with the aid of the Britons drove the enemy beyond sea, and built a wall
from sea to sea, not as before with earth, but with solid stone, between
the fortresses erected in that part to curb the enemy. On the southern
coast, where an invasion of the Saxons was apprehended, he erected watch
towers. This was the work of Stilicho, as appears from Claudian.
XXXVIII. 4411. Rome, the seat of the fourth and greatest of the
monarchies, was seized by the Goths, as Daniel prophesied, in the year
one thousand one hundred and sixty-four after its foundation.
From this time ceased the Roman empire in Britain, four hundred and
sixty-five years after the arrival of Julius Caesar.
XXXIX. 4446. The Roman legion retiring from Britain, and refusing to
return, the Scots and Picts ravaged all the island from the north as far
as the wall, the guards of which being slain, taken prisoners, or driven
away, and the wall itself broken through, the predatory enemy then
poured into the country. An epistle was sent filled with tears and
sorrows to Fl. AEtius, thrice consul, in the twenty-third year of
Theodosius, begging the assistance of the Roman power, but without
effect.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 683: Probably from Caesar, though the precise date seems to be
fixed without authority.--_Caes. de Bell. Gall. lib._ v., Sec. 9.]
CHAP. II.
1. Having followed truth as far as possible, if any thing should occur
not strictly consistent with it, I request it may not be imputed to me
as a fault. Confining myself closely to the rules and laws of history, I
have collected all the accounts of other persons which I found most
accurate and deserving of credit. The reader must not expect any thing
beyond an enumeration of those emperors and Roman governors who had
authority over this island. With an account of these I shall close my
book.
2. Julius Caesar the dictator was the first of the Romans who invaded
Britain with an army, during the reign of Cassibelinus; but, although he
defeated the inhabitants in one battle, and occupied the coast, as
Tacitus observes, he rather seems to have shown the way to his
successors than to have given them possession.
3. In a short time the civil wars succeeding, the arms of the chiefs
were turned against the republic. Britain was also long neglected by the
advice of Augustus and the command of Tiberius. It is certain that
Caligula intended to enter Britain; but his quick temper and proneness
to change, or the unsuccessful attempts against the Germans, prevented
him.
4. Claudius, however, carried war into Britain which no Roman emperor
since Julius Caesar had reached, and, having transported his legions and
allies without danger or bloodshed, in a few days reduced a part of the
island. He afterwards sent over Vespasian, at that time in a private
station, who fought two and thirty battles with the enemy, and added to
the Roman empire two very powerful nations, with their kings, twenty
cities, and the isle of Vecta, contiguous to Britain. He overcame the
remainder by means of Cneas Sentius and Aulus Plautius. For these
exploits he obtained a great triumph.
5. To him succeeded Ostorius Scapula, a man famous in war, who reduced
the nearest part of Britain into a province, and added the colony of the
veterans, Camalodunum. Certain cities were delivered up to the chief
Cogibundus, who, according to Tacitus, remained faithful till the
accession of Trajan to the empire.
6. Avitus Didius Gallus kept possession of what his predecessors had
acquired, a few posts only being removed further into the interior, in
order to obtain the credit of extending his dominion.
7. Didius Verannius, who succeeded, died within a year.
8. Suetonius Paulinus continued prosperous for two years. The tribes
being reduced and garrisons established, he attacked the isle of Mona,
because it gave succour to the rebellious and afforded opportunities for
invasion. For the absence of the governor removing all fear, the Britons
began to recover courage, and rose in arms under the conduct of
Bonduica, a woman of royal descent. Having reduced the troops scattered
in the garrisons, they attacked the colony[684] itself, as the seat of
slavery, and in the height of rage and victory, exercised every species
of savage barbarity. Had not Paulinus, on receiving the intelligence,
luckily hastened to crush the revolt, Britain must have been lost. But
the fortune of one battle restored it to its former submission. Many of
the natives, from the consciousness of their defection, and fear of the
governor, continued under arms.
9. Suetonius, in other respects an illustrious man, but arrogant to the
vanquished and prompt to avenge his own injuries, being likely to
exercise severity, he was replaced by Petronius Turpilianus, who was
more merciful, a stranger to the offences of the enemy, and therefore
more likely to be softened by their repentance. Having settled the
disturbances, he gave up the province to Trebellius Maximus.
10. Trebellius, being of a slothful disposition and unused to war,
retained the province by gentleness. The barbarous Britons ceasing to be
ignorant of luxury, and the termination of civil wars, gave him an
excuse for inactivity. But discord called forth his exertions; for the
soldiery, when released from military labours, grew wanton from too much
rest. Trebellius, having evaded the rage of the army by flight, was
shortly allowed to resume the command, the licentiousness of the
soldiery becoming as it were a composition for the safety of the
general. This sedition ended without bloodshed.
11. Nor did Vectius Bolanus, although the civil wars still continued,
harass Britain by restoring discipline. There was the same inactivity
towards the enemy, and the same insubordination in the garrisons; but
Bolanus, being a good man and not disliked, acquired affection instead
of authority.
12. But when, with the rest of the world, Vespasian had recovered
Britain, we see distinguished generals, famous armies, and the enemy
dispirited: Petilius Cerealis immediately excited terror by attacking
the state of the Brigantes, which was esteemed the most populous of the
province. Many battles were fought, some of which were bloody, and a
great part of the Brigantian territory was either conquered or invaded.
13. But although Cerealis had diminished the care and fame of his
successor, the burden was sustained by Julius Frontinus, a man of high
courage. Overcoming at once the spirit of the enemy and the difficulties
of the country, he subjugated the warlike and powerful nation of the
Silures.
14. To him succeeded Agricola, who not only maintained the peace of the
province; but for seven years carried on war against the Caledonians and
their warlike king Galgacus. He thus added to the Roman empire nations
hitherto unknown.
15. But Domitian, envying the superior glory of Agricola, recalled him,
and sent his lieutenant Lucullus into Britain, because he had suffered
lances of a new form to be named _Luculleas_ after him.
16. His successor was Trebellius, under whom the two provinces, namely,
Vespasiana and Maeata, were wrested from the Roman government; for the
Romans gave themselves up to luxury.
17. About this time the emperor Hadrian visiting this island, erected a
wall justly wonderful, and left Julius Severus his deputy in Britain.
18. From this time nothing worthy of attention is related, until
Antoninus Pius carried on so many wars by his generals. He conquered the
Britons by means of Lollius Urbicus, the propraetor, and Saturninus,
prefect of the fleet, and, the barbarians being driven back, another
wall was built. He recovered the province afterwards called Valentia.
19. Pius dying, Aurelius Antoninus gained many victories over the
Britons and Germans.
20. On the death of Antoninus, when the Romans deemed their acquisitions
insufficient, they suffered a great defeat under Marcellus.
21. To him succeeded Pertinax, who conducted himself as an able general.
22. The next was Clodius Albinus, who contended with Severus for the
sceptre and purple.
23. After these, the first who enjoyed the title of lieutenant was
Virius Lupus: he did not perform many splendid actions; for his glory
was intercepted by the unconquerable Severus, who, having rapidly put
the enemy to flight, repaired the wall of Hadrian, now become ruinous,
and restored it to its former perfection. Had he lived, he intended to
extirpate the very name of the barbarians; but he died by the visitation
of God, among the Brigantes, in the city of Eboracum.
24. Alexander succeeded, who gained some victories in the East, and died
at Edessa.
25. His successors were the lieutenants Lucilianus, M. Furius, N.
Philippus *********, who, if we except the preservation of the
boundaries, performed hardly any thing worthy of notice.
26. Afterwards *****
_The rest is wanting._
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 684: Camalodunum.]
APPENDIX.--No. I.
COMMENTARY ON THE ITINERARY.
No people are so barbarous as to be totally destitute of the means of
internal communication; and in proportion as they become more civilized
and have more intercourse with other nations, these means are augmented
and facilitated. By the early accounts of the Britons it appears that
they maintained a considerable foreign commerce, that they had formed
towns or large communities, and used chariots for warlike, and
undoubtedly for civil purposes. Hence it is evident that their internal
communications must have been free and numerous. We need not therefore
be surprised, if, after the lapse of so many centuries, marks of such
British roads appear even at present to a careful observer, differing in
many respects from the roads subsequently made by the Romans, and
traversing the island in every direction.
These ancient ways may be distinguished from those made by the Romans by
unequivocal marks.
I. They are not raised nor paved, nor always straight; but often wind
along the tops or sides of the chains of hills which lie in their
course.
II. They do not lead to Roman towns, or notice such towns, except when
placed on the sites of British fortresses.
III. They are attended by tumuli like those of the Romans; but usually
throw out branches, which, after running parallel for some miles, are
reunited to the original stem.
When the Romans obtained a footing in this island, they directed all
their operations, according to their practice, by military principles.
They civilized indeed as they conquered, but conquest was their
principal object. Hence, as each tribe was successively subdued, they
fortified such primary posts as were best adapted to support their
future operations, established secondary posts to secure their
communications, and connected the whole by military ways. From local
circumstances, and the principles of war, their primary posts were
either at or near the sites of the British towns, or on the principal
rivers. If therefore the British towns and trackways were suited to
their purposes, they adopted them; if not, they constructed others. But
both their towns and roads differed materially from those of the
original inhabitants. The Romans in their towns or fortresses followed
the system of their own castrametation, in like manner as in modern
warfare the construction of permanent and temporary works is guided by
the same general principles. These towns are of a regular figure,
bounded by lines as straight as the shape of the ground will permit,
generally square or oblong, and consisting commonly in a single wall and
ditch, unless in positions peculiarly dangerous, or where local
circumstances rendered additional defences necessary. On the contrary
the British towns, which were occupied by the Romans, although
irregularly shaped, still partake of their original figure.
Specimens of the first kind, or perfect Roman towns, may be seen in
Colchester, Winchester, Caerleon, Caerwent, Castor near Norwich, and
all the military stations bordering on the wall of Severus. Of the
latter, in Bath, Silchester, Kentchester, Canterbury, and other places.
Similar marks of difference between the original British trackways and
the Roman roads appear in the Foss, and the Iknield Street;--the latter,
during the greater part of its course, keeping along the chain of hills
which lay in its way, not leading decidedly to Roman towns, throwing out
parallel branches, attended always with tumuli, still bearing its
British name, and appearing from its direction to have been made for
commercial purposes.
On the other hand the adopted roads, but more especially those made by
the Romans themselves, are distinguished by peculiar marks. Posts or
towns are placed on them at nearly regular distances, seldom exceeding
twenty miles, the length of a single march, and also at the point where
two roads intersect each other, or where several roads diverge. These
roads are elevated with surprising labour to the height of ten feet, and
sometimes even more, instances of which may be seen on the heath near
Woodyates Inn in Dorsetshire, near Old Sarum on the side of Ford, in
Chute Park, Wilts, between Ancaster and Lincoln, and still more
remarkably on Bramham Moor, near Tadcaster in Yorkshire. They were
formed of materials often brought from a considerable distance, such as
chalk, pebbles, or gravel; and the most considerable are paved with
stones, which are visible to this day. Tumuli also, which seem to have
been the direction-posts of antiquity, attended their course, and occur
in almost every instance where a road descends a hill, approaches a
station, or throws off a branch. Another peculiarity of the Roman ways
is their straight direction, from which they seldom deviate, except to
avoid a rapid ascent or descent, to throw off another road, or to
approach a station, which, from the circumstances before mentioned, had
been fixed out of the general line. Of this there is a curious instance
where the Foss, in approaching Cirencester from the north, meets the
Akeman Street, bearing to the same point from the north-east, and
evidently bends out of its course to join and enter the station with it.
Of many of the Roman roads, not only in England, but in the greater part
of the Roman empire, an account has been preserved under the name of the
Itinerary of Antoninus, which specifies the towns or stations on each
road, and shows the distances between them. This record was long
supposed to be a public directory or guide for the march of soldiers;
but if this were the case, it is extremely confused and imperfect. It
often omits in one _Iter_ or journey towns which are directly in its
course, and yet specifies them in another, as may be seen in the first,
second, sixth, and eighth Iters. It traces the same road more than once,
and passes unnoticed some of the most remarkable roads in the island,
namely a great part of the Foss, and the whole of the _Via Devana_ (a
road from Colchester to Chester.) Hence this Itinerary has been more
justly considered as the heads of a journal formed by some traveller or
officer, who visited the different parts of the empire from business or
duty; and, as Mr. Reynolds conjectures with great appearance of
probability, in the suite of the emperor Adrian. In this light it may be
considered as copious, and the advantages which it has afforded to the
antiquary will be gratefully and universally acknowledged. Still,
however, from the incoherence which appears in that part relating to our
island, and from the mutilated copies which have been found, there is
reason to imagine that the whole of this interesting record has not
escaped the ravages of time.
Such an itinerary, but varying in many respects from that of Antonine,
is one of the most important parts of the work now presented to the
reader.
In fixing the sites of the towns specified in these Itineraries, our
antiquaries have assumed the most unjustifiable latitude. The mere
resemblance of a name was considered as a reason sufficient to outweigh
all others; even the great Camden suffered himself to be misled by this
resemblance, in fixing Ariconium at Kentchester, Camalodunum at Maldon,
Bennavenna at Bensford, Pons AElii at Pont Eland, and Ad-Pontem at
Paunton. The explanation of the names to suit the supposed situation has
been another fruitful source of error; not only British and Latin, but
Saxon, Greek, and even Hebrew, have been exhausted to discover
significant appellations; and where one language was not sufficient,
half a word has been borrowed from one language and half from another to
support a favourite hypothesis.[685] The commentary now presented to the
reader is founded on the following principles.
I. The vestiges of roads actually existing are taken as much as possible
for guides; and the extremes or direction of each Iter, ascertained from
two or more undoubted stations, or other unequivocal proofs.
II. In general, no place is regarded as the site of a Roman station,
unless fixed Roman remains, such as buildings, baths, &c. are found at
or near it; and unless it is situated on or near the line of a Roman
road.
III. An exception has, however, been sometimes unavoidably made to this
rule. After the Romans had established their power, and completed their
system of internal communication, they undoubtedly lessened the number
of their garrisons, to avoid either too great a division of their force,
or to reduce that part of it which was necessarily stationary. Hence we
have sometimes considered the direction of the road, and the general
distance, as sufficient data for determining a station or stations,
either when they were situated between two considerable fortified
points, or when covered by others on every side; because it is probable
such posts were merely temporary, and were dilapidated or demolished,
even before the decline of the Roman power.
IV. In assigning a specific Roman name to a place, it has not been
deemed sufficient that fixed antiquities or other equivalent evidence
prove a town to have existed on the spot, unless the order of the names,
and the distances marked in the Itinerary, justify the appellation.
V. Where the line of the Roman road is tolerably perfect, no station is
sought far from it, except where the excess of the Itinerary over the
real distance, or accurate measurement, affords sufficient authority for
the deviation.
VI. The numbers which determine the distances being written in Roman
numerals, which gave great latitude for error[686] and substitutions,
recourse has been had to this rule.
Where the road still exists, the whole intermediate space between two
stations already determined, has been examined to discover what places,
from their relative distance, from their site, or the antiquities found
in them, have the fairest claim to be considered as Roman posts; and to
such places the names have been affixed according to the evidence
afforded in the Itinerary.
After this development of the principles on which we have proceeded in
our examination, it is necessary to add a few observations on the Roman
mile, the standard of measurement used in compiling the Itineraries;
because many difficulties in determining the stations arise from our
uncertainty respecting its real length. It may indeed appear easy to
ascertain this point, by a careful measurement of the space between two
military columns, still existing on any known Roman road. But in Britain
such an experiment has been hitherto impracticable; for the columns in
our island have been so universally defaced or removed, that, far from
two existing on the same road, only one has been found[687] whose
original station is known with any degree of certainty. In France and
Italy many of these columns still exist, and Danville has adduced three
instances in Languedoc, in which the distances between them accurately
measured amounted in one to 756, in another to 753, and in a third to
752 toises and two feet. The average 754 toises and two feet, seems to
determine the length of the Roman mile with sufficient precision; and
the result is confirmed by a comparison with the Roman foot, still
preserved in the capitol; for the exact length of the miles between the
military columns on the Appian way, in the neighbourhood of Rome, as
measured by Bianchini, was 5010 of these Roman feet, which reduced to
toises is 756 toises four feet and a half. From these results Danville
estimates the Roman mile at 755 toises, or 1593 yards[688] English
measure.
Unfortunately this mensuration does not lessen the difficulties of the
English antiquary; for the distance between any two of our known
stations, if measured by this standard, disagrees in almost every
instance with the numbers of the Itineraries. Different conjectures have
been advanced to solve this difficulty. One, supported by the
respectable authority of Horsley, is, that the Romans measured only the
horizontal distance, without regarding the inequalities of the surface;
or that the space between station and station was ascertained from maps
accurately constructed. This idea receives some support from a fact
acknowledged by every British antiquary, namely, that the Itinerary
miles bear a regular proportion to the English miles on plains, but fall
short of them in hilly grounds. Another opinion is, that the Itinerary
miles were not measured by an invariable standard, but in the distant
provinces were derived from the common measures of the country. In
support of this conjecture a supposed coincidence between the computed
and measured miles, noticed by Horsley and others, has been adduced; but
if this were the case, there would not be so exact a conformity between
the miles of France and Italy as appears in the instance before
mentioned.
To remove, however, as many causes of error as possible, considerable
pains have been taken to correct the numbers, by a comparison of all the
earliest and most authentic copies of the Itinerary. These are: The
Itinerary of Talbot, published in Leland's works. That of Camden. Two
copies by Harrison, published first in Hollingshed, and republished by
Burton. That of Gale. That of Surita, who collated five copies, four of
which he thus designates:--1. Bibliothecae Regiae ad D. Laurent.
vetustisa. Codex Ovetensis AEra I[OO]CCCCXX descriptus. 2. Bibliothecae
Blandiniae pervetustus codex a CCCC. circiter annis transcriptus. 3.
Bibliothecae Neapolitanorum Regum qui post cardinalis de Ursinis fuit
anno M.CCCCXXVII. exscriptus. 4. Christophori Longolii exemplar ab H.
Stephano. Parisiis editum, anno M.I[O]XII.
As the Roman posts and roads were in a great degree connected with, or
derived from, the British towns and trackways, we proceed to trace first
the course of the British roads which still exist, and to specify the
towns whose sites are known, premising that of the ninety-two capital
towns of the Britons commemorated by historians, the names of only
eighty-eight have been preserved.
The British ways were,--
1. The WATLING STREET, or Irish road, in two branches, northern and
southern.
2. The IKNIELD STREET, or road of the Iceni, the inhabitants of the
eastern coast.
3. The RYKNIELD STREET, leading through the country of the Upper Iceni
or Coritani.
4. The ERMYN STREET, leading from the coast of Sussex to the south-east
part of Scotland.
5. The AKEMAN STREET, or intermediate road between the Iknield and
Ryknield Street.
6. The UPPER SALT-WAY, leading from the salt-mines at Droitwich to the
coast of Lincolnshire.
7. The LOWER SALT-WAY, leading from the same mines to the south eastern
coast.
8. A road which appears to have skirted the western coast, as the Ermyn
Street did the eastern.
Besides these, there is reason to conjecture from several detached
pieces, that another road followed the shores round the island.
WATLING STREET.
The south-eastern branch of the Watling Street proceeded from
Richborough on the coast of Kent, to Canterbury; and from thence, nearly
in the line of the present turnpike, towards Rochester. It left that
city to the right, passed the Medway by a ford, and ran almost straight,
through lord Darnley's park, to Southfleet. It bent to the left to avoid
the marshes near London, continued along a road now lost to Holwood
Hill, the capital of the Rhemi, and then followed the course of the
present road to London.--Having crossed the Thames, it ran by Edgeware
to Verulam; and from thence, with the present great Irish road, through
Dunstable and Towcester to Weedon. Hence, instead of bending to the
left, with the present turnpike, it proceeded straight by Dovebridge,
High Cross, Fazeley, Wall, and Wellington, to Wroxeter. It then passed
the Severn, and continued by Rowton, Pen y Pont, and Bala, to Tommen y
Mawr, where it divided into two branches. One ran by Beth Gellert to
Caernarvon and Anglesea, the other by Dolwyddelan, through the mountains
to the banks of the Menai, where it joined the north-eastern branch
(which will be presently described), and ended at Holy Head, the great
port of the Irish.
In its course are the British towns _Rhutupis_, Richborough,
_Durovernum_, Canterbury, _Durobrivae_, Rochester, _Noviomagus_, Holwood
Hill, _Trinobantum_, London, _Verolamium_, St. Alban's, _Durocobrivae_,
Dunstable, _Uriconium_, Wroxeter, _Mediolanum_ on the banks of the
Tanad, _Segontium_, Caer Segont, and possibly a town, of which the name
is lost, at Holy Head.
The north-western branch of the Watling Street, coming from the interior
of Scotland by Cramond and Jedburgh, enters England at Chew Green, and
continues by Riechester to Corbridge. There, crossing the Tyne, it ran
through Ebchester, Lanchester, and Binchester, and passed the Tees by a
ford near Pierce Bridge. Hence it went by Catteric, Newton, Masham, and
Kirby Malside to Ilkley, and near Halifax to Manchester. Over the moors
between these two last places it is called the Devil's Causeway. From
Manchester, where it passed the Mersey, it proceeded by Street,
Northwich, Chester, Caerhun, and over the mountains to Aber, where it
fell into the south-western branch, in its course to Holy Head.
On it were the British towns, _Bremenium_, Riechester, _Epiacum_,
Lanchester, _Vinovium_, Binchester, _Cutaractonis_, Catterick,
_Olicana_, Ilkley, and _Deva_, Chester.
THE IKNIELD STREET,
Or road of the Iceni, proceeds from the coast near Great Yarmouth.
Passing through Taesborough, it runs by Icklingham and Newmarket, and,
skirting the chain of hills which stretches through Cambridgeshire,
Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, and Oxfordshire, continues by Bournbridge
to Icoldon and Royston (where it intersects the Ermyn Street). Thence it
proceeds by Baldock, over Wilbury Hill, to Dunstable (where it crosses
the Watling Street), Tring, Wendover, Elsborough, near Risborough
Chinor, Watlington, Woodcote, and Goring, and, passing the Thames at
Streetly, throws off a collateral branch, which will be noticed under
the name of the RIDGEWAY. From hence it proceeded, as Stukeley imagined,
by Aldworth, Newbury Street, Ashmansworth, Tangley, and Tidworth, to Old
Sarum. Thence by the two Stratfords, across Vernditch Chase, Woodyates
Inn, the Gussages, Badbury, Shapwick, Shitterton, Maiden Castle,
Eggardon, Bridport, Axminster, Honiton, Exeter, Totness, &c., to the
Land's End.
The collateral branch called the RIDGEWAY, ran from Streetly along the
hills, by Cuckhamsley Hill, Whitehorse Hill, and Ashbury, towards Abury,
from whence its course is unknown. Possibly it ran towards Glastonbury.
From Elworthy barrows, above Taunton, it passes south-westerley into
Devonshire, and from Stretton in Cornwall, it kept along the ridge of
hills to Redruth and the Land's End.
The British towns on this way were _Ad Taum_, Taesborough, the ancient
capital of the Iceni Magni, _Durocobrivae_, Dunstable, _Sorbiodunum_, Old
Sarum, _Durinum_, probably Maiden Castle, _Isca_, Exeter, _Tamara_, a
post on the Tamar, _Voluba_ on the Fowey, and _Cenia_ on the Fal.
On the Ridgeway, possibly _Avalonia_, Glastonbury, _Termolus_, by some
supposed to be Molland in Devon, _Artavia_, ... _Musidum_, near
Stratton, and _Halangium_, Carnbre.
RYKNIELD STREET,
Or street of the upper Iceni, said to begin at the mouth of the Tyne,
ran by Chester le Street to Binchester, where it joined the Watling
Street, and continued with it to Catterick. Then, bearing more easterly,
it ran with the present great northern road to within two miles of
Borough Bridge, where it left the turnpike to the right, and crossed the
Eure to Aldborough. From thence it went by Coptgrave, Ribston,
Spofforth, through Stokeld Park, to Thorner, Medley, Foleby, Bolton,
Graesborough, Holme, Great Brook near Tretown, Chesterfield, Alfreton,
Little Chester, Egginton, to Burton, and Wall (where it crossed the
Watling Street). Thence through Sutton Colefield, to Birmingham, King's
Norton, Alchester, Bitford, Sedgebarrow, Tewkesbury, Glocester, Lidney,
Chepstow, and probably by Abergavenny, Brecon, Landilo, and Caermarthen
to St. David's.
It passed the British towns of _Vinovium_, Binchester, _Cataracton_,
Catterick, _Isurium_, Aldborough, _Etocetum_, Wall, _Alauna_, Alcester,
_Glevum_, Glocester, _Maridunum_, Caermarthen, and _Menapia_, St.
David's.
THE ERMYN STREET
Came from the eastern side of Scotland, and, crossing the Tweed west of
Berwick, ran near Wooler, Hedgely, Brumpton, Brinkburn, Netherwittern,
Hartburn, and Rial, to Corbridge, where it joined the North Watling
Street. Passing with that Way the two great rivers the Tyne and the
Tees, it continued to Catterick, where it divided into two branches.
The western branch went with the Ryknield Street as far as Aldborough,
and then, leaving that way to the right, proceeded by Little Ousebourn,
to Helensford, over Bramham Heath, to Aberford, Castleford, Houghton,
Stapleton, Adwick, Doncaster, Bawtry, and probably by Tuxford,
Southwell, and over the Trent to Thorp (where it passed the Foss),
Staunton, and Stainby, where it joined the
Eastern branch. This branch ran from Catterick by North Allerton,
Thirsk, Easingwold, Stamford Bridge, Market Weighton, and South Cave,
and, crossing the Humber, continued by Wintringham, Lincoln, and
Ancaster, to near Witham, when it was reunited with the western branch
above-mentioned. Both continued to Brig Casterton, near Stamford,
Chesterton, Stilton, Godmanchester, Royston (where it crossed the
Icknield Street), Buntingford, Puckeridge, Ware Park, west of Roxbourn,
Cheshunt, Enfield, Wood Green, and London. Here it again divided into
two branches. The more westerly went by Dorking, Coldharbour, Stone
Street, and Pulborough to Chichester; while the easterly was continued
by Bromley, Holwood Hill, Tunbridge Wells, Wadhurst, Mayfield, and
Eastbourn, to Pevensey.
On it were the British towns _Vinovium_, Binchester, _Cataractonis_,
Catterick, _Isurium_, Aldborough, _Lindum_, Lincoln, _Durnomagus_,
Castor near Peterborough, _Trinovantum_, London, _Regentium_ or
_Regnum_, Chichester, _Noviomagus_, Holwood Hill, and _Anderida Portus_,
Pevensey.
AKEMAN STREET
Appears to have passed from the eastern side of the island, probably by
Bedford, Newport Pagnel, Stony Stratford, and Buckingham (or as others
think by Fenny Stratford and Winsborough), to Alcester. It then ran by
Kirklington, Woodstock, Stonefield Astall and Coln St. Alwin's, to
Cirencester, Rodmarton, Cherrington, Bagspath, and Symonds' Hall. From
thence it is said to be continued by Cromehall to Aust, where, passing
the Severn, it probably ran through Caerwent, Caerleon, and along the
coast by Caerdiff, Neath, Lwghor, to Caermarthen, and the Irish port at
St. David's.
The British towns were _Corinum_, Cirencester, _Venta Silurum_,
Caerwent, _Isca_, Caerleon, _Maridunum_, Caermarthen, and _Menapia_, St.
David's.
THE UPPER SALT-WAY,
Which appears to have been the communication between the sea coast of
Lincolnshire and the Salt-mines at Droitwich. It is first known as
leading from the neighbourhood of Stainsfield, towards Paunton and
Denton, and then running not far from Saltby and Croxton, is continued
straight by Warmby and Grimston, to Sedgehill on the Foss. Here it
appears to bear towards Barrow on the Soar, and crossing Charnwood
Forest, is again seen at Stretton on the borders of Warwickshire, from
whence it is easily traced to Birmingham and over the Lickey to
Droitwich.
British town _Salinae_, Droitwich.
The SECOND SALT-WAY is little known, although the parts here described
have been actually traced. It came from Droitwich, crossed
Worcestershire under the name of the SALT-WAY, appears to have passed
the Avon, somewhere below Evesham, tended towards the chain of hills
above Sudeley Castle, where it is still visible, attended by _tumuli_ as
it runs by Hawling. Thence it proceeds to Northleach, where it crossed
the Foss, in its way to Coln St. Aldwin's, on the Akeman Street, and led
to the sea coast of Hampshire.
_Venta Belgarum_, Winchester, and _Portus Magnus_, Porchester, or
_Clausentum_, Bittern near Southampton--were probably situated in its
course.
In many places are vestiges of a continued road skirting the western
side of the island, in the same manner as the Ermyn Street did the
eastern, of which parts were never adopted by the Romans. There is great
reason to suppose it British, because it connects many of the British
towns. It appears to have commenced on the coast of Devon, perhaps not
far from the mouth of the Ex, and to have gone by Exeter, Taunton,
Bridgewater, Bristol, Glocester, Kidderminster, Claverley, Weston, High
Offley, Betley, Middlewich, Northwich, Warrington, Preston, Lancaster.
Here probably dividing into two branches, one ran by Kendal, Penrith,
and Carlisle, to the extreme parts of the island, while the other
passed, by Kirby Lonsdale and Orton, to Kirby Thure, from whence it
continued under the name of the MAIDEN-WAY, by the Wall and Bewcastle
into the interior parts of Scotland. On this Street were _Isca_, Exeter,
_Uxella_, possibly near Bridgewater, _Glevum_, Gloucester,
_Brannogenium_, Worcester, _Salinae_, Droitwich, _Coccium_, Blackrode, and
_Luguballium_, Carlisle.
Besides these, and the separate communications between the different
towns, there is reason to imagine that a general road ran round the
whole coast of the island, parts of which have been observed near the
southern coast of Dorsetshire, particularly from Abbotsbury to the isle
of Purbeck; likewise in Hampshire, along Portsdown Hill; and from Old
Winchester through Sussex, on the tops of the hills between Midhurst and
Chichester, to Arundel and Brighthelmstone. Also in Essex from Maldon to
Colchester, and in Suffolk by Stretford, Ipswich, Stretford, and
Blythburgh, to the banks of the Yar. In Lincolnshire are two branches,
one running clearly from Tattersal, by Horncastle, Ludford, Strinton,
Caistor, and Somerby, and a second nearer to the coast from Lowth
towards Brocklesby, and both tending to the passage of the Humber, not
far from Barton. Also along the principal part of the coast through
Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumberland. On the western side of the island
it appears to have passed on the hills which skirt the northern coast of
Devonshire and Somersetshire, and possibly might be traced through Wales
and towards Scotland.
* * * * *
As the original text of so important a document as Richard's Itinerary
is essential to the thorough comprehension of its meaning, it is here
subjoined: it follows after the end of Chapter VII.
DIAPHRAGMATA.
ITER I. Rhutupia is prima in Britannia insula civitas versus Galliam
apud Cantios sita a Gessoriago Bonnoniae portu, unde commodissimus in
supradictam insulam transitus obtingit, CCCCL. stadia, vel ut alii
volunt XLVI. mille passuum remota: ab eadem civitate ducta est via
Guethelinga dicta, usque in Segontium per m.p. CCCXXIIII. plus minus
sic:--Cantiopoli, quae et Duroverno, m.p. X. Durosevo XII. Duroprovis
XXV. deinde m.p. XXVII. transis Thamesin intrasque provinciam Flaviam et
civitatem Londinium (Augustam), Sulo Mago m.p. VIIII. Verolamio
municipio XII. unde fuit Amphibalus et Albanus Martyres. Foro Dianae XII.
Magio Vinio XII. Lactorodo XII. Isanta Varia XII. Tripontio XII. Benonis
VIIII. Hic bisecatur via, alterutrumque ejus brachium Lindum usque,
alterum versus Viriconium protenditur, sic: Manduessuedo m.p. XII.
Etoceto XIII. Pennocrucio XII. Uxaconia XII. Virioconio XI. Banchorio
XXVI. Deva Colonia X. Fines Flaviae et Secundae, Varis m.p. XXX. Conovio
XX. Seguntio XXIIII.
ITER II. A Seguntio Virioconium usque, m.p. LXXIII. sic:--Heriri monte
m.p. XXV. Mediolano XXV. Rutunio XII. Virioconio XI.
ITER III. A Londinio Lindum coloniam usque, sic: Durosito m.p. XII.
Caesaro Mago XVI. Canonio XV. Camaloduno colonia VIIII. ibi erat templum
Claudii, arx triumphalis, et imago Victoriae deae. Ad Sturium amnem m.p.
VI. et finibus Trinobantum Cenimannos advenis, Cambretonio m.p. XV. Sito
Mago XXII. Venta Cenom. XXIII.... Camborico colonia XX. Durali ponte XX.
Durno Mago XX. Isinnis XX. Lindo XX.
ITER IV. A Lindo ad Vallum usque, sic:--Argolico m.p. XIIII. Dano XX.
Ibi intras Maximam Caesariensem, Legotio m.p. XVI. Eboraco municip. olim
colonia sexta m.p. XXI. Isurio XVI. Cattaractoni XXIIII. ad Tisam X.
Vinovio XII. Epiaco XVIIII. ad Murum VIIII. trans Murum intras
Valentiam. Alauna amne m.p. XXV. Tueda flumine XXX. ad Vallum....
ITER V. A limite Praeturiam usque, sic:--Curia m.p.... ad Fines m.p....
Bremenio m.p.... Corstoplio XX. Vindomora VIIII. Vindovio XVIIII.
Cattaractoni XXII. Eboraco XL. Derventione VII. Delgovicia XIII.
Praeturio XXV.
ITER VI. Ab Eboraco Devam usque, sic:--Calcaria m.p. VIIII. Camboduno
XXII. Mancunio XVIII. Finibus Maximae et Flaviae m.p. XVIII. Condate
XVIII. Deva XVIII.
ITER VII. A Portu Sistuntiorum Eboracum usque, sic:--Rerigonio m.p.
XXIII. ad Alpes Peninos VIII. Alicana X. Isurio XVIII. Eboraco XVI.
ITER VIII. Ab Eboraco Luguvalium usque, sic:--Cattaractoni m.p. XL.
Lataris XVI. Vataris XVI. Brocavonacis XVIII. Vorreda XVIII. Luguballia
XVIII.
ITER VIIII. A Luguballio Ptorotonim usque, sic:--Trimontio m.p....
Gadanica m.p.... Corio m.p.... ad Vallum m.p.... Incipit Vespasiana.
Alauna m.p. XII. Lindo VIIII. Victoria VIIII. ad Hiernam VIIII. Orrea
XIIII. ad Tavum XVIIII. ad AEsicam XXIII. ad Tinam VIII. Devana XXIII. ad
Itunam XXIIII. ad Montem Grampium m.p.... ad Selinam m.p.... Tuessis
XVIIII. Ptorotone m.p....
ITER X. Ab ultima Ptorotone per medium insulae Isca Damnonorum usque,
sic:--Varis m.p. VIII. ad Tuessim XVIII. Tamea XXVIIII.... m.p. XXI. in
Medio VIIII. Orrea VIIII. Victoria XVIII. ad Vallum XXXII. Luguballia
LXXX. Brocavonacis XXII. ad Alaunam m.p.... Coccio m.p.... Mancunio
XVIII. Condate XXIII. Mediolano XVIII. Etoceto m.p.... Salinis m.p....
Glebon colonia m.p.... Corino XIIII. Aquas Solis m.p.... ad Aquas XVIII.
ad Uxellam amnem m.p.... Isca m.p....
ITER XI. Ab Aquis per Viam Juliam Menapiam usque, sic:--ad Abonam m.p.
VI. ad Sabrinam VI. unde trajectu intras in Britanniam Secundam et
stationem Trajectum m.p. III. Venta Silurum VIII. Isca colonia VIIII.
unde fuit Aaron Martyr. Tibia amne m.p. VIII. Bovio XX. Nido XV. Leucaro
XV. ad Vigesimum XX. ad Menapiam XVIIII. Ab hac urbe per XXX. m.p.
navigas in Hyberniam.
ITER XII. Ab Aquis Londinium usque, sic:--Verlucione m.p. XV. Cunetione
XX. Spinis XV. Calleba Attrebatum XV. Bibracte XX. Londinio XX.
ITER XIII. Ab Isca Uriconium usque, sic:--Bultro m.p. VIII. Gobannio
XII. Magna XXIII. Branogenio XXIII. Urioconio XXVII.
ITER XIIII. Ab Isca per Glebon Lindum usque, sic:--Ballio m.p. VIII.
Blestio XII. Sariconio XI. Glebon colonia XV. ad Antonam XV. Alauna
XV.... Vennonis XII. Ratiscorion XII. Venromento XII. Margiduno XII. ad
Pontem XII. Croco colana Lindum XII.
ITER XV. A Londinio per Clausentum in Londinium, sic:--Caleba m.p.
XLIIII. Vindomi XV. Venta Belgarum XXI. ad Lapidem VI. Clausento IIII.
Portu Magno X. Regno X. ad Decimum X. Anderida portu m.p.... ad Lemanum
m.p. XXV. Lemaniano portu X. Dubris X. Rhutupis colonia X. Regulbio X.
Contiopoli X. Durelevo XVIII. Mado XII. Vagnaca XVIII. Novio Mago XVIII.
Londinio XV.
ITER XVI. A Londinio Ceniam usque, sic:--Venta Belgarum m.p. XC. Brige
XI. Sorbioduno VIII. Ventageladia XII. Durnovaria VIIII. Moriduno
XXXIII. Isca Damnon. XV.... Durio amne m.p.... Tamara m.p.... Voluba
m.p.... Cenia m.p....
ITER XVII. Ab Anderida [Eboracum] usque, sic:--Sylva Anderida m.p....
Noviomago m.p.... Londinio m.p. XV. ad Fines m.p.... Durolisponte
m.p.... Durnomago m.p. XXX. Corisennis XXX. Lindo XXX. in Medio XV. ad
Abum XV. unde transis in Maximam, ad Petuariam m.p. VI. dein le Eboraco,
ut supra, m.p. XLVI.
ITER XVIII. Ab Eboraco, per medium insulae Clausentum usque,
sic:--Legiolio m.p. XXI. ad Fines XVIII.... m.p. XVI.... m.p. XVI. ...
Derventione m.p. XVI. ad Trivonam XII. Etoceto XII. Manduessuedo XVI.
Benonnis XII. Tripontio XI. Isannavaria XII. Brinavis XII. AElia castra
XVI. Dorocina XV. Tamesi VI. Vindomi XV. Clausento XLVI.
Plurima insuper habebant Romani in Britanniis castella, suis quaeque
muris, turribus, portis, et repagulis munita.
_Finis Itinerariorum._
Quod hactenus auribus, in hoc capite percipitur pene oculis intuentibus:
nam huic adjuncta est mappa Britanniae artificialiter depicta, quae omnia
loca cet. evidenter exprimit, ut ex ea cunctarum regionum incolas
dignoscere detur.
* * * * *
ANCIENT AND MODERN NAMES OF THE STATIONS IN RICHARD OF CIRENCESTER'S
ITINERARY.
[From the London Edition, 8vo. 1809.]
ITER I. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(1) A Rhutupi ducta est | From Richborough to Caer.
"_Via Guethelinga_" |
dicta, usque in Segontium, per m.p. | Segont, by the Watling
CCCXXIIII. plus minus, sic:-- | Street.
|_Corrected_|
|_numbers._ |
(2) Cantiopoli quae et | |
Duroverno X | XI | Canterbury.
(3) Durosevo XII | XII | Stone Chaple, in Ospringe.
(4) Daroprovis XXV | XVI | Rochester.
Deinde m.p. XXVII | XXVII |
transis Thamesin | |
intrasque provinciam | |
Flaviam et civitatem | |
(5) Londinium Augustam | | London.
(6) Sulo Mago VIIII | XII | On the site of Mr.
| | Napier's house at
| | Brockley Hill.
(7) Verolamio Municipio | |
XII | VIIII | Verulam.
Unde fuit Amphibalus | |
et Albanus, martyres. | |
(8) Foro Dianae XII | XII | Dunstable.
(9) Magio Vinio XII | XII | Old Fields, South of Fenny
| | Stratford.
(10) Lactorodo XII | XVI | Berry Mount, in Towcester.
(11) Isanta Varia XII | XII | Burnt Walls near Daventry.
(12) Tripontio XII | XII | Near Lilbourne.
(13) Benonis VIII | VIIII | High Cross.
Hic bisecatur Via; | |
alterutrumque ejus | |
brachium Lindum | |
usque, alterum versus | |
Viriconium protenditur, | |
sic:-- | |
(14) Manduessuedo XII | XII | Manceter.
(15) Etoceto XIII | XVI | Wall.
(16) Pennocrucio XII | XII | On the Penk.
(17) Uxaconia XII | XII | Red Hill, near Okenyate.
(18) Virioconio XI | XI | Wroxeter.
(19) Banchorio XXVI | XXVI | Probably Banchor.
(20) Deva Colonia X | XV | Chester.
Fines Flaviae et Secundae | |
(21) Varis XXX | XXVII | Banks of the Clwydd near
| | Bodfari.
(22) Conovio XX | XX | Caer Hun.
(23) Segontio XXIIII | XIIII | Caer Segont, near
| | Caernarvon.
The first Iter having run uniformly on the traces of the British road
called Watling Street (except the small distance from Southfleet to
London), and the road remaining tolerably perfect, there can be little
difficulty in fixing the several stations, or indeed in correcting the
sometimes corrupted numbers of the Itinerary. It begins at Richborough,
and, although at present obscure from the improved cultivation of the
country, may be easily traced to Canterbury, from whence it went in the
direction of the present turnpike to Rochester, leaving the intermediate
station at Stone Chaple, in Ospringe, a little to the left hand. At
Rochester it passed the Medway, considerably above the present bridge,
and instead of running to the right with the modern turnpike, it went as
straight as the nature of the ground would permit, by Cobham Park, and
Shinglewell, to Barkfields, in Southfleet (the station _Vagniacis_ in
Antonine,) then to Swanscombe Parkwood, through which it passed, and
rejoined the Dover road between the fifteenth and sixteenth milestone,
near Dartford Brent. Hence it went by Shooter's Hill over the Thames to
London; and then as before mentioned, by the site of Mr. Napier's house
at Brockley Hill, Verulam, Dunstable, Fenny Stratford, Towcester, Burnt
Walls,[689] near Lilbourne, High Cross, Manceter, Wall, Okenyate, to
Wroxeter. Here, quitting the south-west branch of the Watling Street, it
bore to the right by Uffington, Broughton, Overley, Hammer, and Sarn
Bridge to Banchor; and from thence ran clearly by Stockach and Aldford,
over the Dee to Chester.
The Roman road here joining the North-east Watling Street, before
mentioned, continued with it to Bodfari, and crossing Denbighshire, went
over the Conway to Caer Hun; and is supposed to have run as straight as
the country would permit, to Caer Segont, about half a mile south of
Caernarvon.
* * * * *
ITER II. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(23) A Segontio Virioconium usque, | From Caer Segont to Wroxeter.
m.p. LXXIII. sic:-- |
|
|_Corrected_|
|_numbers._ |
(24) Heriri Monte XXV | XXV | Tommen y Mur, in Maentrwg.
(25) Mediolano XXV | XVII | On the bank of the Tanad.
(26) Rutunio XII | XVI | Rowton.
(18) Virioconio XI | XI | Wroxeter.
This Iter runs on a branch of the South-east Watling Street, from Caer
Segont, nearly in the direction of the present road to Tommen y Mur, an
undoubted station in the parish of Maentrwg, by the common name of Sarn
Helen, or the "paved way of the Legion." From hence it is continued to
Bala; and on the banks of the Tanad, not far from the point where it is
intersected by the Roman road from Caersws to Chester, was probably the
lost town of _Mediolanum_. From _Mediolanum_ the road runs under the
north end of the Brythen, straight, although obscurely, to Rowton, and
from thence over the Severn to Wroxeter.
* * * * *
ITER III. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(5) A Londinio Lindum coloniam usque, | From London to Lincoln.
sic:-- |
|_Corrected_|
|_numbers._ |
(27) Durosito XII | XII | Near Rumford.
(28) Caesaro Mago XVI | XVI | Near Chelmsford.
(29) Canonio XV | XV | On the east of Kelvedon.
(30) Camaloduno Colonia | |
VIIII | VIIII | Colchester.
Ibi erat templum | |
Claudii, arx | |
triumphalis, et imago| |
Victoriae deae. | |
(31) Ad Sturium amnem VI | VI | Banks of the Stour.
Et finibus Trinobantum| |
Cenimannos advenis | |
(32) Cambretonio XV | |
(33) Sito Mago XXII | |
(34) Venta Cenom XXIII | | Castor, near Norwich.
.....[690].......... | |
(35) Camborico Colonia XX | | North side of the Cam,
| | Cambridge.
(36) Duraliponte[691] XX | XV | Godmanchester.
(37) Durno Mago[692] XX | XX | Castor.
| | Durobrivis was Chesterton
| | on the Nen, near it.
(38) Isinis[693] XX | XXV | Ancaster.
(39) Lindo[694] XX | XXI | Lincoln.
As it is fifty-one measured miles from London to Colchester, and as it
is probable that the stone from whence the Roman miles were measured was
at least one mile west of Whitechapel church, we cannot allow any
material deviation from the course of the present road, except in the
neighbourhood of the capital, where the Roman road, instead of passing
through Mile End, went much straighter over the Lee at Old Ford, and
fell again into the course of the present turnpike at Stratford. The
Itinerary allowing only fifty-two miles between London and Colchester,
and the fifth Iter of Antonine agreeing with this of Richard, by stating
twenty-eight as the distance between London and _Caesaromagus_, we may
implicitly adopt the distances here given, and fix the intermediate
stations near Rumford, Chelmsford, and Kelvedon. From Colchester the
road ran to the Stour, where probably stood the Mansio _ad Ansam_. From
hence to Castor, near Norwich, (the _Venta Icenorum_,) the stations and
course of the road are unknown. Some commentators have supposed it ran
westerly, by Brettenham and Thetford; others by Ipswich, Stowmarket, and
Scole Inn; and others have carried it more easterly, by Ipswich and
Blythburgh, or Dunwich, to the capital of the Iceni. In favour of the
first, there is merely the supposed resemblance of the name of
Brettenham to _Cambretonium_; of the second, traces of a Roman way,
called the Pye Road; and of the third, a British track-way, and another
Roman road, called the Stone Street. But the distances suit none of
these sites, and no Roman remains have any where been found, between the
Stour and Castor, sufficient to justify an alteration of the numerals.
_Icianis_ may have been Icklingham; and _Camboricum_ was most probably
at Cambridge, from whence there is a Roman road discoverable to Lincoln.
To the first station, Godmanchester, this Iter goes on the great
communication between Colchester and Chester, which for the sake of
distinction may be called the _Via Devana_; and from Godmanchester to
Lincoln, on the eastern branch of the Ermyn Street, which was adopted by
the Romans. Twenty miles from Godmanchester, we find the great station
of Chesterton, on one side of the Nen, and Castor on the other; which
probably gave rise to the two names of _Durobrivae_, and _Durnomagus_,
the Roman and British towns severally noticed by Antonine and Richard.
About twenty-five miles further, in the course of the road which cannot
be mistaken, we find Ancaster, the _Isinnis_, _Corisennis_, or
_Causennis_ of the Itineraries, from whence twenty-one additional miles
bring us to Lincoln.
ITER IV. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(39) A Lindo ad Vallum usque, sic: | From Lincoln to the Wall.
|_Corrected_|
|_Numbers._ |
(40) Argolico XIIII | XIIII | Littleborough.
(41) Dano XX | XXI | Doncaster.
Ibi intras Max | |
Caesariensem | |
(42) Legotio[695] m.p. XVI | XVI | Castleford.
(43) Eburaco Municip. olim | |
Colonia Sexta[696] XXI | XXI | York.
(44) Isurio XVI | XVII | Aldborough.
(45) Cattaractoni[697] XXIIII | XXIIII | Catterick.
(46) Ad Tisam X | XII | Pierce Bridge.
(47) Vinovio XII | X | Binchester.
(48) Epiaco XVIII} | XIIII | Lanchester.
(49) Ad Muram VIIII} | VIIII | Halton Chester on the Wall.
trans Murum intras | |
Valentiam | |
(50) Alauna amne XXV | XXV | Banks of the Coquet.
(51) Tueda flumine XXX | XXXV | Banks of the Tweed.
(52) Ad Vallum | | The Wall.
The fourth Iter left Lincoln with the Eastern Ermyn Street, which ran to
the Humber; and, after continuing on it about five miles, turned
suddenly to the left, pursuing its course in a straight line to the
Trent, which it passed immediately opposite to the station of
Littleborough. The Roman road may be traced from hence to Austerfield
and Doncaster, where it fell in with the Western Ermyn Street, and is
visible all the way by Castleford, Aberford, and Tadcaster, to York. In
this Iter, the station of Tadcaster is passed unnoticed, as in the
former the station of Brig Casterton, near Stamford.
From York the Iter is continued along the left bank of the Ouse, till it
crossed the river to Aldborough. From hence rejoining the Western Ermyn
Street, it passed the Eure, and ran straight through Catterick to the
Tees, which it crossed at Piercebridge. It continued by the Royal Oak,
St. Andrew Aukland, and the Bishop's Park, to Binchester, where, after
fording the Were, it went with the North Watling Street to Lanchester;
and, without noticing either Ebchester or Corbridge, over the Tyne to
Halton Chester on the Wall. Here separating from the North Watling
Street, it ran with the Ermyn Street, now known in Northumberland by the
name of the Devil's Causeway, to the bank of the Coquet and the Tweed,
and entering Scotland on the East, was continued to the wall of
Antonine.
ITER V. | SITES OF THE STATIONS
|
(52) A limite Praeturiam usque, sic:-- | To Flamborough Head.
|_Corrected_|
|_Numbers._ |
(53) Curia[698] | |
(54) Ad fines | | Chew Green.
(55) Bremenio | VII | Riechester.
(56) Corstoplio XX | XXV | Corbridge.
(57) Vindomora VIIII | VIIII | Corbridge.
(47) Vindovio[699] XVIIII | XVIIII | Binchester.
(45) Cattaractoni XXII | XXII | Catterick.
(43) Eboraco XL | XL | York.
(58) Derventione VII | VII | On the Derwent, near Stamford
| | Bridge.
(59) Delgovicia [700]XIII | |
(60) Praeturio [701]XXV | XXXVIII | Near Flamborough Head.
In regard to the part of the country traversed by this Iter, there
appears to have been so little connection between the work of our author
and the map which accompanies it, that we can rely little on the latter
either to assist or correct us. This Iter is made to begin from _Curia_,
a town probably on the confines of some petty kingdom, and to pass to
the first certain post of _Bremenium_, or Riechester. Now, on referring
to the map, _Curia_, the principal town of the Gadeni, so far from lying
on the road which leads to _Bremenium_, the capital of the Ottadini, is
considerably to the westward of its course. From this disagreement,
commentators have suspected a mistake of the transcriber, and imagine
that _Curia_ is intended for _Corium_. It is certain, at least, that
this Iter, running on the east side of the island, on the track of the
Northern Watling Street, enters Northumberland at Chew Green, goes from
thence to Riechester (leaving unnoticed the station at Risingham), and
runs with it to Corbridge, Ebchester, Binchester, Catterick, and York.
From York to Flamborough Head, a Roman road may still be traced; and as
the distance agrees with the Itinerary, and there must have been a Roman
post on or near that headland, we should think it more probable that
this was the site of _Praeturium_,[D] although we have not yet discovered
the remains of any post on the Derwent, or the intermediate station of
_Delgovicia_. So many Roman roads from different quarters point towards
Stamford bridge, that there is no doubt the station of _Derventio_ was
near it.
ITER VI. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(43) Ab Eboraco Devam usque, sic:-- | From York to Chester.
| _Corrected_ |
| _Numbers._ |
(61) Calcaria m.p. VIIII | VIIII | Tadcaster.
(62) Camboduno XXII | XXXII | Slack.
(63) Mancunio[A] XVIII | XXIII | Manchester.
(64) Finibus Maximae et | |
Flaviae XVIII | VI | Stretford on Mersey.
(65) Condate[702] XVIII | XXIII | Kinderton.
(20) Deva XVIII | XVIII | Chester.
Such appears to be the incorrectness of the numerals attached to this
Iter, as well as to the corresponding Iter of Antonine, that, although
four of the six stations are well known, and a fifth can scarcely be
mistaken, yet, we can in no other way obviate the difficulty than by
supposing a station omitted, or by altering the numerals, none of which,
except the first, agree with the distances between the vestiges of the
different stations and their supposed sites; for example, in the first
part between York and Manchester, where the Itinerary gives only 49
miles, the nearest road through Heathersfield amounts to 65.
As the only great and undoubted Roman station between Tadcaster and
Manchester is at Slack (for the camps at Kirklees, and Castleshaw, are
only temporary posts), it will perhaps be justifiable to fix this point
as the site of _Cambodunum_; to suppose ten miles omitted in this stage;
and in the next to conjecture that, by a common error in copying the
Roman numerals, XVIII. has been substituted for XXIII. the exact
distance from Slack to Manchester.
As the Mersey was undoubtedly the boundary on the West between the Roman
provinces of Maxima and Flavia, and as the Roman road still existing
crossed it at Stretford, we fix the next point there, and change the
number XVII. to VI. The two next stations of _Condate_ and _Deva_, the
numerals (with a slight alteration) permit us to fix at Kinderton and
Chester. It is worthy of remark, that with these alterations the sum
total of the numerals remains nearly the same.
ITER VII. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(66) A Portu Sistuntiorum Eboracum | From Freckleton to York.
usque, sic:-- |
| _Corrected_ |
| _Numbers._ |
(67) Rerigonio XXIII | XIII | Ribchester.
(68) Ad Alpes Peninos VIII | XXIII | Burrens in Broughton.
(69) Alicana X | X | Ilkley.
(44) Isurio[703] XVIII | XVIII | Aldborough.
(43) Eboraco XVI | XVII | York.
This Iter runs from Freckleton on the Ribble to Ribchester, and then
over the mountains to Broughton, Ilkley, Aldborough and York. As the
Roman road is tolerably perfect all the way to Aldborough, and the
vestiges of the stations are undoubted, we are justified in the
alteration of the first two numbers, as by this alteration they will
correspond with the present distances and the situations of the posts.
* * * * *
ITER VIII. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(43) Ab Eboraco Luguvalium usque, sic:-- | From York to Carlisle.
| _Corrected_ |
| _Numbers._ |
(45) Cattaractoni XL | XL | Catterick.
(70) Lataris [704]XVI | XVIII | Bowes.
(71) Vataris [705]XVI | XIIII | Brough.
(72) Brocavonacis[706]XVIII | XIII | Kirby Thur.
(Brovonacis) | |
(73) Vorreda XVIII | XIIII | Plumpton Wall.
(74) Lugubalia [707]XVIII | XIII | Carlisle.
The road from York to Catterick has been traced before, and the Roman
way from thence to Carlisle ran nearly in the direction of the present
turnpike. The only doubt which occurs, therefore, in this Iter, is
whether, from a similarity of sound, the transcriber of Richard has not
erroneously written Brocavonacis for Brovonacis, which are two
neighbouring posts in this direction, the first Brougham, and the second
Kirby Thur. As the conjecture is not improbable, the corrected distance
is given from the latter.
It is worthy of observation that in this Iter four successive V's have
been added by mistake of the transcriber, as is the case in regard to
the X's omitted in the third Iter.
* * * * *
ITER IX. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(74) A Luguballio Ptorotonim | From Carlisle to Burgh Head.
usque, sic:-- |
|_Corrected_|
|_Numbers._ |
(75) Trimontio m.p. | | Birrenswork Hill.
(76) Gadanica | |
(77) Corio | |
(52) Ad Vallum | | Camelon.
Incipit Vespasiana | |
(78) Alauna XII | XIII | Kier
(79) Lindo VIIII | VIIII | Ardoch.
(80) Victoria VIIII | VIIII | Dealgin Ross.
(81) Ad Hiernam VIIII | VIIII | Strageth.
(82) Orrea XIIII | XIIII | On the Tay above Perth.
(83) Ad Tavum XVIIII | XVIIII | Near Invergowrie.
(84) Ad AEsicam XXIII | XXIII | Brechin on South Esk.
(85) Ad Tinam VIII | VIII | Fordun.
(86) Devana XXIII | XXIII | Norman Dikes near Pete Culter.
(87) Ad Itunam XXIIII | XXVI | Glenmailin on the Ithan.
(88) Ad Montem Grampium | XIII | Near Knock Hill.
(89) Ad Selinam | X | On the Cullen near Deskford.
(90) Tuessis XVIIII | XVII | On the Spey near Bellie.
(91) Ptorotone | XVII | Burgh Head.
Innumerable difficulties occur on every side in endeavouring to explain
this Iter. There is great reason to believe that the _Trimontium_ of
this Iter was Birrenswork Hill, and that the road ran from thence along
the western side of the island as it is traced in the map of Richard.
Camelon is allowed by all antiquaries to be the _Ad Vallum_: but it is
impossible to draw the line between these two points; for although
General Roy has mentioned a road from Carlisle on the eastern side of
the Eildon Hills, and another on the western beyond Cleghorn to Castle
Cary, there is little authority for the existence of either. Lynekirk
has every appearance of a station, lay within the territories of the
Gadeni, and would suit the situation assigned to _Gadanica_, but no road
has hitherto been discovered leading to or from it. If the western
trended at Biggar as much to the east, as that part which remains in the
direction of Glasgow does to the west, it would have passed Borthwich
Castle or the Gore, which Roy supposes was the _Corium_. Admitting the
identity of this station would clear up the whole of this Iter to the
Wall. There is no doubt that the sites of _Lindum_, _Victoria_, and _Ad
Hiernam_ were at Ardoch, Dealgin Ross, and Strageth.
Notwithstanding the difficulties which occur in tracing this Iter from
Carlisle to the Wall, yet from thence to the Tay the direction of the
road, and the situation of the stations as fixed by General Roy agree so
perfectly with the Itinerary, as to leave no doubt that he has
ascertained their real position. But although he discovered a road north
of the Tay, yet, as he found no vestiges of stations, Mr. Chalmers seems
to have been more successful in fixing the posts between that river and
_Ptoroton_.
It does not appear that the road was ever completed: however, from
_Orrea_ on the Tay, a little above Perth, he observes, that the
communication ran through the passage of the Sidlaw Hills, and along the
Carse of Gowrie to the north end of the estuary of the Tay near Dundee;
two miles west of which place, and half a mile north of Invergowrie, are
the remains of a Roman camp about two hundred yards square, fortified
with a high rampart and spacious ditch. Here he places _Ad Tavum_.
Proceeding hence north-easterly through the natural opening of the
country, and passing in the way the camp at Harefaulds, at the distance
of twenty-three miles is Brechin on the South Esk, the station _Ad
AEsicam_, exactly in the line laid down in Richard's map, and at the
distance given in the Itinerary. Continuing from the South Esk in a
north-north-easterly direction, at the distance of five miles and a
half, we reach the North Esk, the supposed _Ad Tinam_. We pass that
river at King's Ford, and proceeding up the valley of Lutherwater, at
the distance of eight miles and a half find Fordun, where there are the
remains of two Roman camps. From thence proceeding seventeen miles, to
the well known camp at Raedikes, and continuing in a northerly direction
six miles beyond, is the rectangular camp on the Dee at Peter Culter,
called Norman Dikes, the _Devana_ of the Iter. This point is exactly
thirty-one miles from Brechin on the South Esk, agrees with the
aggregate distances in the Itinerary _Ad Tinam_ VIII, and _Ad Devanam_
XXIII, and corresponds with the track delineated on Richard's map.
The obvious openings through this rugged country point out the way by
which the Romans must have penetrated northerly by the right of Achlea
Fiddy and Kinmundy, to Kintore on the Don. They followed the Strath to
the ford where the high road has always passed to Inverurie, and
proceeded north-north-west through the moorlands, to the sources of the
Ithan, and the camp at Glenmailin, the _Ituna_ of Richard, a distance of
twenty-six miles. From thence proceeding northward, across the Doverna
at Achengoul, where are still considerable remains of military works;
and at the distance of thirteen miles, we reach the high ground north of
Foggy lone, at the east side of Knock Hill, the _Mons Grampius_ of the
Iter.
Hence the road runs to _Ad Selinam_, which is supposed to be on the
Cullen, near the old Tower of Deskford, at the distance of ten miles.
Following the course of the river, and the coast of the Murray Frith,
seventeen miles, we arrive at the Roman post of _Tuessis_, on the high
bank of the Spey, below the church of Bellie. Seventeen miles further is
Burgh Head, the _Ptorotone_ of Richard.
* * * * *
ITER X. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(91) Ab ultima Ptorotone per mediam | From Burgh Head through
insulae Isca Damnonorum usque, sic:-- | the middle of the island
| to Exeter.
| _Corrected_ |
| _Numbers._ |
(92) Varis[708] m.p. VIII | | Fores VIIII
(93) Ad Tuessim XVIII | Names and | Cromdall on Spey XX
(94) Tamea XXVIIII | Numerals from | Braemar Castle XXX
(95) --------- XXI | General Roy. | Barra Castle on Ila XXX
(96) In Medio VIIII | | Inchstuthill XII
(82) Orrea VIIII | | Bertha on Tay VIIII
(80) Victoria XVIII | | Dealgin Ross XXIIII
(52) Ad Vallum[709] XXXII | | Camelon XXXII
(74) Luguballia LXXX | | Carlisle CXVIIII
(97) Brocavonacis XXII | XXII | Brougham.
(98) Ad Alaunam ... | XXXXVII | Lancaster.
(99) Coccio ... | XXXVI | Blackrode.
(63) Mancunio XVIII | XVIII | Manchester.
(65) Condate XXIII | XXIII | Kinderton.
(100) Mediolano XVIII | XVI | Chesterton.
(15) Etoceto ... | XXXV | Wall.
--------- | | -----------
(101) Salinis m.p. ... | XXII | Droitwich.
--------- | | -----------
(102) Glebon Colon. m.p. | XXXIIII | Gloucester.
(103) Corino XIIII | XVIII | Cirencester.
(104) Aquas Solis m.p. ... | XXX | Bath.
(105) Ad Aquas XVIII | XX | Probably Wells.
(106) Ad Uxellam amnem m.p.| XXI | Probably Bridgewater.
(107) Isca m.p. ... | XXXXV | Exeter.
The first part of this Iter is taken from General Roy; and as we have
none of the intermediate stations between Carlisle and the Wall, every
commentator may choose what route he pleases, although none will
coincide with the distances of the Itinerary. From Carlisle, if we place
any reliance on the numbers, the next station, _Brocavonavis_, can only
be fixed at Brougham. Thence the road to the banks of the Lune, as well
as the station on it, is uncertain; for, whether we choose Overborough
or Lancaster, we know of no road to direct us; and the only reason for
preferring the latter is the supposed site of the next station,
_Coccium_, at Blackrode, and the course of the road through Lancaster,
tending more immediately to that point, than the road through
Overborough. The two next stations, _Mancunium_ and _Condate_, as well
as the connecting line of road, are well known. From Kinderton, although
there is a Roman way pointing to Chesterton in Staffordshire, the
_Mediolanum_ of this Iter, and the site of _Etocetum_ is undoubtedly
Wall, yet we speak with hesitation of the line of communication betwixt
them; though we presume it ran through Newcastle, Stone, and Ridgeley.
From Wall, which is on the Watling Street, the Iter continues along the
Ryknield Street, through Sutton Colfield Park, to Birmingham. There
falling in with the first Salt-Way, it proceeds to Droitwich, and is
continued by the Western Road, through Worcester to Gloucester. Here,
turning nearly at a right angle, it passes by the well known Roman road
over Birdlip Hill to Cirencester; and trending to the right, proceeds by
the Foss to _Aquae Solis_ or Bath. Quitting the Foss, and still bearing
to the right, it continues along the lower road to Wells, and from
thence to _Uxella_, which was probably at Bridgewater. From the banks of
the Parret it ran in the track of the British Way, and the present
turnpike by Taunton, Wellington, and Collumpton, to Exeter.
* * * * *
ITER XI. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(104) Ab Aquis, per Viam Juliam, | From Bath by the Julian
Menapiam usque, sic:-- | Way to St. David's.
|_Corrected_|
|_Numbers._ |
(108) Ad Abonam m.p. VI | VI}| Bitton
(109) Ad Sabrinam VI | VIIII}|
Unde Trajectu[710] intras | | Sea Mills.
in Britanniam Secundam | |
(110) Et Stationem | |
Trajectum[711] III | III | Severn Side.
(111) Venta Silurum[712] VIII | VIIII | Caerwent.
(112) Isca Colonia VIIII | VIIII | Caerleon.
Unde fuit Aaron Martyr. | |
(113) Tibia Amne[713] VIII | XV | Banks of the Tanf,
| | possibly Caireu or
| | Caerdiff.
(114) Bovio XX | XX | In Evenny Park.
(115) Nido XV | XX | Near Neath.
(116) Leucaro XV | X | Perhaps Lwghor.
(Muridunum omit. XX) | XX | Caermarthen.
(117) Ad Vigesimum XX | XX | Castel Flemish.[714]
(118) Ad Menapiam XVIIII | XVIII | Near St. David's.
Ab hac urbe per m.p. | |
XXX | |
Navigas in Hyberniam. | |
As the course of the Roman road connecting the stations of this Iter is
still discernible, we do not hesitate in correcting the imperfections of
Richard by the corresponding Iter of Antonine. At Bitton, six miles from
Bath, we find marks of a post attended with _tumuli_, which whether
called _Abone_ or _Trajectus_[715] is of little importance, because,
like the next, Sea Mills, it will suit either appellation, from its
position on the Avon, and commanding a passage over that river. From
Bitton the Roman way ran nearly in the direction of the present
turnpike, north of the river as far as St. George's church; thence it
proceeded straight near St. Paul's; ascended the Downs behind Mr.
Daubeney's house to the direction-post, from whence it crossed Durdham
Down, and skirted Mrs. Jackson's park wall to Sea Mills, a great
maritime post at the confluence of the Trim and the Avon. It continued
by Lord De Clifford's house straight to the Severn, crossed that river,
and passed by Caldecot Castle through Caerwent and Caerleon to the bank
of the Taaf and Evenny Park, which last place Roman remains lead us to
conjecture was the site of _Bovium_. At Neath we have also little
hesitation in fixing the site of _Nidus_, because a road from the _Gaer_
near _Brecon_ evidently leads to the same spot.
The remainder of this Iter is obscure. _Leucaro_ has been fixed at
Lwghor, principally from the resemblance of the name. From thence the
road may have run to Caermarthen (_Maridunum_), which appears to have
been omitted; and was probably continued as straight as the country
would permit to Castel Flemish and St. David's, where we would place the
stations _Vigesimum_ and _Menapia_.[716]
* * * * *
ITER XII. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
(104) Ab Aquis Londinium usque, |
sic:-- |
|_Corrected_|
|_Numbers._ |
(119) Verlucione m.p. XV | XV | Highfield, near Sandy Lane.
(120) Cunetione XX | XV | Folly farm, E. of Marlborough.
(121) Spinis XV | XX | Spene.
(122) Calleva Atrebatum | |
XV | | Silchester.
(123) Bibracte XX}| XXXXIIII | London.
(5) Londinio XX}| |
As the traces of a Roman road from Bath towards Marlborough are still
visible, we have only to examine in what points of its course remains
have been found sufficient to justify us in determining the sites of the
different stations. Accordingly, at fifteen miles from Bath we have
Highfield, in Sandy Lane, near Heddington; and at fifteen more Folly
Farm, near Marlborough. From hence twenty miles bring us to Spene; and
although at this place few remains have been discovered, yet the
direction of another Roman road, from Cirencester to the same point,
sufficiently proves the existence of a station. Of the site of _Calleva_
at Silchester[717] there can be little doubt; although the course of
the road from Spene is uncertain. The road from Silchester, still known
by the name of the Devil's Causeway, as it runs over Bagshot Heath, as
well as evident traces of it between Staines and London, still exist;
but the intermediate station of _Bibracte_ is doubtful. If the numbers
in this Iter be correct, we cannot deviate from the straight line, and
this post must be placed near the hill at Egham, or the head of the
Virginia Water.
* * * * *
ITER XIII. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(112) Ab Isca Uriconium usque, sic:-- | From Caerleon to Wroxeter.
|_Corrected_|
|_Numbers._ |
(124) Bultro m.p. VIII | VIII | Usk.
(125) Gobannio XII | XII | Abergavenny.
(126) Magna XXIII | XXIII | Kentchester.
(127) Branogeni XXIII | XXIII | Lentwardine.
(18) Urioconio XXVII | XXVII | Wroxeter.
The beginning of this Iter cannot be traced, notwithstanding two out of
the three stations are well known; and we have little doubt that
_Baltrum_ or _Burrium_ was at Usk (though no Roman remains have been
found there), because the distance given from Caerleon to _Gobannium_ or
Abergavenny will not admit of any deviation from the straight line. From
Abergavenny, after passing the Munnow, the Roman road still exists,
particularly near Madley, pointing to Kentchester, and from thence may
be traced by the next post of Lentwardine on the Teme, to Wroxeter.
* * * * *
ITER XIV. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(112) Ab Isca, per Glebon, Lindum, usque,| From Caerleon, by
sic:-- | Gloucester, to Lincoln.
| _Corrected_|
| _Numbers._ |
(124) Ballio[718] m.p. VIII | | Usk.
(128) Blestio XII | XIII | Monmouth.
(129) Sariconio XI | XII | Rose or Berry Hill in
| | Weston.
(102) Glebon Colonia XV | XV | Gloucester.
(130) Ad Antonam XV | XX | On the Avon.
(131) Alauna XV | XV | Alcester on the Aln.
(121) ------ ... | XVIIII | Camp at Chesterton on the
| | Foss, near Harwood's
| | house.
(13) Vennonis XII | XXI | High Cross.
(133) Ratiscorion XII | XII | Leicester.
(134) Venromento XII | XII | Willoughby.
(135) Margiduno XII | XII | East Bridgeford.
(136) Ad Pontem XII | VII | Near Thorpe turnpike.
(137) Crococolana | VII | Brough.
(39) Lindum XII | XII | Lincoln.
This Iter ran, like the former, from Caerleon to Usk, where bending to
the right it traversed the country to Monmouth. From hence, although we
cannot trace the exact line of the road, yet we have no doubt that it
crossed the Wye to the next station at Berry Hill, in Weston, under
Penyard; and continued nearly in a direct line to Gloucester. As the
author has only left the name of a river for the next station, it must
be placed in such a situation on the Avon as to admit the distance of
fifteen miles from the next station of Alcester, which was the site of
_Alauna_. This would carry it to the westward of Evesham. From Alcester,
likewise, till we reach the Foss, we have neither a road nor distance,
nor even the name of a station. For this reason we deem ourselves
justified in considering the undoubted Roman camp at Chesterton on the
Foss, as the post omitted by our author, and from thence we proceed on
that known military way to the certain stations of High Cross,
Leicester, Willoughby, Bridgeford, Brough, and Lincoln.
* * * * *
ITER XV. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(5) A Londinio, per Clausentum, in | From London through Bittern,
Londinium usque, sic:-- | again to London.
|_Corrected_|
|_Numbers._ |
(122) Caleba m.p. XLIIII | XLIIII | Silchester.
(138) Vindomi XV | XV | Near St. Mary Bourne.
(139) Venta Belgarum XXI | XXI | Winchester.
(140) Ad Lapidem VI | VI | Stoneham.
(141) Clausento IIII | IIII | Bittern, near Southampton.
(142) Portu Magno X | XV | Portchester.
(143) Regno X | XV | Chichester.
(144) Ad Decimum X | X | On the Arun.
(145) Anderida Portu ... | [719]XLV | Pevensey.
(146) Ad Lemanum XXV | XXV | On the Rother.
(147) Lemaniano Portu X | XX | Lymne.
(148) Dubris X | X | Dover.
(1) Rhutupis Colonia X | XV | Richborough.
(149) Regulbio X | VIIII | Reculver.
(2) Contiopoli X | X | Canterbury.
(3) Durelevo XVIII | XII | Stone Chaple in Ospringe.
(150) Mado XII | XVIII | On the bank of the Medway.
(151) Vagnaca XVIII | VIIII | Barkfields in Southfleet.
(152) Novio Mago XVIII | XV | Holwood Hill.
(5) Londinio XV | XV | London.
This Iter leads from London to the south-west part of Hampshire, and
from thence, skirting the Sussex and Kentish coasts, back to the
capital.
At the first step the author gives forty-four miles as the distance
between London and Silchester, instead of forty, as in the twelfth Iter;
hence we may deviate a little in settling the site of _Bibracte_ or _Ad
Pontes_. Of the next station we can merely offer a conjecture. As the
country of the Atrebates and their capital, _Calleva_ or Silchester, is
by our author described as lying near the Thames, in distinction from
that of the Segontiaci,[720] whose capital, _Vindomis_, was further
distant from that river, and nearer the Kennet, one point only appears
to suit the distances, which bears the proper relation to the
neighbouring stations, and at the same time falls at the intersection of
two known Roman roads. This is in the neighbourhood of St. Mary Bourne,
and affords reason for considering Egbury Camp, or some spot near it, as
the capital of the Segontiaci. For by following the Roman road called
the Portway from Silchester, at the distance of fifteen miles is the
rivulet near St. Mary Bourne, and not far from it, the point where the
Portway is intersected by the Roman road from Winchester to Cirencester;
and proceeding along this last we have another distance of twenty-one
miles to Winchester. The road from Winchester by Otterbourne to
Stoneham, and thence by the Green Lane to Bittern, is well known, and
the distance sufficiently exact. But from thence, although traces of the
road are occasionally discoverable on Ridgway, and to the north of
Bursledon Hill, pointing towards Fareham and Portchester, yet the latter
part is almost totally unknown or lost. From Portchester it ran in the
track of the present turnpike to Chichester; and over the Arun not far
from Arundel; and then along the coast to Pevensey, the banks of the
Rother, Lymne, Dover, Richborough, Reculver, and Canterbury. There
falling into the track of the first Iter, it went along the Watling
Street to the bank of the Medway, and passing that river, proceeded by
Barkfields in Southfleet, a station omitted before, across the country
with the ancient Watling Street, (by a road now unknown[721]), to
Holwood Hill, the capital of the Regni, and from thence to London.
* * * * *
ITER XVI. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(5) A Londinio Ceniam usque, sic:-- | From London to the Fal.
|_Corrected_|
|_Numbers._ |
(139) Venta Belgarum | |
m.p. XC | LXXX | Winchester.
(153) Brige XI | XI | Near Broughton.
(154) Sorbioduno VIII | VIIII | Old Sarum.
(155) Ventageladia XII | XV | Gussage Cow Down.
----------- | |
(156) Durnovaria VIIII | XXX | Dorchester.
(157) Moriduno XXXIII | XXX | Seaton.
----------- | |
(107) Isca Damnon XV | XXVIII | Exeter.
----------- | |
(158) Durio Amno ... | XXIII | On the Dart.
(159) Tamara ... | XXVI | On the Tamar.
----------- | |
(160) Voluba ... | XXVIII | On the Fowey.
----------- | |
(161) Ceni ... | XX | On the Fal.
The exact route from London to Winchester not being defined, we may
suppose that it ran, as before, through Silchester, and from thence by
St. Mary Bourne, as in the 15th Iter. From Winchester, as the road still
exists leading to Old Sarum, the distance of eleven miles will probably
give the site of _Brige_, although the station itself is not known; and
the nine following will lead us to Old Sarum. Pursuing the course of the
road, which may be still traced quite to Dorchester, remains found on
Gussage Cow Down point out the site of _Ventageladia_; and the
disagreement between the Itinerary and real distance from thence to
Dorchester justifies us in supposing that some intermediate post has
been omitted. The site of _Moridunum_ is doubtful; some thinking it to
be Eggerdon, or the Hill of the Morini, with which the distance of nine
miles would not disagree; while others, with more reason, prefer Seaton,
the great port of the West, because the Foss leads from Ilchester
directly to it. Intermediate stations have evidently been lost between
this place and Exeter, as has also been the case between that place and
the Dart, the Tamar, the Fowey and the Fal. From Honiton the road is
visible pointing to Exeter, as well as from Exeter to Totness, and
according to the ingenious Borlase, even to Lostwithiel.
* * * * *
ITER XVII. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
Ab Anderida [Eboracum] usque, sic:-- | From East bourne to York.
|_Corrected_|
|_Numbers._ |
(162) Sylva Anderida | |
m.p. ... | | East Bourne.
(152) Novio Mago | XXXX | Holwood Hill.
(5) Londinio XV | XV | London.
(163) Ad Fines[722] | XXVIII | Brougham.
(36) Durolisponte[723] | XXX | Godmanchester.
(37) Durnomago XXX | XX | Castor, on the left bank
| | of the Nen.
(38) Corisennis XXX | XXV | Ancaster.
(39) Lindo XXX | XXI | Lincoln.
(164) In Medio XV | XV |
(165) Ad Abum XV | XV | Winterton.
Unde transis in Maximam | |
(166) Ad Petuariam VI | VI | Brough.
(43) Deinde Eboraco, ut | |
supra (It. 5) | |
m.p. XLVI | XXX | York.
This Iter ran in the track of the British Ermyn Street, from Pevensey
and East Bourne, which were perhaps the _Anderida Portus_ and _Anderida_
of the 15th Iter, along the ridge of hills to Holwood Hill (already
mentioned as the capital of the Rhemi), and from thence to London, but
its traces are now so obscure as to be almost forgotten. Some think that
from London it proceeded along the British Street, by the Green Lanes,
Cheshunt, and to the west of Broxbourne to Ware; while others suppose
that this Roman road went much straighter, and nearly in the course of
the present turnpike through Ware to Broughing, a post at the confluence
of the Rib and the Quin, where was probably the station _Ad Fines_, the
boundary between the countries of the Iceni, the Cassii, and the
Trinobantes. From hence the Roman road is so perfect by Caxton quite to
Lincoln, that we fix the station of _Durnomagus_ at the great camp near
Castor, and the three others at Godmanchester, Ancaster, and Lincoln.
From Lincoln the Roman road proceeds directly to the banks of the
Humber, having, at the distance assigned in the Iter, the _Mansio in
Medio_, and the post at Winterton; from whence six miles carry us across
the river to Brough, or _Petuaria_, a post often confounded with the
_Praetorium_ of the 6th Iter. As there is a Roman road still existing
from Brough towards Weighton, and then over Barmby Moor to York, there
can be little doubt in considering it as the course of this Iter.
Should, however, the forty-six miles given in the Itinerary (which
appears to have been an error arising from the mistake of the
transcriber in confounding _Petuaria_ and _Praetorium_) be considered as
correct, the course of the Iter may be supposed to have run from Brough
by Londesborough and Millington, to the great road from Flamborough, and
then to have turned with it to York, making exactly the forty-six miles
of the Itinerary.
* * * * *
ITER XVIII. | SITES OF THE STATIONS.
|
(43) Ab Eboraco per medium insulae | From York through the middle
Clausentum usque, sic:-- | of the island to Bittern.
|_Corrected_|
|_numbers._ |
(42) Legiolio m.p. XXI | XXI | Castleford.
(167) Ad Fines XVIII | XXIII | Temple Brough, on the bank
| | of the Don.
(168) ..... XVI | XVI | Tapton Hill near Chesterfield.
(169) ..... XVI | XII | Camp near Penkridge.
(170) Derventione[724] XVI | XII | Little Chester.
(171) Ad Trivonam XII | XII | Berry Farm, in Branston.
(15) Etoceto[725] XII | XII | Wall.
(14) Manduessuedo XVI | XVI | Manceter.
(13) Benonnis XII | XII | High Cross.
(12) Tripontio XI | XI | Near Dove Bridge.
(11) Isannavaria XII | X | Burnt Walls.
(172) Brinavis XII | XII | Black Ground, near Chipping
| | Norton.
(173) AElia Castra XVI | XVI | Alcester, near Bicester.
(174) Dorocina XV | XVI | Dorchester.
(175) Tamesi VI | VI | On the Thames.
Vindomi } | |
(122) _Calleva_ } XV | XX | Silchester.
(141) Clausento XXXXVI | XXXXV | Bittern, near Southampton.
This Iter proceeds from York in the same direction as the fourth to
Castleford, where, bearing to the right to join the Ryknield Street, it
continues with it through the several stations of Temple Brough on the
Don, Chesterfield, Penkridge, Little Chester, and Branston, to Wall.
Here diverging to the left with the Watling Street, it passed through
Manceter, High Cross, and Dove Bridge, to Burnt Walls. It there quitted
the known road, and bore across the country, by an unknown route, to
Alcester, on the Akeman street; but the considerable remains found at
Black Ground, near Chippington Norton, would lead us to place the
station of _Brinavis_ there, if the Roman road did not make any material
deviation between Burnt Walls and Alcester.
From Alcester the road runs plainly over Ottmoor, and indeed almost all
the way to Dorchester. But from thence as we can discover no traces of a
road, and as our next post appears to have been only six miles distant
and on the Thames, if any reliance can be placed on the number, it may
be the point where the Roman road from Wantage apparently passes that
river opposite Mongewell. The next distance of fifteen miles, being
insufficient to lead us by any road to _Vindomis_, if it were placed
either at Silchester or near St. Mary Bourne, it is more than probable
that there is some error in the name of the station; and as the
following number of forty-six miles agrees with the distance in the 15th
Iter of the road from Silchester passing near Egbury to Bittern, we
cannot help supposing that the name of _Vindomis_ has been inserted by
mistake for that of _Calleva_.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 685: On this subject it may not be improper to observe, that
the name of Castor, Cester, or Chester, generally points out a Roman
station; and Sarn, Street, Stane and Stone, (Strat, and Stan, when
compounded) as generally show the course of a British or Roman way.]
[Footnote 686: For example these marks [Illustration], being the
mutilated parts of numerals, might have been easily transformed by the
copyist into IIIII. XIII. VIII. XVI. XIX. or XXI. and single numerals
might have been omitted, as XX. and XXIII. for XIX. and XXXIII.]
[Footnote 687: Near Leicester.]
[Footnote 688: Hist. de l'Academie, t. 88, p. 661.]
[Footnote 689: Burnt Walls was the Roman post of _Isannavaria_; Borough
Hill, on the hill above it, was the great British fortification,
_Bennavenna_.]
[Footnote 690: Icianis XXVIII. _Stukeley_.]
[Footnote 691: Durolisponte, Iter 17.]
[Footnote 692: Iter 17, XXX.]
[Footnote 693: Corisennis XXX. Iter 17.]
[Footnote 694: Iter 17, XXX.]
[Footnote 695: Legiolio, Iter 18.]
[Footnote 696: Iter 5 and 8, Eburaco.]
[Footnote 697: Cataractone XI.]
[Footnote 698: Probably Corium, _Stukeley_.]
[Footnote 699: Vinovio, Iter 4.]
[Footnote 700: XXXVIII.]
[Footnote 701: This _Praeturium_ and the _Praetonum_ of Antonine must be
carefully distinguished from the _Petuaria_, mentioned by our author in
the 17th Iter, for _Petuaria_ was certainly at Brough on the Humber.]
[Footnote 702: Iter 10, Mancunio--Condate XXIII.]
[Footnote 703: _Stukeley_, XVIIII]
[Footnote 704: Lataris, XVII. _Stuk._]
[Footnote 705: XVI. _Stuk._]
[Footnote 706: XX. _Stuk._]
[Footnote 707: Iter 10 inverted, Brocavonacis--Luguvallia, XXII.]
[Footnote 708: VIIII. _Stukeley._]
[Footnote 709: XXX Iter 9.]
[Footnote 710: Statio Trajectus. _Comm._]
[Footnote 711: Ad Sabrinam. _Comm._]
[Footnote 712: VIIII. _Stukeley._]
[Footnote 713: Tibia VII. _Stukeley._]
[Footnote 714: This station was discovered by Mr. Fenton during his
researches for his History of Pembrokeshire. It lies in the parish of
Ambleston.]
[Footnote 715: We prefer the name of _Abone_ for Sea Mills, because it
bears that name in old deeds; on the other hand, there appears to be no
instance in which the name of _Trajectus_ is applied to a town unless at
the passage of a river.]
[Footnote 716: The bishops of St. David's being called in Latin
_Menapienses_ by the earliest of our ecclesiatical writers, is an
argument that the station is near the present town. The site of the
station itself was probably at a short distance from the modern city, at
a place called the Burrows, and just above a fine harbour called the
Porth Mawr.]
[Footnote 717: Few of the Roman stations have been fixed at so many
different pieces as that of _Calleva Atrebatum_. It has been placed at
Silchester, Henley, Wallingford, and Reading, by different antiquaries;
yet in no doubtful case do more testimonies concur to ascertain the
site. It was evidently a station of importance, because it appears as a
central point, to which the roads traversed by three different Iters of
Antonine (the 13th, 14th, and 15th,) converge. It was the capital of the
Atrebates; situated at known distances from London, Winchester, Bath,
Spene, and Caerleon; and at a doubtful one, though easily supplied, from
Cirencester and Old Sarum. These circumstances cannot by any expedient
be brought to coincide, either with Henley, Wallingford, or Reading; but
all agree in regard to Silchester. Its distance nearly accords with the
Itinerary distance of _Calleva_ from London, Bath, Spene, Winchester,
and Caerleon, and, if a station (which is evidently lost) in the Iter of
Antonine be supplied, with that from Cirencester. The present remains
are those of a great Roman town; it is situated in the district formerly
inhabited by the Atrebates; and in every direction traces of Roman roads
converging to this point still plainly exist, from London, Spene,
Winchester, Old Sarum, Bath, and Cirencester.]
[Footnote 718: Bultro, Iter 13]
[Footnote 719: _Stukeley_, X.]
[Footnote 720: Richard, b. 1, c. 6, sect. 28, describing the several
nations whose territories were watered by the Thames in its course to
the German Ocean, places the Atrebates between the Hedui and the Cassii,
without even mentioning the Segontiaci, a proof that their territories
did not approach the river.]
[Footnote 721: In Hasted's History of Kent is a passage which
countenances the idea of an ancient road having traversed the country in
this line.]
[Footnote 722: _Stuk._ XXX.]
[Footnote 723: It. 3. Duraliponte--Durnomago XX.--Issinis XX.--Lindo XX.]
[Footnote 724: XVI.]
[Footnote 725: It. 2, inv. Etoceto.--Manduessuedo XIII.--Benonais
XII.--Tripontio Isantia Varia XII.]
APPENDIX.--No. II.
HANES TALIESIN, OR THE HISTORY OF TALIESIN
The primary domestic bard
Am I to Elphin,
And my original country
Is the region of Cherubims.
Joannes the divine
Called me Merddin,
At length every king
Will call me Taliesin.
I was full nine months
In the womb of mother Cyridwen;[726]
I was little Gwion heretofore,
Taliesin am I now.
I was with my Lord
In the superior state,
When Lucifer did fall
To the infernal deep.
I have borne a banner
Before Alexander:
I know the names of the stars
From the north to Auster.
I have been in the circle of Gwdion
Tetragammaton;[727]
I conducted Hean[728]
To the depth of Ebron vale,
I was in Canaan
When Absalom was slain,
I was in the Court of Don[729]
Before Gwdion was born,
I was an attendant
On Eli and Enoc;
I was on the cross-devoting sentence
Of the Son of the merciful God.
I have been chief keeper
Of the work of Nimrod's tower;
I have been three revolutions
In the circle of Arianrod.[730]
I was in the Ark
With Noah and Alpha;
I beheld the destruction
Of Sodoma and Gomorra;
I was in Africa
Before Rome was built:
I am come here
To the remnants of Troia.
I was with my Lord
In the manger of the she-ass;
I strengthened Moses
Through the Jordan water.
I have been in the firmament
With Mary Magdalen;
I have been gifted with genius
From the Cauldron of Cyridwen.
I have been bard of the harp
To the Teon of Lochlyn;[731]
I have endured hunger
For the son of the Virgin.
I have been in the White Hill[732]
In the court of Cynvelyn,
In stocks and fetters,
For a year and a day.
I have had my abode
In the kingdom of the Trinity;
It is not known what is my body,
Whether flesh or fish.
I have been an instructor
To the whole universe;
I shall remain till the day of doom
On the face of the earth,
I have been in an agitated seat
Above the circle of Sidin,[733]
And that continues revolving
Between three elements:
Is it not a wonder to the world,
That it reflects not a splendour?
[_From Meyrick's History of Cardiganshire_, p. 65, 2 vols. London, 1806.]
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 726: Venus.]
[Footnote 727: The Galaxy.]
[Footnote 728: The Divine Spirit.]
[Footnote 729: Or Llys Don, i.e. Cassiopeia.]
[Footnote 730: The Northern Crown.]
[Footnote 731: Denmark.]
[Footnote 732: Tower of London.]
[Footnote 733: Perhaps Caer Sidin, or the Zodiac.]
GENERAL INDEX.
Aaron, a British martyr, 161, 242, 303, 466.
AElla, king of the South Saxons, 1.
AElla, usurper of Northumbria, 52.
AEneas, the Trojan, marries Lavinia, 91, 387.
AEsc, king of Kent, 7.
AEtius, a Roman general, 307, 450.
Aganippus, king of the Franks, 116.
Agricola, Roman governor, 443, 448, 450, 466, 470.
Aidan, king of the Scots, 285.
Alan, king of Armorica, 290.
Alban, St. his martyrdom, 161, 303, 445, 466.
Albanact, a son of Brutus, killed, 109.
Aldhelm, bishop, 14.
Aldroen, king of Armorica, 177.
ALFRED, ASSER'S LIFE OF, 43-48, some further notices of, 1, 2, 27-37,
132;
his children, 2, 68.
Alfrid, king of Northumbria, 14, 286.
Alifantinam, king of Spain, slain, 264.
Alla [Ella], king of Northumbria, 8.
Allectus, emperor in Britain, 159, 160.
Alleluiatic victory, 406.
Allobroges, in Switzerland, 126.
Amalgaid, king of Connaught, 410.
Amatheus consecrates St. Patrick, 410.
Ambrius, founder of a monastery, 190.
Ambrosius [Emrys Wledig], 182, 207-219, 396, 403, 407, 416.
Amphibalus, St. 161.
Anacletus taken prisoner by Brutus, 94-96.
Andragius, a king of Britain, 136.
Androgeus, duke of Trinovantum, 137.
Anglia, East, genealogy of the kings, 412.
Antenor, Trojan, 102.
Antigonus taken prisoner by Brutus, 94.
Antoninus's wall, 450.
Anwiund, a Danish king, 30, 58.
Archflamens made archbishops, 155.
Arianism spreads in Britain, 304.
Arthgallo deposed, 134, 135.
Arthmail, a king of Britain, 136.
Arthur, king, not noticed by Gildas or Bede, 89;
his exploits, 225-271, 408;
coronation, 243-245;
death, 271.
Arviragus, a king of Britain, 149-153.
Ascanius, son of AEneas, 91, 387, 388.
Ascnillius, king of Dacia, slain, 271.
Asclepiodotus frees Britain from the Romans, 160-162, 466.
Assa (Cissa), king of the South Saxons, 7.
Assaracus joins Brutus against the Grecians, 82.
Assaracus, king of Germany, 113
Asser, archbishop of St. David's, Life of Alfred, vi, 43-86;
visits king Alfred, 70.
Athelred, archbishop of Canterbury, 34.
Athelstan, king of Kent, &c. 22, 23, 45.
Athelstan, king of Mercia, 39, 40.
Angusil, king of Albania, 238, 249, 269.
Augustine, archbishop of Canterbury, 9-11, 275, 438, 444.
Aulus Plautius visits Britain, 469.
Aurelius Antoninus' victories in Britain, 466.
Auxilius, a bishop of Ireland, 410.
Bagsac, a Danish king, slain, 56.
Baldulph, a Saxon chief, 230-234.
Bards, the British poets, 434.
Bassianus kills his brother Geta, 157-159, 449, 466.
Battles between the Romans and the Britons at the invasion, 138-153;
on the Grampian hills, 451.
Battles between the Britons and Saxons at Anderida, 7;
Badon-hill, 313, 409;
the river Bassas, 498;
Beandune, 12;
Bedanford, 8;
Berin-byrig, 8;
Breguoin, 409;
Cat Coit Celidon, 408;
Cerdic's-ore, 7;
Cirencester, 12;
the river Darent, 404;
Deorhamme, 9;
the river Duglas, 230, 270, 408;
Fethanleage, 9;
the river Gleni, 408;
Gurnion castle, 408;
Hengeston, 22;
Mearcraedsburn, 7;
Scarburh, 8;
Stone, 404;
Trat Treuroit, 409;
Verulam, 228.
Battles between the English and the Danes
at Ac-lea, 45;
AEscendune, 27, 54;
Basing, 27, 56;
Brumby, 39;
Cambridge, 38;
Canterbury, 44;
Charmouth, 21, 22;
Devonshire, 30, 44, 61;
East Anglia, 22, 26, 33, 50;
Edington, 62;
Ethandune, 31;
Exeter, 59;
Hampshire, 25, 50;
Holme, 38;
Kent, 22, 25, 45, 50, 61;
Mercia, 26;
Merton, 27;
Nottingham, 53;
Port, 22;
Reading, 29, 54;
Southampton, 22;
the Stour, 65;
Surrey, 23, 44;
Swanwich, 59;
Wareham, 58;
Wessex, 26;
Wilton, 56;
York, 52.
Beaduherd, reve of the shire, 19.
Bede noticed, 15, 89.
Bedver, governor of Neustria, 241, 244, 252-264.
Belinus, king of Britain, 122-135, 392.
Belinus, general of Cassibelaun's army, 130.
Benlli, king of Powys, 397.
Bernhelm, abbat, 34.
Bernicia, genealogy of the kings, 412.
Bernulf, king of Mercia, 21.
Berthwulf, king of Mercia, 23, 44.
Bertric, king of Wessex, 18, 19, 48.
Birinus, bishop, 12
Bladud, king of Britain, 114.
Blederic, killed by Ethelfrid, 276.
Bleduno, a king of Britain, 136.
Blegabred, a king of Britain, 136.
Boadicea, or Bonduica, queen of the Iceni, 301, 445, 447, 465, 469.
Boccus, king of the Medes, 263.
Borellus, consul of the Cenomanni, 259.
Boso's gallantry against the Romans, 255.
Brennius quarrels with Belinus, 122-130.
Brian, nephew to Cadwalla, 278-284.
Bridget, an Irish saint, 390, 460.
Britael, king of Demetia, 139.
Britain, described, 3, 90, 106, 133, 244, 289, 299, 386, 419-422, 435;
its original inhabitants, 90, 386, 422-428, 464;
invaded by Julius Caesar, 3, 301, 445, 468;
Christianity introduced into, 302, 466;
divided into provinces, 436;
boundary of the Roman empire in Britain, 453;
finally quitted by the Romans, 2, 305, 396, 467, 468;
occupied by Saxons, 3;
invaded by the Danes, 19-39, 50-66.
British cities, ancient. 90, 155.
Brocmail defeated by Ethelfrid, 276.
Brutus, xiv;
his history, 91-109, 386-388, 391.
Brutus, surnamed Greenshield, 113.
Bryto supposed to have built London, 464.
Budes, king of Armorica, 182.
Buile settles in Eubonia, 389.
Burhred, king of Mercia, 23, 26, 45, 53, 57.
Cador, duke of Cornwall, 231, 235, 246.
Cadwan, makes a treaty with Ethelfrid, 277.
Cadwalla, a British king, 277-288, 415.
Cadwallader, a British king, 199, 288-290, 415.
Caedwalla, king of Wessex, 14.
Caesar, Julius, invasion, 138-150, 392, 393, 465, 468.
Caius, governor of Andegavia, 241-244.
Caliburn, the sword of Arthur, 234, 241.
Cap, one of the kings of Britain, 136.
Capoir, one of the kings of Britain, 136.
Caracalla. See _Bassianus_
Caractacus (Caradog), 442, 443, 465.
Caradoc, duke of Cornwall, 165-168.
Carausius, governor of Britain, 158-160, 394, 437, 466.
Careticus (_Ceredig_), a British king, 273.
Cartismandua, queen of Brigantia, 443.
Cassibellaun (Caswallon) 136-148, 445, 465, 468.
Catellus, a British king, 136.
Catel Drunluc, or Cadell Deyrnllug, prince of Powys, 399.
Catigern, son of Vortigern, 188.
Ceawlin, king of Wessex, 8, 9.
Celestine, pope, 409, 410.
Cenric, king of the West Saxons, 7, 8, 44.
Ceolnoth, abp. of Canterbury, 26, 54.
Ceolred, king of Mercia, 14.
Ceolwulf, king of Wessex, 11.
Ceolwulf, king of Northumbria, 15.
Ceolwulf, king of Mercia, 20, 30.
Cerdic, king of Wessex, 7, 8, 44.
Cerealis, Roman governor of Britain, 448, 466, 470.
Cheldric arrives from Germany, 231, 235;
assists Modred against Arthur, 268, 271.
Chelianus, appointed archbishop of Dole, 245.
Cherdich, a Saxon chief, 187.
Cherin, an ancient British king, 136.
Cheulphus repulsed by Brennius, 123.
Chrism-loosing, what, 63
Claudius invades Britain, 149-152, 393, 445, 448, 465, 468.
Cledaucus, an ancient British king, 136.
Cletonus, an ancient British king, 136.
Cligueillus, a king of Britain, 136.
Clodius Albinus, Roman governor of Britain, 471.
Cloten, king of Cornwall, 121.
Coel rebels against Asclepiodotus, 162.
Cogibundus, a British regulus, 465, 469.
Coillus, a British king, 136.
Coillus, a British king, 154.
Colgrin, a Saxon chief, 230-234.
Columba, St. 8, 460.
Comet appeared, 13, 15, 35, 220.
Conan kills Constantine, 199, 272.
Conan Meriadoc, 166-171.
Conanus (Aurelius), 316.
Constans, a monk, king of Britain, 179-182, 208.
Constantine the Great, 163, 248, 394, 437, 467.
Constantine the Armorican, made king, 178, 208.
Constantine, Arthur's successor, 271, 272, 314.
Constantius, governor of Britain, 162, 394, 395, 466.
Councils, ecclesiastical, at Heathfield, 13;
Cloveshoo, 20;
Constantinople, 395;
Caer Guorthegirn, 401.
Conwenna's speech to Brennius, 127.
Cordeilla, daughter of Leir, 114-119.
Corineus, duke of Cornwall, 102-110
Cridious, king of Albania, 139.
Crocea mors, the name of Caesar's sword, 141.
Cuichelm, king of Wessex, 12.
Cunedagius kills his brother, 119.
Cuneglasse, a British prince, 317.
Cutha, 8.
Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne, 415.
Cuthred, king, 12.
Cuthred, king of Wessex, 15.
Cuthred, king of Kent, 20.
Cynegils, king of Wessex, 12.
Cynewulf, king of Wessex, 16-18.
Dabutius reproaches Merlin, 192.
Danes arrive in England, 19-36, 50-66.
Danius, an ancient British king, 132.
David. St. archbp. of Menevia, 245, 271.
Diana's answer to Brutus, 100.
Dianotus, king of Cornwall, 171.
Dinooth, abbat of Bangor, 275, 276.
Diocletian persecution, 161, 302, 466.
Divitiacus subdues part of Britain, 464.
Diwanius, bishop of Winchester, 246.
Doldavius, king of Gothland, 238.
Dolobellus, a British proconsul, 392.
Dress of the ancient Britons, 427.
Druidism, 429-434.
Dubricius, abp. of Caerleon, 217, 230, 233, 242-245.
Dunwallo Molmutius (_Dynval Moelmud_) 121.
Duvanus, bishop, sent from Rome, 155.
Eadbert, king of Northumbria, 15.
Eadburga, Bertric's queen, account of, 47, 48.
Eadfered Flesaurs, king of Northumbria, 412, 414.
Eagle, said to have spoken, 114.
Ealstan, bishop, 21, 22, 26, 46, 53.
Ebissa, or Eosa, the Saxon chief, 187, 212, 223, 227, 228, 400.
Ebraucus, king of Britain, 112, 113.
Eclipses, 8, 13, 15, 21, 32, 63.
Ecwils, a Danish king, killed, 39.
Edgar, king, 40.
Edmund, (St.) king of East Anglia, 26, 46, 50, 54.
Edmund, king, 40.
Edred, king, 40.
Edward (the elder,) king, 37-39.
Edwin, king of Northumbria, 277, 279, 284, 414.
Edwy, king, 40.
Egbert, king of Wessex, 20-22.
Egbert, bishop, 15.
Egfert, king of Mercia, 19.
Egfrid, king of Northumbria, 13, 415.
Eisc, king of Kent, 11.
Elbotus, or Elvod, bp. of Bangor, 383, 384.
Eldad, bishop of Gloucester, 191, 212-214.
Eldadus, an ancient British king, 136.
Eldol, duke of Gloucester, 191, 210-213.
Eldol, an ancient British king, 136.
Eledanius, bishop of Alclud, 246.
Eleutherius, pope, 155, 393.
Elfgiva, king Edmund's queen, 40.
Elidure, surnamed the pious, 134, 135.
Eliud, an ancient British king, 136.
Elsingius, king of Norway, 123.
Enniaunus, king of Britain, 136.
Eohric, a Danish king, 38.
Escwin, king of Wessex, 13.
Estrildis, concubine of Locrin, 110, 111.
Ethelard, king of Wessex, 15.
Ethelbald, king of Mercia, 15, 17.
Ethelbald, king of Wessex, 25, 45-47, 49, 50.
Ethelbald, archbishop of York, 38.
Ethelbert, king of Kent, 8, 10, 276.
Ethelbert II. king of Kent, &c. 25, 50.
Ethelfrid, king of Northumbria, 9, 276, 277.
Ethelgiva, abbess of Shaftesbury, 68, 82.
Ethelred, king of Mercia, 14.
Ethelred, king of England, 1.
Ethelred, king of Northumbria, 19.
Ethered, [Ethered] king of Wessex. 25, 27, 50-56.
Ethelwald rebels against Oswy, 286.
Ethelswitha, daughter of Alfred, 2.
Ethered, earl of Mercia, 34-39, 74.
ETHELWERD'S CHRONICLE, 1-40;
account of the author, v, vi.
Ethelwulf, king of Wessex, 22-25, 44-49.
Evander, king of Syria, killed, 258.
Evelinus, nephew of Androgeus, 143, 144.
Eventus, king of Albania, 269.
Faganus sent to convert the Britons, 155.
Famine in Britain, 53.
Fergusius emigrates from Ireland, 467.
Ferrex killed by his brother Porrex, 120.
Flamens made bishops, 155.
Flollo, a Roman tribune, 240, 241.
Friday, so called from the goddess Frea, 184.
Frontinus, a Roman gov. 443, 466, 470.
Fulgenius, a British king, 136.
Fulgenius wars against Severus, 157.
Funeral rites of the ancient Britons, 428.
Gabius, a Roman consul, 130.
Galgacus, king of the Caledonians, 466, 470.
Gallus, Livius, besieged in London, 160, 469.
Genuissa, daughter of Claudius, 151, 152.
GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH'S BRITISH HISTORY; 89-292.
Some account of the author, viii, 89.
Gerion, the augur, 100.
Germanus, St. bishop of Auxerre, 75, 187, 397-407.
Geruntius, an ancient British king, 136.
Geta, son of Severus, killed, 157, 158.
Giant, killed by Arthur, 252.
Giant's Dance, its removal, 215-219, 229.
GILDAS' WORKS, 293-380;
notices of its author, vii, 89, 108, 121, 126.
Gillomanius, king of Ireland, 216-221.
Godbold, king of the Orkneys, killed, 285.
Goemagot, a giant killed, 107.
Goffarius, king of Aquitaine, 102-105.
Gombert, king of Norway, 164.
Gonorilla, one of Leir's daughters, 114-116.
Gorbogudo, a British king, 120.
Gorbonian, a British king, 133.
Gorlois, duke of Cornwall, 222, 226.
Gormund, king of the Africans, 273.
Gothrun, a Danish king, 30, 34, 58, 63.
Gratian, emp. slain by Maximus, 394-396.
Gratian Municeps, a British king, 172, 173.
Gregory I, pope, 10, 11.
Grimbald, abbat of Hyde Abbey, 70, 74, 75.
Guanhumara, wife of Arthur, 238, 268, 269.
Guanius, king of the Huns, 172, 175.
Guendoloena, wife of Locrin, 111.
Guerthaeth, king of Venedotia, 139.
Guethelin, archbp. of London, 174, 177.
Guichthlac, king of Dacia, 123, 125.
Guiderius, a British king, 149.
Guillamurius, king of Ireland, 236, 238.
Guitard defeated by Hoel, 241, 258.
Guithelin, a British king, 132.
Guitolinus quarrels with Ambrosius, 415.
Gunfasius, king of the Orkneys, 238.
Guoyrancgonus, a king of Kent, 400.
Gurgintius, a British king, 136.
Gurgiunt Brabtruc, king of Britain, 131.
Gurgustius, a British king, 120.
Guthfrid, king of Northumbria, 37.
Hadrian's wall, 466, 471.
Halfdene, a Danish chieftain, 30, 31, 39, 58, 61, 62.
Hamo, Leuis, a Roman general, 149.
Hasten, invades England, 35, 36.
Heahmund, bishop, 27.
Helena, mother of Constantine, 162, 444-446, 467.
Helena, niece of Hoel, 252.
Heli, king of Britain, 136.
Hengist and Horsa, 4-7, 183-191, 209-212, 396-400, 405, 406.
Henry I. king of England, 90.
Henuinus, duke of Cornwall, 116.
Hider, a British general, 256.
Hilda, abbess, 13.
Hirelgas, Bedver's nephew, 264.
Hirelglas, Cassibellaun's nephew, 143.
Hingwar, Danish chief, 25, 26, 39, 61, 62.
Hoctor settles in Ireland, 389.
Hoel, king of Armorica, 231, 241, 248, 264.
Holdin, king of the Ruteni, 264.
Horsus, brother of Hengist, 4, 6, 183, 188.
Hudibras, king of Britain, 114.