PROHIBITION.
It has taken nearly half a century to convince the people that only in
total abstinence lies any hope of cure for the drunkard. When this
doctrine was first announced, its advocates met with opposition,
ridicule and even insult. Now it has almost universal acceptance. The
effort to hold an inebriate's appetite in check by any restriction that
included license, has, in all cases, proved so signal a failure, that
the "letting down," or "tapering off" process has been wholly abandoned
in inebriate asylums. There is no hope, as we have said, but in complete
abstinence.
NO REMEDY BUT PROHIBITION.
Is there any other means of cure for national drunkenness? The remedy of
license has been found as valueless for the whole people as restriction
for the individual. Appetite, when once depraved, becomes, in the
individual, lawless, exacting and unscrupulous; not hesitating to
trample on duty, justice, humanity and every public and private virtue.
It will keep no faith; it will hold to no pledge, however solemnly
taken. It must be wholly denied or it will be wholly master.
As in the individual, so in the nation, State or community. Appetite
loses nothing by aggregation; nor are the laws of its action changed. If
not denied by prohibition in the State, as by total abstinence in the
individual, it will continue to entail upon the people loss and ruin and
unutterable woes. License, restrictive permission, tax, all will be vain
in the future as they have been in the past. There is no hope, no help,
no refuge in anything but _Prohibition_!
And here we art met by two questions, fairly and honestly asked. First.
Is prohibition right in the abstract as a legislative measure? Second.
Can prohibitory laws be enforced, and will they cure the evil of
drunkenness?
First, as to the question of legislative action. Can the State forbid
the sale of intoxicating drinks as a beverage without violating the
natural right of certain citizens, engaged in the manufacture and sale
of these articles, to supply them to customers who wish to purchase?
We answer, that no man has a natural right to do wrong; that is, to
engage in any pursuit by which he makes gain out of loss and injury to
his neighbor. The essential principle of government is the well-being of
the people. It guarantees to the weak, security against the strong; it
punishes evil doers, and seeks to protect its citizens from the evil
effects of that unscrupulous selfishness in the individual which would
trample on the rights of all the rest in its pursuit of money or power.
Now, if it can be shown that the liquor traffic is a good thing; that
it benefits the people; makes them more prosperous and happy; improves
their health; promotes education and encourages virtue, then its right
to exist in the community has been established. Or, even if the good
claimed for it be only negative instead, of positive, its right must
still be unquestioned. But what if it works evil and only evil in the
State? What if it blights and curses every neighborhood, and town, and
city, and nation in which it exists; laying heavy taxes upon the people
that it may live and flourish, crippling all industries; corrupting the
morals of the people; enticing the young from virtue; filling jails, and
poor-houses, and asylums with a great army of criminals, paupers and
insane men and women, yearly extinguishing the light in thousands of
happy homes? What then?
Does this fruit of the liquor traffic establish its right to existence
and to the protection of law? Let the reader answer the question for
himself. That it entails all of these evils, and many more, upon the
community, cannot and will not be denied. That it does any good, cannot
be shown. Fairly, then, it has no right to existence in any government
established for the good of the people; and in suppressing it, no wrong
can be done.
PROHIBITION NOT UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
How the question of prohibition is regarded by the highest legal
authority in the United States will appear from the following opinions
officially given by four of the Justices of our Supreme Court. They are
expressed in no doubtful or hesitating form of speech:
Chief Justice Taney said: "If any State deems the retail and internal
traffic in ardent spirits injurious to its citizens, and calculated to
produce idleness, vice or debauchery, I see nothing in the Constitution
of the United States to prevent it from regulating or restraining the
traffic, or from prohibiting it altogether, if it thinks proper."--[5
Howard, 577.]
Hon. Justice McLean said: "A license to sell is a matter of police and
revenue within the power of the State."--[5 Ibid., 589.] "If the foreign
article be injurious to the health and morals of the community, a State
may prohibit the sale of it."
Hon. Justice Catron said: "If the State has the power of restraint by
license to any extent, she may go to the length of prohibiting sales
altogether."--[5 Ibid., 611.]
Hon. Justice Grier said: "It is not necessary to array the appalling
statistics of misery, pauperism and crime which have their origin in the
use and abuse of ardent spirits. The police power, which is exclusively
in the State, is competent to the correction of these great evils, and
all measures of restraint or prohibition necessary to effect that
purpose are within the scope of that authority."--[Ibid., 532.]
That the State has a clear right to prohibit the sale of intoxicating
drinks, because this sale not only hurts all other interests, but
destroys the health and degrades the morals of the people, has been
fully shown.
The question next to be considered is, Can prohibitory laws be enforced?
and if so, will they remove from the people the curse of drunkenness?
CAN PROHIBITORY LAWS BE ENFORCED?
As to the complete enforcement of any salutory law, that depends mainly
on the public sentiment regarding it, and on the organized strength of
its opposers. If the common sentiment of the people were in favor of
every man's liberty to steal whatever he could lay his hands on, it
would be found very difficult to convict a rogue, no matter how clearly
expressed the law against stealing. A single thief in the jury-box could
defeat the ends of justice. A hundred loop-holes for escape can always
be found in the provisions of a law with which the majority of the
people are not in sympathy. Indeed, it often happens that such
loop-holes are provided by the law-makers themselves; and this is
especially true in too many of the laws made for the suppression of the
liquor trade.
Is this an argument against the enactment of laws to protect the people
from great wrongs--especially the weaker and more helpless ones? To the
half-hearted, the indifferent and the pusillanimous--yes! But with
brave, true men, who have at heart the best interests of humanity, this
can only intensify opposition to wrong, and give strength for new
efforts to destroy its power. These have an undying faith in the
ultimate victory of good over evil, and mean, so far as they are
concerned, that the battle shall continue until that victory is won.
Judge Pitman has eloquently expressed this sentiment in the closing
pages of his recent work, to which we have more than once referred.
Speaking of those who distrust the practicability of securing such
legislation as will effectually destroy the liquor trade, he says: "They
are appalled at the power of the traffic. They see that it has uncounted
wealth at its command; that it is organized and unscrupulous; that it
has the support of fierce appetite behind it and the alliance of every
evil lust; that it is able to bribe or intimidate the great political
parties. All this is true; but still it is not to be the final victor.
It has all the elemental moral forces of the human race against it, and
though their working be slow, and their rate of progress dependent on
human energy and fidelity, the ultimate result is as certain as the
action of the law of gravity in the material universe. Wealth may be
against us; rank may affect to despise us; but the light whose dawn
makes a new morning in the world, rarely shines from palace or crown,
but from the manger and the cross. Before the aroused consciences of the
people, wielding the indomitable will of a State, the destroyers of soul
and body shall go down forever."
THE VALUE OF PROHIBITORY LAWS WHEN ENFORCED.
It remains now to show how far prohibitory laws, when enforced, have
secured the end for which they were created. On this point, the evidence
is clear and satisfactory. In Vermont, a prohibitory law has existed for
over twenty-three years. In some parts of the State it is rigidly
enforced; in others with less severity. Judge Peck, of the Supreme Court
says: "The law has had an effect upon our customs, and has done away
with that of treating and promiscuous drinking. * * * _In attending
court for ten years, I do not remember to have seen a drunken man."_ In
St. Johnsbury, where there is a population of five thousand, the law has
been strictly enforced; and the testimony in regard to the town is this:
"There is no bar, no dram-shop, no poor, and no policeman walks the
streets. It is the workingman's paradise."
Connecticut enacted a prohibitory law in 1854. In 1855, Governor Dutton
said, in his annual message to the General Assembly: "There is scarcely
an open grog-shop in the State, the jails are fast becoming tenantless,
and a delightful air of security is everywhere enjoyed."
In Meriden, the chaplain of the reform school testified that "crime had
diminished seventy-five per cent." In New London, the jail was
tenantless. In Norwich, the jails and almshouses were reported "as
almost empty." But in 1873, the liquor influence was strong enough in
the legislature to substitute license for prohibition. The consequence
was an immediate increase of drunkenness and crime. Two years
afterwards, the Secretary of State declared that "there was a greater
increase of crime in one year under license than in seven years under
prohibition."
Vineland, New Jersey, has a population of ten thousand. Absolute
prohibition is the law of that community. One constable, who is also
overseer of the poor, is sufficient to maintain public order. In 1875,
his annual report says: "We have practically no debt. * * * The police
expenses of Vineland amount to seventy-five dollars a year, the sum paid
to me, and our poor expenses are a mere trifle."
In Potter County, Pennsylvania, there has been a prohibitory law for
many years. Hon. John S. Mann says: "Its effect, as regards crime, is
marked and conspicuous. _Our jail is without inmates, except the
sheriff_, for more than half the time."
Other instances of local prohibition in this country could be given, but
these are sufficient.
Bessbrook, a town in Ireland of four thousand inhabitants, has no
liquor-shop, and whisky and strong drink are strictly prohibited. _There
is no poor-house, pawn-shop or police-station._ The town is entirely
free from strife, discord or disturbance.
In the county of Tyrone, Ireland, no drinking house is allowed. In 1870,
Right Hon. Claude Hamilton said: "At present there is not a single
policeman in that district. The poor-rates are half what they were
before, and the magistrates testify to the great absence of crime."
In many parts of England and Scotland there is local prohibition, and
the uniform testimony as to the absence of pauperism and crime is as
unequivocal as that given above.
THE MAINE LAW--ITS COMPLETE VINDICATION.
But it is to the State of Maine, where a prohibitory law has existed for
over a quarter of a century, and where prohibition has been put to the
severest tests, that we must look for the more decisive proofs of
success or failure.
On the evidence which Maine furnishes, the advocates of legal
suppression are content to rest their case. In order to get a brief, but
thoroughly accurate and reliable history of the Maine law, we addressed
a letter to Hon. Neal Dow, of Portland, Maine, asking him to furnish us,
for this volume, with the facts and evidence by which our readers could
for themselves judge whether the law were a dead letter, as some
asserted, or effective and salutory. In reply, Mr. Dow has kindly
furnished us with the following deeply interesting and important
communication:
TESTIMONY OF HON. NEAL DOW.
PORTLAND, October 12th, 1877.
T.S. ARTHUR, ESQ.:
_Dear Sir_--I will gladly furnish you with a brief history of the
Maine Law, and a statement of its operation and effects in Maine,
in the hope that the wide circulation of the work you have in
preparation may serve to correct the mistaken notion that prevails,
to the effect that the law has failed of any useful result, and
that the liquor traffic is carried on as extensively in Maine as
ever it had been, with all its baleful effects upon the moral and
material interests of the State.
In the old time the people of Maine were as much addicted to the
use of strong drinks as those of any other part of the country; and
the effects of this shocking habit were seen everywhere in shabby
buildings, neglected farms and in wide-spread poverty. There were,
in this State, magnificent forests of the best pine timber in the
world. The manufacture of this timber into "lumber" of various
descriptions, and the sale of it, were the leading industries of
Maine. The products of our vast forests were sent chiefly to the
West India Islands, and the returns were mostly in rum and in
molasses, to be converted into rum by our own distilleries, of
which there were many among us, in various parts of the
State--seven of them in this city, running night and day. This rum,
almost the whole of it, whether imported or home-made, was consumed
among our own people. It was sent in the way of trade and in
exchange for "lumber" into every part of our territory; not a town
or village, or rural district escaped, however remote or thinly
populated it might be.
The result of this was, that almost the entire value of all this
vast industry went down the throats of our people in the shape of
rum, either imported or home-made. I have heard men say who had
been extensively engaged in this lumber trade, that Maine is not a
dollar the richer, and never was, on account of this immense
business; but that the people were poorer in consequence of it, and
more miserable than they would have been if the pine forests had
been swept away by a great conflagration.
The effects of this course of trade were seen everywhere throughout
the State. In scarcely any part of it was there any evidence of
business prosperity or thrift, but, generally, there was abundant
evidence of poverty, untidiness and decay. In the lumbering towns
and villages, where the innumerable saw-mills were, the greatest
bustle and activity prevailed. The air resounded with the loud
noises coming from these mills. Night and day they were "run,"
never ceasing until the "logs" were "worked up." Relays of hands
were employed at all these lumbering centres, so that the saw-mills
never stopped even for an hour during "the season," except for some
occasional repairs. All these men drank rum; a quart a day per man
was a moderate quantity; but a great many of them required two
quarts a day. The result of this was, that the entire wages of the
men were consumed in drink, except a meagre share that went to the
miserable wives and children at home.
Everywhere throughout the State the results of this way of life was
to be seen--in the general poverty of the people, and in the
shabbiness of all their surroundings. But some persons conceived
the idea that all this evil was not necessary and inevitable; that
it came from the liquor traffic, which might be prohibited and
suppressed, as lottery-tickets, gambling-houses and impure books
and pictures had already been. And they devoted themselves
constantly and industriously to the work of correcting the public
opinion of the people as to the liquor traffic by demonstrating to
them that this trade was in deadly hostility to every interest of
the State, while no good came from it, nor could come from it, to
State or people.
This educational work was carried on persistently for years;
meetings were held by these persons in every little country-church
and town-house, and in every little wayside school-house, where the
farmers and their wives and children assembled at the call of these
missionaries, to listen to their burning denunciation of the liquor
traffic, which lived only by spreading poverty, pauperism,
suffering, insanity, crime and premature death broadcast over the
State. The result of this teaching was, that the public opinion of
the State became thoroughly changed as to the character of the
liquor traffic and its relation to the public prosperity and
welfare.
When we thought the time had come for it, we demanded of the
Legislature that the law of "license," then upon the statute books,
which represented the public opinion of the old time, should be
changed for a law of prohibition, representing the improved public
opinion of the present time; and, after two unsuccessful attempts
to procure such a law, we obtained what we desired, an act of
absolute prohibition to the manufacture and sale of strong drink--a
measure for which we had labored long and industriously for many
years.
At the time of the enactment of this statute, now known as the
MAINE LAW the world over, the liquor traffic was carried on
extensively in the State, wholesale and retail, precisely as it is
now in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and in every other State
where that trade is licensed and protected by the law. The Maine
Law went into operation immediately upon its approval by the
Governor, and by its provisions, liquors kept for sale everywhere,
all over the State, were liable to be seized, forfeited and
destroyed, and the owners to be punished by fine and imprisonment.
The municipal authorities of the cities and towns allowed the
dealers a reasonable time to send away their stocks of liquors to
other States and countries, where their sale was permitted by the
law.
The liquor-traders availed themselves of this forbearance of the
authorities, and did generally send their stock of liquors out of
the State. The open sale of liquors came instantly to an end
throughout all our territory, and where it continued, it was done
secretly, as other things are done in violation of law. The
manufacture of intoxicating liquors was entirely stopped, so that
in all the State there was absolutely none produced, except cider,
which might be made and used for vinegar.
The effect of this policy of prohibition to the liquor traffic was
speedily visible in our work-houses, jails and houses of
corrections. The jail of Cumberland County, the most populous of
the State, had been badly over-crowded, but within four months of
the enactment of the law there were but five prisoners in it, three
of whom were liquor-sellers, put in for violation of the law. The
jails of Penobscot; Kennebec, Franklin, Oxford and York were
absolutely empty. The inmates of the work-houses were greatly
reduced in number, and in some of the smaller towns pauperism
ceased entirely.
But, during all this time, in every part of the country, reports
were industriously circulated that the law was inoperative for
good, and that liquors were sold in Maine as freely and in as large
quantities as before the law. These false statements were
industriously and persistently made everywhere by those interested
in the liquor trade, and by those impelled by appetite or passion.
It is sufficient for me to say here that the Maine Law, from the
first, has been as faithfully executed as our other criminal laws
have been, though there has been, at certain times, and in certain
localities, considerable complicity with the violators of it, on
the part of many officers of the law, so that the Legislature has
at last provided heavy penalties for the punishment of prosecuting
officers, justices of the peace and judges of municipal and police
courts, in case of failure in their duty. I am glad to be able to
say that the judges of our higher courts have, from the first, been
true to their duty in the administration of this law, as of all
others.
In much the larger part of Maine, in all the rural districts, in
the villages and smaller towns, the liquor traffic is absolutely
unknown; no such thing as a liquor-shop exists there, either open
or secret. The traffic lingers secretly only in the larger towns
and cities, where it leads a precarious and troubled life--only
among the lowest and vilest part of our foreign population. Nowhere
in the State is there any visible sign of this horrible trade. The
penalties of the law, as they now stand, are sufficient to
extinguish the traffic in all the small towns, and to drive it into
dens and dark corners in the larger towns. The people of Maine now
regard this trade as living, where it exists at all, only on the
misery and wretchedness of the community. They speak of it
everywhere, in the press, on the platform, and in legislative
halls, as the gigantic crime of crimes, and we mean to treat it as
such by the law.
For some years after the enactment of the law, it entered largely
into the politics of the State. Candidates were nominated by one
party or the other with reference to their proclivities for rum or
their hostility to it, and the people were determined in their
votes, one way or the other, by this consideration.
Now, the policy of prohibition, with penalties stringent enough to
be effective, has become as firmly settled in this State as that of
universal education or the vote by ballot. The Republican party, in
its annual conventions, during all these years, has affirmed,
unanimously, its "adhesion to prohibition and the vigorous
enforcement of laws to that end;" and the Democratic party, in its
annual convention of this year, rejected, by an immense majority,
and with enthusiastic cheers, a resolution, proposed from the
floor, in favor of "license."
The original Maine Law was enacted by a vote in the House of
eighty-six to forty, and in the Senate by eighteen to ten. There
have been several subsequent liquor laws, all in the direction of
greater stringency; and the Legislature of this year enacted an
additional law, with penalties much more stringent than any which
had preceded it, without a dissenting vote. No one can mistake the
significance of this fact; it was an unanimous affirmation of
adhesion to the policy of prohibition, after a steady trial of it
and experience of its results for more than a quarter of a century.
And, since that time, the people have passed upon it at the late
annual election by an approval of the policy and of the men who
favor it--by an immense majority. If it be conceded that the people
of Maine possess an ordinary share of intelligence and common
sense, this result would be impossible, unless the effect of
prohibition had been beneficial to the State and to them.
While we were earnestly at work in bringing up the public opinion
of the State to the point of demanding the prohibition of the
liquor traffic, as a more important political and social question
than any other or all others, I was startled at hearing a gentleman
of the town of Raymond declare that in his town the people
consumed in strong drink its entire valuation in every period of
eighteen years eight months and twenty-five days! "Here are the
figures," he said; "I know the quantity of liquor brought into the
town annually. I am so situated that I am able to state this
accurately, beyond all possibility of doubt, except that liquors
may be brought here by other than the ordinary mode of
transportation without my knowledge; but the quantities stated in
this paper (which he held in his hand), and their cost are within
my knowledge." This was part of a speech to his fellow-townsmen,
and his statement was admitted to be true. Now there is not a drop
of liquor sold in that town, and there has not been any sold there
for many years. This statement may strike us at first blush to be
tremendously exaggerated, that the people of any locality should
consume in strong drink the entire value of its real estate and
personal property in every period of less than twenty years. But
let us examine it.
We learn from the Bureau of Statistics that the annual liquor bill
of the United States is seven hundred millions of dollars. This
does not include the enormous quantity of "crooked whisky" which
has been put upon the market with or without the knowledge,
consent, assent or complicity of our public officers, from the
highest to the lowest. The drink bill of the United Kingdom, with a
population smaller than ours, is more than this by many millions.
This valuation--seven hundred millions of dollars--is the price, by
the quantity, taken from the figures as they come into the public
office, while the cost to the consumers is vastly greater. Now,
this sum with annual compound interest for ten years, amounts to
the enormous figure of eight billions nine hundred and forty-four
millions one hundred and forty-one thousands of dollars--almost
nine thousand millions of dollars! For twenty years the amount is
twenty-five billions two hundred and forty-five millions six
hundred and eighty-one thousands of dollars. Twenty-five thousand
two hundred and forty-five millions of dollars and more; actually
as much, within a fraction, as the entire value of the personal and
landed property of the United States! My friend of Raymond may
well be credited in the statement made to his fellow-townsmen.
Now, as the result of the Maine Law, in Maine, the wealth and
prosperity of the people have greatly increased. This can be seen
in every part of the State, and is obvious to the most casual
observer who knew what Maine was before the law of prohibition and
knows what it has been since and down to the present time.
Evidences of industry, enterprise and thrift everywhere, instead of
the general poverty, unthrift and shabbiness of the old rum-time.
The share of Maine of the National drink-bill would be about
thirteen millions of dollars, and but for the Maine Law, we should
be consuming our full proportion; but now I feel myself fully
warranted in saying that we do not expend in that way one-tenth of
that sum. A mayor of the city of Portland, in a message to the City
Council, said: "The quantity of liquor now sold is not one-fiftieth
part as much as it was before the enactment of the law." The
difference, whatever it may be, between the sum we should waste in
strong drink, but for the law, and that which we actually squander
in that way, we have in our pockets, in our savings banks and in
our business, so that Maine has suffered far less, financially,
during this crisis than any other part of the country.
I have said the drink-bill of Maine, but for prohibition, would be
about thirteen millions of dollars annually, in proportion to that
of the whole country. Now, this sum, with annual compound interest
at six per cent., in ten years will amount to one hundred and
seventy millions three hundred and nineteen thousand five hundred
and twenty-eight dollars, and in twenty years to four hundred and
sixty-three millions eight hundred and fifty-four thousand four
hundred and twenty dollars--more than twice the entire valuation of
the State by the estimate made in 1870, which was two hundred and
twenty-four millions eight hundred and twenty-two thousand nine
hundred and thirteen dollars. There was a reason then for the
fact, that in the old rum-time the people of Maine were poor and
unthrifty in every way--and for that other fact, that now they are
prosperous and flourishing, with a better business than that of any
other State, proportionately.
Notwithstanding the fact that in Portland a great conflagration
destroyed ten millions of dollars in 1866, burned down half the
town, and turned ten thousand people out of doors, the prosperity
of the city has been steadily on the increase. Its valuation, in
1860, was twenty-one millions eight hundred and sixty-six thousand
dollars, and in 1870, twenty-nine millions four hundred and
thirty-nine thousand two hundred and fifty-seven dollars. In the
last year the increase in valuation, in spite of the hard times,
was four hundred and eighty thousand dollars, while Boston, with
free rum, has lost more than eight millions, and New York and
Brooklyn has experienced an immense depreciation.
I think I have said enough to satisfy every intelligent,
unprejudiced man that the absolute prohibition and suppression of
the liquor traffic has been in the highest interest of our State
and people.
I am very truly, yours,
NEAL DOW.
And here we close our discussion of the most important of all the social
questions that are to-day before the people; and, in doing so, declare
it as our solemn conviction, that until the liquor traffic is abolished,
and the evils with which it curses the people removed, all efforts at
moral reforms must languish, and the Church find impediments in her way
which cannot be removed. The CURSE is upon us, and there is but one
CURE: _Total Abstinence_, by the help of God, for the individual, and
_Prohibition_ for the State.