More recently, however, another explanation has been found which also

meets this condition. It is a conception based, like most other physical

speculations of the last generation, upon the hypothesis of the vortex

atom, and was suggested, no doubt, by those speculations which consider

electricity and magnetism to be conditions of strain or twist in

the substance of the universal ether. In a word, it supposes that

gravitation also is a form of strain in this ether--a strain that may be

likened to a suction which the vortex atom is supposed to exert on the

ether in which it lies. According to this view, gravitation is not

a push from without, but a pull from within; not due to exterior

influences, but an inherent and indissoluble property of matter itself.

The conception has the further merit of correlating gravitation with

electricity, magnetism, and light, as a condition of that strange

ethereal ocean of which modern physics takes so much account. But

here, again, clearly, we are but heaping hypothesis upon hypothesis,

as before. Still, an hypothesis that violates no known law and has the

warrant of philosophical probability is always worthy of a hearing. But

we must not forget that it is hypothesis only, not conclusive theory.

The same caution applies, manifestly, to all the other speculations

which have the vortex atom, so to say, for their foundation-stone. Thus

Professors Stewart and Tait's inferences as to the destructibility

of matter, based on the supposition that the ether is not quite

frictionless; Professor Dolbear's suggestions as to the creation of

matter through the development of new ether ripples, and the same

thinker's speculations as to an upper limit of temperature, based on the

mechanical conception of a limit to the possible vibrations of a vortex

ring, not to mention other more or less fascinating speculations based

on the vortex hypothesis, must be regarded, whatever their intrinsic

interest, as insecurely grounded, until such time as new experimental

methods shall give them another footing. Lord Kelvin himself holds all

such speculations utterly in abeyance. "The vortex theory," he says,

"is only a dream. Itself unproven, it can prove nothing, and any

speculations founded upon it are mere dreams about a dream."*1*

That certainly must be considered an unduly modest pronouncement

regarding the only workable hypothesis of the constitution of matter

that has ever been imagined; yet the fact certainly holds that the

vortex theory, the great contribution of the nineteenth century towards

the solution of a world-old problem, has not been carried beyond

the stage of hypothesis, and must be passed on, with its burden of

interesting corollaries, to another generation for the experimental

evidence that will lead to its acceptance or its refutation. Our century

has given experimental proof of the existence of the atom, but has not

been able to fathom in the same way the exact form or nature of this

ultimate particle of matter.

Equally in the dark are we as to the explanation of that strange

affinity for its neighbors which every atom manifests in some degree.

If we assume that the power which holds one atom to another is the same

which in the case of larger bodies we term gravitation, that answer

carries us but a little way, since, as we have seen, gravitation itself

is the greatest of mysteries. But again, how chances it that different

atoms attract one another in such varying degrees, so that, for example,

fluorine unites with everything it touches, argon with nothing? And how

is it that different kinds of atoms can hold to themselves such varying

numbers of fellow-atoms--oxygen one, hydrogen two, and so on? These

are questions for the future. The wisest chemist does not know why the

simplest chemical experiment results as it does. Take, for example, a

water-like solution of nitrate of silver, and let fall into it a few

drops of another water-like solution of hydrochloric acid; a white

insoluble precipitate of chloride of silver is formed. Any tyro in

chemistry could have predicted the result with absolute certainty. But

the prediction would have been based purely upon previous empirical

knowledge--solely upon the fact that the thing had been done before

over and over, always with the same result. Why the silver forsook the

nitrogen atom and grappled the atom of oxygen no one knows. Nor can any

one as yet explain just why it is that the new compound is an insoluble,

colored, opaque substance, whereas the antecedent ones were soluble,

colorless, and transparent. More than that, no one can explain with

certainty just what is meant by the familiar word soluble itself. That

is to say, no one knows just what happens when one drops a lump of salt

or sugar into a bowl of water. We may believe with Professor Ostwald

and his followers that the molecules of sugar merely glide everywhere

between the molecules of water, without chemical action; or, on the

other hand, dismissing this mechanical explanation, we may say with

Mendeleef that the process of solution is the most active of chemical

phenomena, involving that incessant interplay of atoms known as

dissociation. But these two explanations are mutually exclusive, and

nobody can say positively which one, if either, is right. Nor is either

theory at best more than a half explanation, for the why of the strange

mechanical or chemical activities postulated is quite ignored. How is

it, for example, that the molecules of water are able to loosen the

intermolecular bonds of the sugar particles, enabling them to scamper

apart?

But, for that matter, what is the nature of these intermolecular bonds

in any case? And why, at the same temperature, are some substances held

together with such enormous rigidity, others so loosely? Why does not

a lump of iron dissolve as readily as the lump of sugar in our bowl

of water? Guesses may be made to-day at these riddles, to be sure, but

anything like tenable solutions will only be possible when we know much

more than at present of the nature of intermolecular forces and of the

mechanism of molecular structures. As to this last, studies are

under way that are full of promise. For the past ten or fifteen years

Professor Van 't Hoof of Amsterdam (now of Berlin), with a company of

followers, has made the space relations of atoms a special study, with

the result that so-called stereo-chemistry has attained a firm position.

A truly amazing insight has been gained into the space relations of the

molecules of carbon compounds in particular, and other compounds are

under investigation. But these results, wonderful though they seem

when the intricacy of the subject is considered, are, after all, only

tentative. It is demonstrated that some molecules have their atoms

arranged in perfectly definite and unalterable schemes, but just how

these systems are to be mechanically pictured--whether as miniature

planetary systems or what not--remains for the investigators of the

future to determine.

It appears, then, that whichever way one turns in the realm of the atom

and molecule, one finds it a land of mysteries. In no field of science

have more startling discoveries been made in the past century than here;

yet nowhere else do there seem to lie wider realms yet unfathomed.

LIFE PROBLEMS

In the life history of at least one of the myriad star systems there

has come a time when, on the surface of one of the minor members of the

group, atoms of matter have been aggregated into such associations as

to constitute what is called living matter. A question that at once

suggests itself to any one who conceives even vaguely the relative

uniformity of conditions in the different star groups is as to whether

other worlds than ours have also their complement of living forms.

The question has interested speculative science more perhaps in our

generation than ever before, but it can hardly be said that much

progress has been made towards a definite answer. At first blush the

demonstration that all the worlds known to us are composed of the same

matter, subject to the same general laws, and probably passing through

kindred stages of evolution and decay, would seem to carry with it the

reasonable presumption that to all primary planets, such as ours, a

similar life-bearing stage must come. But a moment's reflection shows

that scientific probabilities do not carry one safely so far as

this. Living matter, as we know it, notwithstanding its capacity for

variation, is conditioned within very narrow limits as to physical

surroundings. Now it is easily to be conceived that these peculiar

conditions have never been duplicated on any other of all the myriad

worlds. If not, then those more complex aggregations of atoms which we

must suppose to have been built up in some degree on all cooling globes

must be of a character so different from what we term living matter that

we should not recognize them as such. Some of them may be infinitely

more complex, more diversified in their capacities, more widely

responsive to the influences about them, than any living thing on earth,

and yet not respond at all to the conditions which we apply as tests of

the existence of life.

This is but another way of saying that the peculiar limitations of

specialized aggregations of matter which characterize what we term

living matter may be mere incidental details of the evolution of our

particular star group, our particular planet even--having some such

relative magnitude in the cosmic order, as, for example, the exact

detail of outline of some particular leaf of a tree bears to the

entire subject of vegetable life. But, on the other hand, it is also

conceivable that the conditions on all planets comparable in position to

ours, though never absolutely identical, yet pass at some stage

through so similar an epoch that on each and every one of them there is

developed something measurably comparable, in human terms, to what

we here know as living matter; differing widely, perhaps, from any

particular form of living being here, yet still conforming broadly to

a definition of living things. In that case the life-bearing stage of

a planet must be considered as having far more general significance;

perhaps even as constituting the time of fruitage of the cosmic

organism, though nothing but human egotism gives warrant to this

particular presumption.

Between these two opposing views every one is free to choose according

to his preconceptions, for as yet science is unable to give a deciding

vote. Equally open to discussion is that other question, as to whether

the evolution of universal atoms into a "vital" association mass from

which all the diversified forms evolved, or whether such shifting from

the so-called non-vital to the vital was many times repeated--perhaps

still goes on incessantly. It is quite true that the testimony of our

century, so far as it goes, is all against the idea of "spontaneous

generation" under existing conditions. It has been clearly enough

demonstrated that the bacteria and other low forms of familiar life

which formerly were supposed to originate "spontaneously" had a quite

different origin. But the solution of this special case leaves the

general problem still far from solved. Who knows what are the conditions

necessary to the evolution of the ever-present atoms into "vital"

associations? Perhaps extreme pressure may be one of these conditions;

and, for aught any man knows to the contrary, the "spontaneous

generation" of living protoplasms may be taking place incessantly at the

bottom of every ocean of the globe.

This of course is a mere bald statement of possibilities. It may be met

by another statement of possibilities, to the effect that perhaps the

conditions necessary to the evolution of living matter here may have

been fulfilled but once, since which time the entire current of life on

our globe has been a diversified stream from that one source. Observe,

please, that this assumption does not fall within that category which

I mention above as contraband of science in speaking of the origin of

worlds. The existence of life on our globe is only an incident limited

to a relatively insignificant period of time, and whether the exact

conditions necessary to its evolution pertained but one second or a

hundred million years does not in the least matter in a philosophical

analysis. It is merely a question of fact, just as the particular

temperature of the earth's surface at any given epoch is a question of

fact, the one condition, like the other, being temporary and incidental.

But, as I have said, the question of fact as to the exact time of origin

of life on our globe is a question that science as yet cannot answer.

But, in any event, what is vastly more important than this question

as to the duration of time in which living matter was evolved is a

comprehension of the philosophical status of this evolution from the

"non-vital" to the "vital." If one assumes that this evolution was

brought about by an interruption of the play of forces hitherto working

in the universe--that the correlation of forces involved was unique,

acting then and then only--by that assumption he removes the question

of the origin of life utterly from the domain of science--exactly as the

assumption of an initial push would remove the question of the origin

of worlds from the domain of science. But the science of to-day most

emphatically demurs to any such assumption. Every scientist with a wide

grasp of facts, who can think clearly and without prejudice over the

field of what is known of cosmic evolution, must be driven to believe

that the alleged wide gap between vital and non-vital matter is largely

a figment of prejudiced human understanding. In the broader view

there seem no gaps in the scheme of cosmic evolution--no break in the

incessant reciprocity of atomic actions, whether those atoms be floating

as a "fire mist" out in one part of space, or aggregated into the

brain of a man in another part. And it seems well within the range of

scientific expectation that the laboratory worker of the future will

learn how so to duplicate telluric conditions that the universal forces

will build living matter out of the inorganic in the laboratory, as they

have done, and perhaps still are doing, in the terrestrial oceans.

To the timid reasoner that assumption of possibilities may seem

startling. But assuredly it is no more so than seemed, a century ago,

the assumption that man has evolved, through the agency of "natural

laws" only, from the lowest organism. Yet the timidity of that elder

day has been obliged by the progress of the past century to adapt its

conceptions to that assured sequence of events. And some day, in all

probability, the timidity of to-day will be obliged to take that final

logical step which to-day's knowledge foreshadows as a future if not a

present necessity.

THE MECHANISM OF THE CELL

Whatever future science may be able to accomplish in this direction,

however, it must be admitted that present science finds its hands quite

full, without going farther afield than to observe the succession of

generations among existing forms of life. Since the establishment of

the doctrine of organic evolution, questions of heredity, always

sufficiently interesting, have been at the very focus of attention of

the biological world. These questions, under modern treatment, have

resolved themselves, since the mechanism of such transmission has been

proximately understood, into problems of cellular activity. And much

as has been learned about the cell of late, that interesting microcosm

still offers a multitude of intricacies for solution.

Thus, at the very threshold, some of the most elementary principles of

mechanical construction of the cell are still matters of controversy. On

the one hand, it is held by Professor O. Butschli and his followers that

the substance of the typical cell is essentially alveolar, or foamlike,

comparable to an emulsion, and that the observed reticular structure of

the cell is due to the intersections of the walls of the minute ultimate

globules. But another equally authoritative school of workers holds to

the view, first expressed by Frommann and Arnold, that the reticulum is

really a system of threads, which constitute the most important basis of

the cell structure. It is even held that these fibres penetrate the cell

walls and connect adjoining cells, so that the entire body is a

reticulum. For the moment there is no final decision between these

opposing views. Professor Wilson of Columbia has suggested that both may

contain a measure of truth.

Again, it is a question whether the finer granules seen within the cell

are or are not typical structures, "capable of assimilation, growth,

and division, and hence to be regarded as elementary units of structure

standing between the cell and the ultimate molecules of living matter."

The more philosophical thinkers, like Spencer, Darwin, Haeckel,

Michael Foster, August Weismann, and many others, believe that such

"intermediate units must exist, whether or not the microscope reveals

them to view." Weismann, who has most fully elaborated a hypothetical

scheme of the relations of the intracellular units, identifies the

larger of these units not with the ordinary granules of the cell, but

with a remarkable structure called chromatin, which becomes aggregated

within the cell nucleus at the time of cellular division--a structure

which divides into definite parts and goes through some most suggestive

manoeuvres in the process of cell multiplication. All these are puzzling

structures; and there is another minute body within the cell, called the

centro-some, that is quite as much so. This structure, discovered by

Van Beneden, has been regarded as essential to cell division, yet some

recent botanical studies seem to show that sometimes it is altogether

wanting in a dividing cell.

In a word, the architecture of the cell has been shown by modern

researches to be wonderfully complicated, but the accumulating

researches are just at a point where much is obscure about many of

the observed phenomena. The immediate future seems full of promise

of advances upon present understanding of cell processes. But for the

moment it remains for us, as for preceding generations, about the most

incomprehensible, scientifically speaking, of observed phenomena, that a

single microscopic egg cell should contain within its substance all the

potentialities of a highly differentiated adult being. The fact that

it does contain such potentialities is the most familiar of every-day

biological observations, but not even a proximal explanation of the fact

is as yet attainable.

THE ANCESTRY OF THE MAMMALS

Turning from the cell as an individual to the mature organism which

the cell composes when aggregated with its fellows, one finds the

usual complement of open questions, of greater or less significance,

focalizing the attention of working biologists. Thus the evolutionist,

secure as is his general position, is yet in doubt when it comes to

tracing the exact lineage of various forms. He does not know, for

example, exactly which order of invertebrates contains the type from

which vertebrates sprang, though several hotly contested opinions,

each exclusive of the rest, are in the field. Again, there is like

uncertainty and difference of opinion as to just which order of lower

vertebrates formed the direct ancestry of the mammals. Among the mammals

themselves there are several orders, such as the whales, the elephants,

and even man himself, whose exact lines of more immediate ancestry are

not as fully revealed by present paleontology as is to be desired.

THE NEW SCIENCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY

All these, however, are details that hardly take rank with the general

problems that we are noticing. There are other questions, however,

concerning the history and present evolution of man himself that are

of wider scope, or at least seemingly greater importance from a human

stand-point, which within recent decades have come for the first time

within the scope of truly inductive science. These are the problems of

anthropology--a science of such wide scope, such far-reaching collateral

implications, that as yet its specific field and functions are not as

clearly defined or as generally recognized as they are probably destined

to be in the near future. The province of this new science is

to correlate the discoveries of a wide range of collateral

sciences--paleontology, biology, medicine, and so on--from the point

of view of human history and human welfare. To this end all observable

races of men are studied as to their physical characteristics, their

mental and moral traits, their manners, customs, languages, and

religions. A mass of data is already at hand, and in process of sorting

and correlating. Out of this effort will probably come all manner of

useful generalizations, perhaps in time bringing sociology, or the study

of human social relations, to the rank of a veritable science. But great

as is the promise of anthropology, it can hardly be denied that the

broader questions with which it has to deal--questions of race, of

government, of social evolution--are still this side the fixed plane

of assured generalization. No small part of its interest and importance

depends upon the fact that the great problems that engage it are as yet

unsolved problems. In a word, anthropology is perhaps the most important

science in the entire hierarchy to-day, precisely because it is an

immature science. Its position to-day is perhaps not unlike that of

paleontology at the close of the eighteenth century. May its promise

find as full fruition!

IX. RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT

THE SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE OF MIND

ANY one who has not had a rigid training in science may advantageously

reflect at some length upon the meaning of true scientific induction.

Various illustrations in our text are meant to convey the idea that

logical thinking consists simply in drawing correct conclusions as to

the probable sequence of events in nature. It will soon be evident to

any one who carefully considers the subject that we know very little

indeed about cause and effect in a rigid acceptance of these words. We

observe that certain phenomena always follow certain other phenomena,

and these observations fix the idea in our mind that such phenomena bear

to one another the relation of effect and cause. The conclusion is a

perfectly valid one so long as we remember that in the last analysis the

words "cause" and "effect" have scarcely greater force than the terms

"invariable antecedent" and "invariable consequent"--that is to say,

they express an observed sequence which our experience has never

contradicted.

Now the whole structure of science would be hopelessly undermined

had not scientific men come to have the fullest confidence in the

invariability of certain of these sequences of events. Let us, for

example, take the familiar and fundamental observation that any

unsupported object, having what we term weight, invariably falls

directly towards the centre of the earth. We express this fact in

terms of a so-called law of gravitation, and every one, consciously or

unconsciously, gives full deference to this law. So firmly convinced

are we that the gravitation pull is a cause that works with absolute,

unvarying uniformity that we should regard it as a miracle were any

heavy body to disregard the law of gravitation and rise into the air

when not impelled by some other force of which we have knowledge. Thanks

to Newton, we know that this force of gravitation is not at all confined

to the earth, but affects the whole universe, so that every two bits

of matter, regardless of location, pull at each other with a force

proportionate to their mass and inversely as the square of their

distance.

Were this so-called law of gravitation to cease to operate, the entire

plan of our universe would be sadly disarranged. The earth, for example,

and the other planets would leave their elliptical orbits and hurtle

away on a tangential course. We should soon be beyond the reach of the

sun's beneficent influence; an arctic chill would pervade polar and

tropical regions alike, and the term of man's existence would

come suddenly to a close. Here, then, is a force at once the most

comprehensible and most important from a human stand-point that can be

conceived; yet it cannot be too often repeated, we know nothing whatever

as to the nature of this force. We do not know that there may not be

other starlike clusters beyond our universe where this force does not

prevail. We do not know that there may not come a period when this force

will cease to operate in our universe, and when, for example, it will be

superseded by the universal domination of a force of mutual repulsion.

For aught we know to the contrary, our universe may be a pulsing

organism, or portion of an organism, all the particles of which are at

one moment pulled together and the next moment hurled apart--the moments

of this computation being, of course, myriads of years as we human

pygmies compute time.

To us it would be a miracle if a heavy body, unsupported, should fly off

into space instead of dropping towards the centre of the earth; yet the

time may come when all such heavy objects will thus fly off into space,

and when the observer, could there be such, must marvel at the miracle

of seeing a heavy object fall towards the earth. Such thoughts as these

should command the attention of every student of science who would

really understand the meaning of what are termed natural laws. But, on

the other hand, such suggestions must be held carefully in check by the

observation that scientific imagining as to what may come to pass at

some remote future time must in no wise influence our practical faith

in the universality of certain natural laws in the present epoch. We may

imagine a time when terrestrial gravitation no longer exerts its power,

but we dare not challenge that power in the present. There could be no

science did we not accept certain constantly observed phenomena as the

effect of certain causes. The whole body of science is made up solely of

such observations and inferences. Natural science is so called because

it has to do with observed phenomena of nature.

NATURAL VERSUS SUPERNATURAL

A further word must be said as to this word "natural," and its

complementary word "supernatural." I have said in an early chapter that

prehistoric man came, through a use of false inductions, to the belief

in supernatural powers. Let us examine this statement in some detail,

for it will throw much light on our later studies. The thing to get

clearly in mind is the idea that when we say "natural" phenomena we

mean merely phenomena that have been observed to occur. From a truly

scientific stand-point there is no preconception as to what manner

of phenomenon may, or may not, occur. All manner of things do occur

constantly that would seem improbable were they not matters of

familiar knowledge. The simplest facts in regard to gravitation involve

difficulties that were stumbling-blocks to many generations of thinkers,

and which continue stumbling-blocks to the minds of each generation of

present-day children.

Thus most of us can recall a time when we first learned with

astonishment that the earth is "round like a ball"; that there are

people walking about on the other side of the world with their feet

towards ours, and that the world itself is rushing through space

and spinning rapidly about as it goes. Then we learn, further, that

numberless familiar phenomena would be quite different could we be

transported to other globes. That, for example, a man who can spring two

or three feet into the air here would be able, with the same muscular

exertion, to vault almost to the house-tops if he lived on a small

planet like the moon; but, on the other hand, would be held prone by his

own weight if transported to a great planet like Jupiter.

When, further, we reflect that with all our capacity to measure

and estimate this strange force of gravitation we, after all, know

absolutely nothing as to its real nature; that we cannot even imagine

how one portion of matter can act on another across an infinite abysm

(or, for that matter, across the smallest space), we see at once that

our most elementary scientific studies bring us into the presence of

inscrutable mysteries. In whatever direction we turn this view is

but emphasized. Electricity, magnetism, the hypothetical ether, the

inscrutable forces manifested everywhere in the biological field--all

these are, as regard their ultimate nature, altogether mysterious.

In a word, the student of nature is dealing everywhere with the

wonderful, the incomprehensible. Yet all the manifestations that he

observes are found to repeat themselves in certain unvarying sequences.

Certain applications of energy will produce certain movements of matter.

We may not know the nature of the so-called cause, but we learn to

measure the result, and in other allied cases we learn to reason back

or infer the cause from observation of results. The latter indeed is

the essence of scientific inquiry. When certain series of phenomena have

been classified together as obviously occurring under the domination

of the same or similar causes, we speak of having determined a law of

nature. For example, the fact that any body in motion tends to go on at

the same rate of speed in a direct line forever, expresses such a law.

The fact that the gravitation pull is directly as the mass and inversely

as the square of the distance of the bodies it involves, expresses

another such law. The fact that the planetary bodies of the solar system

revolve in elliptical orbits under the joint influence of the two laws

just named, expresses yet another law. In a word, then, these so-called

"laws" are nothing more than convenient formulae to express the

classification of observed facts.

INDUCTIVE VERSUS DEDUCTIVE REASONING

The ancient thinkers indulged constantly in what we now speak of

as deductive reasoning. They gave heed to what we term metaphysical

preconceptions as to laws governing natural phenomena. The Greeks, for

example, conceived that the circle is the perfect body, and that the

universe is perfect; therefore, sun and moon must be perfect spheres

or disks, and all the orbits of the heavenly bodies must be exactly

circular. We have seen that this metaphysical conception, dominating the

world for many centuries, exerted a constantly hampering influence upon

the progress of science. There were numerous other instances of the same

retarding influence of deductive reasoning. Modern science tries to cast

aside all such preconceptions. It does not always quite succeed, but

it makes a strenuous effort to draw conclusions logically from observed

phenomena instead of trying to force observations into harmony with

a preconeived idea. Herein lies the essential difference between the

primitive method and the perfected modern method. Neither the one nor

the other is intended to transcend the bounds of the natural. That is

to say, both are concerned with the sequence of actual events, with the

observation of actual phenomena; but the modern observer has the almost

infinite advantage of being able to draw upon an immense store of

careful and accurate observations. A knowledge of the mistakes of

his predecessors has taught him the value of caution in interpreting

phenomena that seem to fall outside the range of such laws of nature

as experience has seemed to demonstrate. Again and again the old

metaphysical laws have been forced aside by observation; as, for

example, when Kepler showed that the planetary orbits are not circular,

and Galileo's telescope proved that the spot-bearing sun cannot be a

perfect body in the old Aristotelian sense.

New means of observation have from time to time opened up new fields,

yet with all the extensions of our knowledge we come, paradoxically

enough, to realize but the more fully the limitations of that knowledge.

We seem scarcely nearer to-day to a true understanding of the real

nature of the "forces" whose operation we see manifested about us than

were our most primitive ancestors. But in one great essential we have

surely progressed. We have learned that the one true school is the

school of experience; that metaphysical causes are of absolutely no

consequence unless they can gain support through tangible observations.

Even so late as the beginning of the nineteenth century, the great

thinker, Hegel, retaining essentially the Greek cast of thought, could

make the metaphysical declaration that, since seven planets were known,

and since seven is the perfect number, it would be futile to search for

other planets. But even as he made this declaration another planet was

found. It would be safe to say that no thinker of the present day would

challenge defeat in quite the Aristotelian or Hegelian manner; but,

on the other hand, it is equally little open to doubt that, in matters

slightly less susceptible of tangible demonstration, metaphysical

conceptions still hold sway; and as regards the average minds of our

time, it is perhaps not an unfair estimate to say they surely have not

advanced a jot beyond the Aristotelian stand-point. Untrained through

actual experience in any field of inductive science, they remain easy

victims of metaphysical reasoning. Indeed, since the conditions of

civilization throw a protecting influence about us, and make the

civilized man less amenable to results of illogical action than was the

barbarian, it may almost be questioned whether the average person of

to-day is the equal, as a scientific reasoner, of the average man of the

Stone Age.

A few of the more tangible superstitions of primitive man have been

banished from even the popular mind by the clear demonstration of

science, but a host remains. I venture to question whether, if the test

could be made in the case of ten thousand average persons throughout

Christendom, it would not be found that a majority of these persons

entertain more utterly mistaken metaphysical ideas regarding natural

phenomena than they do truly scientific conceptions. We pride ourselves

on the enlightenment of our age, but our pride is largely based on an

illusion. Mankind at large is still in the dark age. The historian

of the remote future will see no radical distinction between the

superstitions of the thirteenth century and the superstitions of the

nineteenth century. But he will probably admit that a greater change

took place in the world of thought between the year 1859 and the close

of the nineteenth century than had occurred in the lapse of two thousand

years before If this estimate be correct, it is indeed a privilege to

be living in this generation, for we are on the eve of great things,

and beyond question the revolution that is going on about us denotes the

triumph of science and its inductive method. Just in proportion as we

get away from the old metaphysical preconceptions, substituting for them

the new inductive method, just in that proportion do we progress. The

essence of the new method is to have no preconceptions as to the

bounds of nature; to regard no phenomenon, no sequence of phenomena, as

impossible; but, on the other hand, to accept no alleged law, no theory,

no hypothesis, that has not the warrant of observed phenomena in its

favor.

The great error of the untrained mind of the primitive man was that he

did not know the value of scientific evidence. He made wide leaps from

observed phenomena to imagined causes, quite overlooking the proximal

causes that were near to hand. The untrained observer of to-day makes

the same mistake; hence the continued prevalence of those superstitious

misconceptions which primitive man foisted upon our race. But each new

generation of to-day is coming upon the field better trained in at least

the rudiments of scientific method than the preceding generation, and

this is perhaps the most hopeful feature of present-day education. Some

day every one will understand that there is no valid distinction between

the natural and the supernatural; in fact, that no such thing as a

supernatural phenomenon, in the present-day acceptance of the word, can

conceivably exist.

All conceivable manifestations of nature are natural, nor can we

doubt that all are reducible to law--that is to say, that they can be

classified and reduced to systems. But the scientific imagination, as

already pointed out, must admit that any and every scientific law of

our present epoch may be negatived in some future epoch. It is always

possible, also, that a seeming law of to-day may be proved false

to-morrow, which is another way of saying that man's classification

improves from generation to generation. For a "natural law," let it

be repeated, is not nature's method, but man's interpretation of that

method.

LOGICAL INDUCTION VERSUS HASTY GENERALIZATION

A great difficulty is found in the fact that men are forever making

generalizations--that is, formulating laws too hastily. A few phenomena

are observed and at once the hypothesis-constructing mind makes a guess

as to the proximal causes of these phenomena. The guess, once formulated

and accepted, has a certain influence in prejudicing the minds of future

observers; indeed, where the phenomena involve obscure principles the

true explanation of which is long deferred, a false generalization

may impress itself upon mankind with such force as to remain a

stumbling-block for an indefinite period. Thus the Ptolemaic conception

of the universe dominated the thought of Europe for a thousand years,

and could not be substituted by the true theory without a fierce

struggle; and, to cite an even more striking illustration, the early

generalizations of primitive man which explain numberless phenomena of

nature as due to an influence of unseen anthropomorphic beings remain

to this day one of the most powerful influences that affect our race--an

influence from which we shall never shake ourselves altogether free

until the average man--and particularly the average woman--learns to be

a good observer and a logical reasoner.

Something towards this end is being accomplished by the introduction of

experimental research and scientific study in general in our schools

and colleges. It is hoped that something towards the same end may be

accomplished through study of the history of the development of science.

Scarcely anything is more illuminative than to observe critically the

mistakes of our predecessors, noting how natural the mistakes were and

how tenaciously they were held to, how strenuously defended. Most of

all it would be of value to note that the false inductions which

have everywhere hampered the progress of science have been, from the

stand-point of the generation in which they originated, for the most

part logical inductions. We have seen that the Ptolemaic scheme of the

universe, false though it was in its very essentials, yet explained

in what may be termed a thoroughly scientific fashion the observed

phenomena. It is one way of expressing a fact to say that the sun moves

across the heavens from the eastern to the western horizon; and for most

practical purposes this assumption answers perfectly. It is only when

we endeavor to extend the range of theoretical astronomy, and to gain a

correct conception of the mechanism of the universe as a whole, that

the essentially faulty character of the geocentric conception becomes

apparent.

And so it is in many another field; the false generalizations and hasty

inductions serve a temporary purpose. Our only quarrel with them is that

they tend through a sort of inertia to go forever unchanged. It requires

a powerful thrust to divert the aggregate mind of our race from a given

course, nor is the effect of a new impulse immediately appreciable; that

is why the masses of the people always lag a generation or two

behind the advanced thinkers. A few receptive minds, cognizant of new

observations that refute an old generalization, accept new laws, and,

from the vantage-ground thus gained, reach out after yet other truths.

But, for the most part, the new laws thus accepted by the leaders remain

unknown to the people at large for at least one or two generations. It

required about a century for the heliocentric doctrine of Copernicus to

begin to make its way.

In this age of steam and electricity, progress is more rapid, and the

greatest scientific conception of the nineteenth century, the Darwinian

theory, may be said to have made something that approaches an absolute

conquest within less than half a century. This seems a marvellously

sudden conquest, but it must be understood that it is only the crude and

more tangible bearings of the theory that have thus made their way. The

remoter consequences of the theory are not even suspected by the great

majority of those who call themselves Darwinians to-day. It will require

at least another century for these ideas to produce their full effect.

Then, in all probability, it will appear that the nineteenth century

was the most revolutionary epoch by far that the history of thought has

known. And it owes this proud position to the fact that it was the epoch

in all history most fully subject to the dominant influence of inductive

science. Thanks to this influence, we of the new generation are able to

start out on a course widely divergent from the path of our

ancestors. Our leaders of thought have struggled free from the bogs

of superstition, and are pressing forward calmly yet with exultation

towards the heights.

APPENDIX

(p. 95). J. J. Thompson, D.Sc., LL.D., Ph.D., F.R.S.,etc., Electricity

and Matter, p. 75 ff., New York, 1904. The Silli-man Lectures, delivered

at Yale University, May, 1903.

(p. 96). Ibid., pp. 88, 89. 3 (p- 97)- Ibid., p. 89.

(p. 97). Ibid., p. 87.

(p. 102). George F. Kunz, "Radium and its Wonders," in the Review of

Reviews for November, 1903, p. 589.

(p. 105). E. Rutherford, Radio-Activity, p. 330, Cambridge, 1904.

(p. 106). Ibid., p. 330.

(p. 106). Compte Rendu, pp. 136, 673, Paris, 1903.

(p. 106). Revue Scientifique, April 13, 1901. 10 (p. 106). Compte Rendu,

p. 136, Paris, 1903.

(p. 108). J. J. Thompson, Electricity and Matter, p. 162, New York,

1904.

(p. --). E. Rutherford, Radio-Activity, p. 340, Cambridge, 1904.

(p. 185). Dr. Duclaux, who was one of Pasteur's chief assistants, and

who succeeded him in the directorship of the Institute, died in 1903. He

held a professorship in the University of Paris during the later years

of his life, and his special studies had to do largely with the chemical

side of bacteriology.

(p. 217). Lord Kelvin's estimate as quoted was expressed to the writer

verbally. I do not know whether he has anywhere given a similar written

verdict.

A LIST OF SOURCES

I.--PERIOD COVERED BY VOLUME I.

An ax agoras. See vol. i., p. 240.

Archimedes. See vol. i., p. 196.

Many of the works of Archimedes are lost, but the following have come

down to us: (1) On the Sphere and Cylinder; (2) The Measure of the

Circle; (3) Conoids and Spheroids; (4) On Spirals; (5) Equiponderants

and Centres of Gravity; (6) The Quadrature of the Parabola; (7) On

Bodies Floating in Liquids; (8) The Psammites; (9) A Collection of

Lemmas.

Aristarchus. See vol. i., p. 212.

Magnitudes and Distances of the Sun and Moon is the only surviving work.

In the Armarius of Archimedes another work of Aristarchus is quoted--the

one in which he anticipates the discovery of Copernicus. Delambre, in

his Histoire de Vastronomie ancienne, treats fully the discoveries of

Aristarchus.

Aristotle. See vol. i., p. 82.

An edition of Aristotle was published by Aldus, Venice, 1495-1498, 5

vols. During the following eighty years seven editions of the Greek text

of the entire works were published, and many Latin translations.

Berosus. See vol. i., p. 58.

The fragments of Berosus have been trans, by I. P. Cory, and included

in his Ancient Fragments of Phoenician, Chaldean, Egyptian, and Other

Writers, London, 1826; second edition, 1832.

Democritus. See vol. i., p. 161.

Fragments only of the numerous works ascribed to Democritus have been

preserved. Democriii Abdereo operum fragmenta, Berlin, 1843, edited by

F. G. A. Mullach. Diodorus Siculus. See vol. i., p. 77.

The Historical Library. Perhaps the best available editions of Diodorus

are Wesseling's, 2 vols.; Amstel, 1745; and Dindorf's, 5 vols., Leipzig,

1828-1831. English trans, by Booth, London, 1700. Diogenes Laertius. See

vol. i., p. 121.

The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers (trans. by C. D. Yonge),

London, 1853.

Eratosthenes. See vol. i., p. 225.

The fragments of his philosophical works were published at Berlin, 1822,

under the title Eratosthenica. His poetical works were published at

Leipzig, 1872. Euclid. See vol. i., p. 193.

His Elements of Geometry is still available as an English school

text-book.

Galen (Claudius Galenus). See vol. i., p. 272.

Galen's preserved works are exceedingly bulky. The best-known edition is

that of C. G. Kuhn, in 21 volumes.

Hero. See vol. i., p. 242.

The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria, from the original Greek. Trans, by

B. Woodcroft, London, 1851. Herodotus. See vol. i.t p. 103.

History. English trans, by Beloe, 1791 and 1806. Trans, by Canon

Rawlinson, London, 1858-1860. Hipparchus. See vol. i., p. 233.

The only work of Hipparchus which has survived was published first by

Vittorius at Florence, 1567. Hippocrates. See vol. i., p. 170.

Numerous editions have been published of the Hippo-cratic writings,

including many works not written by the master himself. One of the best

editions is that of Littré, Paris, 1839, etc.

Khamurabi, Codb op. See vol. i., p. 76.

This famous inscription is on a block of black diorite nearly eight feet

in height. It was discovered at Susa by the French expedition under M.

de Morgan in December, 1901.

Leucippus. See vol. i., p. 161.

Pliny (Caius Plinius Secundus). See vol. i., p. 265.

His Natural History is available in several English editions and

reprints. Perhaps the best edition of the original text is the one

published by Julius Sillig, 5 vols., Leipzig, 1854-1859. Plutarch. See

vol. i., p. 198.

Life of Marcellus, in Parallel Lives. In this the mechanical inventions

of Archimedes are described. Polybius. See vol. i., p. 201.

In his Histories Polybius describes the mechanical contrivances and

war-engines of Archimedes, and also gives an account of his death.

Ptolbmy (Claudius Ptolemaeus). See vol. i., p. 269.

Geographia (or Almagest of the Arabs). The edition published by Nobbe,

in 3 vols., Leipzig, 1842, was one of the best complete editions of the

Greek text. The edition published in Didot's Bibliotheca Classicorum

Grocorum, Paris, 1883, is excellent. Earlier editions contain many

errors.

Strabo. See vol. i., p. 255.

The Geography of Strabo. Trans, by H. C. Hamilton and W. Falconer, 3

vols., London, 1857. There are several other editions of Strabo's work

available in English.

Tertullian. See vol. i., p. 195.

Apologeticus. Theophrastus. See vol. i., p. 188.

Utpivlaroplas, On the History of Plants. Written in 10 books.

This is one of the earliest works on botany which have come to us.

It was largely used by Pliny. In complete works, Schneider, Leipzig,

1818-1821, 5 vols. On Plants, edited by Wimmer, Breslau, 247

1842-1862. On Plants, edited by Slackhouse, Oxford, 1814.

atria, On the Causes of Plants, This was originally in 8 books, of

which 6 are now existant. Bibliog. vid. History of Plants.

II.--PERIOD COVERED BY VOLUME II.

Albategnius, Mohammed bbn Jabir. See vol. ii., p. 15.

The original MS. of his principal work, Zidje Sabt, is in the Vatican. A

Latin translation was first published by Plato Tiburtinus at Nuremberg,

in 1537, under the title De scientia stellarunt. Various reprints of

this have been made. Albertus Magnus. See vol. ii., p. 127.

Philosophic* Naturalis Isagoge, Vienna, 1514. Alhazen (full name, Abu

Ali al-Hasan Ibn Alhasan). See vol. ii., p. 18.

Only two of his works have been printed, his Treatise on Twilight

and his Thesaurus opticae, these being available in Michael Casiri's

Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escuri-alensis, 2 vols., Madrid, 1760-1770.

Bacon, Francis. See vol. ii., p. 192.

Novum Organum was published in London, 1620. The Letters and Life of

Lard Bacon, in 7 vols., by James Spedding, appeared in 1862-1874. Bacon,

Roger. See vol. ii., p. 44.

Only an approximate estimate of the number of Bacon's works can be given

even now, although an infinite amount of time and labor has been

spent in collecting them. His great work is the Opus ma jus, "the

Encyclopaedia and the Organum of the Thirteenth Century." A partial list

of some of his other works is the following: Speculum alchemio, 1541

(trans, into English); De mirabili potestate artis et naturo, 1542

(trans, into English, 1659); Libellus de retardants se-nectutis

accidentibus, 1590 (trans, as "The Cure of Old. Age," 1683); and

Sanioris medicino Magistri d. Rogeri Baconis Anglici de arte chymio

scripta, 1603. 248

Boyle, Robert. See vol. ii., p. 205.

Philosophical Works, 3 vols., London, 1738.

Copernicus, Nicolaus. See vol. ii., p. 54.

Ad clar. v. d. Schonerum de libris revolutionism eruditiss. viri et

mathemattci excellentiss. Rev. Doctoris Nicolai Copernici Torunnaei,

Canonici Warmiensis, per quemdam juvenem mathematico studio sum,

Narratio prima, Dantzic, 1540. This was the first published statement

of the doctrine of Copernicus, and was a letter published by Rheticus.

Three years afterwards Copernicus's De orbium colestium revolutionibus,

Libri VI., was published at Nuremberg (1543).

Descartes, René. See vol. ii., p. 193.

Traité de Vhomme (Cousins's edition, in 11 vols., Paris, 1824).

Galilei, Galileo. See vol. ii., p. 91.

Dialogo dei due massimi sistemi del mondo, Florence, 1632. Discorsi e

dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze, Leyden, 1638.

Gilbert, William (1540-1603). See vol. ii., p. 113.

De magnete, magneticisque corporibus, et de magno magnete tellure,

London, 1600. De magnete was trans. by P. Fleury Motteley, London, 1893.

Guericke, Otto von (1620-1686). See vol. ii., p. 213.

Expérimenta nova, ut vocant, Magdeburgica de vacuo spatio, Amsterdam,

1672. In the Phil. Trans, of the Royal Society of London, No. 88, for

1672.

Hales, Stephen (1677-1761). See vol. ii., p. 298.

Statical Essays, comprising Vegetable Staticks, London, 1727, and

Homostatics, London, 1733. Harvey, William. See vol. ii., p. 169.

Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis, Frankfort-on-Main,

1628. The Works of, trans, by Robert Willis, London, 1847. Hauksbeb,

Francis. See vol. ii., p. 259.

Physico-Mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects, London, 1709. This

contains descriptions of his various discoveries in electricity, many of

which are given in the Phil. Trans.

Hooee, Robert. See vol. ii., p. 215.

Micrographia, or Some Philosophical Descriptions of Some Minute Bodies,

London, 1665. An Attempt to Prove the Motion of the Earth, London, 1674.

Microscopical Observations, London, 1780. Most of Hooke's important

discoveries were contributed as papers to the Royal Society and are

available in the Phil. Trans.

Huygens, Christian (1629-1695). See vol. ii., p. 218.

Traite de la lumière, Leyden, 1690. Complete works were published at

The Hague in 1888, under thetit le Ouvres complètes, by the Société

Hollandaise des Sciences. These books have not been translated into

English. Huygens's famous paper on the laws governing the collision of

elastic bodies appeared in the Phil. Trans, of the Royal Society for

1669.

Kepler, Johann. See vol. ii., p. 70.

Astronomia nova de motibus Stella Mortis, Leipzig, 1609, contains

Kepler's two first laws; and Harmonices mundi, 1619, contains the third

law, Phomomenon singulare, seu Mercurius in sole, Leipzig, 1609. Joannis

KepUri opera omnia, in 8 vols., Frankfort, 1858-1871.

Leeuwenhoek, Anthony van. See vol. ii., p. 179.

His discoveries are mostly recorded in the Phil. Trans. of the Royal

Society, between the years 1673 and 1723--one hundred and twelve papers

in all. His discovery of bacteria is recorded in Phil. Trans, for 1683;

and that of the discovery of the capillary circulation of the blood in

Phil. Trans, for 1790.

LiNNiEus, Carolus (1707-1778). See vol. ii., p. 299.

His Systema natures was published in 1735. Tro years later (1737)

he published Genera plantarum, which is generally considered as the

starting-point of modern botany. His published works amount to more than

one hundred and eighty.

Mariotte, Edme (died 1684). See vol. ii., p. 210.

Essais de physique (four essays), Paris, 1676-1679. 250

His De la nature de l'air, containing his statement of the law

connecting the volume and pressure of a gas, is contained in the second

essay.

Newton, Sir Isaac. See vol. ii., p. 241.

Philosophies naturalis principia mathematica, completed in July of

1687. The first edition was exhausted in a few months. There are several

translations, among others one by Andrew Motte, New York, 1848.

Paracelsus. See vol. ii., p. 159.

The Hermetic and Alchemical Writings of Paracelsus, trans, by A. E.

Waite, 2 vols., London, 1894. Pascal, Blaise. See vol. ii., p. 122.

Récit de la grande expérience de Vêquilibre de liqueurs, Paris, 1648.

Sawtree, John. See vol. ii., p. 124 ff.

Of the Philosopher's Stone, London, 1652. Swammerdam, John. See vol.

ii., p. 297.

Bibel der Natur, trans, into German, Leipzig, 1752. Sydenham, Thomas.

See vol. ii., p. 189.

His first work, Methodus curandi febres, was published in 1666. His last

work, Processus integri, appeared in 1692. His complete works, in Latin,

were published by the Sydenham Society, London, 1844, which published

also an English translation by Pr. R. G. Latham in 1848. There are

several other English translations.

Torricelli, Evanoelista. See vol. ii., p. 120.

Opera geometrica, Florence, 1644. Tycho Brahe. See vol. ii., p. 65.

De mundi aetherei recentioribus phonomenis, Prague, 1603. This has been

trans, into German by M. Bruns, Karlsruhe, 1894.

Vinci, Leonardo da. See vol. ii., p. 47.

Leonardo da Vinci, Artist, Thinker, and Man of Science, by Eugene Muntz,

2 vols., New York, 1892, is perhaps the most complete treatment of all

phases of Leonardo's work as a scientist as well as an artist. The older

French work, Essai sur les ouvrages physico-mathématiques de Léonard

de Vinci, by J. B. Venturi, Paris, 1797, is excellent. In German, H.

Grothe's Leonardo da Vinci als Ingénieur und Philosophy Berlin, 1874, is

good.

III.--MODERN COSMICAL AND TELLURIC SCIENCES

Agassiz, L. See vol. iii., p. 147.

Etudes sur les glaciers, Neuchâtel, 1840. Arago, François J. D. See vol.

Hi., p. 67.

Ouvres (complete), if vols., Paris, 1854-1862. Arago's Meteorological

Essays, trans, into English, London, 1855. This has an introduction by

Humboldt.

Boscovich, Roger Joseph. See vol. iii., p. 293.

Theoria philosophio naturalis redacta ad unicam legem virium in natura

existentium, Vienna, 1758. Bradley, James. See vol. iii., p. 13.

Concerning an Apparent Motion Observed in Sotne of the Fixed Stars,

London, 1748, Phil. Trans., vol. xlv., pp. 8,9.

Cuvier,*Baron de. See vol. iv., p. 103.

Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de quadrupèdes, 4 vols., Paris,

1812. (The introduction to this work was translated and published as a

volume bearing title of Theory of the Earth, New York, 1818.)

Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph. See vol. iii., p. 16.

Histoire d'astronomie, Paris, 1817-1821. This work contains not only

the history of the discoveries in astronomy, but is also a complete

text-book of astronomy as understood at this period.

Falconer, Hugh. See vol. iii., p. 99.

In Paloontological Memoirs, vol. ii., pp. 596-598. 252

Herschbl, William. See vol. iii., p. 20 ff.

On the Proper Motion of the Solar System, Phil. Trans., vol. 73, for

1783. (This paper was read in March, 1783.) The Constitution of the

Heavens, Phil. Trans, for 1785, vol. 75, p. 213. Howard, Luke. See vol.

iii., p. 182.

Philosophical Magazine, 1803. Humboldt, Alexander von. See vol. iii., p.

192.

Des lignes isothermes et de la distribution de la chaleur sur le globe,

published in vol. iii., of Mémoires de physique et de chimie de la

Société d'Arcueil, Paris, 1819. Hutton, James. See vol. iii., p. 178.

Theory of Rain, in Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1788,

vol. i., pp. 53-56. See vol. iii., p. 121. From Transactions of the

Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1788, vol. i., pp. 214-304. A paper on the

"Theory of the Earth," read before the society in 1781.

Kant, Immanuel (i724-1804). See vol. iii., p. 27.

Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Théorie des Himmels, 1755. Cosmogony, ed.

and trans, by W. Hartie, D.D., Glasgow, 1900.

Laplace, M. le Marquis de. See vol. iii., p. 32.

Exposition du système du monde, Paris, 1796, is available in Ouvres

completes, in 12 vols., Paris, 1825-1833^01. vi., p. 498. Lyell,

Charles. See vol. iii., p. 88.

Principles of Geology, 4 vols., London, 1834.

Marsh, O. C. See vol. Hi., p. 107.

Fossil Horses in America (reprinted from American Naturalist, vol.

viii., May, 1874), pp. 288, 289.

Playpair, John. See vol. iii., pp. 131, 165.

Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory, 1802.

Scrope, G. Poulett. See vol. iii., p. 132.

Consideration of Volcanoes, London, 1823, pp. 228-234.

Wells, W. C. See vol. iii., p. 185. Essay on Dew, London, 1818.

IV.--MODERN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES

Black, Joseph. See vol. iv., p. 12.

De acido e cibis orlo, et de magnesia, reprinted at Edinburgh, 1854. In

this he sketched his discovery of carbonic acid. Later this paper

was incorporated in his Experiments on Magnesia, Quicklime, and Other

Alkaltne Substances.

Bunsen, William. See vol. iv., p. 69.

Cavendish, Henry. See vol. iv., p. 15.

"Experiments on Air," in Phil. Trans., 1784, p. 119. This paper contains

Cavendish's discovery of the composition of water and of nitric acid.

Daguerre, Louis J. M. See vol. iv., p. 70.

Historique et description des procédés du daguerréotype et du diorama,

Paris, 1839. (This was translated into English.)

Dalton, John. See vol. iv., p. 40.

"On the Absorption of Gases by Water," read before the Literary

and Philosophical Society of Manchester, October 21, 1803. This

was published in 1805, and contains the atomic weight of twenty-one

substances, some of which were probably added, or corrected, between the

date of the first reading and the publication.

Davy, Sir Humphry. See vol. iv., pp. 48, 209.

"Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity," in Phil. Trans, for 1806, vol.

viii. Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, chiefly concerning Nitrous

Oxide or De-phlogisticated Nitrous Air and its Respiration, London,

1800.

Dewar, James. See vol. v., p. 39.

"Solid Hydrogen," in Proc. Roy. Inst, for 1900. "The Nadir of

Temperature and Allied Problems " (Bakerian Lecture), Proc. Roy. Soc,

1901.

Dufay, Cisternay. See vol. ii., p. 267.

Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, between 1733 and 1737,

contains Dufay's principal papers.

Eulbr, Leonard (1707-1783). See vol. iii., p. 17.

Lettres a une Princesse d'Allemagne sur quelques sujets de physique et

de philosophie, St. Petersburg, 1768.

Faraday, Michael. See vol. iii., p. 241.

On the Induction of Electric Currents, in Phil. Trans. of Royal Society

for 1832, pp. 126-128. Explication of Arago's Magnetic Phenomena, by

Michael Faraday, F.R.S., Phil. Trans, of Royal Society for 1832, pp.

146-149. Franklin, Benjamin. See vol. ii., p. 286.

New Experiments and Observations on Electricity, London, 1760.

Galvani, Luigi (1737-1798). See vol. iii., p. 229.

De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentatio, Bologna, 1791.

This discovery of Galvani was first brought to notice by Volta's famous

paper to the Royal Society, entitled "An Account of some Discoveries

made by Mr. Galvani, of Bologna," published in the Phil. Trans, for

1793, pp. 10-44.

Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis. See vol. iv., p. 41.

Mémoire sur la combinaison des substances gazeuses, Mem. Soc. d'Arcueil,

1809.

Halley, Edmund. See vol. iii., p. 7.

An Account of Several Extraordinary Meteors or Lights in the Sky, in

Phil. Trans., vol. xxix., pp. 159-162, London, 1714. Helmholtz, H. L. F.

See vol. iii., p. 280.

Handbuch der physiologische Optik, Leipzig, 1867.

Joule, J. P. See vol. iii., p. 269.

On the Calorific Effects of Magneto-Electricity and the Mechanical Value

of Heat, in Report of the British Association for the Advancement of

Science, 1843, vol. xii" p. 33-

Kirwan, R. See vol. iv., p. 3 ff.

An Essay on Phlogiston and the Constitution of Acids, London, 1789.

This is interesting, written as it was just before Lavoisier's Elements

treated the same subject from the stand-point of the anti-phlogistic

chemists.

Kleist, Dean von. See vol. ii., p. 280.

In the Danzick Memoirs, vol. i. contains the description given by Von

Kleist of his discovery of the Leyden jar. A translation is given also

in Priestley's History of Electricity.

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent. See vol. iv., p. 33.

Traité élémentaire de chimie, Paris, 1774, trans, as Elements of

Chemistry, by Robert Kerr, London and Edinburgh, 1790. Lister, Joseph

Jackson. See vol. iv., p. 113.

On Some Properties in Achromatic Object Glasses Applicable to the

Improvement of the Microscope, in Phil. Trans, for 1830.

Maxwell, James Clerk-. See vol. iii., p. 45.

" On the Motions and Collisions of Perfectly Elastic Spheres " in

Philosophical Magazine for January and July, i860. The Scientific Papers

of J. Clerk-Maxwell, edited by W. D. Nevin (2 vols.), vol. i., pp.

372-374, Cambridge, 1896. This is a reprint of Maxwell's prize paper of

1859. Mayer, Dr. Julius Robert. See vol. iii., p. 259.

The Forces of Inorganic Nature, 1842. This is Mayer's statement of the

conservation of energy. Mendelèepp, Dmitri Ivanovitch. See vol. iv., p.

68.

Principles of Chemistry, 2 vols., London, 1868-1870. (There have been

several subsequent editions.)

Oersted, Hans Christian. See vol. iii., p. 236.

Experiments with the Effects of the Electric Current on the Magnetic

Needle, published at Berlin, 1816.

Priestley, Joseph. See vol. iv., pp. 20, 36.

Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, 3 vols.,

Birmingham, 1790. History of Electricity, 256 vol. ii., p. 280, London,

1775. The Doctrine of Phlogiston Established, 1800.

Ramsay and Ravlbigh. See vol. v., p. 86.

"On an Anomaly Encountered in Determining the Density of Nitrogen Gas,"

in Proc. Roy. Soc, April, 1894. A statement of the properties of argon

was made by the discoverers to the Royal Society, given in Phil. Trans.,

clxxxvi., p. 187, January, 1895.

ScHBBLB, Karl William. See vol. iv., p. 23.

Om Brunsten, eller Magnesia, och dess Egenakaper, Stockholm,1774. This

contains his discovery of chlorine. His book, Chemische Abhandlung von

der Luft und dent Feuer, was published in 1777.

Thompson, Benjamin (Count Rumford). See vol. iii., p. 208. Essays

Political, Economical, and Philosophical (2 vols.), vol. ii., pp.

470-493, London, T. Cadell, Jr., and W. Davies, 1797. Thomson, William

(Lord Kelvin). See vol. iii., p. 276.

On a Universal Tendency in Nature to the Dissipation of Mechanical

Energy, in Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1852.

Wollaston, William Hyde. See vol. iv., p. 41.

Phil. Trans, for 1814, vol. civ., p. i, contains a synoptic scale of

chemical equivalents. This paper was confirmatory of Dalton's theory.

Young, Thomas. See vol. iii., p. 218.

On the Colors of Thin Plates» I.e. in Phil. Trans, for 1802, pp. 35-37.

V.--MODERN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Avenbruggbr, Lbopold. See vol. iv., p. 200.

Inventum novum ex percussione thoracis humant interni pectoris morbos

detegendi, Vienna, 1761. vot. V.-17 257

Bell, Sir Charles See vol. iv., p. 249.

An Exposition of the Natural System of Nerves of the Human Body, being

a Republication of the Papers delivered to the Royal Society on the

Subject of the Nerves in 1811, etc.

Bernard, Claude. See vol. iv., p. 137.

BOERHAAVB, HERMANN. See Vol. IV., p. 182.

Institutions medicos, Leyden, 1708; and De chemie expurgante suos

errores, Lugduni Batavorum, 1718. Brown, Robert. See vol. iv., p. 115.

On the Organs and Mode of Fecundation of Orchideo and Asclepiadeo, in

Miscellaneous Botanical Works, London, 1866.

Chambers, Robert. See vol. iv., p. 161.

Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, London, 1844 (published

anonymously). His Sequel to Vestiges was published a year later.

Charcot, Jean Martin. See vol. iv., p. 269.

Leçons sur Us maladies du système nerveux, Paris, beginning in 1873.

Cuvier, George, Baron de. See vol. iv., p. 159.

Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, Paris, 1815. Système des

connaissances positives de Vhomme, Paris, 1820.

Darwin, Erasmus. See vol. iv., pp. 94, 147.

The Botanic Garden, London, 1799. The Temple of Nature, or The Origin

of Society, edition published in London, 1807. Darwin, Charles. See vol.

iii., p. 95, and vol. iv., p. 173. The Origin of Species, London, 1859.

Pechner, Gustav. See vol. iv., p. 263. Elemente du Psychophysik, i860.

Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre. See vol. iv., p. 270.

Experiences sur le système nerveux, Paris, 1825. Cours sur la

génération, Vovologie, et Vembryologie, Paris, 1836, etc.

Gall, Franz Joseph. See vol. iv., p. 248.

Recherches sur le système nerveux en général, et sur celui du cerveau en

particulier, Paris, 1809. (This paper was laid before the Institute of

France in March, 1808.) Goethe, Johann Wolfgang. See vol. iv., p. 140.

Die Metamorphose der Pflanzen, 1790. Gray, Stephen. See vol. ii.t p.

262.

Most of his original papers appeared in the PhU. Trans, between 1720 and

1737.

Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich. See vol. v., p. 144.

Naturlich Schopfungsgeschichte, 1866, rewritten in a more popular

style two years later as Natural History of Creation. Some of his more

important monographs are: Radiolaria (1862), Siphonophora (1869),

Monera (1870), Calcarious Sponges (1872), Arabian Corals (1876), another

Radiolaria, enumerating several thousand new species, accompanied by one

hundred and forty plates (1887), and Die Weltrâthsel, trans, in 1900

as The Riddle of the Universe. Hahnemann, Wilhelm von. See vol. iv., p.

189.

Organon der rationellen Heilkunde, Dresden, 1810. Hall, Marshall, M.D.,

F.R.S.L. See vol. iv., p. 251.

On the Reflex Functions of the Medulla Oblongata and the Medulla

Spinalis, in Phil. Trans, of Royal Society, vol. xxxiii., 1833. Hunter,

John. See vol. iv., p. 92.

On the Digestion of the Stomach after Death, first edition, pp. 183-188.

Jenner, Edward. See vol. iv., p. 190.

An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolo Vaccino, London,

1799.

Laénnec, René Théophile Hyacinthe. See vol. iv., p. 201.

Traité d'auscultation médiate, Paris, 1819. Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de.

See vol. iv., p. 152.

Philosophie zoologique, 8 vols., Paris, 1801. His famous statement of

the supposed origin of species occurs on p. 235 of vol. i., as follows:

"Everything which nature has caused individuals to acquire or lose by

the influence of the circumstance to which their race is long exposed,

and consequently by the influence of the predominant employment of such

organ, or its constant disuse, she preserves by generation to the new

individuals proceeding from them, provided that the changes are

common to the two sexes, or to those which have produced these new

individuals."

Libbig, Justin. See vol. iv., p. 131.

Animal Chemistry, London, 1843.

Libbig and Wôhler. See vol. iv., p. 56.

The important work of Liebig and Wôhler appeared until 183a mostly in

Poggendorff's Armalen, but after 1832 most of Liebig's work appeared in

his own Annalen. About the earliest as well as one of his most important

separate works is Anleitung zur Analyse organischen, Korper, 1837.

Lotze, Hermann. See vol. iv., p. 263.

Medizinische Psychologie, oder Physiologie der Seele, Leipzig, 1852.

Mohl, Hugo von. See vol. iv., p. 125.

Uber der Saftbewegung im Innern d. Zelle, Bot. Zei-tung, 1846. Morgagni,

Giovanni Battista. See vol. iv., p. 76.

De sedibus et causis ntorborum, 2 vols., Venice, 1761.

Oken, Lorenz. See vol. iv., p. 160.

Philosophie der Natur, Zurich, 1802.

Pasteur, Louis. See vol. iv., pp. 217, 233.

Studies on Fermentation, London, 1879. His famous paper on attenuation

and inoculation was published in the Compte Rendu of the Academy of

Science, Paris, 1881 (vol. xcii.).

Saint-Hilaire, Etienne Geoffroy. See vol. iv., p. 160.

Philosophie anatomique, vol. i., Paris, 1818. Schwann, Theodor. See vol.

iv., p. 119.

Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Ubereinstim-mung in der Structur

und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen, Berlin, 1839. Trans, by

Sydenham Soc., 1847. Spencer, Herbert. See vol. iv., p. 268.

Principles of Psychology, London, 1855. 260

Treviranus, Gottfried Reinhold. See vol. iv.t p. 159. Biologie, oder

Philosophie der lebenden Natur, 1802.

Weber, E. H. See vol. iv., p. 263.

The statement of "Weber's Law*' was first made in articles by Weber

contributed to Wagner's Handwârter-buch der Physiologie, but is

again stated and elaborated in Fechner's Psychophysik. (See Fechner.)

Weismann, August. See vol. iv., p. 179.

Studies in the Theories of Descent. Trans, by Professor R. Meldola,

London, 1882. The introduction to this work was written by Darwin.

Wohler, Friedrich. ' (See Liebig and Wôhler.) Wundt, Wilhelm Max. See

vol. iv., p. 268.

Grundzuge der physiologischen Psychologie, 1874. Many articles by Wundt

have appeared in the Philosophische Studien, published at Leipzig.

V.--ASTRONOMY

Astronomische G es disc haft.

A quarterly journal of astronomy published in Leipzig.

Berry, Arthur.

A Short History of Astronomy, New York, 1899. Bertrand, J. L. F.

Les fondateurs de Vastronomie modern: Copernic, Tycho Brake, Kepler,

Galileo, et Newton, Paris, 1865. This gives an interesting account of

the lives and works of these philosophers.

Flammarion, C.

Vie de Copernic, et histoire de la découverte du système du monde,

Paris, 1872. Forster, W.

Johann Kepler und die Harmonie der Sphcren, Berlin, 1862.

Jensen, P.

Die Kosmologie der Babylonier, Strasburg, 1890. 261

Lockyer, Joseph Norman.

The Dawn of Astronomy; a Study of the Temple Worship and Mythology of

the Ancient Egyptians, London, 1894. Loom is.

History of Astronomy, New York, 1855.

Rothmann.

History of Astronomy (in the Library of Useful Knowledge), London, 1834.

Société Astronomique de France. Monthly bulletin, Paris.

Thompson, R. Campbell.

Reports of the Magicians and Astrologers of Nineveh and Babylon, p. 19,

London, 1900.

Wolf, R.

Geschichte der Astronomie, Munich, 1877.

VI.--PHYSICS (ELECTRICITY)

Annalen der Physik, Leipzig. Edited by Dr. Paul Drude. (Note--Heavy,

scientific, up-to-date. Is apparently under the patronage of all the big

physicists, such as Roentgen, etc.)

A tit della Associazione Elethotecnica Italiana (at Rome). A large

bi-monthly magazine, strictly technical, devoted largely to theoretical

problems of electricity and allied subjects.

Bulletin International de VElectricitê et Journal de VElectricitê

{réunis). A semi-monthly four-page paper dealing with the technical

application of electricity in its various fields.

Die Dissozuerung und Umwandlung chemischer Atome, by Dr. Johannes Stark,

1903. Price 150 m. "A comprehensive view of the application of the

electron theory to certain phenomena."--Nature, May, 1904.

Die Kathodenstrahlen, by G. C. Schmidt, Brunswick, 1904.

"A concise and complete account of the properties of the cathode

rays."--Nature, June, 1904.

Electrical Engineer.

Electrical Magazine.

Electricity. A weekly journal, published by the Electricity Newspaper

Co., New York. Devoted largely to questions of the practical application

of electricity, but dealing also with the theoretical side.

Elements of Electro-magnetic Theory, by S. J. Barnett, Le-land Stanford,

Junior, University. Macmillan & Co., 1904.

($3.)

Handbuch der Physik, by Dr. A. Winkelmann, Leipzig, 1904. "An

indispensable storehouse of expert knowledge."--Nature, July, 1904.

Hardin.

Rise and Development of the Liquefaction of Gases, New York, 1899.

La théorie de Maxwell et les oscillations hertziennes, la Télégraphie

sans flt by H. Poincaré, Paris, 1904 (price 2 fr.). Interesting studies

of light, etc. An interesting brochure.--Revue Scientifique, July, 1904.

Le radium et la radioactivité, by Paul Besson, Paris, 1904 (price 2

fr. 75). A good exposition of the known properties of radium, marred,

however, by an attempt to put in accord science and religion--à propos

du radium! --Revue Scientifique, July, 1904.

Lehrbuch der Physik, by Von O. D. Chwolson, St. Petersburg, 1904. 2

vols. out. First vol. covers general physics and mechanics. Second vol.

sound and radiant energy. "Excellent and quite comprehensive."--Science,

review.

Park, Benjamin.

The Intellectual Rise in Electricity, New York, 1895. This is a popular

account of the progress in the field of electricity from Gilbert to

Franklin.

Radium and all About It, by S. Bottone, London, 1904. Published by

Whittaker & Co. Price is. "An accurate account of the most important

phenomena."--Nature, June, 1904.

The Physical Review. A monthly journal of experimental and theoretical

physics. Published for Cornell University by the Macmillan Company. 263

Theory of Heat, by Thomas Preston, F.R.S. Second edition just out.

Macmillan & Co., 185.

VII.-CHEMISTRY

American Chemical Journal. Edited by Ira Remsen, president of Johns

Hopkins University. Published monthly at Baltimore, Maryland. Price $5

per annum. A strictly technical journal.

Bacon, Roger.

Mirror of Alchemy, and Admirable Power of Art and Nature, London, 1597.

Berthblot, P. E. M.

Introduction a l'étude de la chimie des anciens et du moyen age, Paris,

1889.

Les origines de l'alchimie, Paris, 1885.

Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris. A monthly technical journal,

treating all phases of the science of chemistry.

Food Inspection and Analysis, by Albert E. Leach, S. B. (John Wiley &

Sons, N. Y., $7.50). Note. --This book is designed for the use of public

analysts, health officers, food economists, etc.

Hoefer, J. C. F.

Histoire de la chimie, Paris, 1866-1869. This gives biographical

sketches of many of the great chemists as well as the history of the

development of chemistry.

Jahresbericht uber die Fortschritte der Chemie. A journal of the

progress in chemistry, published irregularly in Brunswick.

Kopp, H.

Geschichte der Chemie (4 vols.), Brunswick, 1843-1847. This is an

exhaustive history of the development of chemistry.

Lehrbuch der Stereochemie, by A. Werner, Jena, 1904, price 10 m. "Should

be in the hands of every organic chemist."--Nature for August, 1904.

Lemoine, Y. F.

La vitalism et l'aminisme de Stahl, Paris, 1864. This discusses fully

Stahl's famous theories of matter and life. Meyer, E. von.

A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Present Day,

London, 1898. This treats fully the subject of the phlogiston theory and

its influence in the development of chemistry. Muir, M. P.

Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry, London and New York,

1899. A popular account of the development of the phlogiston theory

from alchemy, giving explanations of the curious beliefs and methods of

working of the alchemists. Rodwell, G. F.

The Birth of Chemistry, London, 1874. Thompson, C. J. S.

The Mystery and Romance of Alchemy and Pharmacy, in the Scientific

Press, London, 1897. This is very interesting and readable. Thompson, T.

The History of Chemistry, London, 1830, 1831. Waite, Arthur Edward.

Lives of Alchemisttcal Philosophers, London, 1888. A biographical

account of the most noted alchemists. This is very complete. Waite has

also collected a list of the principal works of the alchemists, this

list filling about thirty pages of fine print.

VIII.--GEOLOGY. BIOLOGY, PALEONTOLOGY

American Geologist.

American Museum of Natural History Bulletins, New York.

A merican Naturalist.

Annales de l'Institut Pasteur (18 fr. per annum). A monthly bulletin of

the Pasteur Institute, containing mostly technical articles, but also

articles of interest to persons interested in problems of immunization

and immune sera.

Annales des sciences naturelles: zoologie et paléontologie, Paris.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including zoology, botany, and

geology. Monthly. London. A technical magazine. Of little interest to

the general reader.

Archiv fur Naturgeschichte. A journal of natural history published

bi-monthly at Berlin.

Archiv fur Rassen-und--Gesellschaft--Biologie einschliefslich

Rassen--und Gesell.-Hygiene.

Archives de biologie (quarterly), Liège.

Archives des sciences biologiques. St. Petersburg. Five numbers a year.

Archives Italiennes de biologie. Turin. Bi-monthly.

Biological Bulletin of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Wood's Holl,

Massachusetts. Published monthly by the laboratory. Managing editor,

Prank R. Lillie. Scientific and technical--very good.

Biologie générale des bactéries, by E. Bodin, professor of bacteriology,

University of Rennes, Paris, 1904. Price 2 It. 50. Studies of bacteria

in general treated in a semi-popular manner. Some new ideas prepared to

explain bacterial action in normal life--very good.--Revue Scientifique,

review, August, 1904.

Biometrika. A journal for the statistical study of biological problems

(quarterly), 305. per annum. Edited, in consultation with Francis

Galton, by W. F. R. Weldon, Karl Pearson, and C. B. Davenport. A bulky

journal, beautifully illustrated with plates and line cuts. Largely

technical, but containing many articles of interest to general readers

on laws of inheritance, hereditary influences, etc.

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. Published irregularly at

Rochester.

Gcologische und Paloontologische Abhandlungen, Jena.

Johns Hopkins University, Memoirs from the Biological ^ Laboratory.

L'Échange Revue Linnienne, fondée par le Docteur Jacquet. Directeur,

M. Pic. A monthly journal of natural history, devoted largely to

entomology--small and technical. Of interest to entomologists only.

Les lois naturelles, par Félix le Danteg, charge du cours d'embryologie

générale à la Sorbonne, Paris, 1904. Price 6 fr. A study in biology.

"The name corresponds exactly with the contents of this admirable

work."--Revue Scientifique, review, September, 1904.

Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth.

Société Dauphinoise d'Ethnologie et d'Anthropologie. Quarterly bulletin.

Grenoble.

Société Zoologique de France. Monthly bulletin.

Text-book of Geology, by Sir Archibald Geikie, a vols. Fourth edition.

$10. Macmillan & Co., 1904.

Text-book of Paleontology (Macmillan, 1904, $3), by Carl A. von Zittel,

University of Michigan.

The Geological Magazine, or Monthly Journal of Geology, edited by Henry

Woodward, LL.D., F.R.S., etc. London, 15. éd. per copy. A high-class

technical magazine.

The American Journal of Psychology, edited by G. Stanley Hall, E. C.

Sanford, and E. B. Titchnener. Published at Worcester, Massachusetts,

monthly. A technical journal devoted to psychological researches.

The Naturalist, London. A monthly journal for the north of England.

Edited by J. Sheppard, P.G.S., and T. W. Woodhead, F.L.S. Annual

subscription, 65. 6d. A local journal, but containing general articles

of interest. Semi-popular.

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, edited by E. Ray

Lankester, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.

IX.--MEDICINE

American Journal of Insanity.

American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Philadelphia.

Annales medico-psychologiques, Paris.

Arbeiten aus dem leaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte. A journal of hygiene

published irregularly at Berlin.

Archiv fur Anatomie und Physiologic. A semi-monthly journal of the

progress in anatomy and physiology, published at Leipzig.

Archiv fur die gesammte Physiologie, Bonn.

British Medical Journal, London.

Immune Sera, by Professor A. Wassermann, M.D., trans, by Charles

Bolduan, M.D., New York and London, 1904. "We confidently commend this

little book to all persons desirous of acquainting themselves with the

essential facts on the subject of immune sera."--Nature, July, 1904.

Lancet, London.

Leclerc, Lucien.

Histoire de la médecine arabe, 2 vols., Paris, 1876. This work is very

complete and well written.

Medical Record, New York.

Medical Times, New York.

Pagel, Julius.

Einfuhrung in die Geschichte der Medicin, Berlin, 1898. This is not as

exhaustive as Baas's book, but is written in a much more readable style.

Park, Roswell.

Epitome of thf History of Medicine, Philadelphia, 1899.

Paul of AEgina.

The Works of, published by the Sydenham Society, London, 1841, are well

worth reading, as giving a clear understanding of the status of medicine

in the seventh century.

Sprengal, K. P. J.

Histoire de la médecine depuis son origine jusqu'au dix-neuvième siècle,

8 vols., Paris, 1815-1820. This is a French translation of the German

work, and is more available than the original volumes. It is, perhaps,

the most exhaustive history of medicine ever attempted.

The Journal of Hygiene, edited by George H. F. Nuttall, M.D., Ph.D.

A quarterly journal of hygiene (2 is. per annum), containing many

interesting articles on subjects connected with hygiene and of interest

to general readers.

The Journal of Physiology, edited by Sir Michael Foster, K.C.B., M.D.,

F.R.S., and J. N. Langley, Sc.D., F.R.S. Issued quarterly. Price Ss. C.

J. Clay & Sons, London.

X.--ANTHROPOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY

American Anthropologist. F. W. Hodge, editor, Washington, D. C.

Published quarterly for the American Anthropological Association ($4.50

per annum). Technical (or semi-technical). "A medium of communication

between students of all branches of anthropology." Much space devoted

to Indian language, etc.--;a very good journal. American Journal of

Archoology. American Journal of Sociology.

Archivo per V antropologia e V etnologia, Florence. Three numbers a

year. A journal devoted to anthropology and ethnology. Avebury, Lord

(Sir John Lubbock).

The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man. Mental

and social condition of modern savages. New York, 1870. Brinton, Daniel

Garrison, M.D.

The Basis of Social Relation, a Study in Ethnic Psycliol-ogy, edited by

L. Farrand, New York, 1902. Clodd, Edward.

Myths and Dreams, London. 1885. Story of Primitive Man, 3d edition,

London, 1897. The Childhood, of tlte World. A simple account of man in

early times. London, 1893. Dawkins, W. Boyd.

Early Man in Britain, London, 1880. Cave Hunting. Researches on the

evidence of caves respecting the early inhabitants of Europe. London,

1874. Dellenbaugh, Frederick S.

The North Americans of Yesterday, New York, 1901. Deniker, Joseph.

Races of Man. An outline of anthropology and ethnology. London, 1900.

Grierson, P. J. H. Hamilton.

The Silent Trade. A contribution to the early history of human

intercourse. London, 1903. Haeckel, Dr. Ernst Heinrich.

Anthropogenic; oder Entwickelungsgeschichtc des Men-schen, 4th edition,

2 vols., Leipzig, 1891. 269

Müller, Friedrich.

Ethnographie; auf Grund des von K. von Scherzer gesammetten Materials.

Vienna, 1868.

Murtillbt, Gabriel de.

Le préhistorique antiquité de Vhomme. Paris, 1883.

Powell, John Wesley.

"Relation of Primitive Peoples to Environment." In Smithsonian

Institution Report. Washington, 1896. Reports of American Ethnology, in

the annual reports of the U. S. Bureau of Ethnology since 1877.

Quatrepages (A. de Q. de Brun).

Histoire générale des races humaines. Paris, 1889.

Ratzel, Friedrich.

The History of Mankind, 3 vols., trans, by A. J. Bubler, London,

1896-1898.

Revue de l'Ecole d'Anthropologie de Paris. Monthly. Published by the

professors. Treats all phases and branches of anthropology.

Science de l'homme et méthode anthropologique, by Alphonse Cels, Paris

and Brussels, 1904. 7 francs. "As a highly abstract and suggestive

exposition of the nature and scope of anthropology, this book deserves

a place in the library of the anthropologist."--Nature, September 24,

1904.

Société Académique d'Archéologie, Paris.