MY ESKIMOS[5]
Plump and rounded figures, emphatically expressive countenances,
bronze-skinned, keen-eyed, black-maned inhabitants of an icy desert;
simple and honest, occasionally sulky; wandering, homeless people: these
are my children, the Eskimos.
Footnote 5:
For portions of this chapter taken from Peary’s “Northward,” the
courtesy of the Frederick A. Stokes Company is hereby gratefully
acknowledged.
Their origin, no one can tell to a certainty; but their appearance
indicates the strong probability of the correctness of the theory
advanced by Sir Clements Markham, distinguished President of the Royal
Geographical Society of London, that these people are remnants of an
ancient Siberian tribe, the Onkilon. Many of them are of strikingly
Mongolian type of countenance.
What first impresses one is their inquisitiveness. Dr. Hayes records the
case of an Eskimo woman who had subjected herself to a temperature of
thirty-five degrees below zero, with the liability to be caught in a
gale; she had travelled forty miles over a track, the roughness of which
frequently compelled her to dismount from the sledge and walk; she had
carried her child all the way; her sole motive being her curiosity to
see the white men, their igloo (hut), and their strange treasures.
Imagine, then, the arrival of a box—which most probably in a civilised
community, would be looked upon as a cartload of rubbish. Placed within
the vision of the unspoiled Eskimo, it becomes transformed into Dantes’s
grotto filled with “such stuff as dreams are made of.” With fox-like
inquisitiveness, the object is approached. Each article is touched, felt
and examined; and later, as the “village gossips” get together, we
listen to the cheery verboseness of “Sairy Gamp” and Megipsu, discussing
the riches of the _Koblunah_ (white man).
In a country where men, women and children exist in complete isolation,
where vegetation, mineral matter and even so common a thing as salt are
unknown—the people’s capacity for imitation would ordinarily be wholly a
matter of conjecture; but when brought in contact with my expedition the
Eskimos have shown wonderful characteristics of Oriental imitation and
adaptation. If given a gun, a hatchet, or a knife as a model they will
reproduce these in miniature, in walrus ivory, with a faithfulness and
accuracy that seems almost startling in view of their tools and previous
lack of training. The men also pick up with great ease and celerity the
use of the tools of the blacksmith and the carpenter.
In 1897, an Eskimo boy was brought to New York, partly because of his
unquenchable thirst for novelty and adventure, and also because we had
here a good opportunity for studying the effects of outside influence
upon primitive innocence. Within a comparatively short period, this lad
acquired a good understanding of the English tongue; and, in studies as
well as in athletics, he has been considered a match for the average
American youth of his age.
[Illustration:
INUAHO
Eskimo girl and dog
]
[Illustration:
AKATINGWAH
Wife of Ooblooyah, with baby
]
In their own country, Eskimos care little or nothing about acquiring the
use of our language. The fact is, their savage environment and
continuous struggle for existence is hardly conducive to learning of any
kind, beyond the absolute necessaries. Some of the tribe were taught the
use of numerals, the alphabet, and a few easy words; and, parrot-like,
these pupils had an embarrassing aptitude for picking up the loose words
of the sailors. But as to a common means of communication, their good
sense argued that it was much the simpler for us to learn _their_
language.
Their vocabulary is composed of many complicated prefixes and suffixes,
and roughly speaking, several hundred radicals. Naturally quick-witted,
they find no difficulty in expression; and throughout their
conversations, the features and the entire body are brought into play. I
have often observed the remarkable animation of the eye, the sudden
twitching of the mouth, the laggard or the swift movement of the arms
and legs, when an Eskimo tells his story. It is thus he excites
interest, and the audience is held by the unstudied dramatic effect.
Shall we mention it? In the Arctic regions as is the case all over the
universe, Woman holds the reputation for loquacity; hers is the “last
word.”
Churches, schools, and governments are unknown quantities. Yet in every
home a perfect system of training goes on for the benefit of the rising
generation. At the earliest age an Eskimo lad will be taught the use of
his arms in the throwing of a harpoon; a little later he learns the
hitching up of dog-teams to sledges; and by the time he has lived twelve
winters, he is taken to the walrus hunting ground to learn to be a man.
An Eskimo mother loses no time in teaching her daughter the requirements
of a good wife. Household duties are as carefully practised (allowing
for differences in materials) as in any domestic circle. Sewing is
taught by the fond parent, with as much patience as was ever evinced by
Griselda. At fourteen or earlier, the young Miss is ripe for marriage.
During my fifteen years of experience with the Eskimos, I have seen
little of the savage treachery which is so frequently alluded to. Quite
the contrary. These people are subservient to us in a most gratifying
way. It is true that in the beginning of our adventures, they were
inclined to scoff at our awkward adaptation to Polar conditions; but as
we acquainted them with the use of compass, etc., their laughter soon
changed to expressions of admiration and wonder.
The position of the sun and the movements of the stars, are the Eskimos’
gauges for time and location. Thus it will be seen that their ideas of
astronomy are definite, though necessarily limited. For the benefit of
those who have not read my previous work, I shall retabulate what
significance celestial bodies have to Eskimos. They recognise the Great
Dipper as a herd of reindeer; the three triangular stars of Cassiopeia
are the three stones supporting a celestial stone lamp; the Pleiades are
a team of dogs in pursuit of a bear; the three glittering brilliants of
the belt of Orion are the steps cut by some celestial Eskimo in a steep
snow-bank to enable him to climb to the top; Gemini are the two door
stones of an igloo; Arcturus and Aldebaran are personifications; and the
moon and the sun are a maiden and her pursuing lover. Less observant
than were the Arab shepherds, they have not noticed that one star is the
centre about which all the others move, nor have they set apart the
planets, which to them are simply large stars. Probably this is due to
the fact that the movements of the stars can be observed during only
three months of the year.
Amongst themselves, punctuality is a thing of small value. Yet, I have
never known the time when I could not thoroughly trust my “old guard,”
among these people, for carrying out my orders. When told to get ready
for a certain time—say, daybreak, next morning—sledges would be found
packed, and everything arranged with the utmost precision.
Their sense of humour is very pronounced. It is seen in their nicknames
for each other, and particularly for the white men, and again in their
drawings. These latter, crude as they are, leave no doubt as to the
victim. Bow-legs, hooked nose, protuberant stomach, such deformities as
these are gleefully pounced upon by the local artists, and emphasised in
their portraiture.
Much skill is shown in their carvings. To look at the minute walrus
teeth, one-half inch in length, which have been wrought upon, one is
reminded over and over again of the dexterity of the Chinese and the
Japanese. Notwithstanding all this ingenuity in ornamentation, Eskimos
find little pleasure in trinkets or personal frills of any kind.
Remembering the stories of Captain John Smith and the Indians,
bracelets, beads and rings were taken North in our first trips, in the
expectation of finding appreciation. At most, these were received with
gratitude for the good will. None of the women wore them or seemed
particularly to care for them. Occasionally they were brought forth from
a peg in the wall where they had hung for some time, and examined with a
certain air of curiosity. But as for adorning themselves—such vanities
did not occur to them.
The _tupiks_ (tents) and _igloos_ (winter-houses) are all built after
the same plans. There is only the superiority of workmanship to
distinguish the abode of one man from another. We sometimes see an
interesting form of competition when two huts commence building
simultaneously: One man, Nupsah, has discovered a huge stone and
succeeds in placing it in position. The neighbours, by their approving
glances, proclaim him master builder. Presently, Pooadloonah finds a
larger stone than any secured by his rival. This is placed in position,
silently. Throughout the proceeding not a word has been spoken; yet
within that conqueror’s breast there thrills an indisputable note of
triumph and satisfaction. It is the peculiarity of this silent
competition that, even when extended to greater deeds than the hauling
of stones, the best of good nature is preserved on both sides.
Duels and battles never take place; and there is only one case of Eskimo
murder which comes within my experience.
Kyo was an _angakok_ (medicine man). He knew exactly how many
_sinnipahs_ (sleeps) would elapse before this or that man would
die—almost as well as our weather bureau can prophesy the coming of a
storm. Often he went into trances, for this is necessary when one is an
_angakok_. But people do not like to be told that they are about to
expire, particularly when time proves that the medicine man must have
miscalculated. Such was the case with our Eskimos. Those of a more
optimistic frame of mind took exception to a man who could inspire the
sick with so much terror; accordingly, a plot was set for the riddance
of his evil spirit.
Their “plot” was nothing more than a scurvy trick; they reasoned between
them that it was justice. One day, Kyo was asked to accompany a hunting
party, little suspecting that he was to be the object of the hunt. About
five miles from camp he was struck from behind, and fell, hardly
realising what had taken place. Then, lest his spirit should escape, he
was buried and weighted with stones.
An Eskimo execution is always done after this manner. Lacking government
and laws of any kind, even subsisting without a leader, the avenger is
at liberty to decide the fate of the criminal. There is this
peculiarity; the execution is never done in open fight; always by
stealth. Yet Eskimos are far from cowardly—as proved when attacking the
polar bear and musk-ox.
The life of an Eskimo rarely exceeds sixty years. It is amazing that it
should persevere to this extent, despite the malignity of Nature.
There is a particularly touching case of a native who has been dependent
upon his fellow men for the past fifteen years. When we first saw him he
seemed troubled with a slight touch of rheumatism—a malady not
infrequent in those parts. But year after year his condition grew worse,
until to-day he lives practically ossified—all but his head. Through all
these years he has received consideration; the devotion shown by his
people—is it not wonderful? Nothing is thought about the matter in that
community. Neither age nor infirmity go neglected; they are cared for
without thought of reward.
The main causes of death are lung and bronchial troubles.
There exists among these people a form of hysteria known as _piblocto_
(the same name as given to the well-known madness among their dogs),
with which women, more frequently than men, are afflicted. During these
spells, the maniac removes all clothing and prances about like a
broncho. In 1898 while the _Windward_ was in winter quarters off Cape
D’Urville, a married woman was taken with one of these fits in the
middle of night. In a state of perfect nudity she walked the deck of the
ship; then, seeking still greater freedom, jumped the rail, on to the
frozen snow and ice. It was some time before we missed her, and when she
was finally discovered, it was at a distance of half a mile, where she
was still pawing, and shouting to the best of her abilities. She was
captured and brought back to the ship; and then there commenced a
wonderful performance of mimicry in which every conceivable cry of local
bird and mammal was reproduced in the throat of Inaloo. This same woman
at other times attempts to walk the ceiling of her igloo; needless to
say she has never succeeded.
A case of piblocto lasts from five minutes to half-an-hour or more. When
it occurs under cover of a hut, no apparent concern is felt by other
inmates, nor is any attention paid to the antics of the mad one. It is
only when an attempt is made to run abroad, that the cords of restraint
are felt.
Of alcohol, and other artificial drinks, there is none. No excess of any
kind—unless we can call “excess” the hearty eating which is necessary to
the Eskimos’ existence. On the other hand, hunger is no particular
hardship to these people. Their bodies are well-rounded, seemingly to
answer the purpose of the camel’s hump.
Generosity and hospitality are characteristic. There is no such thing up
North as individual poverty and riches. It is an unwritten law that when
one man has been particularly fortunate in a hunting expedition, his
tribe will share the net results. It is this feeling of good fellowship
which preserves the race. In other matters, each family is practically
independent. Each man for himself, a Jack-of-all-trades.
As a rule no Eskimo family lives in one place more than two consecutive
years. The reasons are several; perhaps the most important being a
natural feeling of unrest. The Eskimo feels more keenly than any other
people that it is not possession, but acquisition which gives men
pleasure and sense of power. Then, too, there is the desire for change
of food. A prolonged diet of bear flesh has quite as much irksome
sameness for him, as hard tack has for the sailor. Scarcity of game is
another vital consideration. After a siege of several months’ duration,
the food supply is likely to become exhausted and then nothing is left
for the man to do, but shift.
The seal is the Eskimo’s staple food. It is also his most valuable
resource in that it supplies him with material for clothing, boots,
tents, harpoon lines, heat, light, and food for his dogs. Winter is
calculated upon as nicely in the northern parts, as in any thrifty
community. The Eskimo moderates his appetite during these months of
animal hibernation, according to the supplies on hand—cuts the coat
after the cloth, as it were.
One is grieved to note a state of reckless abandon in the matter of
dirt. It is quite beyond the comprehension of these simple folk why
washing should be considered necessary for the comfort of humans. When
we were caught using a tooth-brush, this was too much. We must indeed be
a filthy tribe! “If the mouth is unclean, what part of us is clean?” Was
ever injured innocence expressed in more sober language?
In the very water in which a walrus feast is about to be prepared, may
often be found the drippings of greasy garments hanging above: or
perhaps excited by civilisation, the good woman of the place will take
to washing her hands at this moment.
We despair of ever civilising these people, permanently. While we are in
their midst, they seem to be progressing. But out of sight, out of
mind—so far as civilisation (and hair-combing!) are concerned.
“From many children and little bread, good Lord deliver us.” This would
seem to be the Eskimo’s prayer, for in no family will be found more than
six children. Though not lacking in warmth of blood they are not a
prolific people. “The females arrive at the age of puberty neither very
early nor very late, but according to their own statements they rarely
have children, even with every possible provocation, till at least three
years later, and I am inclined to think the statement is substantially
correct.
“As the males are considerably in excess there is a constant demand for
wives, and girls frequently marry while still as flat-chested and as
lank-hipped as a boy.
“As regards morals, these people do not stand high according to our
scale. The wife is as much a piece of personal property, which may be
sold, exchanged, loaned, or borrowed, as a sledge or a canoe. It must be
said in their favour, however, that the children as well as aged and
infirm members of the tribe are well taken care of, and that, for the
former the parents evince the liveliest affection.
“There seems to be no ceremony for marriage (and there is none for
birth). The matrimonial arrangement is frequently perfected by the
parents while the parties are children.
“As the female is eligible for marriage much earlier than the male, a
girl may be appropriated by a man whose wife has died, before her
intended is old enough to marry. This arrangement may continue, or her
intended may claim her when he is old enough. This is largely a matter
of mutual agreement.
“Young couples frequently change partners several times in the first
year or two, till both are suited, when the union is practically
permanent, except for temporary periods during which an exchange may be
effected with another man, or the wife loaned to a friend.
“Motherhood and the various female functions cause them hardly if any
more inconvenience than is the case with animals.
“The causes of death among the men come largely under the terse Western
expression, ‘with their boots on.’
“A kayak capsizes, and the occupant is hurled into the icy water; a
hunter harpoons a walrus or bearded seal from the ice, a bight of the
line catches round arm or leg, and the big brute drags him under to his
death; an iceberg capsizes as he is passing it; a rock or snowslide from
the steep shore cliffs crushes him; or a bear tears him mortally with a
stroke of his paw: and so on. Occasionally, in the past, starvation has
wiped out an entire village.
“On the death of a man or woman, the body, fully dressed, is laid
straight upon its back on a skin or two, and some extra articles of
clothing placed upon it. It is then covered with another skin, and the
whole covered in with a low stone structure, to protect the body from
dogs, foxes, and ravens. A lamp with some blubber is placed close to the
grave; and if the deceased is a man, his sledge and kayak, with his
weapons and implements, are placed close by, and his favourite dogs,
harnessed and attached to the sledge are strangled to accompany him. If
a woman, her cooking-utensils and the frame on which she has dried the
family boots and mittens, are placed beside the grave. If she has a dog,
it is strangled to accompany her; and if she has a baby in the hood, it
too must die with her.
“If the death occurred in a tent, the poles are removed, allowing it to
settle down over the site, and it is never used again, but rots or is
finally blown away. If the death occurred in an igloo, it is vacated and
not used again for a long time.
“The relatives of the deceased must observe certain formalities in
regard to clothing and food for a certain time; the name of the dead
person is never spoken, and any other members of the tribe who have the
same name must assume another until the arrival of an infant, to which
the name can be applied, removes the ban.
“Of religion, properly speaking, they have none. The nearest approach to
it is simply a collection of miscellaneous superstitions and beliefs in
good and evil spirits. It may be said, in relation to this latter
subject, that information in regard to it is extremely difficult to
obtain, and probably, the bottom facts of the matter will be known only
when some enthusiast is willing to devote five or six years of his time
to living with them and doing as they do, becoming in fact, one of them.
“Their amusements are few. In summer there are tests of strength between
the young men of the tribe, consisting of wrestling, pulling, lifting,
and a rude kind of boxing. In winter the sole amusements are marital
pleasures, and the songs and improvisations of the _angakoks_, or
medicine men, of the tribe. In the choruses of these the entire
assembled company join.”
At these choruses which are sometimes all-night affairs, a sort of
tambourine is used to keep time to the “music.” It is made of membrane
from the throat of a walrus, stretched across the antlers of a reindeer.
Dancing is practised only among some of the southerly Greenland folk.
These people, without impediment of clothing are often charmingly
graceful; and like negroes, are indefatigable.
I have often been asked: Of what use are Eskimos to the world? They are
too far removed to be of value in commercial enterprises, and
furthermore they lack ambition. They have no literature, nor, properly
speaking, any art. They value life only as does a fox, or a bear, purely
by instinct.
But, let us not forget that these people, trustworthy and hardy, will
yet prove their value to mankind. With _their_ help, the world shall
discover the Pole.
CENSUS OF THE SMITH SOUND ESKIMOS[6]
SEPTEMBER, 1906
COMPILED BY ROSS G. MARVIN
_Accomadingwah_
_Acrah_
Acutah
Adareingwah
Adareingwah
Adareingwah
_Adareteah_
_Adareteah_
Adashungwah
Adicka
Adingnedu
_Agootah_
_Ahcreah_
Ahmahmie
Ahmungwah
Ahnenah
Ahnighite
_Ahpedah_
_Ahpelah_
Ahwaktungwah
Ahweagoodlu
Ahweah
_Ahwegingwah_
Ahweingohna
Akageah
Akatingwah
Akatingwah
_Akpudashawhu_
_Akpudashawhu_
_Akpudie_
_Akpudingwah_
_Aleta_
Alnadu
Alnaduah
Alnaghite
Alnalnaweah
Alnalnaweah
Alnanungwah
Alnawingwah
Alningwah
Amah
Anahwe
_Anowka_
_Asayu_
Ashuah
Atinganah
Atinganah
Atita
Atita
_Awatingwah_
_Awitackshua_
_Cadahuh_
_Cahateah_
_Cahweahshua_
_Cahweingwah_
_Cahweingwah_
_Cahweingwah_
_Calwahsooh_
Clayingwah
Clayouh
Clayouh
_Congwah_
_Contigito_
_Conughito_
_Conughito_
_Cowluhtoo_
_Cowangwah_
_Egeah_
_Egingwah_
_Egingwah_
_Ekeah_
_Emenyah_
Etokshawsui
Evalee
Evalee
_Eykapingwah_
_Ewe_
_Idingwah_
Illyah
_Ilquah_
Ilquahwishah
Ilquyenah
Ilyatee
Ilyatingwah
Ilyatingwah
Inadleah
Inaloo
_Ingyapadoo_
_Inughito_
_Inughito_
_Inughito_
_Inutah_
_Inutah_
Inuwahsu
Ienah
_Ioshowty_
_Ircra_
Isheata
_Itookishoo_
_Itookishoo_
_Iyakpungwah_
Kashadu
_Kepehocshaw_
_Kepeingwah_
_Keshu_
_Keshu_
_Keshungwah_
Kudeah
_Kudla_
_Kudla_
_Kudlanah_
_Kudlooktoo_
_Kudlutinah_
_Kudlutinah_
_Kulitingwah_
_Kyangwah_
_Kyangwah_
_Kyangwah_
_Kyooh_
_Kyoohtah_
Makshangwah
_Maksingwah_
_Maksingwah_
_Mamonah_
_Mayshowna_
_Meetil_
_Meetil_
_Mehootiah_
Mercrah
_Merkrisha_
Mickeyshoo
_Mickgipsu_
Moneyshaw
Mooney
Mooney
_Mucktah_
_Mucktoo_
_Myooh_
Nedickta
Nedingwah
_Nehatalahow_
Nelikateah
_Nepsingwah_
Netooh
Neuah
_Neuahateah_
Neuakina
Neuakingwah
Neuakingwah
_Neucapingwah_
_Neuktah_
_Ongmalooktoo_
_Ongudablaho_
_Ongudloo_
_Ongudloogipsu_
_Ongwah_
_Oobluyah_
_Oobluyah_
_Oogwhi_
_Oohasingwah_
_Ootah_
Ooyah
_Ouatingwah_
Ouheah
_Ouweak_
_Oushakupsie_
_Oweah_
_Panikpah_
_Peowahtah_
Poohtah
_Puadloonah_
_Puadloonah_
_Puadloonah_
_Publa_
_Publa_
Qouyoupee
Quoyoupee
Seadacuteah
Seakingwah
Segwah
_Shakupsungwah_
_Shatooh_
_Siglu_
Sihmeah
Silmah
Silmingwah
Sineungwah
_Sipsu_
_Socrah_
Sohningwah
Songwah
_Taacheah_
_Taachingwag_
_Teddylingwah_
Tongingwah
Tookamingwah
Tookumah
_Touchingwah_
_Tungwhi_
_Un-named_
_Un-named_
_Un-named_
Un-named
Un-named
_Un_-named
_Un_-named
_Un_-named
SUMMARY
119 _Males_, 85 Females, [6]3 Infants sex un-learned. Total 207
August 31, 1895, this tribe numbered 253—males 140, females 113
R.E.P.
Footnote 6:
Names of males in italic, females in roman.
INDEX
Abruzzi’s “farthest,” 97
highest, 126
Adams, Mt., Bluffs of, 26
Ahmah, Merktoshah’s wife, 259
Ahngmalokto, 115
“Ahnighito,” meteorite brought home, 295
Ahsayoo, 323
_Albert_ and _Polaris_, channels navigated, 50
Aldrich’s “farthest,” 174, 188, 190
Almy boilers, 18
Appearance of glacier, see Ice
Arctic autumn night, 57
Arctic, beginning of winter, 47, 48
canons of navigation, 39
Circle, 178
Circle crossed, 19
day, 16
exploration, its main purpose, 295
ice, from Cape Sabine to Grant Land, 30
life at Godhavn, 20
library, 11
maps, 11
perfect summer night, 20
purple flowers, grass, moss, 195
summer, end of, 47
night;
surface of Inglefield Gulf;
ice;
icebergs and glaciers;
slopes of the “great ice”;
red-brown bluffs, 26
ship, main work of, 362
power of, 364
wood essential in construction of, 365
terns, 226
three degrees beyond Arctic Circle;
keen breeze, aspect of water;
aspect of cliffs of Disco, 20;
“Ultima Thule,” 326
winter, 317
_Alert_, winter quarters of, 49
Assizes Harbour, 275
Attainment of the Pole, x
Anoritok, 259
Aurora, seen while lying at Domino Run, 17
Autumn, work of, 299
Bache Island, a peninsula, 300
Barometer, 18
Bartlett, Capt. Robt. A., see personnel of the party under Expedition,
4, 16, 17, 33, 39, 46, 78, 173, 259, 312
his departure for Cape Hecla, 97
Samuel, 4
John, 4
Harry, 4
Moses, mate, see personnel of the party under Expedition, 5
Basis of successful national character, viii
Battle Harbour, 275
Battle with the ice, lasting 75 days, 259
Bay, Allman, 298, 302
Belknap, 57
Bismarck, 332
Buchanan, 34, 336
Carl Ritter, 310
Chateau, 16
Cope’s, 298
Disraeli, 227
Franklin Pierce, 302
Hand, 163
Independence, 332
Jas. Ross, 233
Lady Franklin, 43, 307, 334
Lincoln, 47
McClintock, 186
Maury, 36
Melville, no ice seen in bay, 21
Musk-ox, 311
Newman, 40, 43
North Star, 22
off Milne, 225
Parker Snow, last of the Eskimos landed, 266
Parr, 232
Porter, 56
Princess Marie, filled with ice, 297
sledge trip, 298
reconnoissance of, 300
Rawlings, packed with ice, 36, 304
Richardson, 36, 304
Rowan, 57
Sagdlek, 271
St. Patrick, 311, 334
Sawyer and Woodward, arms of Princess Marie Bay, 300
Scoresby, squeezed into, 36, 302
Shift Rudder, 248
Wrangel, 46
full of slack ice, ship delayed by floe in, 249
Yelverton, 224
full of glaciers, 189
Bear, first seen by the Expedition, 258
hunt, 336
Polar, 259
Bears, 300
Bear Camp, 300
Beaumont, 165
Bedford Pim Island, 335
Belle Isle, graveyard of ships, 16
Benedict, E. C., 288
Benedict, H. H., 288
Bergs, see first appearance, under Ice;
see 68° Lat., under Ice;
fleet of, see Ice;
two, see Ice;
at Cape John Barrow, 303;
see small berg, under Ice;
berg-like, see Ice
Bright depot of boats, coal and provisions landed, 34
Big Lead, 135, 143, 144
ice on northern side, scar of, 142
open water, 143
Black Cape, 63, 339
Horn Cliffs, 164
fronted by open water, 322
Bliss, Eliphalet W., 288
Blue-top floe-bergs, see Ice
“Bo’sun” bird, 18
Bradford, 4
Brant, 187, 195
flock of, 208
at Southwest Camp, 215
Bridgman, Herbert L., 288, 289, 296, 335, 349
Brown children of the ice, 124
Buchanan “Strait,” 300
Cache, 223, 333
on hummock of old floe, 120
of musk-ox meat, 163
of provisions, 199
deposited at Cape D’Urville, 298
at Cape Sabine, 315
Cairn, _Alert’s_, at Floeberg Beach, 50
record, 55
at summit of 1,600 ft. record deposited, 207
at top of Columbia, 183
built near ice-foot, 210, 219, 240, 329, 332
Lockyer Island, 298
at Cape Morris K. Jesup, 329
_Alert’s_—_Alert’s_ winter quarters, 339
Cairn Point, ship headed for, 257
Camp, between enormous hummocks, 111
first, 153
floe, see Ice
off Challenger Point, 181
on outer swell of glacier, 224
Campaign, preparation for spring, 336
Caribou, from Ellesmere Land, 349–351
Cape Albert, 34, 337
Albert Edward, 189
Alfred Ernest, 190
Alexandra, 185
Alexander, reached at midnight, 265
Athol, 266
Anguille, on Newfoundland coast, 15
Baird, 307, 250
Beechy, 249
Benêt, 324
Brevoort, 40, 321
Bridgman, latitude of, 328
Bryant, 324, 43
Calhoun, sailed into loose ice, 39
Chalon, 29, 265
Collision, 337
Conger, time spent in homely duties, 338
Cracroft, 307
Creswell, 177
Desfosse, 253
Defosse, 338
Discovery, 186
D’Urville, 36, 297
Dudley Diggs, 266
Dyer, 270
Fanshawe Martin, 187
same Lat. as Hecla, deep snow, 188, 225
Farewell and Chidley, in latitude of, 18
Fraser, 302
dog-food and supplies advanced to, 310, 337
Harrigan, 17
Harrison, tidal current, 298
Hecla, 56, 177, 340
three marches from Sheridan;
time spent there;
occupation while there, 97
difficulties in reaching, 233
Henry Cliffs, 234
Isabella, 34
John Sparrow, 36
Joseph Goode, 36
Joseph Henry, 57, 63, 234
Lawrence, 304, 306, 336,
Lieber to Joe Island, 250
Leopold von Buch, 319, 337
Louis Napoleon, 301
supplies at, 302, 336
Lupton, 39
May, 150
Morris K. Jesup, 147
Nares, 183
Neumeyer, 148
North, young ice on tidal crack, 324
Norton Shaw, 303
Parry, 25, 266
Rawson, 43, 49
Richardson, 339
Ramsay, 325
Carl Ritter, 337
Sabine, densely packed with ice, 34, 335, 337
Sheridan, extremity of, ice packed heavily against point of, 50
to Cape Hecla, 177
Stanton, 324
Summer, 39, 40
Sumner, 321
Union, 40, 166
Wilkes, 36, 304
York, 16, 21, 22, 269
Celebration, July 4th, 215
Cestus, 369
Chart, notes for, 314
Channels, Kennedy and Robeson, 36
Channel pack, contest with, see ice;
very large floes, no leads, 247
Channel, Robeson, 166
Christmas Day, 87
Cirro strata, 133
Clark, Chas., fireman, see personnel of the party under Expedition
Clark, with his Eskimos, 148, 149
Clements Markham Inlet, trip into, 63, 178
condition while crossing, 232
Cliffs, Disco, visible 95 miles away, 19
Clouds, inky, 220
Coast, between Wrangel and Lincoln Bays, 249
Colgate, Jas. C., 290, 356
Columbia, 181
twin peaks of, its ascent begun, 182
Commander Peary’s reply to President Roosevelt, ix
Conger, 335
Copies of records from cairns, 286
Cosmic boundaries, xi
Cracks, closing of, 125
Crew and firemen, see personnel of the party under Expedition
Crossed second glacier, see Ice
Crozier Island, 340
Cumberland Sound, 270
Darling, Judge, Asst. Secy. of the Navy, 11, 356
Daylight, disappearing, 302
Deer, track in the snow, 204
development of dew claws, length of hoofs, 205
numerous in Western Land, 205–8
skins, 227
Delta, Boat Camp, 43
Diet, preserved eggs and mush, 206
Dennis and Mike, 12
Disk, sun’s, 55
_Diana_, S.S., despatched to Etah, 315, 316
Distant Cape, 250
_Discovery_, S.S., 363
Dix, Capt., builder of the _Roosevelt_, 68
Capt. Chas. B., 280, 356
Dogs, deaths of, 79
killed, 132
the gray, 155
number of survivors, 174
their diet changed from pemmican, 205
maimed from ice, 227
the white, 229
twelve left, 309
heard from the shore, 17
additional number purchased, 29
food, sent to Cape Sabine, 317
Dobbin Bay, 298
Dory, sent to Cape Louis Napoleon, 310
Drift Point, 322
Domino Run, 16
lying to, letters left, length of stay—fall of the fog, 17
Dome Cape, 325
_Eagle_, S.S., used in Arctic exploration of 1886, 6
Ellesmere Land, 314
Episodes, 36
_Erik_, S.S., 287, 289, 335
getting aboard, 22
alongside the _Roosevelt_, 29
her arrival at Etah, 29
Harbour, 336
_Ermack_, Russian S.S., 362
Eskimo dog, x
Eskimo, settlement, village, 21
families, 93
natives taken on board, 25
dogs and supplies held in readiness, 26
busy at work, 29
prosperity of natives, 30
hunting party sent out, 46, 49
parties sent out for musk-oxen, return from Black Cliffs Bay, making
sledges, 56
settlements in the interior, 77
their excitement, 88
most northerly born babe, 93
sent to form cache, 102
Eskimos, report of rafted ice, 102
as trailers, 140–1
their temperament, 146
at their meal of musk-oxen, 161
sent into Cape Bryant region, 163
dismissed until homeward voyage, 173
sent overland for skins, 253
physical characteristics, 375
return of, 320, 312, 299
their origin, their inquisitiveness, 375
as imitators, 376
their training, their vocabulary, 379
significance to them of celestial bodies, 380
gauges for time and location, 380
sense of humour, 381
their ingenuity in ornamentation, 381, 382
staple food of, ideas of cleanliness, 386
matrimonial arrangement, as regards morals, 387
their death ceremony, 388
their amusements, 389
their religious beliefs, 389
how useful to the world, 390
Etah, rendezvous at, 297, 315
Expedition, its objective point, opening scenes of the voyage, starting
point, _Polaris_, 4
the ship, its decks, its quarters, regrets at leaving, 4
personnel of the party, 4–9
notice to members, 9
environment of, 9–11
time of starting, 11
course after leaving Domino Run, 17
southern sub-base, 34–35
preparation for wintering, 59, 60, 61
quartered at Hecla, subsistence, 98
arrival at Etah, 259
United States Lady Franklin Bay records, 312
return to New York, results of, 280, 281
Lady Franklin Bay, 286, 288
Explorer, the true, ix
Fielden Peninsula, 177, 339
Fire, 15
Flags, 135
Flipper, square, 250
Floes, velocity of, see Ice
heavy floes in rapid motion, see Ice
big blue, see Ice
blue-topped, see Ice
blue hummock kind, see Ice
8–10 miles diameter, 258
driven ashore, see Ice
Floeberg, 20 to 28 feet above the water, see Ice
and paleocrystic ice, origin of, 333
birthplace of, 326
Flowers at Cape Aldrich, 231
in bloom, 211
Fog, 203, 219, dense, 17, 19, 199, 201
feeling way through the straits, 16
on uplands of peninsula, 301
extinguishes trail, 215
“Fog eater,” fog bow, 200
Fort Conger, 36
door of, 307
site of, 40
Fragments of floes, see Ice
_Fram_, S.S., 362, 363
Fossils in the rocks, 234
Foulke Fiord, mouth of, 297
_Fox_, Danish steamship, 22
Gale, October 16th, 63
Game score, 62
secured, 314
Gateway, American, 50
_Gauss_, S.S., 362, 363
Getting ready for rough water, 269
Gifford Peak, 232
Glacier, character of glacial fringe, 189
Tossuketek, 20
Heilprin, 25
Melville, 25
Petowik, 22
Tracy, 26
Snout, see Ice
composed of hummock ice, 228
Glaciers at head of Sawyer Bay, view from, see Ice
true characteristics, see Ice
Disco Bay, see Ice
Glacial fringe, 181
interesting to glacialists, 240
surface of, 191
clay, 200
Gravel, appearance of, 204
reached, 215
Gray dog, 227
“Great day,” in border land of, 18
“Great Ice,” see Ice
“Great Night,” 17
preparation for, 305
Greely party (1883), 6
Godhavn, Capital of Northern Inspectorate of Greenland; under Cliffs of
Disco, 20
“Grand Canal,” 345
Granite erratic at Cape Aldrich, 231
Grant Land, 63
coast of 190,
western shore, 202
Greenland, 16
Mts., snow-clad summit, 147
shore of, trip given up, 311
caribou, 351
Grinnell Land, coast of, 299
shore of unbroken ice, 36
Guillemot, Brunnich’s, flying south, 18
in the water, 19
Gull, skua, 187, 195
Burgomaster, 196
Hall Basin, western portion packed with ice, 39
Hamilton Fish Peak, 234
Harbour, Battle, 16
outside of, 12
Discovery, 250, 307;
winter quarters of _Discovery_, 40
Payer, 337
Repulse, 43, 165
Thank God, winter quarters of Hall’s _Polaris_, 40
Hayes, 4
Point, 35, 334
halt south of, 319
Hecla, 178
Hebron, Labrador coast, 271
Henson, Matthew, personal attendant of Com. Peary, see personnel of the
party, under Expedition
beside closed lead, 131
departure from Cape Hecla, 98
Henson’s farthest, 302
his report, 311
sent to Etah, 313
and Capt. Bartlett, their records, 112
Herbert and Northumberland Islands, 266
Highways, beyond the world’s, 18
Holsteinburg, 19
Hope, 296
ship used in Arctic exploration in 1898, 6
Sanderson’s, named by John Davis, 21
Hopedale, 272
Hospital, Bellevue, 6
St. Vincent’s, 6
Hudson Bay, 4
River, 119, 120, 125, 127
Strait, chop sea, 271
Housing of the personnel, 369
Ice, a chaos, 142
active glacier west of Cape Fanshawe Martin, 226
against the coast at Domino Run, 17
along the Grinnell coast, 43
ancient ice encountered, 34
appearance of glacier, 188
berg-like pieces, 131
big hummock, 166
blue-topped floe-bergs, 326
camp floe, 123
channel pack, 39
character of, 133
commotion continuous, 93
completely flooded, 210
contest with channel pack, 44
crossed second glacier, 326
culmination of its movement, 74
Disco Bay glaciers, 19
East Coast, 19
edge of ice-foot chopped away, 55
features of the glacial fringe, 181
field of beautiful icebergs, 16
first appearance of bergs, 16
fleet of bergs, 20
“floeberg,” 20 to 28 ft. above water, 226
floes, blue hummock kind encountered in March, 124
floe driven ashore, 307
one hundred feet in height, 331
glacial fringe, characteristic of, 189
glaciers at head of Buchanan Bay, 300
glacier at head of Sawyer Bay, 314
glaciers, two, true characteristics, 191
“Great Ice,” 26
heavy floes in rapid motion, 49
heavy pack, 35
Heilprin glacier, 25
homogeneous ice, 109
cap, 129
foot, north of Cape Union, 167
foot, 39, 301
in Nansen’s Strait, 203
its aspect along Grinnell Land, 36
its aspect, young ice, 117
its aspect, 123, 220
its condition, 342
its horrible conglomeration, 146
its separation from the ice-foot, 88
journey in darkness, 307
large floes, 34, 297
large fields moving southward, 36
loose, 265
Melville glacier, 25
middle pack, 270
narrow shaves from icebergs, 17
north of Cape Washington, 326
off Cape Albert, 297
old floes passed, 131
pack surging down Smith
Sound, 33
peculiar formations of, 187
Petowik glacier, 22
Polar pack, 101
pressed harder with the flood-tide, 55
rough, 301
rubble, 117
rubble ice as nets, 124
rubble ice half congealed, 143
sea ice, 187, 301
shifting, 47
small berg, 18
solid edge of, 265
surging of the pack, 93
thickness of young ice, 298
through rafters and rubble, 124
Tossuketek glacier, 20
Tracy glacier, 26
trail over young ice, 102
trash ice, 63
traversed in March, 201
traversed fragments of old floes, 327
trouble with, 36
twenty-seven bergs in 68° Lat., 19
two bergs, 18
two big blue floes, 44
velocity of floes, 47
ice window (in igloo), 105
winter’s ice still intact, 40
young ice across the lead, 144
young ice, 265, 266
(formed), 298
Ice-bergs, see Narrow shaves from, under Ice; also see Field of, under
Ice
ice boats, 359
ice-cap, 129
ice-foot, 39, 301
edge of, 55
Ice-foot, 306, 320, 340, 341
Alpine in character, 303
a broad deep lake, 239
a trail along, 322
found by Egerton, Rawson and Parry, 339
hewing road along, 322
reaching from (reaching low-sloping “spit”), 224
Igloos, 303, 319, 382
abreast of Cape Albert, 337
at Hecla, 101
built of floe, 105
building of, 125
“Christmas,” 36
Henson’s, 123
first, 102
Henson’s igloo shattered, 125
snow, 306
Igludiahni, 29
Inaloo, 384
Independence Bay, 161
Inlet, Clements Markham, 56
Intermediate Point, difficulties encountered, 214
Inueto, 101
Island, Bache, 299
Beaumont, 154
Bellot, 307
Britannia, 150
Crozier, 39, 233
Duck, (whaler’s lookout on summit), 21
Eagle, 6
Ellison, 150
Franklin, 39
Hare, 20
Harvard, 26
Herbert, 26
Josephine Peary, 26
Joe, 39
Littleton, 33
Meteorite (Eskimo taken aboard), 21, 22
Norman Lockyer, 298
Red, (passed afternoon of second day out), 15
Saunders (bird cliffs), 25
Stephenson, 161
Sukkertoppen, 19
Ward Hunt, 184
Williams, 174, 235
Ittibloo, 25
Jesup, Morris K., 288, 355
Founder of the Expedition, 11
President of the Peary Arctic Club, 282
Jesup Land, 189
attainment of, 203
Journey, down Baffin’s Bay, 270
July 30th, reached the S.S. _Roosevelt_, 240
Kamiks, 240, 308
Kangerdlooksoah, 25, 317
deep pastures of, 26
Kane Basin filled with Polar pack, 297
Karnah, 29
six tents located here, 25
Kayak, 388
Kennedy Channel, 306
Kittiwakes, 19
Kolguev, 208
Kookan, landing of Eskimos, 265
Kooletah (deerskin coat), 154
Koolootingwah and Ooblooyah sent to reconnoitre, 196
Kyo, Anangabok (medicine man), 383
with hunting party, 383
Labrador, on the coast of, 16
Lake, a deep blue, 223
Hazen, 56
Lamps, in commission, 63
Large floe, see Ice
Latitude from noon sights, 19, 21
reached, 134
Lead, 126, 343
across Robeson Channel, 40
crossed on young ice, 145
eleven, 131
fifty feet wide, 132
its closing (the “Hudson River”), 118
its extent, 97
young ice cut by, 146
Leaving last camp, 211, 212
Lemming burrows, 199
fauna of Jesup Land, 210
Library, 9
Lieber, Cape, 320
Lincoln Bay, 334
Line of demarcation, 225
Lockwood’s record, 330
Malone, Murtaugh J., asst. engineer, see personnel of the party under
Expedition, 5
Mary Murray Island, 325
Marvin, Ross G., secy. and asst., see personnel of the party under
Expedition, 6
Marvin, 62, 78, 97, 173
his report of musk-oxen, 93
his return with the Eskimos, 93
his report of the _Roosevelt_, 235
his westward compass, 236
March, distance covered, 200
from S. W. Camp, 213, 214
plan of, 153
the first, 131
the last outward, 139
Mascart Inlet, 148
Medical College (Cornell University), 6
Meigs Fiord, 325
Melville Bay, 4, 362
Moons (winter), duration, 77
Moraine material, camp on, 219
Mount, Camel, 178
Cheops, 63
Daly (red-brown bluffs of), 26
Saddle, 178
Streaked, 178
Twin, 178
Wistar, 328
Mountains, Greenland, 19
Musk-oxen, 35, 60, 142, 181, 300
cows, 182
killing of, 154, 333
tracks in the snow, 204
twenty-one killed, 320
Murphy, John, boatswain, see personnel of the party under Expedition, 5
Mystery of the North, xi
Nain, 272
Nansen, 126
Nansen’s Strait, 202
Nordenskjold Inlet, 324
Nares Land, 150
Narksami, 266
Narwhal, 250
school of, 43
National Geographic Society, vii
Hubbard Medal of, vii
Natives, property of, see Eskimos
report of Melville Bay, 269
taken on board, see Eskimos
Navy Department, leave of absence granted Com. Peary, 295
_Neptune_, Canadian Government Steamer, 4
Newfoundland, ice, pilots, 5
Newman Bay, 321
New land, 195
Nicaragua, 6
North Coast Mts., 330
North Pole, value of attainment, x
Norwegians, 359
and Americans, 360
Nungwoodie, the gray dog, 228
Observatory Pinnacle, 118
Observation Camp, 214
with sextant and transit, 117
Old floes, see ice
Omens, of the ship’s position, 74
Onkilon, Siberian tribe, 375
Ooming-muksue (musk-oxen), 154
Oomunui, 266
Oatah, 141
Open leads, region of, 132
Open water, 92, 331, 342
see “big lead,” 143
alongside of the ice-foot, 181
in shape of leads and lakes, 74
its extent, 97
Orography of the glacial fringe, 231
Outward track, impracticable, 210
“Paleocrystic” floes, 228
Panama, Stars and Stripes planted, xi
Panikpah, 145
Panther, 4
Payer Harbour, 335, 337
Pemmican, 78, 186
supply exhausted, 227
Peninsula, Bache, 34
Percy, Chas., steward, see personnel of the party under Expedition
Peary Arctic Club, ix, 282
contributors to, 290
founders of, 288
history of, 285
incorporators of, 289
its officers, 286
its charter, 288
object of, 285
organisation of, 286
Personnel of the party on return, 276, 279
Petersen, Danish interpreter, 55
Piblocto, 384
Plan accomplished, 182
Point Armour Light, 16
Point Moss, 178
20 miles west of Cape Hecla, 97
Polar, ocean, x
middle pack, 20
Polar pack, 331, 340
contest with, 341, 342
gateway to the Polar sea, 63
mystery, ix, 17
Sea, 4, 102, 332
_Polaris_, left by Hall’s party, 43
boat camp, 321
Poppies, at Cape Aldrich, 231
Potentilla, growing at Cape Aldrich, 231
Pot Rocks, coast of Labrador, 271
Pressure ridges, 129, 143
Primus stoves, 215
Programme, for spring work, 318
Ptarmigan, 196
Pumice and slag, 213
Rafters and rubble, see Ice, of Alpine character, 144
Rainbow Hill, 185
Rangifer Pearyi, 351
Grænlandicus, 351
Range, United States, 56, 63
Reconnoissance, along the ice-foot, 298
from Cape Frederick VIII, 249
for spring route, 62
Record, in cairn, 329
in North cairn, 329
Records, at Cape D’Urville, 318
Reindeer, found on Fielden Peninsula, 57
Report, to Peary Arctic Club, 295
River, Ruggles, 77
Shelter, south of Cape Union, 48
_Roosevelt_, S.S., a crucial moment, 58, 59;
arrival in New York, 289;
as a sea boat, 280
a splendid ice-fighter, 45
at Etah, 29
beginning her fight with ice, 33
capacity, 11
channels navigated as far as Cape Sheridan, 50
construction and launching, 289
christened by Mrs. Peary, 370
departed from Etah, 260
desperate fight with the big floes, battle won by brute force, 44, 45
departure for North, 289
features of her model, 363
forced ashore by large floes, 47
forced ashore a second time, 48
forcing way through dense barrier of ice, 49
forced on to heavy floe, 250
furnishings of her rooms, 9, 10, 11
general construction, 366–369
goes direct to Etah, 25
heading for Thank God Harbour, 249
headed for Cape Isabella, 265
held up by the ice, 249, 257
her decks on leaving North Sydney, 11
her cargo, 11
her cargo on leaving Etah, 30
her detour to the east, 34
her struggle with the ice north of C. Lupton, 40
her crucial time, 247
her moorings, 275
impending peril, 91
imprisoned among heavy floes, 257
official measurements, 370
on board after backward journey, 167, 168
propeller loose, 258
race with incoming pack, 50
readings of the log, 15
ready for fight with Arctic Sea, 30
repaired at Etah, 260
restowed her supplies, 30
return to Sydney, 276
severing connection with the civilised world, 33
sight at Cape Rawson, 167
size, 361
special features of, 370, 372
travelling under difficulties, 248
Roosevelt, President, etching of, 11
Ross Bay, 335
Routes, two feasible, 306
Rubble ice, see Ice
Sabine, Cape, 5
St. George, Cape, 15 fiord, 162
St. Mary’s school ship, 6
St. Paul’s Light, 12
Sandpiper, 187, 189
Saunders Island, 266
Scotch, 359
Scotchmen, 360
Sea, 18
East Greenland, 148
ice, 203
attempt to sledge over, 298
Seal, 133, 189
near ice-foot, 215
seen on ice, 228
six, 259
September 5th, a memorable day, 49
Sextant, 286
Shelter River, mooring of the _Roosevelt_, 236
Sheridan Point, 57
Sherard Osborn fiord, 162
Ship, for Arctic and Antarctic navigation, 359
held by ice, 249
motion of, 19
Sinnipahs, 382
Sipsu, 125
dog killed, 230
Sipsu and his wife, 248
Sir Clements Markham, President of the Royal Geographical Society, 375
Sledges, carried on backs of the party, 304
repaired and strengthened, 125, 207, 305, 318
journey for spring, 77, 78
Smith Sound, 260, 364
Snow, 47, 178, 181, 188, 269, 299
blindness, 140
bunting, 199
snowshoeing, 185, 186, 203, 208
snowy owl, 199
Society, Seamen’s Friend, 9
Sound, Whale, 25
Wolstenholm, 25
Soundings, 259, 265
“Spits,” 188
Spring, campaign, 299
Squalls, 207
Steamers, two, 16
Storm Camp, 130, 140
Stoves, 62
Strait, Cabot, 12
Davis, 16
Streams, two negotiated, 228
Summits, snow-clad of distant land, 207
Sun, 63, 109
Sverdrup’s “farthest,” 174
Sverdrup, 210
Swells, rolling, 185
Sydney, 20
Talus, 178
Temperature, 112, 220, 298, 299, 304, 309, 322
Tidal crack, 214
Tides, 125
Tigress, 4
Thermometer, 112
Trail, 123
Transit, 208
Tree, 148
Trevor-Battye, 208
Tumulus, 220
Tupiks, 382
Twilight, 93
arc, 101
Twin Peaks of Columbia, 230
Very River, 333
Victoria Head, 34
Victoria Inlet, 154
View, from Lookout Hill, from bluffs, 211
of peaks from Cape Alfred Ernest, 224
from Cape Hawkes, 298
View Point, 177, 234, 339
Waigatt, 20
Walrus, first appearance of, 20
grounds, 26
out to the grounds, 29
number secured, 265, 266
in Buchanan Bay region, 300
Wardwell, Geo. A., chief engineer, see personnel of the party under
Expedition, 5
his report, 18
Water, 58
Water sky, 339
Water-smoke, 105
Weather, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 29, 47, 48, 55, 56, 91, 98, 105,
106, 110, 114, 118, 123, 125, 126, 129, 132, 139, 141, 183, 192,
195, 201, 209, 215, 219, 223, 247, 257, 266, 305, 319, 322, 341, 342
Western trip, 174, 240
Whales (two), first appearance of, 20
Whale Sound glaciers, 189
Whaling Station, 275
_Windward_, S. S., 4, 35, 286, 296, 315, 316, 334, 349
Winds, 62, 91
Winter, 73, 74, 93, 299
Arctic, atmospheric conditions, 73
Wolfe, Dr. Louie J., surgeon, see personnel of the party under
Expedition, 78, 97, 173
Work accomplished, 315, 317
Zone of high ridges of rubble ice, 343
[Illustration: THE POLAR REGIONS Showing the ROUTES AND EXPLORATIONS of
ROBERT E. PEARY, U. S. N. From 1892 to 1906]
[Illustration:
THE NORTH POLAR REGIONS
]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. P. 291, changed “°F” to “inches of Hg”.
2. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in
spelling.
3. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.
4. Re-indexed footnotes using numbers.
5. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.