a piston in a cylinder.
[Illustration: FIG. 170.]
NOTE.—When an ox or a horse plunges his mouth into a stream, he
dilates his chest and the atmosphere forces the liquid up into his
stomach precisely as up the pipe of a pump. It is indeed in imitation
of these natural pumps that water is raised in artificial ones. The
thorax is the pump; the muscular energy of the animal, the power that
works it; the throat is the pipe, the lower orifice of which is the
mouth, and which he must necessarily insert into the liquid he thus
pumps into his stomach. The capacious chest of the tall camel, or of
the still taller cameleopard or giraffe, whose head sometimes moves
twenty feet from the ground, is a large bellows-pump which raises
water through the long channel or pipe in his neck. The elephant
by a similar pneumatic apparatus, elevates the liquid through that
flexible “suction pipe,” his proboscis; and those nimble engineers,
the common house-flies, raise it through their minikin trunks in the
manner of the gigantic animals which in remote ages roamed over this
planet, and which quenched their thirst as the ox does. There could
have been none which stood so high as to have their stomachs thirty
feet above the water they thus raised into them.
_Rope Pump._ This machine consists of one or more endless ropes, all
stretched on two pulleys as shown in Figs. 171 and 172. These pulleys
have grooves formed in their surfaces for the reception of the ropes.
A rapid rotary motion is communicated to the upper pulley, by a
multiplying wheel, and the ascending side of each rope carries up the
water absorbed by it, and which is separated from it while passing over
the upper pulley, partly by centrifugal force, and partly by being
squeezed in the deep groove.
[Illustration: FIG. 171.]
[Illustration: FIG. 172.]
In the beginning of the motion, the column of water adhering to the
rope, is always less than when it has been worked for some time, and
continues to increase till the surrounding air partakes of its motion.
By the utmost efforts of a man, nine gallons of water were raised
by one of these machines from a well, ninety-five feet deep, in one
minute. (_Adam’s Philos._)
_The hydraulic belt_ is a similar contrivance. It is an endless double
band of woolen cloth, passing over two rollers, not here shown. It is
driven with a velocity of not less than a thousand feet per minute;
when the water contained between the two surfaces is carried up and
discharged as it passes over the upper roller, by the pressure of the
band. Some machines of this kind are stated to have produced an effect
equal to seventy-five per cent. of the power expended, while that of
ordinary pumps seldom exceeds sixty per cent. (_Lon. Mechan. Mag._)
_Spray Pump._ Fig. 173 exhibits a carefully designed pump made to spray
trees, plants, etc. All the working parts are of brass, the valves
are metal; the air chamber is made of galvanized iron or copper and
has large capacity. It will hold sufficient compressed air to keep
the spray going from six to ten minutes after the pumping stops. The
“agitators” are placed so that they keep the liquid thoroughly stirred.
The plungers can be easily removed and packed without the necessity of
taking the pump to a shop.
[Illustration: FIG. 173.]
The pump is fastened to the bottom of the barrel by a bolt passing
through the barrel and secured by a nut underneath, with packing to
prevent leakage, and by an iron plate at the top covering the opening
through which the pump is placed in the barrel. This pump is arranged
with one, or two levers, and for one or two lines of discharge hose.
The cylinders are 2-1/2 inches diameter with stroke 3 inches; its
capacity per stroke is 0·13 gal.
_Combined Pump and Horse Power._ The “horse power” (apparatus) with its
“pole” for one horse and two poles for two horses and its wrought iron
“tumbling shaft” has been so modified that a horse operates the pump,
by means of a “sweep,” direct connected to the pump crank shaft.
The animal will make three to four circuits per minute, giving the pump
crank shaft a speed of 40 to 50 revolutions per minute. The capacity
of a 4 in. plunger and 8 in. stroke is given as 3·120 gallons per
hour; the suction pipe is given as 3-1/2 in. diam. and the discharge as
3 in. pipe.