CONCLUSION: READING, WRITING, AND SPEAKING
Anyone who wishes to swim without the help of others is faced by
a "vicious circle." In order to swim he must jump into the water,
but before he entrusts himself to the water he ought to be able
to swim. In spite of this, many people learn to swim without a
teacher. How do they do that? They go at first only into shallow
water, and splash about there until they have become more or less
familiar with this element. Then, when they perceive that they can
propel themselves in it, they go gradually into deeper water.
If we wish to get scientific men to use the international language,
we must probably recommend the same method and advise them to
move about in the shallower regions of every-day language before
they venture into the deeper waters of science. The instruction
concerning the movements of swimming given by the swimming-master
on dry land corresponds to a lesson of a couple of hours on the
simple grammar of the international language. Further progress,
leading up finally to the introduction of the latter into science,
can be divided into three stages, which we may describe by the
words reading, writing, and speaking.
I. _Reading._--The extraordinary ease with which every educated
person, and especially anyone who has learnt Latin or one of the
Romance languages, can read and understand the language of the
Delegation almost without any previous study, indicates that the
first stage will not be difficult of attainment. But one would
require scientific reading material in order to gain practice in
scientific reading, and there we are again faced by a vicious
circle. For, in order to create such reading material, we require
authors who can write it, and yet the latter can only learn to
express themselves in the international language by means of
already existing reading material. We must therefore at first make
use of the language of daily life and carry over into science
whatever is found to be suitable for scientific purposes, after
which more sharply defined meanings may be assigned to the words.
It has been indicated in the previous article how the remaining
special scientific nomenclature can be determined. When this
preliminary work is sufficiently advanced the following way will
lead quickest to the goal.
There will be founded an _international journal_, divided into as
many divisions as correspond to the groups of sciences to be dealt
with. We have here in view more particularly the theoretical and
practical sciences of nature, because they have much more urgent
need of an international auxiliary language than the "humanities,"
whose representatives are more likely to possess a sufficient
knowledge of languages. For example, mathematics, mathematical
astronomy, mathematical geography, mathematical physics, geodesy,
etc., might form one group; general and experimental physics,
chemistry and physical chemistry, electrotechnics and applied
chemistry, mechanics and mechanical engineering, etc., a second
group; mineralogy, petrography, crystallography, geology, etc.,
a third group; biology, systematic and physiological zoology and
botany, morphology, etc., etc., a fourth group. Extensions of these
groups and other modes of arrangement might of course be introduced.
The foundation at first of several separate periodicals would not
be advisable.
The following remarks may be made concerning the contents of
this journal. In conformity with our plan, it should not at first
contain any original articles, for the international language is
not intended to replace the natural ones, but only to act as an
_intermediary_ between them. Besides, the journal must not contain
any insignificant or uninteresting articles if it is to attract and
interest readers. But eminent authors, even if they could command
the international language, would not publish important original
articles in a journal which naturally at first would not have any
very great circulation.
The journal must therefore contain chiefly translations of
interesting articles from all branches of science and from all
languages, and also extracts from the more important literary
productions. The editorial committee of this journal should be
independent of the Language Academy, but nevertheless in close
contact with it, in order, on the one hand, to guarantee the
correctness of the language by means of the Academy, and, on the
other hand, to help the latter by acting as its scientific adviser.
The gradual dissemination of this periodical would have the effect
that a considerable number of scientific men, especially those of
the younger generation, would be induced to read and understand the
international language without any expenditure of trouble injurious
to their professional work.
II. _Writing._--From reading a comparatively easy step leads to
writing. The number of scientific men would soon increase who
could either write directly in the international language, or, at
all events, translate a paper written in a natural language into
the international language. Owing to the gradually increasing
dissemination of the international Review, a first-hand publication
of such papers in the Review would soon be very much in the
interest of the authors, as the acceptance of their papers would
itself be a mark of honour, whilst the rapid distribution amongst
all nations would be likewise advantageous.
III. _Speaking._--The speaking of the international language
at first in small and then gradually amongst wider circles and
finally at international congresses can only be attempted later.
This attempt must not, however, be made before its success is
fully assured, and the language has received a certain amount of
consolidation through its application to writing.
We have already remarked in another place that the introduction of
the international language is not nearly so difficult as it appears
at first sight, almost the only difficulty being the establishment
of the _confidence_ that this goal _can_ be attained.
When one tries to swim for the first time it seems as if one would
never succeed. But when, after a few lessons, one has seen one's
comrades moving safely and merrily in the water, courage comes, and
with it success. We shall therefore show in an appendix by means of
an example that the language of the Delegation is already capable
of expressing difficult passages with all possible fidelity.
At a time when the language had only just been fixed and when
he had very little practice in its use, L. Couturat translated
into it a particularly difficult passage from the work of Gomperz
(the Viennese Academician) on _Grecian Thinkers_. The present
author, without having seen the original, retranslated it at
Graz from the international language into German, and sent this
to Gomperz at Vienna with the request, that he would give his
opinion on the accuracy of the retranslated passage. Gomperz
wrote characterising the reproduction as "astonishingly exact,"
"the test as extraordinarily successful, and the result in a high
degree favourable to the possibility of employing the international
language." This test must certainly be regarded as a very
severe one, because the German language is foreign to the first
translator, whilst, owing to its philosophical nature, the subject
was not familiar to the second translator as a physicist. For the
sake of English readers, a similar experiment has just been made,
the results of which are given in Appendix III. A passage from
Professor W. James's _Talks to Teachers on Psychology_, dealing
with the laws of habit, was translated into Ido by Professor
Couturat, and the Ido text retranslated into English by Mr. P.
D. Hugon in London, who was unacquainted with the original. A
comparison of the two English texts demonstrates the marvellous
lucidity of Ido as a medium for the transmission of thought without
distortion.
Two things are indispensable for the realisation of a great idea.
In the first place, the idea must, as regards its nature and
value, have a rational foundation, and its possibility must be
demonstrated. In the second place, there must be present courage,
energy, and persevering devotion in order to realise practically
that which has been recognised to be right and good. No amount of
energy, however great, can produce a lasting result from a mistaken
idea; but at the same time nothing great has ever been accomplished
by doubters and pessimists. The readers of our brochure will
concede to us that the idea of an international auxiliary language
and its realisation by means of the language of the Delegation have
in the foregoing chapters been fully examined in the cold light of
reason and shown to be good and practicable, whilst the appendices
will enable this opinion to be experimentally tested and confirmed.
Now that the head has done its work, the heart, the source of
courage and devotion, must do its part. We have full confidence,
therefore, in calling upon the representatives of science, who have
followed us so far, to assist us in the work, in the first place by
_joining the Uniono di l'Amiki di la Linguo Internaciona_ and by
making its labours known. This step can be taken also by those who
do not see in the language as at present constituted the final and
best solution of the problem, for before one can reach the topmost
heights one must traverse the intervening stages. We ourselves do
not consider that our language is the best possible, but we regard
it as one which is susceptible of continuous improvement without
its immediate and future use being injured thereby.
LEOPOLD PFAUNDLER.
APPENDIX I.
"LINGUO INTERNACIONA DI LA DELEGITARO."
(IDO).
The Délégation pour l'Adoption d'une Langue Auxiliaire
Internationale, founded in Paris in 1901, has received the support
of 310 societies of many countries and the approval of 1,250
professors and academicians. It elected in 1907 an international
committee, composed of eminent linguists and men of science, which,
after having studied all the projects for international language,
adopted Esperanto with certain modifications. These modifications,
whilst preserving the principles and essential qualities of Dr.
Zamenhof's language, aim at a more logical and strict application
of these principles and the elimination of certain unnecessary
complications. The following are the principal modifications:--
(1) Suppression of the accented letters, _thus permitting the
language to be printed everywhere_, and at the same time preserving
the phonetic and frequently re-establishing the international
spelling;
(2) Suppression of certain useless grammatical rules which are
very troublesome to many nations, and _especially to persons
possessing only an elementary education_ (accusative, concord of
the adjective);
(3) Regularisation of the method of derivation, this being the
only means of preventing the intrusion of idioms and of furnishing
a solid foundation for the working out of the _scientific and
technical vocabulary_ so indispensable for the propagation of the
language in the scientific world;
(4) Enrichment of the vocabulary by the adoption of new stems
carefully chosen according to the _principle of maximum
internationality_.
All the words have, in fact, been formed from international stems,
that is to say those which are common to the majority of European
languages, with the result that they are immediately recognised
by everyone of medium education. It is not necessary therefore
to learn a new language; _the international language is the
quintessence of the European ones_. It is, however, incomparably
more easy than any of them on account of its simplicity and
absolute regularity; there are _no useless rules_, and _no
exceptions_. It can be learnt by reading it; as soon as one can
read it one can write it; as soon as one can write it one can speak
it. And experience has proved that the differences of pronunciation
amongst people of the most diverse countries are insignificant and
cause no trouble at all. To sum up, the _linguo internaciona_ is
a simplified and improved Esperanto, very analogous to primitive
Esperanto, but possessing the advantage over the latter of being
immediately intelligible, so that it is destined to become _the_
international language. Besides, it has already received the warm
approval and support of many of the earliest and best Esperantists.
It alone, thanks to the support of the scientific and literary men
of the Delegation and Committee, has a chance of being adopted some
day by Governments and of being introduced into the schools of all
countries.
The following pages provide a key which enables one to read a text
in this language.
GRAMMAR.
@Pronunciation.@--All letters are pronounced, and have always the
same sound: _a_ (as in _father_), _c_ (like _ts_), _e_ (like _e_ in
_set_, or _a_ in _fate_), _g_ (always hard, as in _go_), _i_ (like
_ee_ in _sweet_), _j_ (either as in English, or like the French _j_
in _journal_), _o_ (like _o_ in _not_ or like _o_ in _go_), _q_
(_qu_ as in English, or like _kv_), _s_ (unvoiced), _u_ (like _oo_
in _too_), _x_ (like _ks_ or _gz_), _y_ (as in English), _z_ (as in
English), _ch_ (as in _church_), _sh_ (as in English), _au_ (like
_ow_ in _how_), _eu_ (= _e-u_). It will be seen that a _certain
amount_ of latitude is permitted, in order to suit the convenience
of different nations. _Stress_ (tonic accent) on the penultimate
syllable, except in the infinitive, when it falls on the last
syllable (@-ar@, @-ir@, @-or@). Since _y_ is a consonant, it does
not count as a separate syllable (@fluvyo@).
@Definite Article.@--@La@, for all genders and numbers.
@Substantive.@--Ends in _-o_ in the singular, in _-i_ in the plural.
@Adjective.@--Is invariable, and ends in _-a_.
@Personal Pronouns.@--@Me@ = _I_, @tu@ = _thou_, @vu@ = _you_
(singular), @il@ = _he_ or _it_ (masculine), @el@ = _she_ or
_it_ (feminine), @ol@ = _it_ (thing); @ni@ = _we_, @vi@ = _you_
(plural), @li@ = _they_ (all genders). If distinction is necessary,
@ili@ = _they_ (masculine), @eli@ = _they_ (feminine), @oli@ =
_they_ (neuter).
@Possessive Pronouns.@--@Mea@ = _my_, _mine_, @tua@ = _thy_,
_thine_, @vua@ = _your_, _yours_ (singular), @sa@ = _his_, _her_,
_hers_, or _its_; @nia@ = _our_, _ours_, @via@ = _your_, _yours_
(plural), @lia@ = _their_, _theirs_. In the plural the ending _-i_
is substituted for _-a_ when the above words are used as true
possessive _pronouns_.
@Reflexive Forms.@--@Su@ is used as an objective (reflexive)
personal pronoun (for singular and plural) in the third person.
The corresponding possessive forms are @sua@ and @sui@ (plural
_pronoun_). It may be remarked that the possessive pronominal
adjectives @sa@ (singular) and @lia@ (plural) may be made to
indicate sex in the following way:--
_Singular._ _Plural._
Masculine @ilsa@ @ilia@
Feminine @elsa@ @elia@
Neuter @olsa@ @olia@
@Demonstrative Pronouns.@--@Ica@ = _this_, _these_; @ita@ = _that_,
_those_. The plural forms @ici@ = _these_, and @iti@ = _those_,
are only used as true demonstrative _pronouns_. The indeterminate
(neuter) forms are @ico@ = _this_, @ito@ = _that_. In all the above
words the initial _i_ is usually _omitted_, except where euphony
requires it.
If it is required to indicate sex, or something which is not alive,
this may be done as follows:--
_This._ _That._
Masculine @ilca@ @ilta@
Feminine @elca@ @elta@
Neuter @olca@ @olta@
Plural } @ilci@ @ilti@
Pronoun } etc. etc.
@Relative and Interrogative Pronouns@: @qua@ = _who_, _which_,
_what_; plural, @qui@. @Quo@ = _what_ (indeterminate, general).
@Accusative@ (objective case).--When the direct object of the verb
precedes the subject, the former is indicated by the inflexion
_-n_: @la homo quan vu vidis@ = _the person whom you have seen_.
@Verb.@--Invariable in person and number. Endings of the principal
tenses:--
_Active_ _Passive_
_Infinitive._ _Indicative._ _participle._ _participle._
Present @-ar@ @-as@ @-anta@ @-ata@
Past @-ir@ @-is@ @-inta@ @-ita@
Future @-or@ @-os@ @-onta@ @-ota@
Conditional, @-us@. Imperative, @-ez@.
The auxiliary verb @esar@, _to be_, is used for the passive, and
for the compound tenses of the active.
_Passive._
_Present_ @esas amata@, or @amesas@ = _I am (being) loved_.
_Past_ @esis amata@, or @amesis@ = _I was (being) loved_.
_Future_ @esos amata@, or @amesos@ = _I will be loved_.
_Conditional_ @esus amata@, or @amesus@ = _I would be loved_.
_Imperative_ @esez amata@, or @amesez@ = _be loved_.
_Infinite_ @esar amata@, or @amesar@ = _to be loved_.
_Compound Tenses of the Active._
_Perfect_ @(me) esas aminta@ = _(I) have loved_.
_Pluperfect_ @(me) esis aminta@ = _(I) had loved_.
_Future perfect_ @(me) esos aminta@ = _(I) shall have loved_.
_Past conditional_ @(me) esus aminta@ = _(I) should have loved_.
The past tenses of the passive (indicating _completed_ states) are
formed by means of the passive participle in @-ita@:--
@(me) esis amita@ = _(I) had been loved_.
@(me) esos amita@ = _(I) shall have been loved_.
@(me) esus amita@ = _(I) would have been loved_.
Derived adverbs are formed by substituting the ending _-e_ for the
_-a_ of the adjective or the _-o_ of the noun: @bone@ = _well_;
@nokte@ = _at night_.
FORMATION OF WORDS.
All words are composed of three elements, possessing an invariable
form and meaning: _stems_, _affixes_ (prefixes and suffixes), and
_grammatical terminations_.
@Prefixes@:--
@ge-@, the two sexes united: @ge-patri@ = _parents_.
@bo-@, relation by marriage: @bo-patro@ = _father-in-law_.
@ex-@, former, ex-: @ex-oficero@ = _ex-officer_.
@mal-@, opposite, contrary: @mal-bela@ = _ugly_.
@mis-@, error, mistake: @mis-komprenar@ = _misunderstand_.
@mi-@, half: @mi-horo@ = _half an hour_.
@re-@, repetition: @re-dicar@ = _repeat_, _say again_.
@retro-@, backwards: @retro-sendar@ = _return (send back)_.
@ne-@, negation: @ne-utila@ = _useless_ (but @mal-utila@ = _harmful_).
@sen-@, want of: @sen-arma@ = _unarmed_.
@Suffixes@:--
@-in@, female sex: @frat-ino@ = _sister_.
@-id@, descendant: @Sem-ido@ = _Semite_.
@-estr@, chief, director: @urb-estro@ = _mayor_.
@-an@, member of: @senat-ano@ = _senator_.
@-ism@, system, doctrine: @socialismo@ = _socialism_.
@-ist@, profession, occupation: @dent-isto@ = _dentist_.
@-er@, amateur: @fotograf-ero@ = _amateur photographer_.
@-ul@, person who is characterised by ...: @kuras-ulo@ = _cuirassier_.
@-aj@, concrete thing, consisting of, or made of: @lan-ajo@ = _woollen
goods_.
@-ur@, product, result: @pikt-uro@ = _a picture_.
@-ar@, collection of a number of similar things: @hom-aro@ = _mankind_.
@-il@, instrument, tool: @bros-ilo@ = _brush_.
@-ey@, place for ...: @kaval-eyo@ = _stable_; @dorm-eyo@ = _dormitory_.
@-uy@, container, recipient: @ink-uyo@ = _inkpot_.
@-yer@, that which bears or carries: @pom-yero@ = _apple tree_.
@-al@, relating to: @nacion-ala@ = _national_.
@-oz@, full of, provided with: @por-oza@ = _porous_.
@-atr@, similar, like: @spong-atra@ = _sponge-like_, _spongy_.
@-iv@, that which can, active possibility: @instrukt-iva@ =
_instructive_.
@-em@, addicted to: @babil-ema@ = _talkative_, _garrulous_.
@-ebl@, passive possibility, that which can be ...: @vid-ebla@ =
_visible_.
@-end@, that which is to be, or must be ...: @solv-enda@ = _to be
solved_, _requiring solution_.
@-ind@, worthy of being: @respekt-inda@ = _worthy of respect_.
@-es@, state of being: @san-esar@ = _to be well_, whence the
substantives expressing state or quality, _e.g._, @san-eso@ =
_health_.
@-esk@, to commence to do or to be: @dorm-eskar@ = _to fall asleep_.
@-ig@, to make or cause to do or to be: @bel-igar@ = _beautify_;
@dorm-igar@ = _to send to sleep_.
@-ij@, to become: @rich-ijar@ = _to get rich_.
@-iz@, to furnish or provide with: @arm-izar@ = _to arm_.
@-if@, to produce, bring forth: @frukt-ifar@ = _to fructify_.
@-ad@, repetition, continuation: @dans-ado@ = _dancing_.
@-eg@, augmentative: @bel-ega@ = _very beautiful_.
@-et@, diminutive: @mont-eto@ = _hill_, _hillock_.
@-ach@, derogative: @popul-acho@ = _populace_, _the mob_.
@-um@, indeterminate relationship (see the dictionary),
@-esm@, ordinal number: @un-esma@ = _first_.
@-opl@, multiplicative number: @du-opla@ = _double_.
@-on@, fractional number: @tri-ono@ = _a third_.
@-op@, distributive number: @quar-ope@ = _in fours_.
LEXIKO DI LA GRAMMATIKALA VORTI.
@a@, @ad@ _to_, _towards_
@ad maxime@ _at most_
@ad minime@ _at least_
@altra@, @-i@ _other_ (_s_)
@altru@ _another_
@altro@ _another thing_, _something else_
@anke@ _also_
@ankore@ _still_, _yet_
@ante@ _before_ (time)
@aparte@ _apart_
@apene@ _scarcely_, _with difficulty_
@apud@ _near_, _close by_, _at_
@avan@ _before_ (place)
@balde@ _soon_
@cent@ _hundred_
@ceter-i@, @-o@ _the others_, _the rest_
@che@ _at the house of_
@cirke@ _around_, _about_
@cis@ _on this side of_
@da@ _by_
@de@ _from_, _since_, _of_
@dek@ _ten_
@di@ _of_
@do@ _therefore_, _hence_
@dop@ _after_ (position); _behind_
@du@ _two_
@dum@ _during_
@e@, @ed@ _and_
@ek@ _out, out of_
@en@ _in_
@exter@ _outside of_, _besides_
@for@ _far from_
@forsan@ _perhaps_
@frue@ _early_
@hiere@ _yesterday_
@hike@ _here_
@ibe@ _there_
@inter@ _between_, _among_
@ips-a@, @-e@ _self_, _even any_ (_whatsoever_)
@irg-a@, @-u@ _anyone_ (_whatever_)
@irgo@ _anything_ (_whatever_)
@itere@ _again_, _anew_
@ja@ _already_
@jus@ _just at the moment_
@kad@ _whether_ (general interrogative)
@kam@ _as_, _than_ (in comparisons)
@kande@ _when_
@ke@ _that_ (conjunction)
@kelk-a@, @-i@ _some_
@kin@ _five_
@kontre@ _against_, _opposite_
@kun@ _with_
@lor@ _then_, _at that time_
@malgre@ _in spite of_
@max@ (@-ime@) _most_
@mem@ _even_, _indeed_
@mil@ _thousand_
@min@ _less_
@minime@ _least_
@morge@ _to-morrow_
@mult-a@ (@-i@) _much_, _many_
@nam@ _for_, _because_
@ne@ _not_
@nek@ _neither_, _nor_
@no@ _no_
@nov@ _nine_
@nu@ _well!_ _now!_
@nul-a@ (@-u@) _no_, _no one_
@nulo@ _nothing_
@nun@ _now_
@nur@ _only_
@o@, @od@ _or_
@ok@ _eight_
@olim@ _formerly_
@omn-a@ (@-i@) _each_, _all_
@omno@ _all_, _everything_
@or@ _now_ (conjunction)
@per@ _through_, _by means of_
@plu@ _more_
@plur-a@ (@-i@) _several_
@po@ _for_ (the price of)
@poke@ _a little_
@por@ _for_, _to_ (_in order to_)
@pos@ _after_ (time)
@precipue@ _especially_
@preske@ _almost_, _nearly_
@preter@ _past_, _beyond_
@pri@ _concerning_, _on_
@pro@ _for_, _on account of_
@proxim@ _next_
@qual-a@ _what_ (_sort of_)
@quale@ _how_, _as_
@quankam@ _although_
@quant-a@ (@-e@) _how much_, _how many_
@quar@ _four_
@quaze@ _as if_, _so to speak_
@quik@ _at once_, _immediately_
@sama@ _the same_
@same@ _similarly_
@sat@ (@-e@) _enough_, _sufficiently_
@se@ _if_
@sed@ _but_
@segun@ _according to_
@sempre@ _always_
@sen@ _without_
@sep@ _seven_
@singl-a@ (@-e@ _single_, _singly_
@sis@ _six_
@sive@ _either_, _or_
@sub@ _under_, _below_
@super@ _above_, _over_
@sur@ _on_, _upon_
@tal-a@ _such a_, _such_
@tal-e@ _thus_, _so_, _in such a way_
@tam@ _as_ (in comparisons)
@tamen@ _nevertheless_, _yet_
@tant-a@ (@-e@) _so much_, _as much_, _so_
@tarde@ _late_
@til@ _until_
@tra@ _through_, _across_
@trans@ _beyond_, _on the other side of_
@tre@ _very_
@tri@ _three_
@tro@ _too_
@ube@ _where_, _whither_
@ula-@ (@-u@) _some_, _any_, _someone_, _anyone_
@ulo@ _something_, _anything_
@ultre@ _beyond_, _besides_
@un@ (@-u@, @-a@ _one_
@ve@ _alas!_
@vice@ _in place of_, _vice_
@ya@ _certainly_, _undoubtedly_
@ye@ preposition of indeterminate meaning
@yen@ _here is_, _there is_, _behold_
@yes@ _yes_
APPENDIX II.
@Specimen page from the INTERNATIONAL-ENGLISH DICTIONARY.@[6]
@deskript-ar@: to describe;
@-o@: description;
@-iva@: descriptive [EFIS].
@desper-ar@: to despair;
@-o@: despair;
@-igar@: to drive to despair [EFIS].
@despit-ar@: to be vexed, to fret;
@-o@: spite, despite;
@-igar@: to vex [EFIS].
@despot-o@: despot;
@-eso@, @-ismo@: despotism [DEFIRS].
@destin-ar@: to destine;
@-o@, @-eso@: destination, destiny [EFIS].
@destrukt-ar@: to destroy;
@-o@: destruction;
@-iva@, @-ema@: destructive [EFIRS].
@detal-o@: detail;
@-a@, @-oza@: detailed;
@-e@, @-oze@: in detail [DEFIRS].
@detashment-o@ (military): detachment [DEFIRS].
@detektiv-o@: detective [EFR].
@determin-ar@: to determine;
@-o@, @-eso@: determination (not _decision_);
@-anta@, @-iva@: determinative;
@-ismo@: determinism [DEFIRS].
@detriment-ar@: to cause injury or prejudice to (_a person_);
@-o@: detriment, damage, injury (_moral_) [EFIS].
@dev-ar@: to be obliged to, ought, have to;
@-o@: duty [FIS].
@devast-ar@: to devastate;
@-o@, @eso@: devastation [EFIS].
@deviac-ar@ (_trans. and intrans._): to deviate;
@-o@: deviation [EFIS].
@deviz-o@: motto, device [DEFIRS].
@devlop-ar@: to develop;
@-o@, @-eso@: development [EFI].
@devot-a@: devoted;
@-eso@: devotion;
@-esar@, @-igar@, @-su@: to devote oneself [EFI].
@dextr-a@: right (_hand_, _side_);
@-e@: on the right [IS].
@dezert-a@: desert, deserted;
@-o@: a desert, wilderness [EFIS].
@dezir-ar@: to wish, desire;
@-o@: wish, desire [EFIS].
@di@: of (_preposition_).
@di-o@, day (twenty-four hours);
@-ala@: daily [EIS].
@diabet-o@: diabetes [DEFIRS].
@diablo@: devil;
@-ala@: diabolical [DEFIRS].
@diadem-o@: diadem [DEFIRS].
@diafan-a@: transparent;
@-eso@: transparency [FIS].
@Specimen page from the ENGLISH-INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY.@
to @describe@: deskriptar.
@description@: deskripto.
@descriptive@: deskriptiva.
to @desecrate@: profanigar.
a @desert@: dezerto.
to @desert@: desertar.
@deserted@: dezerta.
@deserter@: desert-anto, -into.
@desertion@: deserto,
to @deserve@: meritar.
@deserving@: merit-anta, -oza.
to @desiccate@ (_v. trans._): sikigar.
@desiccated@: sikigita.
@design@ (= drawing): desegno.
to @desire@: dezirar.
@desire@: deziro.
@desk@ (_writing_): pupitro.
" (_pulpit_): katedro.
to @despair@: desperar.
@despair@: despero.
@despair@, to @drive to@: desperigar.
a @desperado@: riskemo.
@despicable@: mal-prizinda.
to @despise@: mal-prizar.
@despite@ (_s._), despito.
" (_prep._) (= _in spite of_), malgre.
@despot@: despoto.
@despotism@: despot-eso, -ismo.
@desquamation@: squamifo.
@dessert@: desero.
@destination@: destin-o, -eso.
to @destine@: destinar.
@destiny@: destin-o, -eso.
" (= _fate_): fato.
to @destroy@: destruktar.
@destruction@: destrukto.
" , @utter@: nuligo.
@destructive@: destrukt-iva, -ema.
@detachment@ (military): detashmento.
@detail@: detalo, mal-grandajo.
" , @in@: detal-e, -oze.
@detailed@: detal-a, -oza.
@detective@: detektivo.
to @deter@: timigar, impedar.
@determination@ (_not decision_): determin-o, -eso.
@determinative@: determin-anta, -iva.
to @determine@: determinar.
" " (= decide): decidigar.
@determinism@: determinismo.
to @dethrone@: mal-tronizar.
@detriment@: detrimento.
to @devastate@: devastar.
@devastation@: devast-o, -eso.
to @develop@: devlopar.
" " (_photo._): rivelar.
@developer@ (_photo._): rivelilo.
@developing@ (_photo._): rivelo.
@development@: devlop-o, -eso.
to @deviate@ (_v. trans. and intrans._): deviacar.
@deviation@: deviaco.
APPENDIX III.
EXPERIMENT IN DOUBLE TRANSLATION.
THE LAWS OF HABIT.
By Professor W. JAMES.[7]
I believe that we are subject to the law of habit in consequence
of the fact that we have bodies. The plasticity of the living
matter of our nervous system, in short, is the reason why we
do a thing with difficulty the first time, but soon do it more
and more easily, and finally, with sufficient practice, do it
semi-mechanically, or with hardly any consciousness at all. Our
nervous systems have (in Dr. Carpenter's words) _grown_ to the way
in which they have been exercised, just as a sheet of paper or a
coat, once creased or folded, tends to fall for ever afterward into
the same identical folds.
Habit is thus a second nature, or rather, as the Duke of Wellington
said, it is "ten times nature," at any rate as regards its
importance in adult life, for the acquired habits of our training
have by that time inhibited or strangled most of the natural
impulsive tendencies which were originally there. Ninety-nine
hundredths or possibly nine hundred and ninety-nine thousandths of
our activity is purely automatic and habitual, from our rising
in the morning to our lying down each night. Our dressing and
undressing, our eating and drinking, our greetings and partings,
our hat-raisings and giving way for ladies to precede, nay, even
most of the forms of our common speech, are things of a type so
fixed by repetition as almost to be classed as reflex actions. To
each sort of impression we have an automatic, ready-made response.
My very words to you now are an example of what I mean, for,
having already lectured upon habit and printed a chapter about it
in a book, and read the latter when in print, I find my tongue
inevitably falling into old phrases and repeating almost literally
what I said before.
So far as we are thus mere bundles of habit, we are stereotyped
creatures, imitators and copiers of our past selves. And since
this, under any circumstances, is what we always tend to become,
it follows first of all that the teacher's prime concern should be
to ingrain into the pupil that assortment of habits that shall be
most useful to him throughout life. Education is for behaviour, and
habits are the stuff of which behaviour consists.
LA LEGI DI L'KUSTUMO,
Traduko en Ido da L. COUTURAT.
Me kredas, ke ni esas submisata a la lego di l'kustumo per konsequo
di l'fakto, ke ni havas korpi. La plastikeso di la vivanta materyo
di nia nerva sistemo, esas, abreje, la kauzo ke ni facas un kozo
malfacile la unesma foyo, sed balde plu e plu facile, e fine,
kun suficanta praktiko, ni facas ol mi-mekanike, o kun preske
nula koncio. Nia nerva sistemi _kreskis_ (segun la vorti di Dr.
Carpenter) en la voyo en qua li esis exercita, exakte quale folyo
di papero, o vesto unfoye faldita o shifonigita, tendencas falar
sempre pose en la sama identa falduri.
La kustumo esas duesma naturo, o prefere, quale dicis Duko de
Wellington, ol esas "dekople naturo," omnakaze per sa importo en
adulta vivo; nam la aquirita kustumi di nia eduko en ta tempo
impedis o strangulis max multa de la natural impulsiva tendenci,
qui existas origine. Novdek nov centoni, o, posible, novcent novdek
nov miloni de nia agemeso esas pure automatal e kustuma, de nia
levo matene a nia kusho omnanokte. Nia vestizo e malvestizo, nia
manjo e drinko, nia saluti ed adyi, nia chapel-levi et voyo-cedi
por siorini preteriranta, ya mem max multa formi di nia komuna
parolado, esas kozi de tipo tante fixigita per repeto, ke li povas
esar klasizita quale agi reflexa. Ad omna speco de impreso ni
havas automatal, tute pronta respondo. Mea ipsa paroli a vi nun
esas exemplo de to, quon me pensas: nam, pro ja facir lecioni pri
la kustumo ed imprimigir chapitro pri ol en libro, e lektir olca
dum imprimo, me trovas mea lango falanta neeviteble en sa malnuva
frazi, e repetanta preske litere, quon me dicis ante.
Segun quante ni esas tale pura faski de kustumi, ni esas
stereotipita kreuri, imitanti e kopianti di nia propra pasinto.
E pro ke co, en omna supozi, esas to, quo ni sempre tendencas
divenar, konsequas, unesme, ke la precipua skopo di l'instruktisto
devas esar inkrustar en la lernanto ta asortajo de kustumi, qua
esos max utila ad il tra sa tuta vivo. L'eduko esas por la konduto,
e la kustumi esas la materyo, en qua la konduto konsistas.
THE LAWS OF HABIT.
I believe that we are subject to the law of habit in consequence
of the fact that we have bodies. The plasticity of the living
material of our nervous system is, to put it briefly, the reason
why we do a thing with difficulty the first time, but soon more
and more easily, and finally, with sufficient practice, we do it
half mechanically, or almost without any consciousness. Our nervous
systems _have grown_ (in Dr. Carpenter's words) in the way in which
they were trained, just as a sheet of paper or a garment, once
folded or crumpled, tends to fall ever after in the same identical
creases.
Habit is a second nature, or rather, as the Duke of Wellington
said, it is "tenfold nature," at any rate by its importance in
adult life, for the acquired customs of our education by that time
have impeded or strangled most of the natural impulsive tendencies
which existed originally. Ninety-nine hundredths or maybe nine
hundred and ninety-nine thousandths of our activity is purely
automatic and habitual, from our rising in the morning to our
retiring every night. Our dressing and undressing, our eating
and drinking, our greetings and leave-takings, our hat-raisings and
way-givings to ladies passing by, even indeed most forms of our
common speech, are things of a type so well fixed by repetition,
that they can be classified as reflex actions. For every kind of
impression we have an automatic, ever-ready response. My very words
to you now are an example of what I think, for through having
already given lessons about habit, and having had a chapter printed
about it in a book, and having read the latter in the course of
printing, I find my tongue falling unavoidably into its old phrases
and repeating almost literally what I have said before.
Inasmuch as we are thus pure bundles of habits, we are stereotyped
creatures, imitators and copyists of our own past. And because
this, in any case, is what we always tend to become, it follows, in
the first place, that the teacher's chief object must be to incrust
in the learner that set of habits which will be most useful to him
throughout his whole life. Education makes for conduct, and habits
are the material which conduct consists of.
[Retranslated into English by P. D. HUGON, who was unacquainted
with the original before doing the retranslation, 20th January,
1910.]
APPENDIX IV.
"UNIONO DI L'AMIKI DI LA LINGUO INTERNACIONA."
The following excerpt from the provisional statutes of the _Uniono_
is only intended to give an indication of its nature. The full
statutes will be willingly sent to anyone interested by one of the
authors of this brochure or by the Secretary of the _Uniono_, Herr
A. Waltisbühl, 46, Bahnhof Strasse, Zürich.
EXCERPT FROM THE PROVISIONAL STATUTES.
(1) The sole purpose of the _Uniono di l'Amiki di la Linguo
Internaciona_ is to unite, for the purposes of common action, all
persons who recognise and approve of the idea of an international
language in the form given to it by the _Délégation pour l'Adoption
d'une Langue Auxiliaire Internationale_.
(2) The Uniono accepts as the international auxiliary language the
_Linguo internaciona di la Delegitaro_ resulting from the labours
and decisions of the commission and the working committee of the
Delegation, but expressly declares that this language is not to be
regarded as "perfect" and "infallible." On the contrary, it takes
the view that the language is capable of continuous improvement
according to the principles resulting from the work of the
Delegation.
(3) The _Uniono_ consists of members of both sexes of all
nationalities (at least eighteen years old) who are willing to
learn the language, to employ it on all suitable occasions in
intercourse with foreigners, and to take part in its propagation.
(4) The yearly subscription amounts to 1·25 francs, 1 shilling,
1 mark, or 1·20 krone (Austrian). Half of this sum goes to the
Academy, the other half to the credit of the "Komitato." Permanent
membership is obtained by a single payment of 50 francs. Persons
paying at least 100 francs in a single payment become _membri
protektanta_.
(5), (6), (7) All members take part in the election of the two
directing bodies of the _Uniono_ (the Academy and the "Komitato")
according to a specially arranged method of representation (in
which account is taken of the number of adherents belonging to each
nationality).
(8), (9), (10) The Academy is concerned only with questions
relating to the development and improvement of the international
language. It has to reply within six months to all questions and
suggestions emanating from at least three elected representatives.
The official organ of the Academy is the journal _Progreso_
(pronounced _Progresso_). The _Komitato_ has the practical
direction and organisation of the _Uniono_ which it controls and
represents. It is intended to found in the different countries
language courses, offices for the practical employment of the
language in commerce and travel, and translation bureaus. The
Academy and Komitato may unite for the purpose of discussing
general questions concerning the international language.
(11), (12), (13) deal with local groups, change of statutes,
dissolution of the Society, etc.
(14) All questions or proposals to be settled by the Academy or the
Komitato must be published in the journal _Progreso_ three months
before the decision in order to allow of general discussion.
ENTRANCE FORM.
The undersigned declares his (or her) adherence to the
"Association of Friends of the International Language," as
constituted by the provisional statutes, and subscribes
for the year 19....
or in one { life member,
payment { _protektanta_
as { _membro_.
Signature.
Christian name
and surname.
(Please write clearly.)
Address.
Profession or occupation
(optional).
Natural language.
Age.
Send this form filled up, together with your subscription
(international money order), to the Secretary of the Society,
Herr A. Waltisbühl, 46, Bahnhofstrasse, Zürich, Switzerland.
UNIONO DI L'AMIKI DI LA LINGUO INTERNACIONA.
ADHERILO.
_Me subskribanta deklaras adherar a_ l'Uniono di l'Amiki di la
Linguo Internaciona, _tala quala ol esas definita en la_ Provizora
Statuti, _e me suskriptas_{1}
{ _por la yaro_ 19 ............................
{
{ _unfoye_ { _permananda_ }
{ _quale_ { _protektanta_ } _membro_ ............
_Subskribo_:
_Nomo e prenomo_ ..............................
_Adreso_ .....................................
................................................
_Profesiono_ (ne obliga indiko) ...............
_Naturala linguo_ ............................
_Eco_ ................................
@Sendez ta adherilo kun la suskripto@ (@per internaciona valoro@)
_a la sekretaryo-kasisto_, @So. A. WALTISBÜHL, 46, Bahnhofstrasse,
Zürich@ (@Suiso@).
{1} Minima suskripto: fr. 1·25, shilling 1, mark 1, dollar 0·25.
_Permananta membri_ pagas 50 fr. unfoye; _protektanta membri_ pagas
100 fr. unfoye.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] We do not therefore approve of the poetical attempts of
Zamenhof, or the dramatic representation of Goethe's _Iphigenia_.
[2] For other comparisons, such as musical notation, chemical
formulæ, etc., compare the excellent brochure of W. Ostwald,
_Die Weltsprache_. Compare also L. Couturat, _Pour la Langue
Internationale_.
[3] Here and elsewhere the following abbreviations will be
used:-- G. = German, E. = English, F. = French, I. = Italian, R. =
Russian, and S. = Spanish.
[4] Concerning the criticism of Esperanto, cf. also Zamenhof,
_Pri Reformoj en Esperanto_, 1894, _represita per zorgo de E.
Javal_, 1907 (containing many important suggestions which the
Esperantists have now unfortunately forgotten); A. Liptay,
_Eine Gemeinsprache der Naturvölker_, 1891; E. Beermann, _Die
Internationale Hilfssprache Novilatin_, 1907; K. Brugmann and A.
Leskien, _Zur Kritik der Künstlichen Weltsprachen_, 1907; Couturat
and Leau, _Conclusions du Rapport_, 1907; L. Couturat, _Étude
sur la Dérivation en Esperanto_, 1907; Ido, _Les Vrais Principes
de la Langue Auxiliaire_, 1908; many articles in the periodical
_Progreso_, 1908; F. Borgius, _Warum ich Esperanto verliess_, 1908.
[5] "What language aimed at languages have destroyed." The remarks
contained in this chapter have been developed and applied to
the criticism of Esperanto in my _Étude sur la Dérivation_ (1st
edition, unpublished, 1907, 2nd edition in French and in Ido, 1909).
[6] The letters D, E, F, I, R, S, are the initial letters of the
names of the six chief European languages, and those placed after
any word indicate to which of these languages the corresponding
stem is common (D = Deutsch (German)).
[7] "Talks to Teachers on Psychology," pp. 65, 66 (New York, H.
Holt & Co., 1907).
CONSTABLE & CO. LTD
CHEMISTRY
PRACTICAL METHODS OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. By E. MOLLWO PERKIN,
Ph.D. 2_s._ 6_d._ net.
CONTENTS:--Chapter I.--Introduction. Chapter II.--General
Preparations and Methods. Chapter III.--Salts. Chapter
IV.--Halogens and Halogen Compounds. Chapter V.--Metallic Oxides.
Chapter VI.--Acids. Chapter VII.--Preparation of Metals and
Metalloids. Chapter VIII.--Special Preparations. Index.
_The Journal of the Faraday Society._--"This book cannot be too
strongly recommended."
_Educational News._--"Most valuable."
_The Lancet._--"The true educational method is set forth in this
little work."
_Journal of Education._--"It is useful both to teacher and to pupil."
EXERCISES IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. By W. A ROTH, Ph.D., etc., Late
Professor of Chemistry in the University of Greifswald. Translated
for the use of Students by A. T. CAMERON, M.A., B.Sc., of the
University of Toronto. Price _6s._ net. Fully Illustrated.
CONTENTS:--Chapter I.--Introductory. Chapter II.--The
Determination of Density. Chapter III.--Determination of
Molecular Weights in Solutions. Chapter IV.--Thermo-Chemistry.
Chapter V.--The Determination of Optical Constants. Chapter
VI.--The Thermostat. Chapter VII.--Chemical Statics and
Dynamics. ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY: Chapter VIII.--Foundations. Chapter
IX.--Electrical Conductivity. Chapter X.--Faraday's Law.
Transport Numbers. Chapter XI.--Measurement of Differences of
Potential. Chapter XII.--Electro-statics. Appendix. Index. SMALL
TABLES IN THE TEXT: Molecular elevation of the boiling point and
depression of the freezing point. Heat of combustion per gram at
constant volume. Spectrum lines for optical measurements. Atomic
refraction. Conductivities of some standard solutions. Dielectric
constants.
INTRODUCTION TO THE CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF BUILDING MATERIALS. By
ALAN E. MUNBY, M.A. (Cantab). The elementary principles of science
which underlie the study of Building Materials in practice. Demy
8vo. 6_s._ net.
TECHNICAL THERMODYNAMICS. By Dr. GUSTAV ZEUNER. First English
Edition. From the fifth complete and revised edition of "Grundzüge
der Mechanischen Wärmetheorie." Vol. I.--Fundamental Laws of
Thermodynamics; Theory of Gases. Vol. II.--The Theory of Vapours.
Authorised Translation by J. F. KLEIN, D.E., Professor of
Mechanical Engineering, Lehigh University. Illustrated. Two
Volumes. Demy 8vo. Price 36_s._ net.
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS TO
CHEMISTRY. By PROFESSOR WALTER NERNST, University of Berlin. Extra
Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net.
ENTROPY: OR, THERMODYNAMICS FROM AN ENGINEER'S STANDPOINT, AND THE
REVERSIBILITY OF THERMODYNAMICS. By JAMES SWINBURNE, M.Inst.C.E.,
M.I.E.E., etc. Illustrated with Diagrams. 4_s._ 6_d._ net.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRICITY. By H. M. HOBART, B.Sc., M.Inst. C.E., etc. A
Text-Book designed in particular for Engineering Students. 208
pages + xix. 43 Tables and 115 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 6_s._ net.
CONTENTS:--The "Generation" and Conduction of Electricity.
Copper, Aluminium, and other Conducting Materials. Energy. The
Kelvin. Electricity. Continuous Electricity and Ohm's Law.
The Magnetic Field. Conductors Moving in a Magnetic Field.
Alternating Electricity. Inductance. The Magnetic Circuit.
Insulating Materials.
_The Engineer._--"A rapid glance at the illustrations contained
in this book is sufficient to show that it differs very
materially from most others having the same title. Indeed, it
may be said that the volume possesses that desirable but unusual
feature--originality. A chapter on the magnetic field contains
information which the student will find well worth acquiring, and
the same applies to that section of the book which deals with
conductors moving in a magnetic field. The alternating current
section is also good, and in a number of places it possesses the
merit of originality. The book, as we have already intimated,
is written on practical lines, and it is a decided improvement
on most books we have seen having for their title the word
'Electricity'."
CONTINUOUS CURRENT ENGINEERING. By ALFRED HAY, D.Sc., M.I.E.E.
About 330 pages. Fully Illustrated. Demy 8vo. 5_s._ net.
A standard text-book for the practical student, giving a simple
account of the component parts of a continuous current lighting
and power plant, dynamos, motors, secondary cells, measuring
instruments, etc.
DIRECT AND ALTERNATING CURRENT TESTING. By FREDERICK BEDELL,
Ph.D., Professor of Applied Electricity in Cornell University, and
CLARENCE A. PIERCE, Ph.D. 8_s._ net.
CONTENTS:--Direct Current Generators. Direct Current Motors.
Synchronous Alternators. Single-Phase Currents. Transformers.
Polyphase Currents. Phase Changers. Potential Regulators, etc.
THE THEORY OF ELECTRIC CABLES AND NETWORKS. By ALEXANDER RUSSELL,
M.A., D.Sc. Demy 8vo. 8_s._ net.
_Mechanical Engineer._--" ... the work needs only to be known in
order to be well appreciated by the electrical profession."
LABORATORY AND FACTORY TESTS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. By GEORGE
F. SEVER and FITZHUGH TOWNSEND, Second Edition. Thoroughly revised.
Demy 8vo. 282 pages. 10_s._ 6_d._ net.
This book represents the laboratory work required in the
Electrical Engineering Course at Columbia University. It is
intended to serve as a text-book for the use of students, but
furthermore it may be found useful by those who are engaged in
the electrical profession.
RADIO-TELEGRAPHY. By C. C. F. MONCKTON, M.I.E.E. With 173 Diagrams
and Illustrations. Extra Crown 8vo. 6_s._ net.
CONTENTS:--Preface. Electric Phenomena. Electric Vibrations.
Electro-Magnetic Waves. Modified Hertz Waves used in
Radio-Telegraphy. Apparatus used for Charging the Oscillator.
The Electric Oscillator: Methods of Arrangement, Practical
Details. The Receiver: Methods of Arrangement, The Detecting
Apparatus, and other details. Measurements in Radio-Telegraphy.
The Experimental Station at Elmers End: Lodge-Muirhead System.
Radio-Telegraph Station at Nauen: Telefunken System. Station at
Lyngby: Poulsen System. The Lodge-Muirhead System, the Marconi
System, Telefunken System, and Poulsen System. Portable Stations.
Radio-Telephony. Appendices: The Morse Alphabet. Electrical Units
used in this Book. International Control of Radio-Telegraphy.
Index.
_Nature._--"A very interesting and valuable book."
MATHEMATICS
THE CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS. A PRACTICAL TREATISE FOR
BEGINNERS, ESPECIALLY ENGINEERING STUDENTS. With over 400 Examples,
many of them fully worked out. By ROBERT GORDON BLAINE, M.E.,
Assoc.M.Inst.C.E. Lecturer at the City Guilds' Technical College,
Finsbury, London, E.C. Author of "Hydraulic Machinery," "Lessons in
Practical Mechanics," "The Slide Rule," etc. Crown 8vo. 4_s._ 6_d._
net.
The difficulties which beset the beginner are fully explained,
and the principles of the differential and integral calculus, and
differential equations, are clearly set forth in the simplest
language; each rule being illustrated by practical examples.
Applications of the calculus to problems in engineering and
physics form a feature of the work, which concludes with an
up-to-date chapter on Harmonic Analysis, of special interest to
electrical engineers and students of electro-technics.
ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING WORKSHOPS, MACHINES AND PROCESSES. By F. ZUR NEDDEN.
Translated by JOHN A. DAVENPORT. With an Introduction by SIR A. B.
W. KENNEDY, LL.D., F.R.S., M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M.E. Plates. Demy
8vo. 6_s._ net.
A handbook of workshop practice for the young engineer. It fills
a gap in our books for the practical training of engineers.
MACHINE DESIGN. By CHARLES H. BENJAMIN, Professor of Mechanical
Engineering in the Case School of Applied Science. Numerous
Diagrams and Tables. Demy 8vo. 8_s._ net.
Prepared primarily as a text-book, but containing mainly what the
writer has found necessary in his own practice as an engineer. As
far as possible the formulas for the strength and stiffness of
machine details have been fortified by the results of experiments
or by the practical experience of manufacturers.
THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE: Being a Text-Book on Gas, Oil, and
Petrol Engines, for the use of Students and Engineers. By H. E.
WIMPERIS, M.A., Assoc.M. Inst.C.E., Assoc.M.Inst.E.E. Illustrated.
Crown 8vo. 6_s._ net.
CONTENTS:--Introductory. Section I.--THEORY: Thermodynamic
Cycles. Combustion and Explosion. Thermodynamics. Section
II.--GAS ENGINES AND GAS PRODUCERS: The Gas Engine. The Gas
Producer. Blast Furnace and Coke-Oven Gases. Section III.--OIL
AND PETROL ENGINES: The Oil and Petrol Engine. Petrol Engine
Efficiency and Rating. Index.
THE MODERN STEAM ENGINE: THEORY, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, USE. A
Text-Book for Students. By JOHN RICHARDSON, M.Inst.C.E. With 300
Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net.
CONTENTS: Unit of Power. Natural Forces. Early Types of Engine.
The Watt Engine. The Use of Steam in Multiple Cylinder or
Compound Engines. Valve Gears. Double or Compound Slide Valves.
Releasing Valve Gear. Exhaust Valves and Valve Driving Gear. The
Governor. Electrical Regulation. Condensers. The Steam Turbine.
Design of Details. Examples of Various Types. Feed and Steam
Heating. Hints to Users. Appendix. Tables and Formulæ. Index.
_Engineer._--"Essentially a practical treatise."
THE CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. Being
a Practical Manual for Gas Engine Designers, Repairs and Users. By
R. E. MATHOT. Translated by W. A. TOOKEY. Medium 8vo. With over 350
Illustrations. 24_s._ net.
THE ELEMENTS OF MECHANICS OF MATERIALS. A Text-Book for Students
in Engineering Courses. By C. E. HOUGHTON, A.B., M.M.E., Associate
Professor of Mechanical Engineering, New York University. 7_s._
6_d._ net.
CONTENTS: Chapter I.--APPLIED MECHANICS. Chapter
II.--APPLICATIONS. Chapter III.--BEAMS. Chapter IV.--TORSION.
Chapter V.--THE ELASTIC CURVE. Chapter VI.--LONG COLUMNS. Chapter
VII.--COMBINED STRESSES. Chapter VIII.--COMPOUND BARS AND BEAMS.
TABLES.
HYDRAULICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS. By A. H. GIBSON, M.Sc.,
Assoc.Mem.Inst.C.E., Victoria University, Manchester. 774 pages.
308 Figures. Demy 8vo. 15_s._ net.
_Engineering Times._--"This is the best book to date on the subject."
NATURAL SOURCES OF POWER. By ROBERT S. BALL, B.Sc., A.M.Inst.C.E.
With 104 Diagrams and Illustrations. Extra Crown 8vo. 6_s._ net.
CONTENTS:--Preface. Units with Metric Equivalents and
Abbreviations Length and Distance. Surface and Area. Volumes.
Weights and Measures. Pressures. Linear Velocities. Angular
Velocities. Acceleration. Energy. Power. Introductory Water
Power and Methods of Measuring. Application of Water Power to
the Propulsion of Machinery. The Hydraulic Turbine. Various
Types of Turbines. Construction of Water Power Plants. Water
Power Installations. The Regulation of Turbines. Wind Pressure,
Velocity, and Methods of Measuring. The Application of Wind Power
to Industry. The Modern Windmill. Constructional Details. Power
of Modern Windmills. Appendices A, B, C. Index.
METALLURGY
MALLEABLE CAST IRON. By S. JONES PARSONS, M.E. Illustrated. Demy
8vo. 8_s._ net.
The information in this volume is thoroughly practical and
reliable, and the entire process of manufacture is clearly
explained, each stage being treated separately and in detail,
while much valuable information will be found in chapters dealing
with design, patterns, inspection, machining, supplementary
processes, and the application of the material, the use of which
has increased so enormously within the last few years that
it is now preferred to steel for many purposes. It is freely
illustrated with photographs and line drawings, and will be
invaluable to the professional man and the student.
THE PRECIOUS METALS: COMPRISING GOLD, SILVER, AND PLATINUM. By T.
KIRKE ROSE, A.R.S.M., D.Sc. Extra Crown 8vo. 6_s._ net.
CONTENTS:--History of Gold--Properties of Gold--Compounds
of Gold--Alloys of Gold--Occurrence of Gold in Nature: Gold
Ores--Extraction of Gold from its Ores: Gold Washing--Treatment
of Gold Ores by Crushing and Amalgamation--Treatment of Gold
Ores by Wet Methods--Silver and its Alloys--Compounds and Ores
of Silver--The Extraction of Silver from its Ores--Refining Gold
and Silver--The Assay of Gold and Silver Ores--The Assay of Gold
and Silver Bullion--Minting--Manufacture of Gold and Silver
Wares--Platinum--Production and Consumption of the Precious
Metals.
AGRICULTURE
SOILS AND MANURES. By J. ALAN MURRAY, B.Sc. Demy 8vo. 6_s._ net.
CONTENTS:--Preface. Chapter I.--Introductory. Chapter II.--The
Origin of Soils. Chapter III.--Physical Properties of Soils.
Chapter IV.--Chemistry of Soils. Chapter V.--Biology of
Soils. Chapter VI.--Fertility. Chapter VII.--Principles
of Manuring. Chapter VIII.--Phosphatic Manures. Chapter
IX.--Phospho-Nitrogenous Manures. Chapter X.--Nitrogenous
Manures. Chapter XI.--Potash Manures. Chapter XII.--Compound and
Miscellaneous Manures. Chapter XIII.--General Manures. Chapter
XIV.--Farmyard Manure. Appendices.--I. Valuation of Manures; II.
Composition and Manurial Value of Various Farm Foods. Index.
BOTANY
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. By FREDERIC EDWARD CLEMENTS, Ph.D.,
Professor of Botany in the University of Minnesota. With 125
Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._ net.
TIMBER. By J. R. BATERDEN, Assoc.M.Inst.C.E. Profusely Illustrated
from Photographs and Diagrams. Extra Crown 8vo. 6_s._ net.
This is essentially a practical work, and botany is only
incidentally touched upon. The timbers dealt with are those in
most general use, either in their native districts or in the
timber trade, together with some others which are likely before
long to come into the market.
CYTOLOGY
THE ESSENTIALS OF CYTOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LIVING
MATTER. By CHARLES EDWARD WALKER, Assistant Director of the
Cancer Research, Liverpool, and Honorary Lecturer in Cytology to
the School of Tropical Medicine in the University of Liverpool;
formerly Demonstrator of Zoology in the Royal College of Science,
London. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net.
POLITICAL ECONOMY
THE ELEMENTS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE. By STEPHEN LEACOCK, formerly
Lecturer on Political Science at McGill University, Montreal. Crown
8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net.
CONTENTS:--Part I.--THE NATURE OF THE STATE: I. Political
Science, the Theory of the State. II. The Origin of the State;
Fallacious Theories. III. The True Origin of the State. IV. The
Sovereignty of the State. V. The Liberty of the Individual. VI.
Relation of States to One Another. VII. The Form of the State.
Part II.--THE STRUCTURE OF THE GOVERNMENT: I. The Separation
of Powers. II. The Legislature. III. The Executive. IV. The
Judiciary and the Electorate. V. Federal Government. VI. Colonial
Government. VII. Local Government. VIII. Party Government.
Part III.--THE PROVINCE OF GOVERNMENT: I. Individualism. II.
Socialism. III. The Modern State.
PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTORY STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS. By JAMES ROWLAND ANGELL. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
net.
10 ORANGE STREET LEICESTER SQUARE W.C.
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
Appendices I and II have several pages of 2-column data. These are
shown in the etext in single-column format.
Appendix III consists of 3 side-by-side columns over two pages,
each rotated vertically in the original text. These are shown in
the etext with column 1 (the segment in English) first. Then comes
column 2 (the segment translated into Ido), followed by column 3
(the segment retranslated back to English).
The 'Entrance Form' in Appendix IV is also shown in single-column
format, the English version first followed by the Ido version.
The Footnote near the top of the Appendix IV 'Entrance Form' (Ido
version) has its anchor marked as {1}, with its text placed at the
bottom of the Form as in the original text.
The other Footnotes [1] to [7] are placed at the end of the etext.
Footnote [3] has two anchors on page 29.
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained. For example,
mother tongue, mother-tongue; ready made, ready-made; unbiassed;
superadded; incrust; scholasticism; employés.
Pg 14, 'States, Chili,' replaced by 'States, Chile,'.
Pg 15, 'la Langue Universale' replaced by 'la Langue Universelle'.
Pg 50, 'will be _oz_' replaced by 'will be _-oz_'.
Pg 56, 'à posterori' replaced by 'à posteriori'.
Pg 82, 'in detail, retail' replaced by 'in detail'.