DEMETRIUS, OF APAMEA, 114
DEMOCEDES, 73, 75
DEMOCRITUS, 82
DEMOSTHENES, OF MARSEILLES, 115
DENYS, OF PARIS, 408
DESIDERIUS, Abbot of Monte Cassino, 239
DEZEIMERIS, 341, 400
DIETETICS OF PREGNANT WOMEN, 199
DIETING AND ATHLETIC EXERCISES, 69
DIETZ, REINHOLD, discoverer of an early Greek manuscript of
Soranus, 138
DIGESTION, physiology of, according to Erasistratus, 108
according to Aretaeus, 144
DIOCLES, of Carystos, 103
DIONIS, PIERRE, distinguished French anatomist, 41, 364, 383, 540
DIOSCORIDES, PEDANIUS, 157, 317
DIPHTHERIA, GENUINE, recognized by Paracelsus, 405
DIPHTHERIA, PHARYNGEAL, known in 2d century as Syriac ulcer, 144
DISEASES mentioned in the papyrus Ebers, 20
DISLOCATION OF SHOULDER, successfully reduced by Gabriel
Bakhtichou, 207
DISSECTING OF HUMAN BODIES, early attempts, 309, 327, 331
practice approved by University of Salamanca, 346
practice made obligatory in the medical schools early in 18th
century, 364
DISTEMPERS of the stiff and elastic fibres (Boerhaave), 442
DIVINE WATER of the alchemists, 321
DJONDISABOUR, early establishment of a medical school at, 184, 204
DOCTOR, when first employed as a title, 280
DODOENS, REMBERT (Dodonaeus), 395
DOGMATISTS, sect of the, 101, 103, 149
DONATO, MARCELLO, 396
DON CARLOS, OF SPAIN, skull severely injured, 485
DORVEAUX, PAUL, 548
DOUGLAS, JAMES, 361
DRACHMA, value of, 207
DRACO, SON OF HIPPOCRATES, 82
DRACUNCULUS MEDINENSIS, 233
DRUGS, enumerated by Homer in the Odyssey, 18
enumerated by Dioscorides, 18
remedial effects of, 398
DRY TREATMENT OF WOUNDS, 275, 285
DUBOIS, JACQUES (Sylvius), the anatomist, 340, 345
DYSENTERY, East Indian treatment of, 409
E
EAR, cherry pit in, 396
fatal disease of, 489
EAST INDIAN SURGEONS performed suprapubic cystotomy before the
Christian era, 497
EBEN EL KHAMMAR, a distinguished Persian physician, 222
EBERS PAPYRUS, the, 20
ECLECTICS, THE, 142, 149
EGYPT, ANCIENT, practice of medicine in, 16, 17
process of embalming in, 17
temples were used as hospitals and as medical schools, as well as
for purposes of worship, 19
EGYPTIANS, THE ANCIENT, surgical instruments used by, 21
surgical methods employed by, 21
therapeutics of, 20
they were good sanitarians, 23
they were the originators of many of the Mosaic laws, 27
ELEATIC SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY, 73
ELBOW-JOINT, EXARTICULATION OF, 508
ELECTRIC RAY, shocks communicated by, utilized in treatment of
severe headache, 155
ELISHA THE PROPHET cures Naaman’s so-called leprosy, 27
EMBALMING, Egyptian process of, 17
EMIR ADHAD EDDOULA founds a great hospital at Bagdad, 219
EMPEDOCLES (444 B. C.) places the seat of the hearing in the
labyrinth of the temporal bone, 80
EMPIRICS, sect of the, 101, 111, 149
ENCYCLOPAEDISTS, the, 156
EPICUREANS, the, 102
EPIDAURUS, in Argolis, Greece, 51
EPIONE, wife of Aesculapius, 50
ERASISTRATUS, 104, 106, 110
teachings of, with regard to nature of the blood and the
circulation, 371
ERASMUS, on Linacre, 418
ÉTIENNE, ROBERT, 197
EUENOR, 99
EULER, LEONHARD, 360
EUPORISTA, title of Oribasius’ treatise, 192
EUPORISTON, title of treatise by Priscianus, 193
EUSTACHIUS, BARTHOLOMAEUS, 345, 348, 358, 384
EVIL SPIRITS, part played by, in producing disease, 8
EXERCISE, physical, not absolutely necessary to persons in normal
health, 125
EXPERIENCE, great value attached to, by Hippocrates, 148
F
FABIOLA, the widow, established the first hospital in Rome, 235
FABRICIUS AB ACQUAPENDENTE, 349, 351, 378, 478
FABRICIUS OF HILDEN, 464
FACIAL HEMIPARESIS, sculptured in marble (Fig.), 68
FALLOPIUS or FALLOPPIUS, GABRIELE, 341, 348, 360, 393, 474, 478
FARRAGUT, of Girgenti, Sicily, 262
FAUST, JOHANNES, 322
FEDELES, FORTUNATUS, 398
FEES, MEDICAL, in Babylonia, 15
FEVER, NATURE OF, as taught by Sydenham, 423
FELDBUCH DER WUNDARTZNEY, von Gerssdorff’s, 462
FEMUR, FRACTURE OF, 510
FERMENT IN BLOOD the cause of small-pox (Rhazes), 220
FERNEL, JEAN, 414
FILARIA MEDINENSIS, removal of, from boy’s leg, 489
FINCKENSTEIN, 543
FISTULA IN ANO, John Arderne’s treatise on, 307
FLAMMULA, 522
FLINT KNIVES, 9
FLOS MEDICINAE, title of medical treatise, 251
FLOURENS, 374
FORAMEN BOTALLI, 413
FORCEPS for crushing stone in the bladder (Fig.), 497
FORCEPS, obstetrical, invention of, 535
FOREEST, PETER, 413
FORMULARY of Sabour ben Sahl, 209
FOSSEL, 391
FRA SARPI, 378
FRACASTORO, HIERONYMUS, 221, 362, 389, 391
FRANCO, PIERRE, 490, 494, 495, 497
FRANCONIAN OPERATION, revived in 1719 by John Douglas of London,
496
FREDERICK II., King of Sicily, promotes work of translating from
the Arabic, 261
FREIND, JOHN, 184, 195, 416
FRÈRE JACQUES DE BEAULIEU, 550
FRIEDLAENDER, 3
G
GABRIEL, the most distinguished member of the Bakhtichou family,
207
GAIUS, OF NAPLES, a distinguished ophthalmologist, 115
GALE, THOMAS, 517
GALEAZZO DI SANTA SOFIA, Professor of Anatomy at Vienna, 311
GALEN, CLAUDIUS, 74, 160, 316, 344
on the nature of the blood, 372
on the true function of respiration, 372
on the treatment of wounds, 275
treatises written by, 167
GALENIC DOCTRINES, 400
GALENICAL PREPARATIONS, 317
GALENISM, meaning of the term, 388
GALENISTS, ENGLISH, in 17th century, 419
GALEN’S SYSTEM of therapeutics still used in Persia, 317
GALILEO, 546
GALLU, the demon who causes diseases of the hand, 13
GARIOPONTUS, a teacher at Salerno, 245, 247
GAS SYLVESTRE, 401
GEBER, credited with being the founder of chemistry, 233
now believed to be a mythical personage, 320
GENTILE DA FOLIGNO, 266
GERARD OF CREMONA, 227, 261
GERM ORIGIN of certain febrile diseases suspected by Rhazes, 221
GERMANY, devastated during the 17th century, 426
medical education in (from 1400 to 1600), 454
GERSSDORFF, HANS VON, 460
GESNER, CONRAD, 394
GILBERTUS ANGLICUS, 305, 516
GILLES DE CORBEIL, on urology, 255
GLADIATORS, SCHOOLS FOR, 68
GLAUBER’S SALT, 410
GLISSON, FRANCIS, 358, 546
GLOSSULAE QUATUOR MAGISTRORUM, 280
GORDONIUS, 296
GOURDON, BERNARD DE (Gordonius), 296
GOUT, remedy for, recommended by Aëtius, 195
GRAAF, REIGNIER DE, 359, 361
GRAPHEUS, BENEVENUTUS, celebrated eye surgeon of the 12th century,
256
GRAVES, ROBBING OF, for dissecting material, 309, 332, 336
GREAT BRITAIN, condition of surgery in, during 16th and 17th
centuries, 516
GREEK PROVERBS relating to medicine, 77
GREGORY, BISHOP OF TOURS, 241
GRIFFON, JEAN, distinguished Genevese surgeon, 464
GUAIAC, inefficient anti-syphilitic remedy, 405
GUAINERIO, of Pavia, 496
GUARNA, REBECCA, 245
GUERICKE, OTTO VON, 546
GUIDO GUIDI (Vidus Vidius), the anatomist, 340
GUILLEMEAU, JACQUES, 536
GUISCARD, ROBERT, a resident at Salerno, 240
GULDINUS, PAUL, 409
GUNPOWDER, first employment of, in European warfare, 328
GUNSHOT WOUNDS, 467, 473
GURLT, VON, 455
GUY DE CHAULIAC, 227, 263, 298, 299, 310
founder of didactic surgery, 300
manner of treating injured nerves, 302
manner of treating fractures of the thigh, 304
GYMNASTIC EXERCISES, institutions for cultivating, 68
GYNAECOLOGISTS, EARLY, 115
GYNAECOLOGY successfully practiced by Soranus, 140
H
HALLER, ALBERT VON, 142, 344
HALY, ABBAS, a Persian physician and the author of the famous
treatise called “Al-Maleky”--“The Royal Book,” 223
HAMMURABI’S LAW with reference to physicians’ fees in Babylonia, 15
HARDERWYK, UNIVERSITY OF, 439
HAROUN ALRASCHID, 206
HARVEY, WILLIAM, discoverer of the circulation of the blood, 379
HEAD, INJURIES OF (Wuertz), 467
HEART, anatomy of, according to de Mondeville, 289
physiology of, 377
HEIDELBERG, UNIVERSITY OF, 454
HELIODORUS, 202
HELVETIUS, 409
HEMORRHAGE FROM A WOUND, different means of arresting, 154, 277
HENRY THE SECOND’s manner of death, 511
HENSCHEL, researches of, 246
HERAKLEIDES, OF TARENTUM, 111
HERCULES an ancestor of Hippocrates, 81
HERMETIC BOOKS relating to medicine, 18
HERNIA, RADICAL CURE OF, by members of the Norsa family, 482
HERNIA-HEALERS, 490
HERODICUS, of Selymbria, 69
HERODOTUS, a different person from the famous historian, 26, 142
HEROPHILUS, a distinguished physician of Chalcedon, 104
HERZOG, excavations made by, at Cos, 55
HESYCHIOS, 201
HEURNIUS, JOHANNES, clinical teacher at Leyden, 429
HIGH OPERATION for stone in the bladder (_le haut appareil_), 495,
496
HIGHMORE, NATHANIEL, 359, 546
HINDU PHYSICIANS held very crude ideas about pathology, 31
HIPPOCRATES THE GREAT, 81, 82, 98, 411
HIPPOCRATIC OATH, 71
HIPPOCRATIC WRITINGS, French version of Littré, 83
German version of Fuchs, 84
short extracts, 89
HIRSCH, AUGUST, 399, 545
HOBEÏCH, 215
HOFMANN, MORITZ, 358
HOFFMANN, FRIEDRICH, 431, 434
HOFFMANN’S ANODYNE, 437
HOMERIC POEMS probably written about B. C. 800, 46
HOMER’S FAMILIARITY WITH ANATOMY, 48
HONEIN, 208, 212, 214, 317
HOSPITAL GANGRENE, Wuertz’s views regarding, 469
HOSPITALS in the Middle Ages, 219, 235
HÔTEL-DIEU AT LYONS founded in the 6th century, 236, 450
HÔTEL-DIEU AT PARIS over-crowded in early part of 16th century
(Fig.), 452
HRABANUS MAURUS, Abbot of Fulda Monastery, 241
HUGO BENZI (Hugo of Siena), 312
HUGO OF LUCCA, 275
HYDROTHERAPY at the Cos _Asclepieion_, 54
in the treatment of gout, 129
HYGIEIA, daughter of Aesculapius, 50
HYOSCYAMUS, when first used for dilating the pupils, 157
HYRTL, JOSEPH, 311, 356, 532
I
IATREIA, or small private hospitals, 68
IATROCHEMISTS and IATROPHYSICISTS in 17th century, 366
IBRAHIM, pupil of George Bakhtichou, 206
IDEA MORBOSA (Van Helmont), 399
ILEO-CAECAL VALVE, discovery of, 350
ILIAD AND ODYSSEY, references in, to medicine, 47
INDIA, ANCIENT, rich in skilful surgeons, 35
INDIA, great mortality in, from bites of venomous serpents, 64
the medicine of, 31
INGRASSIA, 349
INNOCENT XI., POPE, 392
INOCULATION against small-pox practiced by the Chinese in the 11th
century, 43
INTENTION, healing by first, 277
INTESTINE, wounds of, 255, 459
IONIAN SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY, 72
IPECACUANHA, discovery of, 408, 409
ISAAC, SON OF HONEIN, 215
ISIS, 19
ISOLA SAN BARTOLOMMEO, 51
ISRAELITES, medicine of the, 26, 27
ISSA BEN CHALATA, 205
ITINERANT LITHOTOMISTS, 549
J
JACOBUS PSYCHRESTOS, 201
JALAP, 395
JAMERIUS, author of “Chirurgia Jamati,” 255
JANISCUS, son of Aesculapius, 50
JAPANESE PHYSICIANS, modern, 45
JARDIN-DU-ROI, 540
JASO, daughter of Aesculapius, 50
JEAN DE VIGO, 472, 473
JEWISH MEDICAL STUDENTS, numerous at Montpellier, 265
JOHN of Arderne, 516
of Capua, 261
of Gaddesden, 305, 516
of Salisbury, 264
the Grammarian, of Alexandria, 185
JOURNALISM, MEDICAL, beginnings of, 545
JULIAN THE APOSTATE, Roman Emperor, 236, 435
JUSSERAND, 306
K
KERCKRING, THEODOR, 359
KING, EDMUND, 408
KITAB AL-KULLIDSCHAT (= “Colliget”), title of Averroes’ treatise,
229
KOELLIKER, 455
L
LABOULBÈNE, comments on Sydenham, 425
LABYRINTH of temporal bone, 80
LANCISI, GIOVANNI MARIA, 349, 391
discovers copper plates intended for Eustachius’ “Anatomy,” 392
LANFRANCHI, 282, 284
LANGUAGES, LEARNED, importance of acquiring a knowledge of them,
271
LANOLIN, described by Dioscorides in A. D. 100, 318
LAPEYRONIE, FRANÇOIS DE, 531
LARYNGOSCOPY, DIRECT, mentioned by Savonarola, 313
LATIN, barbaric, 262, 300
commonly employed by teachers of medicine in 16th and 17th
centuries, 369
habitually spoken at Oxford and Cambridge in 17th century, 424
LAUDANUM, SYDENHAM’S LIQUID, formula for, 424
LAUREA ANGLICA, title of treatise written by Gilbertus Anglicus,
305
LAXATIVES, a term originated by the Methodists, 133
LAXUM AND STRICTUM, 130
LE CLERC, DANIEL, 73, 171
LE CLERC, LUCIEN, 217
LEECH lodged in the naso-pharynx, 397
LEECHES, therapeutic employment of, first mentioned by Themison,
133
LEEUWENHOEK, ANTON VAN, 360
LEG, AMPUTATION OF (Fig.), 463
LEIBNITZ, 363
LEONIDES, 201
LEONINE VERSIFICATION, 251
LEVRET, 539
LIBRARIES, PUBLIC, seventy possessed by Spain during the 12th
century, 232
LIEBREICH, originator of the term “lanolin,” 318
LIGATURES applied to blood-vessels by Archigenes in the early part
of 2d century, 143
employment of, by Jean de Vigo, in 1460, 473
used on amputation stumps, 519
LINACRE, THOMAS, 416
founded two “lectures of physick” at Oxford, 417
instrumental in securing the foundation of the College of
Physicians at London, 417
LIQUOR BALSAMICUS, 357
LITHONTRIPSY, Giovanni de Romanis supposed to be the inventor of,
474
LITHOTOME OF FRÈRE CÔME (Fig.), 553
LITHOTOMISTS, ITINERANT, 490, 549
LITHOTOMY, SUPRAPUBIC, 495
LITHOTRITY practiced first by Beniveni in the 15th century, 498
LOUIS DE BOURGES, First Physician to Francis I., 414
LOUVAIN, UNIVERSITY OF, 345
LOWER, RICHARD, 408
LUCIUS VERUS, ROMAN EMPEROR, 165
LUCRUM NEGLECTUM, probable meaning of the expression, 353
LUKE, “THE BELOVED PHYSICIAN,” 30
LUTETIA, GAUL, the present city of Paris, 435
LUTHER, MARTIN, a believer in the “black art,” 322
LYMPHATICS, INTESTINAL, 385
LYONS, FRANCE, founding of the Hôtel-Dieu in that city
(6th century), 236
M
MACHAON AND PODALIRIUS, sons of Aesculapius, 47, 50
MAGATI, CESARE, 529
MAGGI, BARTOLOMMEO, 473
discoverer of the fact that a bullet is not hot at moment of
inflicting a wound, 513
MAGICAL REMEDIES, 197
MAGNUS, disciple of Athenaeus, 142
MAGREB, 218
MAIMONIDES, esteemed the greatest Jew after Moses, 230
MALEVOLENT SPIRITS, capable of producing disease, 8
MALPIGHI, 360, 361
MANARDUS, JOHANNES, 389
MANFRED, KING OF SICILY, 262
founds a university at Naples in 1258 A. D., 257
MANUSCRIPTS, MEDICAL, transcribing of, at Monastery of Saint Gall,
244
MARC ANTONIO DELLA TORRE, 339
MARCUS AURELIUS, Roman Emperor, 165
MARIANUS SANCTUS, 474
MARIOTTE, EDME, 546
MARTYRDOM OF CHRISTIAN PHYSICIANS, 180
MASTER OF MEDICINE, grade of, 304
MATERIA MEDICA, early Greek, 158
first modern treatise on (1447), 320
MAURICEAU, FRANÇOIS, 537
MAURUS, teacher of medicine at Salerno, 245
MAYERNE, TURQUET DE, 547
MEAUX SAINT-MARC, translator of “Schola Salernitana” into French,
250
MEDIASTINITIS, case of, 228
MEDICAL TEACHING in Ancient Greece, 70, 85
in the Asclepieia, 69
MEDICAL TREATISES, GREEK, destruction of, in Rome, during the 5th
century, 185
MEDICINE, beginnings of a rational system of, 67
development of different sects, after the death of Hippocrates,
101
evolution of, as affected by the Arab Renaissance, 203, 233
God of, 50
influence of the Italian Renaissance upon, 260
mediaeval, 191
practice of, at Rome, in century preceding Christian era, 117
pre-Homeric period of, in Greece, 46
relation of monasteries to, 238
slowness of development of, 3
MEDICINE MAN of the Indian tribes the earliest type of the
physician, 8
MEDINA WORM discovered by Abulcasis, 233
MEMBRANA RUYSCHIANA, 357
MENELAÜS wounded at siege of Troy, 48
MENOCRITUS, physician, honored by a marble column in Greece, 99
MERCURIADE, teacher of medicine at Salerno, 245
MESOPOTAMIA, medicine in, 11
MESUÉ, JOHN, THE ELDER, 209
METASYNCRISIS, a term originated by Thessalus, 136
METHODISTS, school of the, 129, 138, 149
MEYER, ERNEST VON, 400
MEYER-STEINEG, of Jena, Germany, 16, 52, 53, 68, 120, 129, 134,
142
MICHAEL SCOTUS, 262
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY, first beginnings of, 360, 362
MIGRAINE relieved by arteriotomy, 470
MIKROTECHNE of Galen, 248
MINDERER, RAYMOND, 407
MINERAL WATERS employed extensively by the ancients in the form of
baths, 157
MIRACH, 521
MIRFELD, JOHN, 306
MISOPOGON, title of satire written by Julian the Apostate, 436
MITHRIDATES, 127
MITHRIDATICUM, composition of, 112
MIXTUM, term employed by the Methodists, 131
MOMMSEN, 235
MONASTERIES in the Middle Ages, 181, 235
relation of, to medicine, 238
MONDEVILLE, HENRI DE (Fig.), 287, 288, 289, 291
MONDINO, the anatomist, 274, 280, 312, 332
MONKS obliged to practice medicine during the Middle Ages, 141, 154
MONTE CASSINO, founding of Benedictine monastery on, 238, 239
MONTPELLIER, Medical School of, 264, 292, 332
MORBUS GALLICUS, 543
MOSAIC LAWS, the, related particularly to social hygiene, 26
MOSCHION, pupil of Soranus, 139
MOTASSEM, CALIPH, 210
MOXAE, MOXIBUSTION, 44
MURPHY’S BUTTON, Pfolspeundt’s (15th century) prototype of, 459
MUSA, ANTONIUS, physician of Emperor Augustus, 129
MUSANDINUS, 245, 254
MUSULMANS as zealous as the Christians in establishing hospitals,
237
N
NAAMAN’S SO-CALLED LEPROSY cured by the prophet Elisha, 27
NAMTAR, the special demon of the Plague, 13
NAPLES, university established at, in 1258 A. D., 257
NASAL CAVITY, illuminating the, 482
NEO-LATIN, 262
NEOLITHIC AGE, state of medical knowledge during the, 9
NEPENTHES, 49
NERVES, WOUNDS OF, comments of Guy de Chauliac upon, 302
NEUBURGER, MAX, 24, 41, 51, 84, 132, 222, 228, 231, 249
NEWTON, SIR ISAAC, 546
NICAISE, EDOUARD, 228, 263, 282, 287, 300
NICHOLAS, THE MONK, sent by the Emperor Romanus to Cordova as an
interpreter of Dioscorides, 226
NICOLAUS MYREPSUS, 318
NICOLAUS PRAEPOSITUS, Antidotarium of, 253
NICOTINE, the alkaloid found in tobacco, 395
NORSA FAMILY, celebrated as operators for the radical cure of
hernia, 482
NUCK, ANTON, the anatomist, 359, 439
NUFER, JACOB, 534
O
OATH, HIPPOCRATIC, 71
OBSTETRIC METHODS, rational, of Soranus, 138, 139
OBSTETRICAL FORCEPS, 535
OBSTETRICS, practice of, in ancient Egypt, 17
ODYSSEY, reference to drugs in the, 18
OIL OF ST. JOHN’S WORT, 522
OISYPUM (LANOLIN), first described by Dioscorides (100 A. D.), 318
OLD TESTAMENT, medicine of the, 26
OLEUM HYPERICI, 522
ONASILOS, a physician, bronze tablet in honor of (5th century
B. C.), found in Island of Cyprus, 99
OPEDELDOCH, 404
OPHTHALMOLOGISTS, EARLY, 115
OPHTHALMOLOGY, important contributions to, 546
OPIUM, probably the drug referred to by term “nepenthes,” 49
proper manner of obtaining, first described by Scribonius Largus,
155
Sydenham’s opinion with regard to the value of, 424
OPORINUS, Paracelsus’ assistant, 404
ORDRONAUX, JOHN, 250, 252
ORIBASIUS, 191
ORIENTAL MEDICINE, 11
OSIRIS, or Serapis, 19
OVER-EATING, according to the ancient Egyptians, is the cause of
the majority of diseases, 22
P
PADUA MEDICAL SCHOOL, 267, 352
PAGEL, 57
PALERMO, SICILY, a great centre of literary activity, 261
PANADOES, how prepared, 443
PANAKEIA, daughter of Aesculapius, 50
PANCREAS, outlet duct of, discovered in 1641, 358
PAPER, INVENTION OF, 328
PAPIN, DENIS, 547
PARACELSUS, 369, 401, 405, 465
monument in honor of, at Basel, 406
pharmaceutical preparations of, 404
sayings of, 403
treatises published by, 403
PARACENTESIS ABDOMINIS, 110, 124
PARAMIRUM, title of Paracelsus’ principal treatise, 403
PARCHMENT invented at Pergamum in 3d century B. C., 101
PARÉ, AMBROISE (Figs.), 404, 499, 500, 502, 515
abandons use of boiling oil, 503
arrests bleeding from divided blood-vessels by use of ligatures,
512
bitter jealousy shown by his contemporaries, 501
charge of plagiarism against him not sustained, 514
devises artery forceps and other surgical apparatus, 512
exarticulation of elbow-joint performed by him, 508
some of his sayings, 500, 501
summary of his more important achievements in surgery, 513
treatise on surgery not published in English until 1577, 518
PARIS MEDICAL SCHOOL, 282
PARMENIDES, 73
PARRENIN, FATHER, Jesuit missionary, 541
PASON (= APOLLO), who invented the art of medicine, 18
PASSAVANT, Dean of the Collège de St. Côme at Paris, 284
PASSIONARIUS, title of Gariopontus’ treatise, 247
PATHOLOGY, Fernel’s scheme of, 415
views held by Hippocrates, 86
PATHOLOGY, INTERNAL, 389
PATROCLUS dresses the wound of Eurypylus, 49
PAUL, THE APOSTLE, bitten by a poisonous snake on the Island of
Melita, 29
PAULUS AEGINETA, 199, 227, 318
PECQUET, JEAN, rediscovers thoracic duct (in a dog), 384
PERICARDIUM, ABSCESS IN THE, Avenzoar refers to its actual
occurrence, 229
PERIODEUTS or ambulant physicians, 75
PERSIANS, THE ANCIENT, medicine of, 25
took very little interest in surgery, 26
PETER THE GREAT purchases Ruysch’s anatomical collection, 356
PETRONCELLUS, a teacher of medicine at Salerno, 245
PEYER, JOHANN CONRAD, 359
PFOLSPEUNDT, HEINRICH VON, 458, 460
PHARMACIST, early use of the term, 316
PHARMACOLOGY, earliest treatise on, published by Dioscorides in
77 A. D., 158
PHARMACOPOEIA, modern term for antidotarium, 319
Augsburg, compiled by Minderer, 407
modern, beginnings of, 547
of India, very rich, 33
PHARMACY, in its infancy, 315
first regularly established in the 8th century, 318
PHARMAKON, term employed by Galen for a remedial drug, 316
PHILINUS OF COS, 111
PHILOSOPHERS’ STONE, 321
PHILOSOPHY, SCHOOLS OF, in Greece and its colonies, 72
PHYSICIANS, consultation of (Fig.), 457
honored publicly in ancient Greece, 98, 99, 100
more highly esteemed than surgeons in 14th century, 304
suffered martyrdom for their Christian faith, 180
PHYSIOLOGY, HUMAN, views held by Hippocrates, 86
PIETRO D’ABANO, 266
PINEAU FAMILY, lithotomists, 549
PINI, anatomical draughtsman, 348, 392
PITARD, JEHAN, Surgeon of Louis IX., 448, 530
PITCAIRN, ARCHIBALD, 367
PLAGUE AT ATHENS, history of, by Thucydides, 96
PLAGUE, THE, avoidance of, by Galen, 164
PLANTS, MEDICINAL VIRTUES OF, 157
PLATEARIUS, John and Matthew, teachers of medicine at Salerno, 245
PLATO, 73, 78
views of, with regard to women physicians, 77
PLATTER, FELIX, 336, 396, 455
early experiences at Montpellier, 332
PLEURISY, Boerhaave’s manner of treating it, 444
PLINY THE ELDER, 155
PNEUMA, or breath, plays the most important rôle in the mechanism
of life, 108
or vital spirit, 141
PNEUMATISM not popular with the physicians of Rome, 142
PNEUMATISTS, the, 141
PODALIC VERSION, 535, 537
PODALIRIUS, 47
POISONOUS SNAKES, loss of life caused by the bites of, 64
POLYBUS, son-in-law of Hippocrates, 82
POMPEII, physicians’ houses disinterred at, 315
PONS VAROLII, 350
PORES, system of, for conveyance of tissue juices, 122
PORTAL, PAUL, 539
POULTICES, too free use of, condemned, 467
POWER, D’ARCY, 307
PRACTICA CHIRURGIAE of Roger, 254
PRACTICA OCULORUM of Benevenutus Grapheus, 256
PRACTICA of Bartholomaeus, 248
PRACTICA of Cophon the Younger, 249
PRACTITIONERS, improper behavior of, in the sick room, 193
PRAEPOSITUS, meaning of the term, 253
PRAXAGORAS OF COS, 103
probably the first to distinguish the difference between arteries
and veins, 103
PRAYER FORMULAE employed by the Babylonians as protective remedies,
13
PREGNANT WOMEN, dietetics of, 199
PREHISTORIC PERIOD of science of medicine, 4
PRE-HOMERIC PERIOD of medicine in Greece, 46
PRESCRIPTION WRITING first employed about A. D. 1400, 320
PRINTING, INVENTION OF, favored advance of science of medicine, 328
PRISCIANUS, THEODORUS, 192
PROKSCH, 543
PRZYMIOT, title of early Polish treatise on syphilis, 479
PTOLEMIES, learning greatly prospered under their reign, 100
PTOLEMY EUERGETES, OR PHYSCON, 116
PULSE, meaning of, according to Athenaeus, 142
PULSIFIC POWER OF ARTERIES (Galen), 381
PURKINJE’S BONE-CORPUSCLES, 362
PUSCHMANN, 70, 107, 196, 232, 257, 311, 365, 394
PYAEMIA, Wuertz’s views regarding, 469
PYTHAGORAS, 73, 74
medical doctrines propounded by, 147
PYTHON, Aesculapius represented in the presence of a, 65
Q
QUINTESSENCES OF PARACELSUS, 405
QUINTUS, one of Galen’s teachers, 162
R
RABELAIS, FRANÇOIS, celebrated humorous writer, was a physician,
451
RABISU, the demon who causes diseases of the skin, 13
RAPHAEL’S CELEBRATED PAINTING showing Plato and Aristotle, 102
RATIONAL SYSTEM OF MEDICINE, beginnings of, in Greece, 67
RECIPES, BOOKS OF, take the place of physicians in Rome, 117
RED-HOT CAUTERY IRON too freely used for arresting bleeding, 466
REFRACTION, researches of Alhazen in regard to, 233
REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM, 246
Arnold’s commentary on, 294
RELICS, SAINTLY, universal faith in their power to heal diseases,
241
REMEDIAL AGENTS, GENUINE, employed in Babylonia, 13
REMEDIES, HOUSEHOLD, Cato’s collection of, 123
RENAISSANCE, influence of, upon progress of medicine in Western
Europe, 259
RENAN, ERNEST, 229, 231
RENZI, DE, on books written by physicians at Salerno, 246
REPERCUSSION, 526
RESPIRATION, physiology of, according to Erasistratus, 108
according to Aretaeus, 144
RETE MALPIGHI, 361
RHAZES, illustrious Persian physician, 219, 318
RHINOPLASTY in Italy in the 15th century, 459
RHODION, 533
RIOLAN, J., 360
ROESSLIN, EUCHARIUS, 533
ROGER’S PRACTICA, the oldest treatise on surgery written in Italy
during the Middle Ages, 254
ROKITANSKY, the famous Viennese pathologist, advice of, to those
about to study medicine, 3
ROLAND OF PARMA, 254, 279
ROMAN PHYSICIANS, of foreign birth, awarded rights of citizenship
by Julius Caesar, 130
ROMANO PANE publishes first account of discovery of tobacco, 395
ROME, state of medicine at, after the death of Asclepiades, 129
ROSA ANGLICA, title of treatise written by John of Gaddesden, 306
ROUSSET, FRANÇOIS, 535
ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, founding of, 363
RUDBECK, OLAUS, 358, 385
RUFUS OF EPHESUS, 145, 146
RUYSCH, FRIEDRICH, the anatomist, 356, 358
S
SABOUR BEN SAHL, 209
SAGE FEMME, possible origin of the term, 247
SAINT BARTHOLOMEW’S HOSPITAL, London, 524
SAINT BASIL, founder of a hospital at Caesarea, 236
SAINT CÔME, COLLÈGE DE, 490
SAINT COSMAS AND SAINT DAMIAN, Brotherhood of, 530
SALADIN OF ASCOLO, author of first modern treatise on materia
medica, 320
SALADIN, SULTAN OF EGYPT, 225
SALAMANCA, UNIVERSITY OF, 346
SALERNO MEDICAL SCHOOL, 243, 244, 265
women teachers at, 245
SALICETO, WILLIAM OF, 277
SALMOUÏH BEN BAYAN, a distinguished pupil of the Djondisabour
school, 210
SALVINO DEGLI ARMATI of Florence, reputed inventor of spectacles,
297
SANCTORIUS SANCTORINUS, 368
SANDWITH, DR. F. M., concerning the most ancient surgical
implements thus far discovered, 9
SANGUIFICATION, Galen’s theory of, 385
SANITARY SCIENCE in the 15th century, 314
SAPIENZA, UNIVERSITY OF, at Rome, 391
SARSAPARILLA, 395
SAVONAROLA, GIOVANNI MICHELE, 313
SCHIELHANS, nickname of Hans von Gerssdorff, 460
SCHNEIDER, CONRAD VICTOR, 359
SCHOOL OF SALERNO, title of poem, 250
SCHOOLS, significance of the term, 74
SCOTUS OR SCOTTUS, 262
SCRIBONIUS LARGUS, 155, 413
SECTS IN MEDICINE, 101, 147, 149
SEPTICAEMIA, Wuertz’s views regarding, 470, 471
SERAPION THE ELDER, 210
SERAPIS OR OSIRIS, 19
SERPENT, significance of the, in the statues and votive tablets
exposed to view in the Aesculapian temples, 62
SERVETUS, MICHAEL, 375
on the circulation of the blood, 376
SHOULDER, DISLOCATION OF, cured by Gabriel Bakhtichou, 207
SIMON JANUENSIS, 261
SISMONDI, THE HISTORIAN, 116
SKULL, FRACTURES OF, 286, 476
SLAVES SOLD BY ROMANS when they became old and feeble, 235
SLEEP-WALKING, instance of, narrated by Alderotti, 273
SMALL-POX described by Herodotus, 142
earliest treatise upon, 220
Gaddesden’s successful treatment of, 306
prophylactic inoculation against, 43
SMITH, SIR WILLIAM, 103
SNAKE, POISONOUS, treatment of bite by, 110
SNAKEROOT, an antidote for poisoning by the bite of a snake, 7
SOBIESKI, KING OF POLAND, purchases Ruysch’s second anatomical
collection, 358
SOCIAL HYGIENE, the Mosaic laws relate particularly to, 26
SOCRATES, 73
SOPORIFIC SPONGES, 253
SORANUS OF EPHESUS, 138, 139, 159
rational obstetric methods of, 139
SOUL, SPIRIT OF THE, 291
SOUL, THE, is the blood, according to Servetus, 376
SPAIN, medicine flourished in, during the 10th century, 226
SPANISH SURGEONS of the 16th century, 484
SPECIALIZATION in medicine, 114
SPECTACLES, use of, first mentioned by Gordonius (A. D. 1285), 297
SPECULUM, aural, employed by Jean de Vigo, 473
majus, of Vincent Beauvais, 270
vaginal, of Paulus Aegineta, 201
SPINE, CURVATURE OF, 313
SPIRIT, THE, 291, 374
disorders of, 141
of Mindererus, 407
SPLENIA, 526
SPLINTS made with bundles of straw, 304
SPRENGEL, KURT, 342
SPRINGS, EUROPEAN, in 16th century, 323
STAHL, GEORG ERNST, 431
doctrine of animism, 432
his “phlogiston,” 433
treatise on “theoria medica vera,” 432
STENO, NICHOLAS (Niels Stensen), 359
STIBIUM, 158
STOICS, THE, 102
STONE IN THE BLADDER, cutting for, 494
Gaddesden’s peculiar method of treating, 306
method of operating kept a secret by lithotomists, 447
STRANGULATED HERNIA, Franco’s operation for, 492
STRATON, a skilful gynaecologist, 115
STRAW SPLINTS, for use in fractures, 304
STRICTUM AND LAXUM, terms employed by the Methodists, 130
Boerhaave adopts the doctrine, 442
STYRUS, one of Galen’s teachers, 162
SUGGESTION, power of, over the human mind, 241
SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS constitute one of the most extraordinary
characteristics of the human race, 10
SURGEON, characteristics which he should possess, 285
SURGEONS OF THE LONG ROBE, a name given to members of the Collège
de St. Côme, 448
SURGERY, considered a menial occupation during the Renaissance
(Fig.), 306, 447
early, in Great Britain, 516, 523
strong prejudice against among French physicians of the 15th
century, 300
systematic instruction in, first given at Montpellier in 1597,
448
SURGICAL OPERATIONS in the age of primitive medicine, 8
SUSRUTA, celebrated East Indian medical author, 31
SWAMMERDAM, JOHN, 356
SYDENHAM, THOMAS, 418
a great sufferer from gout, 421
describes an “inflammation of the blood,” 423
experience with the great epidemic of the Plague, 421
on the nature of fever, 423
treatises published by, 419
SYLVIUS (Franz de le Boë), 367, 427
clinical instruction cultivated by him at Leyden, 428, 429
treatises published by him, 428
SYLVIUS, THE ANATOMIST, 340
SYPHILIS, 473, 542
poem relating to, 391
SYRIAC ULCER (known to-day as pharyngeal diphtheria), 144
SYRINGE, earliest reference to use of, to be found in Abulcasis’
treatise on surgery, 227
SYRINGOTOME, 313
SZANDALANI, Arabic name for pharmacists, 318
T
TAGLIACOTIAN OPERATION, the so-called, 478, 480
TAGLIACOZZI, GASPARE, 478
TALISMANS, amulets, etc., as means of protection against evil
spirits, 9, 13
TEISSIR, THE, Avenzoar’s great medical work, 228, 230
TELESPHORUS, son of, Aesculapius, 50
TEMPLE PRIESTS in ancient Egypt, 17
TEMPLE SLEEP at the Asclepieia, 57
TEMPLES, AESCULAPIAN, their chief purpose, 51
TENTS, PRACTICE OF EMPLOYING, in the treatment of wounds,
condemned, 466
TESRIF, THE, written by Abulcasis (= Alsaharavius), 227
TETANUS, TRAUMATIC, Lanfranchi’s treatment of, 285
THADDEUS ALDEROTTI, 272
THALES, of Miletus, 72
THEMISON, founder of the sect of the Methodists, 130
the first to mention the employment of leaches, 133
THEODORIC OF LUCCA, 276
THEODORUS, a disciple of Athenaeus, 142
THESSALUS, SON OF HIPPOCRATES, 82, 133
THESSALUS, OF TRALLES, in Asia Minor, a prominent Methodist, 133
THIERRY DE HÉRY, 499
THIGH, amputation of, probably performed in early part of Christian
era, 470
fractures of, 304
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR, THE, 426
THOMAS AQUINAS, a believer in the art of the magician, 321
THORACIC DUCT, 384
THOT OR THOÜT (Hermes), the god, author of the hermetic books, 18,
19
THUCYDIDES, 96
TIRABOSCHI, 338, 378
TOBACCO, 395
TOLEDO, SPAIN, richly stocked with manuscript treasures of Arabic
literature, 261
TOLET, FRANÇOIS, 550
TOLU, BALSAM OF, 395
TORCULAR HEROPHILI, 105
TORRICELLA, 546
TOSORTHOS, 17
TOUCHING, for the “King’s evil,” 527, 528
TRACHEOTOMY performed by Asclepiades (90 B. C.), 124
revived by Antonio Beniveni in the 15th century, 498
TRANSFUSION OF BLOOD, 408
TRANSMUTATION OF BASER METALS INTO GOLD, 321
TRAUTMANN, of Wittenberg, 535
TREPHINE, circular pattern of, 473
TREPHINING THE SKULL a very ancient surgical operation, 9
Wuertz slow in resorting to the operation, 467
TRIKKA, THESSALY, 51
TROTULA, a teacher of medicine at Salerno, 245
TUBERCULOSIS, virus of, long-lived, according to Fracastoro, 390
TURQUET DE MAYERNE, 547
TYDIDES, who smote Aeneas, 49
U
ULCERS, treatment of, according to the method of Thessalus, 135
UROSCOPY eagerly adopted by charlatans in 16th century (Fig.), 412
strongly denounced by Scribonius, Botallo and others, 413
UTUKKU, the demon who causes diseases of the throat, 13
V
VAGBHATA, a celebrated East Indian medical author, 31
VALERIUS CORDUS, 318
VALVES, DISCOVERY OF, IN THE LARGER VEINS, 378
VAN HELMONT, 398
“archaeus influus” and “archaeus insitus,” 399
characteristic sayings, 400
remarkable remedies manufactured by him, 399
VAN SWIETEN introduces clinical instruction at the University of
Vienna, 431
VAROLIUS, 349
VEIN should be opened longitudinally in venesection, 286
VENA PORTAE, 385
VENESECTION, Celsus’ description of technical details, 152
quantity of blood that may be withdrawn, 413
spot from which blood should preferably be taken, 411
VENOUS ARTERY (pulmonary vein), 371
VENOUS BLOOD, FUNCTION OF, 373
VERSIFICATION employed in medical treatises, 251
VERSION, PODALIC, 535
VESALIUS, 340, 342, 345, 347, 370, 374, 456
VICQ D’AZYR, 532
VICTOR III., POPE, 239
VIDUS VIDIUS, 340
VIEUSSENS, RAYMOND, 364
VILLALOBOS, 542
VINCENT OF BEAUVAIS, 270
encyclopaedia of, 263
VINDICIANUS, 192
VIPER, cases of persons bitten by, 488, 507
VIS CONSERVATRIX ET MEDICATRIX NATURAE (Stahl), 432
VITAL FORCE, Stahl’s, 405
VITAL SPIRIT, Galen’s, 376
VIVISECTION OF CRIMINALS utilized at Alexandria, Egypt, for
scientific purposes, 107
VIZIR ALI BEN ISSA founds a great hospital at Bagdad in A. D. 914,
219
VOLCHER KOYTER, 349
W
WATER, CONTAMINATED, purification of, by distillation, 305
of river Choaspes, ready boiled for use and stored in flagons of
silver, carried by King Cyrus on his campaigns, 26
WECKER, JOHANN JACOB, 521
WEIGHT-AND-PULLEY TREATMENT of thigh fractures, Guy de Chauliac’s,
304
WHARTON, THOMAS, 359, 546
WILLIAM OF SALICETO, 277
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR a patient at Salerno, 245
WILLIS, THOMAS, 360, 367, 546
WINE, Galen’s use of, in dressing wounds, 163
proper employment of, according to Asclepiades, 125
Thalassite, 126
WINTER, OF ANDERNACH, 340
WIRSUNG, GEORGE, discovers outlet duct of human pancreas, 358
WISEMAN, RICHARD, 524
WOMEN INSTRUCTORS IN MEDICINE highly esteemed at Salerno, 246
WOMEN PHYSICIANS among the Arabs in Spain, during the 12th century,
232
WOODALL, JOHN, 522
WOUNDS, DRY METHOD OF TREATING, 275, 285
too frequent probing of, condemned, 466
WREN, SIR CHRISTOPHER, 408
WUERTZ, FELIX, 465
condemns universal employment of chemical caustics and the
red-hot iron for arresting bleeding, 466
remarks on pyaemia, hospital gangrene and septicaemia, 469, 471
remarks on treatment of penetrating wounds of abdomen, 469
WUNDAERZTE, 369
X
XENODOCHIA, institutions for the care of slaves, 235
XENOPHON, C. STERTINIUS, 54
Y
YPERMAN, JEHAN, a distinguished Flemish physician of 14th century,
309
Z
ZEND-AVESTA, THE, 25
ZENO, founder of the Stoic philosophy, 103
ZERBI, GABRIEL, professional visit of, to Constantinople, cost him
his life, 337
ZEUXIS, organizer of a medical school at Laodicea, 111
ZIRHACH, 521
ZIRBUS, 521
ZOPYRUS classified drugs according to the effects which they
produce, 111
ZOSIMOS, of Panopolis, 321
FOOTNOTES:
[1] A third volume is in course of preparation, but the probable date
of its publication has not been announced. An English translation of
the first volume (by Ernest Playfair) was published by Hodder and
Stoughton, of London, in 1910.
[2] Book I., section 197, of Rawlinson’s translation.
[3] From the statements just quoted it appears that a certain kind
of bronze (an alloy of copper and tin, with the addition perhaps of
a little zinc) was used in Assyria, in the manufacture of surgical
knives, as early as during the twenty-third century B. C. Dr.
Meyer-Steineg, Professor of the History of Medicine in the University
of Jena, Germany, assures the writer that knives made of this material
are susceptible of being given as keen a cutting edge as are those made
of the best of steel. At least one such bronze knife may be seen in the
collection of ancient surgical instruments, votive offerings, etc.,
which he is making for the benefit of the University.
[4] A Christian ecclesiastical writer who lived about the year 200 A. D.
[5] Lines 285–292 of Book IV. of the Earl of Derby’s translation, first
published in 1864.
[6] Pason is the same as Apollo, who was believed by the Greeks to have
been the inventor or discoverer of the art of medicine.
[7] See Le Clerc’s _Histoire de la Médecine_, Amsterdam, 1723.
[8] At bottom of p. 15 of his _Histoire de la Médecine_.
[9] Papyros Ebers, aus dem Aegyptischen zum ersten Male vollständig
ubersetzt von H. Joachim, Berlin, 1890.
[10] Book I., p. 96, of George Rawlinson’s translation.
[11] Neuburger speaks of the growth of medical knowledge in India as a
development that ran parallel with that of ancient Greece.
[12] _From Neuburger._--Equally crude are their ideas respecting
the causes of disease, as shown by the following items selected from
quite a long list of etiological factors: errors in diet and in the
habits of life, climatic influences, psychic factors, heredity, poison,
supernatural influences like the anger of the gods, the evil powers of
demons, etc. For purposes of diagnosis the earlier Indian physicians
utilized not only inspection, palpation and auscultation, but also the
senses of taste and smell. They noted the losses and increases in the
weight of the body, changes in the appearance of the skin, the tongue
and the excretions, alterations in the configuration of the body, the
form and other characteristics of swellings, etc. They also noted
changes in the patient’s voice, in the character of the breathing, in
the noises accompanying movements of the joints and the twistings of
the intestines. The crepitus caused by the rubbing together of the
roughened ends of a fractured bone did not escape their notice. At
a later period, doubtless through the influence of the teachings of
foreign physicians, they attached great importance to the examination
of the pulse.
[13] Nepenthes, believed to be opium, is the word employed in the
original.
[14] Aesculapius was held to be the son of Apollo, the god of medicine,
and to have been instructed in the art of healing by Chiron, one of the
centaurs. Beside his famous sons, Machaon and Podalirius, he had four
daughters whose names--Hygieia, Jaso, Panakeia and Aigle--have come
down to us through the ages. His wife’s name was Epione, and those of
his two younger sons were Telesphorus and Janiscus, but all three of
these names are rarely mentioned by the Greek writers.
[15] “Kranken-Anstalten im griechisch-römischen Altertum,” von Dr. med.
et jur. Theodor Meyer-Steineg, a. o. Professor an der Universität Jena;
Verlag von G. Fischer, 1912.
[16] “Kranken-Anstalten im griechisch-romischen Altertum,” in _Jenaer
medizin.-historische Beiträge_, Jena, 1912.
[17] All important traces of the earlier structures seem to have
disappeared.
[18] The Emperor Antoninus Pius, in order to provide properly for these
patients, erected at Epidaurus a special building in which confinement
cases and those likely to end fatally might be lodged.
[19] The slave of Chremulos.
[20] To save space the head of the god alone has been reproduced in
Fig. 5.
[21] _Histoire de la Médecine_, Amsterdam, 1723.
[22] The word “school,” when employed in the strictly modern sense of
that term, means an establishment regularly organized for the purpose
of giving instruction. Here, however, it is intended to signify simply
that certain places, like Cos, Crotona, Cnidus, etc., had become
the rendezvous of men who desired to cultivate--some as teachers,
others as disciples or pupils--certain branches of knowledge, or
certain doctrines. At a later period (third century B. C.) there was
established at Alexandria, Egypt, a well-organized school of medicine
closely resembling those of modern times.
[23] All of these are translations from the French.
[24] The city of Cnidus was situated very close to the Island of Cos,
on a peninsula that projects from the coast of Caria, Asia Minor.
[25] Black bile, it was believed, comes from the spleen, while the
yellow variety is a product of the liver.
[26] Daremberg (_Hist. de la Méd._) makes the following comments
on this sentence: “How many are the occasions when we physicians would
have it in our power to avert death, or at least to postpone it for a
few hours, if we would only engrave upon our memories these words of
the old man of Cos! ‘What a cruel responsibility rests upon those whose
duty it is to summon the doctor at the proper moment! And how great
must be the remorse if he fails to arrive in time!’ On the other hand,
how wise is the remark of Celsus: ‘The best practitioner is he who
never loses sight of his patients.’”
[27] After Alexandria first came under Roman rule (about 30 B. C.)
membership in the Museum was granted to athletes and other men of no
education, and it is said that even before that time Ptolemy Euergetes,
who had reopened the schools during the latter part of his reign,
bestowed some of the important positions upon men who were simply his
favorites. The library of the Museum was seriously damaged by fire at
the time when Julius Caesar was being besieged in Alexandria by the
inhabitants of that city, and was at last wholly destroyed by Amrou,
the Lieutenant of the Caliph Omar, in A. D. 651. The truth of this
extraordinary tale regarding the burning of books belonging to the
library at Alexandria in the seventh century is seriously doubted
by Sismondi (_Histoire de la Chute de l’Empire Romain_, Vol.
II., p. 57). “It was,” he says, “published for the first time, by
Abulpharagius, about six centuries after the event is supposed to have
occurred. And yet the contemporaneous national historians, Entychius
and Elmacin, make no mention of it whatever. An act of this nature,
furthermore, would be in direct conflict with the precepts of the
Koran and with the profound respect which the Mohammedans habitually
entertain for every scrap of paper on which the name of God happens to
be written.”
Under the later rule of the Romans, Alexandria regained a good deal of
its literary importance and also became a chief seat of Christianity
and theological learning; but as a centre of medical influence its
glory had long since departed.
[28] Asclepiades was not a descendant of Aesculapius, as one would
naturally infer from the name which he bore.
[29] It would not be easy to fix, even approximately, the date
when remedies of this character ceased to find acceptance in the
popular mind of Europeans, but there can be no doubt that they were
employed rather frequently even as late as during the eighteenth
century;--indeed, measures that strongly smack of superstition are now
and then looked upon with favor by the well-educated members of our
modern society. For many centuries, however, they have been abandoned
by all physicians excepting those who are unworthy to bear that honored
title.
[30] Neither Haller nor Dezeimeris furnishes any biographical
information with regard to Musa.
[31] Antoninus Pius, however, established the rule that these
privileges were not to be granted to all physicians indiscriminately,
but only to a limited number; and, later still, it was decided that
only the parish physicians were entitled to receive them.
[32] It seems almost unnecessary to call attention to the fact that the
subject of these remarks is not to be confounded with Thessalus, the
son of Hippocrates.
[33] Ἰατρονίκης is the word employed in the original Greek.
[34] The word “metasyncrisis,” as we are assured by Le Clerc, was
employed first by Cassius, one of the earlier disciples of Methodism,
and then, long after the time of Thessalus, by Galen, Oribasius, Aëtius
and Paulus Aegineta.
[35] Le Clerc calls attention to the incorrectness--etymologically
speaking--of the use of the word “Eclectics” in connection with a
school or sect. The members of such a body are not, he says, “the
chosen ones” as the term signifies, but “the choosers.”
[36] Boerhaave, the famous clinician of Leyden, Holland (eighteenth
century), was instrumental in having an excellent Latin translation
made of this work; and in 1858 a German translation by A. Mann was
published in Halle.
[37] Translated from _Oeuvres de Rufus d’Éphèse_; édition Grecque
et Française, par Daremberg et Ruelle, Paris, 1879.
[38] The term “dogmatists” is also employed by some authorities to
designate those physicians who laid great stress upon the importance of
following the teachings of Hippocrates and Galen.
[39] The majority of the writings of Galen are reported to have been
kept, for safe preservation, in the Temple of Peace, near the Forum;
and the destruction of this building by fire, during the latter half of
the second century, entailed the loss of all these valuable works.
[40] Book VI., Chapter XVII. (page 441 of Vol. I. of Daremberg’s
version).
[41] In his Commentaries on the works of Hippocrates (Epidemic
Diseases, III., t. XVII. B. § 4) Galen states that he has often
observed this to-and-fro movement of the alae nasi in certain cases of
illness and that he has interpreted it as indicating the existence of
some serious disorder of the respiratory tract. (Daremberg.)
[42] Hippocrates, Herophilus, Erasistratus, Asclepiades, Themison,
Celsus, Soranus and Athenaeus. Daremberg calls attention to the fact
that, although we possess to-day only a few fragments of the writings
of Archigenes, those few are of such a degree of excellence that we may
well ask ourselves whether Galen was not perfectly justified in placing
such a high estimate as he appears to have done upon the merits of this
writer,--and that, too, notwithstanding the unfavorable criticism which
he makes in the present paragraph about the author’s failure at times
to write with sufficient clearness on medical subjects.
[43] John the Grammarian, whose nativity is not stated by Le Clerc, was
at first a simple boatman who ferried back and forth those who attended
a school which was located on one of the islands at Alexandria. As a
result of his frequent talks with these men, he became enamored with
philosophy and decided, notwithstanding his age (forty years), to
devote himself entirely to the study of the subject. Accordingly, he
sold his boat and attended the lectures regularly, becoming at last
an expert in philosophy. He wrote several important treatises and
commentaries, some of them dealing with medical topics, and he also
made a number of translations from the Greek into Arabic.
[44] Third edition, London, 1726.
[45] Anthemius is also credited with being the inventor of the
principle of dome construction in architecture.
[46] Also written Paulus Aeginetes.
[47] The account which is given in this and the following chapters
is based largely on Dr. Lucien Le Clerc’s _Histoire de la Médecine
Arabe_, Paris, 1876.
[48] Le Clerc and Freind mention both Nishapur and Djondisabour as the
name of the capital of the Province of Khorassan in northeast Persia.
[49] The drachma was a silver coin worth about 9¾ pence English money.
The fee paid to Gabriel for his surgical services amounted, therefore,
to a little less than £2000 or $10,000.
[50] To distinguish him from Mesué the Younger, who lived at Cairo,
Egypt, about one hundred years later, and who attained considerable
celebrity on account of the treatises which he wrote on materia medica.
[51] For further remarks concerning the origin of the Teïssir see page
229.
[52] According to tradition the medical school at Salerno was founded
by four physicians--Adela, an Arab; Helinus, a Jew; Pontus, a Greek;
and Salernus, a Latin.
[53] Perhaps the French title “sage-femme” originated from this.
[54] There can be no question, says Neuburger (in agreement with
Daremberg), about the truth of the statement that Constantinus
allowed the authorship of several of the treatises issued at Salerno
under his name to be attributed to himself--as, for example, the
“_Liber Pantegni_” (_Pantechni_), which is in reality the
“_Liber Regalis_” of Haly Abbas; the “_Pieticum_,” which is
fundamentally the work of Ibn-al-Dschezzar; the “_De Oculis_,”
which is based upon Honein ben Ischak’s treatise on opthalmology; and
still other works which it is not necessary to specify.
[55] Under the heading “_Epilogus_” on pages 268 and 269 of Meaux
Saint-Marc’s version.
[56] Examples of leonine versification: “Contra vim _mortis_,
nulla est herba in _hortis_”; (p. 155 of Saint-Marc’s version) and
(from Shelley’s _Cloud_) “I am the _daughter_ of the earth
and _water_.”
[57] The term “praepositus” means the president or the dean of the
school with which the person named is connected.
[58] The Opus majus, ed. J. H. Bridges, Oxford, 1897 (2d edition,
1900); opera hactenus inedita, ed. B. Steele, Fasc. I., London.
[59] Aurei. The aureus is said to have been worth about 16 shillings,
English money.
[60] A church official to whom was intrusted the duty of granting
dispensations; “Almoner” is perhaps the equivalent term in English.
[61] “Non enim est necesse saniem--sicut Rogerius et Rolandus
scripserunt et plerique eorum discipuli docent, et fere omnes cururgici
moderni servant--in vulneribus generare. Iste enim error est major quam
potest esse. Non est enim aliud, nisi impedire naturam, prolongare
morbum, prohibere conglutinationem et consolidationem vulneris.” (II.,
cap. 27.)
[62] The most recent edition of this work is a French translation made
by P. Pifteau and published at Toulouse, in 1898.
[63] According to Daremberg (_Histoire des Sciences Médicales_,
Vol. I., p. 264) the title “Doctor” appears for the first time in the
Preface of Roger’s treatise (1180 A. D.).
[64] “_La Grande Chirurgie de Guy de Chauliac_,” Paris, 1890.
[65] The distinguishing sign of the barbers was the shaving dish, made
of _pewter_ and hung up at the door of the shop; that employed by
the surgeons was also a shaving dish, but made of polished brass. Those
surgeons who had received their training at the school of Saint Cosmas
and Saint Damian were permitted to display at the window a banner
bearing the coat of arms of this institution.
[66] The surgeons Cosmas and Damian were chosen patron saints of the
new organization. They were born in Arabia in the third century, and
are said to have been educated there. After having practiced medicine
for a certain length of time in Sicily, they were tortured and killed,
because of their Christian faith, by order of the Emperor Diocletian,
303 A. D. Hence the title “Saints.”
[67] Guy de Chauliac, who wrote a treatise on surgery in the latter
half of the fourteenth century, also speaks of the value of this
diagnostic sign.
[68] See remarks on the subject of amulets, etc., on pages 197, 198.
[69] A small town in the Department of Lot, France. The earliest Norman
ancestors of the Gurdon family in England are said to have derived
their name from that of this town.
[70] Introduction to the “Oeuvres d’Ambroise Paré,” Paris, 1840.
[71] “Gaddesden had for a long time been troubled how to cure stone:
‘At last,’ says he, in his _Rosa Anglica_, ‘I thought of
collecting a good quantity of those beetles which in summer are found
in the dung of oxen, also of the crickets which sing in the fields. I
cut off the heads and the wings of the crickets and put them with the
beetles and common oil into a pot; I covered it and left it afterwards
for a day and night in a bread oven. I drew out the pot and heated it
at a moderate fire, I pounded the whole and rubbed the sick parts;
in three days the pain had disappeared;’ under the influence of the
beetles and the crickets the stone was broken into bits. It was almost
always thus, by a sudden illumination, that this doctor discovered his
most efficacious remedies: Madame Trote [Trotula] of Salerno never
confided to her agents in various parts of the world the secret of more
marvelous and unexpected recipes.” (From Jusserand’s “English Wayfaring
Life in the Middle Ages.”)
[72] Some weeks later our fellow voyager, Thomas Schoepfius, wrote
to me that, on the return journey, he learned at Berne that “Long
Peter,” the leader of the Mézières robbers, had been apprehended by the
authorities and executed for his crimes; and that, when stretched on
the rack, he had confessed, among other things, that he had tried to
murder and rob some students who passed through Mézières on their way
to Lausanne.
[73] Also often spelled “Falloppius.”
[74] The meaning of this Latin inscription can best be appreciated by
those physicians who have, through a long period of years, practiced
their profession largely among the well-to-do classes of a metropolitan
city. They alone, I believe, would understand the significance of
“_lucrum neglectum_” as applied to a large proportion of the gifts
which a practitioner of medicine receives from grateful patients; and
it is not at all likely that a layman who is not familiar with this
aspect of a physician’s life would, under the circumstances mentioned,
have the slightest suspicion that the device quoted above could
possibly bear the meaning that I have given to it.
[75] See F. Loeffler: “Vorlesungen uber die geschichtliche Entwickelung
der Lehre von den Bakterien,” Leipzig, 1887, Th. 1; and also p. 310 of
Puschmann’s “Geschichte des Medicinischen Unterrichts,” Leipzig, 1889.
[76] The iatrophysicists and the iatromathematicians constituted
apparently two kindred branches of the same school.
[77] An edition of the completed set of these plates was published by
Lancisi at Rome in 1714.
[78] Translated from the French version printed by Daremberg in his
_Histoire de la Médecine_, Vol. II, p. 706. The originals of
Sydenham’s writings are all in Latin.
[79] Pronounced by Haeser to be a compilation, and not one of
Sydenham’s genuine writings.
[80] Physicians who maintain that all physiological and pathological
phenomena may be explained by the laws of physics.
[81] “Gründliches Bedenken und physicalische Anmerkungen von dem
tödtlichen Damff der Holzkohlen,” Halle, 1716.
[82] Probably this refers simply to a brazier containing burning
charcoal, the light emitted by which would doubtless be sufficient to
answer the purpose of a night lamp.
[83] A small seaport town located on the Zuider Zee, about thirty miles
northeast of Amsterdam. The university, which was founded there in
1648, was abandoned in 1818.
[84] Quoted from the English translation mentioned above.
[85] Bread boiled in water to the consistence of pulp.
[86] The modern operation known as litholapaxy.
[87] The word “_centuria_” is employed here in the sense of “a
group of one hundred.”
[88] Not Amatus, but a specialist. See remark near the top of page 488.
[89] Orange, which is only a short distance from Avignon and Turriers,
was ceded to France in 1713.
[90] In the absence of a more fitting place in which to speak of the
employment of urethral bougies, it seems permissible to state here that
the first mention (in medical literature) of these instruments occurs
in Chapter XV. of the treatise of Guainerio, Professor of Medicine at
the University of Pavia. This work, which was first published in 1439,
bears the title: “_Practica Antonii Guainerii_,” and a later
edition was issued at Venice in 1508. Speaking of a case of stone in
the bladder, Guainerius says: “And if the urine does not flow from the
bladder ... introduce a slender flexible rod of tin or silver into the
urethra.”
[91] Franco calls it the “high operation” or “hypogastric lithotomy.”
[92] After I had written the preceding description of Franco’s new
method of extracting a calculus from the urinary bladder, I learned,
from Haeser’s account of the surgical writings of Susrutas in the
Ayur-Veda (Sanscrit), that already before the Christian era (the
exact date is not known) the surgeons of East India had performed
this very operation. This fact, however, could not possibly have been
known to Franco, who--so far as modern surgeons are concerned--should
continue to be looked upon as the real inventor of suprapubic
cystotomy.--AUTHOR.
[93] The fact that bullets are not hot when they inflict a wound was
proven experimentally by Bartolommeo Maggi several years earlier, but
Paré makes no reference to this fact.
[94] Johann Jacob Wecker (1528–1586), born at Basel, Switzerland, and
author of a treatise entitled “_Practica medicinae generalis_”
(Basel, 1585).
[95] In this instance I have thought it best to modernize the spelling
of several of the words.
[96] Not healing in a healthy manner.
[97] Driving back.
[98] Haeser speaks of Wiseman as having gained considerable distinction
by the careful manner in which he made provision for the flaps in his
amputations.
[99] “_Observations diverses sur la stérilité, etc._,” Paris, 1609.
[100] For a confirmation of this statement see the poem on syphilis
(“_Enfermedad de las Bubas_”) written by the Spanish physician
Francesco Lopez de Villalobos and published by him in 1498 at
Salamanca. The employment of mercurial inunctions is also mentioned in
this poem.
[101] Physicians who had served at Rome as the regular medical
attendants of Pope Alexander the Sixth.
[102] “Die Geschichte der venerischen Krankheiten,” Bonn, 1895.
[103] “Zur Geschichte der Syphilis,” Breslau, 1870.
Transcriber’s Notes:
1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been
corrected silently.
2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have
been retained as in the original.
3. Italics are shown as _xxx_.