becomes the local mean time for the zone or belt extending 7 1/2°
on each side of the central meridian; though in practise the zone has
to be adapted to local circumstances, and so cannot conform to the
exact line or meridian, but is arranged to suit boundaries of States
or Provinces as may be most convenient. By way of illustration, it
may be noted that in the Province of Ontario, Canada, by Act of the
Legislature, the hour of 75° W. is Standard Time for the Province as
far as 87° W., and that the S.W. point, 83° W., extends westerly beyond
the eastern part of the State of Michigan, where the time of 90° W. is
used; so at Windsor, Ontario, it is noon while in Michigan — more to
the east — it is 11 A.M. The Standard Time as used in the chief cities
of Canada and the United States may be noted: at Quebec, Montreal, and
Toronto, at Boston, New York, and Washington, the time of 75° W., five
hours earlier than Greenwich, is used; at Winnipeg in Manitoba, and at
Detroit, Chicago, and New Orleans, the time of 90°, {143} six hours
earlier than Greenwich, is used; at Regina and Denver it is the time
of 105°, seven hours earlier than Greenwich; and in British Columbia
and at San Francisco the time of 120° W., eight hours earlier than
Greenwich, is used; and when 180° is reached another day begins in
Eastern Siberia, at the Fiji Islands, and a little to the east of New
Zealand.
The same rule applies to places east of Greenwich, where, of course,
noon is earlier than at Greenwich according to the longitude. Spain
adopted Standard — that is, Greenwich — Time early in the century. When
noon at Greenwich it is 2 P.M. in Egypt and South Africa; it is 5:30
P.M. in India, 82 1/2° E.; in Japan and Corea, 135° E., it is 9 P.M.;
and in Eastern Australia, 150° E., it is 10 P.M.
The question is often asked, “Where does a day begin?” — that is, any
special day, New Year’s Day or Easter Day — and the answer is that for
all peoples, nations, and languages, using maps with longitude East and
West from Greenwich, each day begins at the meridian of 180°, slightly
east of New Zealand in the South, and intersecting Eastern Siberia
in the North, and so the last day of the nineteenth century and the
first day of the twentieth were on the Earth together, not running
concurrently or side by side, north and south of the Equator, as has
been {144} supposed, erroneously, but the latter following the former
from 180° westerly to Greenwich, and on again to 180°, where it gave
place to January 2.
Twelve O’clock Noon Greenwich Mean Time
AS COMPARED WITH THE CLOCK IN THE FOLLOWING PLACES
H. M.
Adelaide 9 14 P.M.
Auckland (N.Z.) 11 39 P.M.
Berlin 0 54 P.M.
Berne 0 30 P.M.
Bombay 4 51 P.M.
Boston, U.S. 7 16 A.M.
Brisbane, Qnsland 10 12 P.M.
Brussels 0 17 P.M.
Calcutta 5 53 P.M.
Cape of Good Hope 1 14 P.M.
Chicago 6 10 A.M.
Constantinople 1 56 P.M.
Dublin 11 35 A.M.
Edinburgh 11 47 A.M.
Florence 0 45 P.M.
Glasgow 11 43 A.M.
Hobart, Tasmania 9 49 P.M.
Jerusalem 2 21 P.M.
Lisbon 11 23 A.M.
Madras 5 21 P.M.
Madrid 11 45 A.M.
Malta 0 58 P.M.
Melbourne, Aus. 9 40 P.M.
Moscow 2 30 P.M.
Newfndland, S. Jns. 8 29 A.M.
New York 7 4 A.M.
Paris 0 9 P.M.
Pekin 7 46 P.M.
Penzance 11 37 A.M.
Perth, W. Aus. 7 43 P.M.
Philadelphia 6 59 A.M.
Port Moresby 10 4 P.M.
Prague 0 58 P.M.
Quebec 7 15 A.M.
Rome 0 50 P.M.
Rotterdam 0 18 P.M.
San Francisco, Port 3 52 A.M.
St. Petersburg 2 1 P.M.
Stockholm 1 12 P.M.
Suez 2 10 P.M.
Sydney 10 5 P.M.
Toronto 6 42 A.M.
Vancouver 3 38 A.M.
Vienna 1 5 P.M.
{145}
FOREIGN COINS
WITH THEIR VALUE IN UNITED STATES MONEY AS PROCLAIMED BY THE SECRETARY
OF THE TREASURY
1 OCTOBER, 1910
A = Standard
B = Monetary Unit
C = Val. in terms of U.S. gold dollar
------------------+------+---------+----------+------------------------------
Country | A | B | C | Coins
------------------+------+---------+----------+------------------------------
Argentine Republic|Gold |Peso |$0.965 | Gold — argentine ($4.824) and
| | | | 1/2 argentine. Silver — peso
| | | | and divisions
Austria-Hungary |Gold |Crown | .203 | Gold — 10 and 20 crowns.
| | | | Silver — 1 and 5 crowns
Belgium |Gold |Franc | .193 | Gold — 10 and 20 francs.
| | | | Silver — 5 francs
Bolivia |Silver|Boliviano| .389 | Silver boliviano and divisions
Brazil |Gold |Milreis | .546 | Gold — 5, 10, 20 milreis.
| | | | Silver — 1/2, 1, 2 milreis
British Honduras |Gold |Dollar | 1.000 |
Canada | | | |
(except Nfd.) |Gold |Dollar | 1.000 |
| | | |
Cent. Amer. | | | |
States— | | | |
Costa Rica |Gold |Colon | .465 | Gold — 2, 5, 10, and 20 colons
| | | | ($9.307). Silver — 5, 10, 25,
| | | | and 50 centimos
Guatemala, | | | |
Honduras, | | | |
Nicaragua, & | | | |
Salvador |Silver|Peso | .391 | Silver — peso and divisions
Chili |Gold |Peso | .365 | Gold — escudo ($1.825),
| | | | doubloon($3.650), and condor
| | | | ($7.300).
| | | | Silver — peso and divisions
| |[29]Tael:| |
| | Canton | .612 |
China |Silver| Haikwan | .652 |
| | Hongkong| .421 |
| | | |
{146} | | | |
| | | |
China |Silver|Dollar: | |
| | British|$0.421 |
| | Mexican| .424 |
Colombia | Gold |Dollar | 1.000 | Gold — condor ($9.647);
| | | | d’ble-condor. Silver — peso
Denmark | Gold |Crown | .268 | Gold — 10 and 20 crowns
Ecuador | Gold |Sucre | .487 | Gold — 10 sucres ($4.8665).
| | | | Silver — sucre and div.
Egypt | Gold |Pound | 4.943 | Gold — pound (100 piasters),
| | (100 pi-| | 5, 10, 20, 50 piasters
| | asters) | | Silver — 1, 2, 5, 10, 20
| | | | piasters
Finland | Gold |Mark | .193 | Gold — 20 marks ($3.859), 10
| | | | marks ($1.93)
France | Gold |Franc | .193 | Gold — 5, 10, 20, 50, 100
| | | | francs. Silver — 5 francs
German Empire | Gold |Mark | .238 | Gold — 5, 10, and 20 marks
Great Britain | Gold |Pound |4.866 1/2 | Gold — sovereign (pound
| | Sterling| | sterling), 1/2 sovereign
Greece | Gold |Drachma | .193 | Gold — 5, 10, 20, 50, 100
| | | | drachmas. Sil. — 5 drachmas
Haiti | Gold |Gourde | .965 | Gold — 1, 2, 5, 10 gourdes.
| | | | Silver — gourde and div.
India (British) | Gold |Pound |4.866 1/2 | Gold — sovereign (pound
| | Sterl- | | sterling). Silver — rupee
| | ing[30] | | and divisions
Italy | Gold |Lira | .193 | Gold — 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100
| | | | lire. Silver — 5 lire
Japan | Gold |Yen | .498 | Gold — 5, 10, and 20 yen.
| | | | Silver — 10, 20, and 50 yen
Liberia | Gold |Dollar |1.000 |
Mexico | Gold |Peso[31] | .498 | Gold — 5, 10 pesos. Silver —
| | | | dollar (or peso) and div.
Netherlands | Gold |Florin | .402 | Gold — 10 florins. Silver —
| | | | 2 1/2. 1 florin and
| | | | divisions
Newfoundland | Gold |Dollar |1.014 | Gold — 2 dollars ($2.028)
| | | |
{147} | | | |
| | | |
Norway | Gold |Crown | .268 | Gold — 10 and 20 crowns
Panama | Gold |Balboa |1.000 | Gold — 1, 2 1/2, 5, 10, 20
| | | | balboas. Silver — peso and
| | | | div.
Persia |Silver|Kran | .072 | Gold — 1/2, 1 and 2 tomans
| | | | ($3.409). Silver — 1/4, 1/2,
| | | | 1, 2, and 5 krans
Peru | Gold |Libra |4.866 1/2 | Gold — 1/2 and 1 libra.
| | | | Silver — sol and divisions
Philippine Islands| Gold |Peso | .500 | Silver peso — 10, 20 and 50
| | | | centavos
Portugal | Gold |Milreis |1.080 | Gold — 1, 2, 5 and 10 milreis
Russia | Gold |Ruble | .515 | Gold — 5, 7 1/2, 10, and 15
| | | | rubles. Silver — 5, 10, 15,
| | | | 20, 25, 50, and 100 copeks
Spain | Gold |Peseta | .193 | Gold — 25 pesetas. Silver — 5
| | | | pesetas
Straits | Gold |Pound |4.866 1/2 | Gold — sovereign (pound
Settlements | | Sterl- | | sterling). Sil. — dol. and
| | ing[32] | | div.
Sweden | Gold |Crown | .268 | Gold — 10 and 20 crowns
Switzerland | Gold |Franc | .193 | Gold — 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100
| | | | francs. Silver — 5 francs
Turkey | Gold |Piaster | .044 | Gold — 25, 50, 100, 250, and
| | | | 500 piasters
Uruguay | Gold |Peso |1.034 | Gold — peso. Silver — peso and
| | | | divisions
Venezuela | Gold |Bolivar | .193 | Gold — 5, 10, 20, 50, 100
| | | | bolivars. Silver — 5
| | | | bolivars
------------------+------+---------+----------+-------------------------------
[29] Amoy, .641; Cheefoo, .613; Chin Kiang, .626; Fuchau, .593;
Hankau, .599; Kiaochu, .621; Nanking, .634; Newchang, .601; Ningpo,
.616; Peking, .625; Shanghai, .585; Swatow, .592; Takau, .645;
Tientsin, .621.
[30] The sovereign is the standard coin of India, but the rupee
($0.3244 1/2) is the current coin, valued at 15 to the sovereign.
[31] Seventy-five centigrams fine gold.
[32] The current coin of the Straits Settlements is the silver dollar
issue on government account and which has been given a tentative value
of $0.567758 1/3.
NOTE. — The coins of silver-standard countries are valued by their pure
silver contents at the average market price of silver for the three
months preceding the date of this table. (Courtesy _The World Almanac_.)
{148}
COMPARATIVE THERMOMETERS
Réaumur Centigrade Fahrenheit
80 100 212 Water boils at sea-level
76 95 203
72 90 194
68 85 185
63.1 78.9 174 Alcohol boils
60 75 167
56 70 158
52 65 149 White of egg coagulates
48 60 140
44 55 131
42.2 52.8 127
40 50 122
36 45 113 Tallow melts
33.8 42.2 108
32 40 104
29.3 36.7 98 Blood heat
28 35 95
25.8 32.2 90
24 30 86
21.3 26.7 80
20 25 77
16 20 68 Temperate
12.4 15.3 60
10.2 12.8 55
8 10 50
5.8 7.2 45
4 5 41
1.3 1.7 35
0 0 32 Water freezes
0.9 - 1.1 30
4 - 9 23
5.3 - 6.7 20
8 -10 14
9.8 -12.2 10
12 -15 5
14.2 -17.8 0 Zero Fahr. {149}
16 -20 - 4
20 -25 -13
24 -30 -22
28 -35 -31
32 -40 -40 Mercury freezes
_To change from centigrade to Fahrenheit multiply by 9, divide by 5,
and add 32. To change from Réaumur to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, divide
by 4, and add 32._
(Courtesy _The World Almanac_)
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
THE METRIC SYSTEM
Multiples which are used equally with all the principal units
M (myria = 10000)
K (kilo = 1000)
H (hekto = 100)
D (deka = 10)
(NOTE. These are Greek numerals)
Divisions which are used equally with all the principle units
d (deci = .1)
c (centi = .01)
m (milli = .001)
(NOTE. These are Latin numerals)
+-------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Kinds of | Principal Units | Definitions |
| Quantities | | |
| Measured | | |
+-------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+
Length m (meter)
Area sq. m (square meter)
a (Ar) 1 sq. Dm.
Volume cu m (cubic meter)
s (ster) 1 cu. m.
l (liter) 1 cu. d m
Weight g (gram) Weight of 1 cu. cm. of
pure water at 4° centigrade
NOTE. 1000 kg. is called t. (a metric ton.)
{150}
LINEAR MEASURE
12 in. = 1 foot
3 ft. = 1 yd.
5 1/2 yds. = 1 rod
320 rds. = 1 mile
5280 ft. = 1 mile
3 miles = 1 league
The hand (4 in.) is used to measure the height of horses. The nautical
mile is 6086.44 ft. 1 knot is 1.1528 statute miles. 1 degree is 67.168
statute miles.
SQUARE MEASURE
144 sq. in. = 1 sq. ft.
9 sq. ft. = 1 sq. yd.
30 1/4 sq. yds. = 1 sq. rod
160 sq. rods = 1 acre
640 acres = 1 sq. mile
The side of a square having an area of an acre is approximately
208 3/4 feet.
DRY MEASURE
2 pints = 1 quart
8 quarts = 1 peck
4 pecks = 1 bushel
LIQUID MEASURE
4 gills = 1 pt.
2 pts. = 1 qt.
4 qts. = 1 gall.
31 1/2 gall. = 1 barrel
2 barrels = 1 hogshead
APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT
20 grains = 1 scruple
3 scruples = 1 dram
8 drams = 1 ounce
12 ounces = 1 pound
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT
16 drams = 1 ounce
16 ounces = 1 pound
100 pounds = 1 hundredweight
20 hundredweights = 1 ton
Long ton = 2240 pounds, used mostly in Great Britain.
TROY WEIGHT
24 grains = 1 pennyweight
20 pennyweights = 1 ounce
12 ounces = 1 pound
1 carat in diamond, measure = 3.2 Troy grains.
{151}
PAPER MEASURE
24 sheets = 1 quire
20 quires = 1 ream
2 reams = 1 bundle
5 bundles = 1 bale
TIME MEASURE
60 seconds = 1 minute
60 minutes = 1 hour
24 hours = 1 day
7 days = 1 week
28, 29, 30, or 31 days = 1 calendar month (30 days = 1 month in
computing interest)
365 days = 1 year
366 days = 1 leap year
CIRCULAR MEASURE
60 seconds = 1 minute
60 minutes = 1 degree
30 degrees = 1 sign
90 degrees = 1 quadrant
4 quadrants = 12 signs, or 360 degrees = 1 circle
CLOTH MEASURE
2 1/4 inches = 1 nail
4 nails = 1 quarter
4 quarters = 1 yard
MARINERS’ MEASURE
6 feet = 1 fathom
120 fathoms = 1 cab. le’th.
7 1/2 cable lengths = 1 mile
5280 feet = 1 stat. mile
6085 feet = 1 naut. mile
MISCELLANEOUS
3 inches = 1 palm
4 inches = 1 hand
6 inches = 1 span
18 inches = 1 cubit
21.8 in. = 1 Bible cubit
2 1/2 ft. = 1 military pace
SURVEYORS’ MEASURE
7.92 inches = 1 link
25 links = 1 rod
4 rods = 1 chain
10 square chains or 160 square rods = 1 acre
640 acres = 1 sq. mile
36 sq. miles (6 miles sq.) = 1 township
{152}
CUBIC MEASURE
1728 cubic in. = 1 cub. ft.
27 cubic ft. = 1 cubic yd.
128 c. ft. = 1 cord (wood)
40 cub. ft. = 1 ton (shpg.)
2150.42 cubic inches = 1 standard bushel
268.8 cubic inches = 1 standard gallon
1 cubic foot = about four-fifths of a bushel
METRIC EQUIVALENTS
_Linear Measure_
1 centimeter = 0.3937 in. 1 in. = 2.54 centimeters
1 decimeter = 3.937 in. = 0.328 feet 1 ft. = 3.048 decimeters
1 meter = 39.37 in. = 1.0936 yards 1 yard = 0.9144 meter
1 dekameter = 1.9884 rods 1 rod = 0.5029 dekameter
1 kilometer = 0.62137 mile 1 mile = 1.6093 kilometers
_Square Measure_
1 sq. centimeter = 0.1550 sq. in. 1 sq. inch = 6452 square centimeters
1 sq. decimeter = 0.1076 sq. ft. 1 sq. foot = 9.2903 square decimeters
1 sq. meter = 1.196 sq. yd. 1 sq. yd. = 0.8361 sq. m’r.
1 are = 3.954 sq. rd. 1 sq. rd. = 0.2529 are
1 hektar = 2.47 acres 1 acre = 0.4047 hektar
1 sq. kilometer = 0.386 sq. m. 1 sq. m. = 2.59 sq. kilometers
_Measure of Volume_
1 cu. centimeter = 0.061 cu. in. 1 cu. in. = 16.39 cu. centimeters
1 cu. decimeter = 0.0353 cu. ft. 1 cu. ft. = 28.317 cu. decimeters
1 cu. mr. = 1.308 cu. yd. 1 cu. yd. = 0.7646 cu. mr.
1 cu. mr. = 0.2759 cd.
1 stere = 1.308 cu. yd. 1 cord = 3.624 steres
1 stere = 0.2759 cd.
1 liter = 0.908 qt. dry 1 qt. dry = 1.101 liters
1 liter = 1.0567 qt. liq. 1 qt. liq. = 0.9463 liter
1 dekaliter = 2.6417 gal. 1 gal. = 0.3785 dekaliter
1 dekaliter = .135 pks. 1 peck = 0.881 dekaliter
1 hektoliter = 2.8375 bush. 1 bus. = 0.3524 hektoliter
{153}
_Weights_
1 gram. = 0.03527 ounce 1 ounce = 28.85 grams.
1 kilogram = 2.2046 lbs. 1 lb. = 0.4536 kilogram
1 metric ton = 1.1023 English ton 1 English ton = 0.9072 metric ton
British Weights and Measures
The British Weights and Measures Act of 1878, which superseded all
previous laws upon the subject, enacts the measures which may legally
be used in the United Kingdom. These are based upon the Standard Yard
and the Standard Pound.
Further Acts of Parliament were passed in 1889 and 1904 dealing with
the question of verification of weights and measures, and regulations
were issued by the Board of Trade in 1907 respecting the inspection and
stamping of weights and measures.
The Yard and the Pound are the only two independent standards for
weights and measures, as the Gallon, the standard of capacity, both
for dry and liquid measure, is not independent, but is based upon the
Pound. The Gallon is defined in the Act of 1878 as the volume of ten
Imperial Standard Pounds weight of distilled water weighed in air
against brass weights, with the water and air at the temperature of 62°
Fahrenheit and the barometer at 30 inches.
The multiples and subdivisions of the Standard Yard, Pound, and Gallon,
as laid {154} down in the Act of 1878, are as follows; the legal
abbreviations are given in brackets:
1. MEASURES OF LENGTH
12 inches (_in._) = 1 foot (_ft._)
3 feet = 1 YARD (_yd._)
5 1/2 yards = 1 rod, pole, or perch
4 poles = 1 chain or 100 links
10 chains = 1 furlong
8 furlongs = 1 mile
2. MEASURES OF WEIGHT
7000 grains (_gr._) = 1 POUND (_lb._)
Also
16 drams (_dr._) = 1 ounce (_oz._)
16 ounces = 1 POUND (_lb._)
14 pounds = 1 stone
8 stone = 1 hundredweight (_cwt._)
20 hundredweights = 1 ton
3. MEASURES OF CAPACITY
4 gills = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 GALLON
2 gallons = 1 peck
4 pecks = 1 bushel
8 bushels = 1 quarter
36 bushels = 1 chaldron
4. MEASURES OF LAND
40 square perches = 1 rood
4 roods = 1 acre
For certain special purposes, the following are also authorized by the
Act of 1878 or by Order in Council under the Act:
1. For weighing gold and silver and precious stones: {155}
The Troy ounce, equal in weight to 480 grains. In dealing with
quantities less than an ounce, the ounce is divided decimally, _not_
into grains. Larger quantities than an ounce are stated in ounces.
There is _no_ Troy pound.
2. For the use of apothecaries and for selling drugs retail:
(_a_) MEASURES OF WEIGHT
20 grains = 1 scruple (℈)
3 scruples = 1 drachm (ʒ)
8 drachms = 1 Apothecaries’ ounce (_oz. Apoth._)
(_b_) MEASURES OF CAPACITY
60 minims (_min._) = 1 fluid drachm (_fl. dr._)
8 fluid drachms = 1 fluid ounce (_fl. oz._)
Of the Apothecaries’ measure of weight, the grain is the same as the
Imperial grain; and the Apothecaries’ ounce contains 480 grains, like
the Troy ounce. But, of the measures of capacity, the Apothecaries’
_drachm_ is not the same as the Imperial _dram_, and the two words are
spelt differently. A fluid ounce of distilled water at a temperature of
62° Fahrenheit is equal in weight to the Imperial ounce (437.5 grains),
and the _fluid drachm_ (54.6875 grains) is equal in weight to two
Imperial _drams_.
ELECTRICAL MEASURES
It is customary to express electrical measures in terms of the
centimeter, the gramme, and the second, and the value of the units
{156} has been fixed by international agreement. The principal units,
as described in the Order in Council of January 10, 1910, are as
follows:
The OHM, the unit of resistance, is the resistance offered to an
unvarying electric current by a column of mercury, at the temperature
of melting ice, 14.4521 grammes in mass, of a constant cross-sectional
area, and of a length of 106.3 centimeters.
The AMPERE, the unit of current, is the unvarying electric current
which, when passed through a solution of nitrate of silver in water,
deposits silver at the rate of 0.001118 of a gramme per second.
The VOLT, the unit of pressure, is the pressure which, when steadily
applied to a conductor whose resistance is one ohm, will produce a
current of one ampere.
The WATT, the unit of power, is 1/746 of one horse-power, the
horse-power being 33,000 lb. raised one foot in one minute. The Board
of Trade unit is 1000 Watt-hours.
In carbon lamps of 16-candle power (nominal) about four watts are
required per candle power to give good economical results for domestic
purposes. One Board of Trade unit will keep a 16-candle carbon lamp
alight for about 16 hours; metallic filament lamps require considerably
less. {157}
MEASURES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES
_Builders’ Measurements_
Stock or kiln bricks 8 3/4 inches × 4 1/4 × 2 3/4
Welsh fire-bricks 9 inches × 4 1/2 × 2 3/4
Paving bricks 9 inches × 4 1/2 × 1 3/4
Square tiles 9 3/4 inches × 9 3/4 × 1
Square tiles 6 inches × 6 × 1
Dutch clinker bricks 9 1/4 inches × 3 × 1 1/2
A Rod of Brickwork 16 1/2 feet × 16 1/2 feet × 1 1/2 brick thick
= 306 cubic feet, or 11 1/3 cubic yards, and contains about 4500
bricks with about 75 cubic feet of mortar.
Ordinary bricks weigh about 7 lb. each; a load of 500 weighs about 1
ton 11 cwt. 1 qr.
A Piece of Wall Paper is 12 yd. long × 21 in. wide (English), and 9 yd.
× 18 in. (French).
_Timber and Wood_
40 cubic feet rough, 50 cubic feet squared = 1 load
50 cubic feet of planks = 1 load
100 superficial feet = 1 square of flooring
120 Deals = 100
Width of Battens, 7 inches; Deals, 9 inches; Planks are 2 to 4 inches
thick, and 10 or 11 inches wide. A Cord of Wood is 2 1/2 tons, or 128
cubic feet.
_Corn_
Wheat and other cereals are commonly sold by weight, the bushel being
thus reckoned:
Wheat, English, 60 lb. Foreign, 62 lb.
Barley, English, 50 lb. French, 52 1/2 lb. Mediterranean, 50 lb. {158}
Oats, English, 39 lb. Foreign, 38 and 40 lb.
Rye and Maize, 60 lb.
Buckwheat, 52 lb.
_Hay and Straw_
Truss of Straw, 36 lb. Truss of Old Hay, 56 lb.
Truss of New Hay (to September 1), 60 lb.
Load, 36 Trusses — Straw, 11 cwt. 2 qr. 8 lb.;
Old Hay, 18 cwt.;
New Hay, 19 cwt. 1 qr. 4 lb.
_Yard Measures_
_Cotton and Spun Silk Count._ — Thread = 1 1/2 yards; Lea, or Skein,
_skn._ = 120 yards; Hank, _hk_ = 7 Skeins, or Leas = 840 yards;
Spindle, _spdl._ = 18 Hanks; counts = the number of Hanks in 1 lb.;
Bundle Hanks, either of 5 lb. or 10 lb.; Reels of Cotton vary from 30
to 1760 yards; they must be marked correctly. Bundles of Cotton are
chiefly made up for export.
_Worsted Count._ — Wrap, 80 yards; Hank = 560 yards = 7 Wraps. Counts
or Numbers are the number of hanks in a lb.
_Linen Count._ — The Hank or Lea is 300 yards, and the number of these
in 1 lb. is the count of the yarn. A Spindle is 48 hanks; a Bundle is
200 hanks.
_West of England Count._ — The Hank is 320 yards, and the number of
hanks in 1 lb. is the count of the yarn. {159}
_Size of Barrel_ Gals.
Firkin or Quarter Barrel 9
Anker (10 gallons) 10
Kilderkin, Rundlet, or 1/2 Barrel 18
Barrel 36
Tierce (42 gallons) 42
Hogshead of Ale (1 1/2 barrels) 54
Puncheon 72
Butt of Ale 108
In the British Dependencies
The Imperial weights and measures are the legal standards in the
British Dominions and in India. In some Colonies the Metric system may
also be used. In certain Colonies and in India, the old local measures
are still employed to a considerable extent. Among these are the
following:
INDIAN WEIGHTS (_Bengal_)
Tola, unit of postage = 180 grains
Chittak = 5 Tolas; Seer (16 Chittaks) = 2 9/35 lb.
Imperial or Indian Maund = 82 2/7 lb. = 40 seer
_Madras_
Viss = 3.09 lbs., Maund = 25 lb., Candy = 500 lb.
SOUTH AFRICAN LAND MEASURES
Cape Morgen = 2.11654 English Acres
Cape Feet = 1.033 English Feet
Cape Rood = 12.396 English Feet
{160}
European Countries
The metric system of weights and measures has been adopted in the
following countries:
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Norway,
Rumania, Servia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.
In _Russia_ the standard of length is the Sachine, which is equal to
seven British feet; the standard of weight is the Pound, equal to
nine-tenths of the British pound. The other measures are:
1. MEASURES OF LENGTH
16 vershok = 1 archine
3 archine = 1 sachine
500 sachine = 1 verst
2. MEASURES OF WEIGHT
3 zolotnik = 1 loth
32 loth = 1 pound
40 pounds = 1 pood
10 poods = 1 berkovatz
In _Turkey_ the weights and measures differ considerably in different
parts of the Empire, but the following are those used at Constantinople
and the neighborhood:
1. MEASURES OF LENGTH
2 jeras = 1 rup
8 rups = 1 pek = 26.77 British inches
2. MEASURES OF WEIGHT
16 kirats = 1 dram
400 drams = 1 oke = 2.828 British pounds
44 okes = 1 kantar
{161}
The usual measure of capacity in Turkey is the Kileh, which is slightly
larger than the British bushel.
TIME AND WATCH ON BOARD SHIP
«Time.» — Time is kept by means of “Bells,” although there is but one
bell on the ship; and to strike the clapper properly against the bell
requires some skill.
First, two strokes of the clapper at the interval of a second, then an
interval of two seconds; then two more strokes with a second’s interval
apart, then a rest of two seconds, thus:
Bell, one second; B., two secs.; B. s.; B. ss.;
B. s.; B. ss.; B.
«Watch.» — For purposes of discipline, and to divide the work fairly,
the crew is mustered in two divisions: the Starboard (right side,
looking forward) and the Port (left). The day commences at noon, and is
thus divided:
Afternoon Watch noon to 4 P.M.
First Dog Watch 4 P.M. to 6 P.M.
Second Dog Watch 6 P.M. to 8 P.M.
First Watch 8 P.M. to midnight
Middle Watch 12 A.M. to 4 A.M.
Morning Watch 4 A.M. to 8 A.M.
Forenoon Watch 8 A.M. to noon
This makes seven _Watches_, which enables the crew to keep them
alternately, as the _Watch_ which is on duty in the forenoon one {162}
day has the afternoon the next day, and the men who have only four
hours’ rest one night have eight hours the next. This is the reason for
having _Dog Watches_, which are made by dividing the hours between 4
P.M. and 8 P.M. into two _Watches_.
PARCEL POST — TABLE OF RATES
--------+-------+---------+----------+-----------+------------
WEIGHT | Local | 1st zone| 2d zone | 3d zone | 4th zone
OF | Rate | up to 50| 50 to 150| 150 to 300| 300 to 600
PARCEL | | miles | miles | miles | miles
--------+-------+---------+----------+-----------+------------
1 lb. | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08
2 lbs. | 0.06 | .08 | .10 | .12 | .14
3 lbs. | 0.07 | .11 | .14 | .17 | .20
4 lbs. | .08 | .14 | .18 | .22 | .26
5 lbs. | .09 | .17 | .22 | .27 | .32
6 lbs. | .10 | .20 | .26 | .32 | .38
7 lbs. | .11 | .23 | .30 | .37 | .44
8 lbs. | .12 | .26 | .34 | .42 | .50
9 lbs. | .13 | .29 | .38 | .47 | .56
10 lbs. | .14 | .32 | .42 | .52 | .62
11 lbs. | .15 | .35 | .46 | .57 | .68
--------+-------+---------+----------+-----------+------------
--------+-------+---------+----------+-----------+------------
WEIGHT | 5th zone | 6th zone | 7th zone | 8th zone
OF | 600 to 1000| 1000 to 1400| 1400 to 1800| all over
PARCEL | miles | miles | miles | 1800 miles
--------+-------+---------+----------+-----------+------------
1 lb. | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12
2 lbs. | .16 | .19 | .21 | .24
3 lbs. | .23 | .28 | .31 | .36
4 lbs. | .30 | .37 | .41 | .48
5 lbs. | .37 | .46 | .51 | .60
6 lbs. | .44 | .55 | .61 | .72
7 lbs. | .51 | .64 | .71 | .84
8 lbs. | .58 | .73 | .81 | .96
9 lbs. | .65 | .82 | .91 | 1.08
10 lbs. | .72 | .91 | 1.01 | 1.20
11 lbs. | .79 | 1.00 | 1.11 | 1.32
--------+------------+-------------+-------------+------------
{163}
INDEX
“A” and “an,” spacing of, 60.
“a” (negative prefix), compounds of, 50.
Abbreviations,
use of period with, 12;
of firms and corporations; capitalization of, 23;
of degrees, capitalization of, 25;
of titles and States, spacing of, 59–60;
of italicized words in literary and legal references, 64;
of dates and usages thereto, 65;
of proper names, 66;
of Christian names, 66–68;
of titles, 68–75;
of commercial terms, 76–77;
of geographical terms, 77–81;
miscellaneous, 81–89;
scriptural, 90;
of monetary signs, 90–91;
of mathematical signs, 91–92;
of medical signs, 92;
not used in salutation of letters, 117.
_-able_ and _-ible_,
spelling of words terminating in, 38–39;
in division of words, 53.
Abstract ideas: capitalization of personified, 23.
Accents:
list of symbols, 2;
list of accented words, 36–37;
retention of, in foreign words used in English, 36–37.
“Accept,” correct use of, 101.
Acts, juridical, capitalization of, 27.
A.D. (_anno Domini_):
set in small caps, 30;
spacing of, 59.