tubes, which we will call "brushes" and "styles." The brushes are
dichotomously branched from the base, not verticillate; their distal
ramules remain separate in the Coelotholida {1744}and compose the spiny
surface, of the peculiar "fork-thicket" whilst in the Coelographida they
become connected by frequent anastomoses and form the outer
"lattice-mantle." The styles however are much longer projecting over the
surface of the thicket or the mantle, and are not dichotomously branched,
but verticillate, or armed with cruciate or alternately cruciate pairs of
branches; the larger branches of the styles may be again dichotomously
branched like the brushes; whilst the free prominent parts of the styles
are always verticillate or cruciate-pinnate. The brushes are identical with
the hollow tubes of the Coelodendrida, whilst the styles are peculiar forms
of apophyses, wanting in the latter.
The minimum number of hollow tubes which arise from each valve is three,
and these are probably homologous with the three primary tubes of the
Coelodendrida. Two of these are paired (right and left), whilst the third
is odd and lies in the sagittal plane; they have the same position as in
the tripodal NASSELLARIA, and may therefore bear the same names, the two
paired anterior or pectoral tubes being divergent forwards, the odd or
caudal tube being bisected backwards (so in the Coelotholida, Pl. 121). The
odd caudal tube (probably identical with the odd tube of the Coelodendrida)
is always a brush, dichotomously branched, and never prolonged into free
style. The two paired frontal or pectoral tubes, however are usually
prolonged into two long verticillate styles. The basal origin also of these
three primary tubes is different. The two pectoral or anterior paired tubes
always arise from the galea itself whilst the posterior odd or caudal tube
usually arises behind the galea from the valve (Pl. 127, figs. 4-8, _g_ 6).
Since these three primary tubes the odd caudal and the paired pectoral, are
probably homologous in all Coelographida and Coelodendrida, they have a
great morphological importance, similar to the three primary feet of the
NASSELLARIA. All other tubes arising from the valves must be regarded as
secondary apophyses, since they are not constant in all members of the two
families, but present only in some of them. All the Coelotholida observed
(a small number of species only) possess no secondary tubes, but only the
three primary; whilst all Coeloplegmida possess one or more secondary
tubes, and one of these is constant, viz., the odd nasal style, directed
towards the mouth, and arising as the foremost from the apex of the galea
(Pl. 127, figs. 4-8, _g_ 1).
The maximum number of tubes observed, which arise from each valve in the
Coeloplegmida, is eleven; five of these are odd and placed in the sagittal
plane of the body, viz.:--(A) the primary caudal tube (Pl. 127, figs. 4-8,
_g_ 6); (B) an odd procaudal tube, arising between the caudal and the
sagittal tube; (C) the sagittal tube, placed either in the sagittal axis of
the body or near it (often prolonged into a sagittal style, Pl. 128, fig.
1); (D) an odd postnasal tube, arising between the sagittal and the nasal
tube; (E) the odd nasal tube, constant in all Coeloplegmida, and connected
at its base by the odd frenulum with the rhinocanna (Pl. 127, figs. 4-8,
_g_ 1). All other tubes occurring in the Coeloplegmida are paired, and
symmetrically arranged on both sides of the sagittal {1745}plane, at right
and left; their maximum number is three pairs, viz.:--(F) the paired
pectoral tubes (as the foremost), directed forwards; (G) the paired frontal
or lateral tubes, placed either in the frontal axis of the valve, or in a
neighbouring axis, directed towards the right and left pole (Pl. 127, figs.
4-8, _g_ 4 and _g_ 5); (H) the paired tergal tubes, directed backwards
(constant in all Coeloplegmida). The origin of these tubes is rather
variable, since they arise in nearly allied species, sometimes
independently of one another, at other times united at the base. But a
closer comparison of them in the different species will demonstrate their
homology, caused by constant heredity.
The terminal ramules of the brushes, which form the subspherical
"fork-thicket" in the Coelotholida, the outer "lattice-mantle" in the
Coeloplegmida, are constantly armed at the distal ends either with
spathillæ or with anchor-pencils, bunches of those most elegant spinulate
threads, which bear at the free end an anchor, or a whorl of two, three, or
four recurved teeth (Pl. 122, fig. 8; Pl. 127, fig. 10; Pl. 128, figs. 1,
6). The pencils are usually dichotomously branched, their threads zig-zag
or delicately serrate, often armed with very small recurved denticles, and
the anchor teeth (commonly three or four) are usually smooth on the convex
outer, serrate on the concave inner edge. The entire surface of the
subspherical thicket in the Coelotholida, and of the polyhedral
lattice-mantle in the Coeloplegmida, is armed with thousands of those most
elegant spathillæ, or anchor-pencils.
The "fork-thicket" of the Coelotholida is identical with that of the
Coelodendrida, and is composed only of the innumerable dichotomous branches
of the hollow tubes. It envelops the two central valves and the enclosed
central capsule in the same way as in the Coelodendrida. But the
Coelotholida differ from these latter in constantly possessing a rhinocanna
and two frenulæ. The entire form of this thicket, which in the few species
observed was never complete, but always more or less destroyed, is usually
probably subspherical or polyhedral, sometimes cordate or kidney-shaped.
Its surface is densely studded with thousands of spathillæ. Its diameter is
about four to eight times as great as that of the enclosed bivalve shell.
The "lattice-mantle" of the Coeloplegmida, which replaces in this subfamily
the fork-thicket of the Coelotholida, is always produced by the anastomoses
of the distal ramules of the brushes, and of those branches of the styles
which do not proceed over the surface of the mantle. Its network is always
very irregular, and composed of polygonal meshes of very different sizes.
Usually it is quite simple, and may be compared with the cortical shell of
the Disphærida. More rarely it is more or less spongy. Its surface is
densely studded with thousands of spathillæ or anchor-pencils. The entire
form of the lattice-mantle is always symmetrically polyhedral, since its
dorsal and ventral halves are symmetrically developed on both sides of the
equatorial plane, and therefore correspond perfectly to the enclosed
smaller halves of the central bivalve shell. The two valves of the
lattice-mantle (dorsal and ventral valves) are never really united and
grown together, {1746}but are in loose contact in the equatorial plane;
here the free edges of both valves catch into one another by means of free
ramules (Pl. 128, figs. 1, 7). This loose connection is similar to what
occurs in the Conchopsida (or in the Concharida with dentate edges), but
never so regular. The special form of the polyhedral lattice-mantle depends
on the number, arrangement, and development of the styles, which proceed
over its surface; it preserves the polyhedral form of the calymma, on the
surface of which it is deposed.
The characteristic styles of the Coelographida (which are never found in
the preceding Coelodendrida) are longer hollow tubes, symmetrically
disposed on both valves. They are prominent over the surface of the
fork-thicket in the Coelotholida, of the lattice-mantle in the
Coeloplegmida. They bear in these latter a peculiar terminal coronet on
their distal end, whilst in the former this end is armed with large pencils
of spathillæ. The styles may be forked once or twice at their base, but in
their greatest part they are verticillate, and not dichotomously branched
like the brushes. The lateral branches of the styles are usually very
numerous and regularly cruciate in alternating opposite pairs. In the odd
nasal style, _e.g._, the first and third pairs of opposite lateral branches
usually lie in the frontal plane, the second and fourth in the sagittal
plane, perpendicular to the former, and so on. A similar regular
disposition of the lateral branches is found also in other styles, but not
in all. There are certain styles in which the lateral branches are not
opposite in pairs, but alternate or verticillate, and others in which they
represent unequal branches of forks, so that each single segment of the
branched style represents the stouter branch of a fork, and the
appertaining lateral branch the thinner branch of the fork. Further
accurate examinations are required to recognise the different laws of the
ramification of the styles in the different forms of Coelographida. The
lateral branches of the styles are usually again dichotomously branched
inside the lattice-mantle, and their distal ends pass over into its
network. But the verticillate or cruciate branches, which arise from the
free part of the styles outside the lattice-mantle, are always armed with
the same elegant pencils of spathillæ which cover the surface of the
fork-thicket in the Coelotholida, the surface of the lattice-mantle in the
Coeloplegmida. These pencils also are often regularly opposite in pairs,
and the pairs alternate in two planes perpendicular one to another (Pl.
128, figs. 1, 4).
The terminal coronets are peculiar ornaments which protect the distal ends
of the styles in the Coeloplegmida, whilst in the Coelotholida these are
armed with the usual pencils of spathillæ (Pl. 122, fig. 8). Each coronet
is usually produced by the double, triple, or quadruple furcation of the
free distal end of the style; therefore composed of four, eight, or sixteen
terminal branches, which, on account of their peculiar form and function,
we may call "fingers." More rarely the ramification of the coronets is more
or less irregular, and sometimes the number of the fingers exceeds twenty
or even thirty.
In the majority of species eight fingers are regularly disposed (Pl. 127,
figs. 1-3; Pl. 128, figs. 1-8). Often too sixteen occur, rarely four only.
Sometimes the fingers {1747}are placed nearly in one plane and form a hand.
The form of the fingers is very variable and most characteristic of the
individual species. Very often they have the shape of a human finger, and
are smooth, spinulate, or armed with recurved hooks. The distal end of each
finger often again bears a small coronet or a spathilla (Pl. 128, figs.
5-9), and sometimes it is arrow-shaped (Pl. 126, fig. 2_a_). All these
apophyses of the terminal coronets as well as the anchor-pencils of the
mantle and the finest branches of the tubes, are hollow and filled up by
jelly.
The different number and arrangement of the styles offers the best means
for the distinction of genera in the Coelographida. The minimum number is
six (_Coelographis_, Pl. 126, fig. 1), the maximum number sixteen
(_Coelothamnus_, Pl. 122, fig. 3, and _Coelagalma_, Pl. 126, fig. 4). Since
the arrangement of the styles in both valves is constantly symmetrical, the
fundamental form of the whole body is in all Coeloplegmida "amphithect," as
in the _Ctenophora_. The longitudinal or main axis of the body is vertical,
with two distinct poles; the proboscis of the central capsule and the two
rhinocannæ are directed upwards, towards the oral pole; the caudal tube of
each valve is directed downwards, towards the aboral pole. The two other
axes of the body are unequal, horizontal, and perpendicular one to the
other; each has two equal poles. On the poles of the sagittal axis lie the
galeæ of the dorsal and ventral valves; on the poles of the frontal axis
lie the two secondary openings or parapylae of the central capsule. The
frontal fissure or the large cleft between the dorsal and ventral valves of
the skeleton lies in the vertical frontal plane of the body, which is
perpendicular to the vertical sagittal plane; the equatorial plane,
however, is horizontal.
The _central capsule_ of the Coelographida exhibits the same shape and
position as in the preceding Coelodendrida. It is subspherical, slightly
depressed in the direction of the main axis, and lies enclosed between the
two central valves of the lattice-shell. Its three constant openings lie in
the frontal plane, and therefore in the frontal fissure between the two
valves. The astropyle, or the main-opening of the capsule, lies on the oral
pole of the main axis, and its radiate operculum (_d_) is directed upwards;
the curved proboscis arising from it (_o_) is prominent between the mouths
of the two opposed rhinocannæ. The two lateral parapylæ or accessory
openings lie on both sides of the aboral pole, on the right and left (Pl.
127, figs. 4-6). The large spheroidal or somewhat lenticular nucleus (_n_)
is usually about half as broad as the capsule, and contains numerous
nucleoli. The protoplasm around the nucleus contains many vacuoles, and in
the oral part of the capsule (between nucleus and operculum) often numerous
groups of crystals (Pl. 127, figs. 4-6_k_, 7). The double membrane of the
central capsule exhibits the same shape as in the other PHÆODARIA.
The calymma, or the extracapsular jelly-veil, is in the Coelographida very
voluminous, and includes the entire skeleton, the fork-thicket of the
Coelotholida, the lattice-mantle of the Coeloplegmida, and also the
prominent large styles. Only the distal ends of the {1748}latter (with the
terminal coronets), and the anchor pencils, covering the surface of the
thicket and the mantle, seem to project over the surface of the calymma.
The entire form of the latter is therefore a symmetrical polyhedron. The
phæodium fills up a small part only of the calymma, and is usually enclosed
in the two galeæ and their rhinocannæ (Pl. 127, figs. 5, 9), but often also
a part of the phæodium is scattered around the oral half of the central
capsule.
_Synopsis of the Genera of Coelographida._
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Subfamily Coelotholida.
Rhinocanna of each valve with two paired lateral frenula. The distal
ends of the dichotomous brushes are not united by anastomoses, and
form an outer bivalved fork-thicket.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Eight paired styles (four on each valve), 731. _Coelotholus_.
Twelve paired styles (six on each valve), 732. _Coelothauma_.
Sixteen paired styles (eight on each valve), 733. _Coelothamnus_.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
II. Subfamily Coeloplegmida.
Rhinocanna of each valve with an odd sagittal frenulum. The distal
ends of the dichotomous brushes are united by anastomoses, and form
an outer bivalved lattice-mantle.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mantle with six styles. { One odd and two paired
{ styles on each valve, 734. _Coelographis_.
Mantle with eight styles. { Two odd and two paired
{ styles on each valve, 735. _Coelospathis_.
Mantle with ten styles. { One odd and four paired
{ styles on each valve, 736. _Coelodecas_.
Mantle with twelve { Two odd and four paired
styles. { styles on each valve, 737. _Coelostylus_.
Mantle with fourteen { One odd and six paired
styles. { styles on each valve, 738. _Coeloplegma_.
Mantle with sixteen { Two odd and six paired
styles. { styles on each valve, 739. _Coelagalma_.
Subfamily 1. COELOTHOLIDA, Haeckel.
_Definition._--#Coelographida# with two paired lateral frenula on each
galea, and with free terminal branches on the hollow radial tubes, without
an external lattice-mantle. Eight to sixteen long styles are prominent over
the surface of the fork-thicket, which is composed of the caudal brush and
the dichotomous basal branches of the styles.
Genus 731. _Coelotholus_,[347] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Coelographida# with two paired lateral frenula on each
galea, without external lattice-mantle, armed with eight styles (two pairs
of styles on each valve).
{1749}The genus _Coelotholus_ and the two following genera form together
the subfamily Coelotholida, the hollow tubes of which do not communicate by
anastomosing branches, and therefore form no lattice-mantle, as in the
following subfamily Coeloplegmida. Another important difference between
these two subfamilies of Coelographida is found in the arrangement of the
main tubes and their connection with the rhinocanna. In all Coelotholida a
pair of divergent frontal styles arise from the truncate oral side of each
galea, and are connected with the mouth of the rhinocanna by two lateral
convergent paired frenula (right and left); whereas the characteristic odd
nasal style, which in all Coeloplegmida arises from the sagittal apex of
each galea and is connected with the mouth of the rhinocanna by an odd
sagittal frenulum, is always wanting. The total number of long verticillate
styles, which project over the outer surface of the fork-thicket, is eight
in _Coelotholus_, whilst it is twelve in _Coelothauma_, and sixteen in
_Coelothamnus_. The two latter may be derived from _Coelotholus_, as the
common ancestral genus of this subfamily.
1. _Coelotholus octonus_, n. sp. (Pl. 122, figs. 1, 2).
Eight styles of equal length, regularly zig zag, twice as long (in their
free part) as the diameter of the loose fork-thicket. Anchor-pencils
gradually tapering from the proximal towards the distal end. Each of the
four primary frontal tubes (to the right and left of each valve) is simply
forked, and the pectoral (anterior) branch of each tube is so diametrically
opposed to the tergal (posterior) tube of the other side, that they form
together a double cross.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 12, of the fork-thicket 2.5.
_Habitat._--South-Eastern Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.
2. _Coelotholus cruciatus_, n. sp.
Eight styles of equal length, straight, twice as long (in their free part)
as the diameter of the dense fork-thicket. Anchor-pencils of about equal
size throughout their whole length. Each of four primary frontal tubes is
divided into two equal, widely divergent branches; the anterior branches of
the right side are diametrically opposed to the posterior branches of the
left side, so that all eight together form a double cross.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 20, of the fork-thicket 4.0.
_Habitat._--South-Western Pacific (off Sydney), Station 164A, depth 1200
fathoms.
3. _Coelotholus ancoratus_, n. sp.
Eight styles of different lengths, slightly curved. Anchor-pencils
gradually tapering from the proximal to the distal end. Each of the four
primary frontal tubes is divided into two divergent {1750}branches of
different lengths; the anterior (or pectoral branch) twice as long (in the
free part) as the diameter of the fork-thicket, the posterior (or tergal
branch) three times as long.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 20, of the fork-thicket 3.2.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Sunda Strait), Rabbe, surface.
Genus 732. _Coelothauma_,[348] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.
_Definition._--#Coelographida# with two paired lateral frenula on each
galea, without external lattice-mantle, armed with twelve styles (three
pairs of styles on each valve).
The genus _Coelothauma_ differs from the preceding _Coelotholus_, its
ancestral form, in the possession of twelve long, prominent styles, six of
which are opposite in three pairs on each valve. In the single species
observed each of the four main tubes (opposite in pairs on the frontal
corners of the two galeæ) is simply forked, as in _Coelotholus_; but whilst
in this latter all eight styles remain simple, in _Coelothauma_ the
anterior (or pectoral) branch only is simple, the posterior (or tergal)
branch is again forked.
1. _Coelothauma duodenum_., n. sp. (Pl. 122, figs. 3-5).
Twelve styles straight, of different lengths. Two short bilateral main
tubes arise opposite in pairs from the two frontal corners of each galea,
and are divided into an anterior and posterior branch. The anterior or
pectoral branch is simple, and twice as long as the diameter of the
fork-thicket. The posterior or tergal branch is again forked near the base,
and its two divergent branches are three times as long as the diameter of
the fork-thicket. All twelve styles are densely studded with anchor-pencils
of nearly equal size.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 21, of the fork thicket 3.5.
_Habitat._--South-Western Pacific (east of New Zealand), Station 169, depth
700 fathoms.
Genus 733. _Coelothamnus_,[349] Haeckel, 1879, Sitzungsb. med.-nat.
Gesellsch. Jena, Dec. 12, p. 6.
_Definition._--#Coelographida# with two paired lateral frenula on each
galea, without external lattice-mantle, armed with sixteen styles (four
pairs of styles on each valve).
The genus #Coelothamnus# differs from its ancestral form, _Coelotholus_, in
the duplication of the number of long verticillate styles, which are
prominent over the surface of the {1751}dense fork-thicket. Whilst in
_Coelotholus_ each frontal main tube (arising from the frontal corner of
the galea at right and left) is divided into an anterior or pectoral, and a
posterior or tergal style, in _Coelothamnus_ each of these two divergent
main styles is again forked, so that the total number of projecting and
radially diverging styles amounts to sixteen. One Mediterranean species of
this genus, _Coelothamnus davidoffii_, has been already described by
Bütschli in 1882 (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol. xxxvi. p. 486, Taf.
xxxi.). Though its description on the whole is accurate, some important
errors, which may be here corrected, are to be met with. The two central
valves of the lattice-shell (dorsal and ventral) are symmetrically equal in
size and in form, as in all other Coelographida; the different forms and
the inverse arrangement of the two valves, described by Bütschli (pp. 488,
491), were effected by an artificial dislocation and inversion. The
peculiar opening [alpha], which, according to his opinion, was supposed to
bring about a direct communication between the cavities of the galea and
its valve, is in reality the optical section of the rhinocanna, the two
convergent frenula of which ([gamma]) he figured, but did not recognise.
_Coelothamnus_ attains the greatest size among all Radiolaria; the diameter
of the body in _Coelothamnus maximus_ amounts to 33 mm.
1. _Coelothamnus bivalvis_, n. sp. (Pl. 122, figs. 6-9).
Sixteen styles all of equal length, about three times as long (in their
free part) as the diameter of the dense fork-thicket. The size of the
anchor-pencils tapers from the proximal to the distal end. Each of the four
primary frontal tubes (which arise in opposite pairs from the frontal
corners of the two galeæ) is twice forked, and so produces four styles.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 18, of the fork-thicket 2.4 to
3.0.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Canary Islands, Station 354, surface.
2. _Coelothamnus davidoffii_, Bütschli.
_Coelothamnus davidoffii_, Bütschli, 1882, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., vol.
xxxvi. p. 486, Taf. xxxi.
Sixteen styles all of equal length (?), about four times as long (in their
free part) as the diameter of the fork-thicket. The size of the
anchor-pencils is nearly equal throughout their entire length. (Compare the
careful description of this species by Bütschli.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 15, of the fork-thicket 1.8.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Villafranca, near Nice), Davidoff, surface.
3. _Coelothamnus sedecimalis_, n. sp.
Sixteen styles straight, of different sizes. The pectoral or anterior
branch of each frontal main tube is simple, and twice as long as the
diameter of the large fork-thicket. The tergal or posterior branch is
forked at the base, and its anterior branch is again forked in the middle
part, so that three {1752}long divergent styles arise from each tergal
tube. The hindermost of these is the longest, three times as long as the
diameter of the fork-thicket. All anchor-pencils have nearly equal size.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 22, of the fork-thicket 5.2.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 166 (west of New Zealand), depth 275
fathoms.
4. _Coelothamnus maximus_, n. sp.
Sixteen styles straight, of different sizes. The four frontal main tubes
are already forked at the base, so that from each frontal corner of the two
galeæ two divergent tubes, an anterior or pectoral and a posterior or
tergal, arise. Each of these is again forked, and each branch prolonged
into a very long verticillate style. The hindermost style of each side is
the longest, twice as long as the foremost, and one and a half times as
long as the two intermediate styles. The size of the anchor-pencils
decreases in the distal third of the styles.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole body 32, of the fork-thicket 7.5.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
Subfamily 2. COELOPLEGMIDA, Haeckel.
_Definition._--#Coelographida# with an odd sagittal frenulum on each galea,
and with an external bivalved lattice-mantle, produced by the anastomosing
branches of the hollow radial tubes. Six to sixteen long styles are
prominent over the surface of the mantle, and bear terminal coronets.
Genus 734. _Coelographis_,[350] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Coelographida# with an odd sagittal frenulum on each galea
and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with six styles (one odd and two paired
styles on each valve).
The genus _Coelographis_ is the simplest form of the Coeloplegmida, or of
those Coelographida in which the branches of the arborescent tubes are
united on the surface of the calymma, and form a delicate bivalved
lattice-mantle. In all these Coeloplegmida an odd nasal main style is
developed on the apex of the galea, and this is connected by an odd
sagittal frenulum with the mouth of the rhinocanna, _Coelographis_ differs
from the other Coelographida in the minimum number of coronal styles, viz.,
three on each valve, an odd anterior (nasal) and two paired posterior
(tergal).
1. _Coelographis regina_, n. sp. (Pl. 126, figs. 1_a_-1_c_).
Shell-mantle twice as long as broad, its frontal perimeter isosceles
triangular, with a triangular excision at the base, its sagittal perimeter
slenderly ovate. Nasal odd style twice as long as the {1753}paired tergal
styles, the former with ten to twelve, the latter with five to six
alternate-cruciate pairs of lateral branches. Terminal coronets (on the
free distal ends of the styles) palmate, with ten to twelve spinulate,
irregular, finger-shaped branches (fig. 1_d_).
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 5.6, breadth 2.7.
_Habitat._--South-Eastern Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 297, depth
1775 fathoms.
2. _Coelographis sagittella_, n. sp.
Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter
arrow-shaped, isosceles triangular, with a deep concave excision at the
base, its sagittal perimeter slenderly ovate. Nasal odd style one and a
half times as long as the paired tergal styles, the former with fourteen to
sixteen, the latter with eight to nine verticils of branches. Terminal
coronets three times forked, with eight subregular, broad and spinulate,
finger-shaped branches.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 6.4, breadth 4.2.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
3. _Coelographis hexastyla_, n. sp.
Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, very similar to the
preceding species, its frontal perimeter isosceles triangular, with a flat
basal excision. Nasal odd style one and a third times as long as the paired
tergal styles, the former with fourteen to sixteen, the latter with ten to
twelve verticils of branches. Terminal coronets with four forks in the form
of a cross, and eight divergent spinulate fingers.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 4.2, breadth 3.1.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 259, depth 2225 fathoms.
4. _Coelographis gracillima_, Haeckel.
_Coelodendrum gracillimum_ (_partim_) Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol.,
Taf. xxxii. figs. 2, 3.
Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad, similar to the three
preceding species, its frontal perimeter isosceles triangular. Nasal odd
style one and a half times as long as the two paired tergal styles, the
former with eleven or twelve, the latter with seven or eight pairs of
branches. Terminal coronets irregularly dichotomously branched, with twelve
to sixteen spinulate fingers. The network of the mantle is also spinulate
(_loc. cit._, fig. 3). This species was formerly confounded by me with
_Coelodendrum gracillimum_ (_loc. cit._, fig. 1), since I found a fragment
only of the former entangled in the branch-work of the latter (1859, in
Messina). Afterwards (in 1877) I observed a complete specimen in Corfu.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 3.2, breadth 2.4.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina, Corfu), surface.
5. _Coelographis triangulum_, n. sp.
Shell-mantle about as long as broad, its frontal perimeter equilateral
triangular, without basal excision, with three equal straight sides. Nasal
odd style and the two paired pectoral styles nearly {1754}of equal length,
each with ten to twelve alternate-cruciate pairs of lateral branches.
Terminal coronets umbrella-shaped, composed of eight equal, simply forked
branches.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 3.6, breadth 3.4.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 293, depth 2025 fathoms.
Genus 735. _Coelospathis_,[351] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Coelographida# with an odd sagittal frenulum on each galea
and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with eight styles (two odd and two
paired styles on each valve).
The genus _Coelospathis_ differs from the preceding _Coelographis_ in the
possession of four coronal styles on each valve. Two of these are odd and
lie in the sagittal plane, viz., the constant vertical nasal style
(directed towards the mouth), and the horizontal sagittal style, which is
placed in the equatorial plane, in the sagittal axis of the body. The two
other styles are paired and identical with the tergal styles of
_Coelographis_, directed backwards, and divergent to right and left.
1. _Coelospathis ancorata_, n. sp. (Pl. 128, figs. 1-7).
Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter
isosceles triangular; its zonal perimeter square, its sagittal perimeter
nearly rectangular, with a concave excision on the oral side (fig. 1). Odd
nasal styles of both valves divergent in the sagittal plane (each with
fourteen to sixteen pairs of branches), three times as long as the odd
sagittal styles (each with three or four pairs) and twice as long as the
paired tergal styles (each with four to six pairs of branches). Terminal
coronets (on the free distal end of the styles) three times forked, each
with eight slender, widely divergent fingers, which are curved, zig-zag,
and armed with alternating recurved hooks; at the end of each finger a
verticil of four to six small recurved teeth (fig. 5).
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 2 to 3, breadth 1.2 to 2.1.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.
2. _Coelospathis octostyla_, n. sp. (Pl. 128, fig. 8).
Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad, very similar to the
preceding species; but differing from this in the following characters: the
odd nasal styles bear ten to twelve pairs of branches, and are twice as
long as the odd sagittal and the paired pectoral styles, which are nearly
equal in size (each with five or six pairs of branches). The eight fingers
of the terminal coronets are less divergent and curved than in the
preceding species, and each finger bears at its end a verticil of four to
six divergent, slender teeth, which are not recurved (fig. 8).
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 2.2 to 2.6, breadth 1.7 to 1.9.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
fathoms.
{1755}3. _Coelospathis octodactyla_, n. sp. (Pl. 128, fig. 9).
Shell-mantle about as long as broad, in the frontal perimeter nearly
isosceles triangular, very similar to the two preceding species; it differs
from them in the following characters: all eight styles have nearly equal
size, and each bears six to eight pairs of branches. The eight fingers of
the terminal coronets diverge nearly in one plane, and are not curved in a
zigzag manner, but armed with alternate, slender, recurved hooks, which are
larger than in the two preceding species, and geniculate at the base; the
distal end of each finger bears a verticil of eight to ten very small
divergent teeth, which are not recurved (fig. 9).
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 2.4, breadth 2.2.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 252, surface.
Genus 736. _Coelodecas_,[352] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Coelographida# with an odd sagittal frenulum on each galea
and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with ten styles (one odd and four paired
styles on each valve).
The genus _Coelodecas_ is closely allied to _Coelographis_, but differs
from it in the development of a new pair of styles on each valve. These are
placed between the odd nasal and the paired tergal styles, are usually
directed laterally, parallel to the frontal axis of the body, and may
therefore be called frontal or lateral styles. The total number of coronal
styles is therefore ten.
1. _Coelodecas sagittaria_, n. sp. (Pl. 126, figs. 2_a_, 2_b_).
Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad; its frontal perimeter
pentagonal, with a deep median incision at the base; the two oral sides of
the pentagon twice as long as the two lateral sides, and one and a half
times as long as the base. Sagittal perimeter ovate; equatorial perimeter
subcircular. Nasal odd style of each valve with fourteen to sixteen pairs
of branches, one and a half times as long as the paired frontal styles
(each with eight to nine pairs), and twice as long as the paired tergal
styles (each with four to six pairs of branches). Terminal coronets (on the
free distal ends of the styles) richly branched, each with thirty to forty
thorny fingers, which bear a conical point with recurved teeth, like an
arrow.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 3.2, breadth 2.1.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.
2. _Coelodecas decastyla_, n. sp.
Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad; its frontal perimeter
pentagonal, with a slight incision on the base; the two oral sides of the
pentagon as long as the base, and one and a {1756}half times as long as the
two lateral sides. Nasal odd style of each valve with ten to twelve pairs
of branches, about twice as long as the four paired frontal and tergal
styles, each of which bears five or six pairs. Terminal coronets three
times forked, each with eight straight, spinulate, slightly divergent
fingers, shaped like a human finger.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 3.6, breadth 2.7.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
3. _Coelodecas pentagona_, n. sp.
Shell-mantle about as long as broad; its frontal perimeter nearly regular
pentagonal, with five equal sides. Nasal odd style of each valve with six
to eight pairs of branches scarcely longer than the four paired frontal and
tergal styles, each of which is provided with four to six pairs. Terminal
coronets irregularly branched, each with twelve to sixteen slender curved
fingers, which bear at the distal end a spinulate knob.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 2.6, breadth 2.4.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.
Genus 737. _Coelostylus_,[353] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Coelographida# with an odd sagittal frenulum on each galea
and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with twelve styles (two odd and four
paired styles on each valve).
The genus _Coelostylus_ is characterised by the possession of twelve
coronal styles; it is closely allied to _Coelospathis_, and differs from
this in the development of a new pair of styles on each valve. These are
placed between the odd nasal and the odd sagittal style of each valve, they
are directed forwards, and may therefore be called "pectoral styles."
1. _Coelostylus bisenarius_, n. sp. (Pl. 126, fig. 3_a_, 3_b_).
Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad; its frontal perimeter
pentagonal, with a deep median incision at the base; the two oral sides of
the pentagon about as long as the basal odd side, and half as long as the
two lateral sides. Sagittal perimeter (fig. 3_a_) octagonal; the three
paired lateral sides of the bilateral octagon about equal, and somewhat
shorter than the basal and oral odd sides. Equatorial perimeter rounded
square. Nasal odd style of each valve with twelve alternate-cruciate pairs
of lateral branches, about twice as long as the two paired pectoral styles
(each with four pairs), and the odd sagittal style (with six pairs); the
two paired tergal styles bear eight pairs and are longer than the latter,
shorter than the nasal style. All styles are more or less curved,
divergent, and at the distal end four times forked, bearing a terminal
coronet with sixteen spinulate fingers (fig. 3_b_).
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 4.2, breadth 3.2.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.
{1757}2. _Coelostylus flabellatus_, n. sp.
Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, very similar to that of
the preceding species. It differs from this mainly in the peculiar form of
the twenty-four terminal coronets, which are flabellate and very similar to
the terminal branches of _Coelodendrum flabellatum_ (Pl. 121, figs. 5, 6).
I formerly supposed, therefore, that both forms belonged to one and the
same species. But though I had no complete specimens of the two species, I
was afterwards led to the opinion that one and the same peculiar form of
terminal branches is here produced by adaptation to similar conditions in
two very different genera. Each coronet is a flat flabellum, placed in a
meridian plane, and composed of eight pairs of spinulate branches as
figured, _loc. cit._, in figs. 5 and 6. The cap-shaped distal end of each
finger is armed with eight to twelve recurved teeth.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 3.8, breadth 2.6.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 252, surface.
Genus 738. _Coeloplegma_,[354] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Coelographida# with an odd frenulum on each galea and an
outer lattice-mantle, armed with fourteen styles (one odd and six paired
styles on each valve).
The genus _Coeloplegma_, distinguished by the possession of fourteen
coronal styles, is closely allied to _Coelodecas_, but differs from it in
the development of a new pair of styles on each valve. These are placed
between the odd nasal and the paired frontal styles, are directed forwards,
and may therefore be called pectoral styles, corresponding to those of
_Coelostylus_.
1. _Coeloplegma murrayanum_, n. sp. (Pl. 127, figs. 1-13.).
Shell-mantle about as long as broad, its frontal perimeter subcircular, or
slightly pentagonal, with five convex sides, its sagittal perimeter also
nearly circular. Odd nasal style with six to eight, the paired pectoral
styles with two or three, lateral styles with three to five, and tergal
styles with six to nine pairs of branches. The central capsule constantly
contains masses of crystals (figs. 4-7). Terminal coronets (on the free
distal ends of the styles) three times furcate, each with eight simple and
short fingers. This interesting species, discovered by Dr. John Murray in
August 1882, during the expedition of H.M.S. "Triton," in great numbers in
the Gulf Stream, off the Færöe Channel, is very variable and connected by
numerous transitional forms with the following closely allied species.
(Compare the following note.)
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 1.6 to 2.2, breadth 1.5 to 2.1.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Gulf Stream, off the Færöe Channel, in depths
between 40 and 200 fathoms, John Murray.
{1758}2. _Coeloplegma tritonis_, n. sp. (Pl. 127, figs. 2-13).
Shell-mantle one and a quarter times as long as broad, its frontal
perimeter heptagonal, with seven concave sides (fig. 2), its sagittal
perimeter ovate, its zonal perimeter nearly square (fig. 3). Odd nasal
style with twelve to fourteen, the paired pectoral styles with three to
four, lateral styles with six to eight, and tergal styles with eight to ten
pairs of branches. Coronets three times forked, each with eight terminal
branches, bearing a small spinulate knob. This remarkable species, in
external appearance very different from the preceding, is connected
immediately with it by numerous transitional varieties; both species
represent the opposite terminal poles of a long series of "Darwinian
metamorphic forms." If only the two specimens, figured in Pl. 127, figs. 1
and 2, were known, every one would distinguish them as two widely different
species. But the careful comparison of numerous intermediate forms
demonstrates that there is no "missing link" in this long and remarkable
chain. The careful comparative study of these very variable and most highly
developed Coelographida may be regarded as a strong argument for the theory
of descent, and explains the true "origin of species."
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 1.8 to 2.5, breadth 1.5 to 2.1.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Gulf Stream, off the Færöe Channel, in depths
between 40 and 200 fathoms, John Murray.
3. _Coeloplegma tetradecastylum_, n. sp.
Shell-mantle one and a third times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter
heptagonal, with seven concave sides. Similar to the preceding species,
differs from it mainly in the prolonged nasal style, which bears sixteen to
eighteen pairs of branches, and is about three times as long as each of the
six paired styles, each of which bears five to six pairs of branches.
Coronets three times forked, each with eight terminal branches, armed with
scattered spines, and bearing a knob with three recurved hooks.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 3.2, breadth 2.4.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Stations 335 to 342, surface.
4. _Coeloplegma atlanticum_, n. sp.
Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter
ovate. Similar to _Coeloplegma murrayanum_ (Pl. 127, fig. 1), differs from
it in the different length of the styles; the nasal odd style (with
eighteen to twenty pairs of branches) is about twice as long as the lateral
styles (with ten to twelve pairs), and three times as long as the pectoral
and tergal styles (with six to eight pairs). Coronets four times forked,
each with sixteen terminal branches, armed with recurved spines, and
bearing a cross of four curved hooks.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 2.5, breadth 1.7.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 318, depth 2040 fathoms.
{1759}Genus 739. _Coelagalma_,[355] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Coelographida# with an odd sagittal frenulum on each galea
and an outer lattice-mantle, armed with sixteen styles (two odd and six
paired styles on each valve).
The genus _Coelagalma_ represents the highest degree of development among
the Coelographida, and exhibits the maximum number of coronal styles in
this family, viz., sixteen (eight on each valve). Two of these are odd (as
in _Coelospathis_ and _Coelostylus_), viz., the longitudinal anterior nasal
style, and the horizontal sagittal style. The six others are paired (as in
_Coeloplegma_), viz., two anterior or pectoral, two lateral or frontal, and
two posterior or tergal styles. Since _Coelagalma_ in this highest
developed armature exceeds all the other Coeloplegmida, and exhibits at the
same time the utmost complexity in structural detail, it may be regarded as
one of the most perfect forms not among the PHÆODARIA only, but among all
Radiolaria.
1. _Coelagalma mirabile_, n. sp. (Pl. 126, figs. 4, 4_a_).
Shell-mantle one and a half times as long as broad, its frontal perimeter
(fig. 4_a_) heptagonal, with seven concave sides, its sagittal perimeter
octagonal, its equatorial perimeter hexagonal (fig. 4_b_), the corners of
the polygons are marked by the sixteen prominent styles. Nasal odd style
longer; and sagittal odd style shorter, than the six paired styles of each
valve; the two pectoral styles are directed forwards, the two lateral
styles are nearly opposed in the horizontal frontal diameter, while the two
shorter tergal styles are directed backwards. The terminal coronets (at the
distal ends of the sixteen styles) are four times forked, with sixteen
equal spinulate fingers, each finger at the distal end with eight recurved
teeth. The entire surface of the bivalved latticed mantle is densely
studded with hundreds of most elegant anchor-pencils, so that the external
appearance of this beautiful species becomes one of the most wonderful
among Radiolaria.
_Dimensions._--Length of the shell 5.4, breadth 3.6.
_Habitat._--Central area of the Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
{1760}NOTE ON THE DIMENSIONS AND MEASUREMENTS OF THE DESCRIBED SPECIES OF
RADIOLARIA.
All the dimensions of the species of Radiolaria described in the present
work are given in millimetres. In the majority of the species the
dimensions of only a single observed specimen have been measured by the
micrometer, and usually only the most important proportions have been
recorded. But since the outlines of nearly all the species figured (with
very few exceptions) have been drawn by the camera lucida, and therefore
usually are almost perfectly exact, and since the excellent artist, Mr.
Adolph Giltsch, has executed the lithographic plates with the greatest
accuracy, having examined the objects themselves under the microscope, it
is very easy to determine the dimensions of all the separate parts by
comparative measurement. In very many of the species described (perhaps
nine hundred or a thousand) several specimens of each species (usually
three or four) have been measured comparatively, and the dimensions
recorded are taken as averages. A very important contribution to the
general conception of the proportions, and especially to the important
question of the constancy of the dimensions, has been given by my honoured
friend Dr. Reinhold Teuscher of Jena. This excellent observer, to whom I am
indebted for much and important co-operation in my Radiolarian work, has
instituted at my request a long series of measurements, with the view of
comparing the dimensions (of the entire skeleton as well as of its
individual parts) in numerous (usually twenty or thirty) specimens of one
and the same species. About three hundred species of very different groups
(mainly #Sphæroidea#, #Discoidea#, #Spyroidea#, and #Cyrtoidea#) have been
measured in this manner, and the general survey of the results obtained
(about eight thousand measurements were recorded) has enabled me to form a
good opinion of the constancy and variability of the dimensions in the
individual species. The general result is, that they are not absolutely
constant in any given case, but that each species (of which many specimens
have been carefully compared) exhibits a certain degree of variability in
all its proportions. The general meaning of "species," therefore, is in the
unicellular Radiolaria the same as in all other organisms, and its
development follows the same laws as are so accurately explained by Charles
Darwin in his Origin of Species.
ADDENDA.
I. _List of Twenty-two Deep-Sea Radiolarians from the Banda Sea._
P. Harting (L. N. 18) published in 1863 the description of 14 SPUMELLARIA
and 8 NASSELLARIA, taken in depths between 900 and 4000 fathoms, in the
Banda Sea. The figures of them are, however, for the most part not complete
enough. The names are the following:--
I. SPUMELLARIA.
1. _Haliomma nitidum_, figs. 13, 14 = _Heliodiscus_?
2. _Haliomma gracile_, fig. 15 = _Acanthosphæra_?
3. _Haliomma lens_, fig. 16 = _Stylodiscus_?
4. _Haliomma pyriforme_, fig. 17 = _Cenellipsis_?
5. _Haliomma scutum_, fig. 18 = _Botryocella_?
6. _Haliomma polyacanthum_, fig. 40 = _Druppocarpus_?
7. _Haliomma inerme_, fig. 41 = _Thecosphæra_?
8. _Haliomma oblongum_, fig. 42 = _Druppula_?
9. _Haliomma amphiaspis_, fig. 43 = _Monozonium_?
10. _Tetrapyle polyacantha_, fig. 44 = _Larcarium_?
11. _Flustrella cyclica_, fig. 19 = _Porodiscus_.
12. _Flustrella micromma_, fig. 47 = _Porodiscus_.
13. _Rhopalastrum bandaicum_, fig. 45 = _Dictyastrum_.
14. _Lithocyclia reticulata_, fig. 20 = _Spongodiscus_?
II. NASSELLARIA.
15. _Lithocircus annulus_, fig. 50 = _Lithocircus_.
16. _Acanthodesmia arcuata_, fig. 25 = _Zygostephanus_.
17. _Acanthodesmia inermis_, fig. 26 = _Dictyospyris_?
18. _Cladospyris moluccana_, fig. 48 = _Cyphonium_?
19. _Podocyrtis brevipes_, fig. 24 = _Podocyrtis_.
20. _Podocyrtis micracantha_, fig. 49 = _Podocampe_?
21. _Lithocampe corbula_, fig. 21 = _Lithomitra_.
22. _Lithocampe sinuosa_, fig. 22 = _Lithocampe_?
II. _List of Fossil Radiolaria (probably Jurassic) found in the "Diaspri
della Toscana," and described in 1880 by Dante Pantanelli_ (L. N. 36).
(_Compare_ § 243, _Note_ B, p. clxviii).
The figures are too small and too incomplete for certain determination.
I. SPUMELLARIA.
1. _Ethmosphæra minuta_.
2. _Ethmosphæra vulgaris_.
3. _Ethmosphæra siphonophora_.
4. _Heliosphæra echinoidites_.
5. _Rhaphidococcus lusianensis_.
6. _Heliodiscus simplex_.
7. _Histiastrum lusianense_.
8. _Trematodiscus soritoides_.
9. _Euchitonia muellerites_.
10. _Euchitonia amoena_.
11. _Euchitonia clathrata_.
12. _Euchitonia crevolensis_.
13. _Euchitonia grandis_.
14. _Euchitonia dubia_.
II. NASSELLARIA.
15. _Lithocircus haeckelii_.
16. _Lithocircus truncatus_.
17. _Lithocircus rhombus_.
18. _Cornutella pseudoprofunda_.
19. _Cornutella pseudoclathrata_.
20. _Lithopera ovata_.
21. _Lithopera elongata_.
22. _Polystichia ehrenbergii_.
23. _Polystichia haeckelii_.
24. _Polystichia muelleri_.
25. _Urocyrtis emmæ_.
26. _Urocyrtis amaliæ_.
27. _Urocyrtis stephanii_.
28. _Adelocyrtis cometa_.
29. _Adelocyrtis pala_.
30. _Adelocyrtis spinosa_.
ERRATA.
Page 23, line 3 from top, _add_ "Compare also _Myxobrachia cienkowski_,
Wagner, 1872, L. N. 23."
Page 40, bottom line, _add_ "The two following species are incompletely
known:--_Sphærozoum orientale_, Dana, 1863, _Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist._,
vol. xii. p. 54. _Sphærozoum sanderi_, Doenitz, 1871, L. N. 60, p. 71."
Page 65, line 15 from top, _add_ "_Cenosphæra radiata_, Zittel, 1876 (L.
N. 29, p. 84, Taf. ii. figs. 7, 8), a fossil Cretaceous species, is
closely allied to _Cenosphæra compacta_."
Page 84, line 17 from top, _add_ "_Caryosphæra polysphærica_, Bütschli,
1882 (L. N. 41, Taf. xxiii. fig. 12) is probably a _Cromyosphæra_ (fossil
in Barbados)."
Page 95, line 11 from top, _add_ "_Dermatosphæra_, Ehrenberg, is a
_Collosphæra_ with small pores (compare L. N. 16, p. 533)."
Page 97, line 8 from foot, _for_ "xxiv." _read_ "xxxiv."
Page 122, line 14 from foot, _for_ "_Spongolonche_" _read_
"_Spongolonchis_."
Page 149, lines 1, 4, 6 and 12 from top, _for_ "_Spongolonche_" _read_
"_Spongolonchis_."
Page 149, line 2 from foot, _for_ "_Spongolonche_" _read_
"_Spongolonchis_ ([Greek: spongos], [Greek: lonchis])."
Page 172, line 4 from foot, _add_ Synonym "? _Haliphormis hexacantha_,
Ehrenberg, 1872, L. N. 24, Taf. x. fig. 6."
Page 216, line 11 from foot, _add_ "Taf. xiii."
Page 308, line 4 from top, _add_ "Compare _Haliomma oblongum_, Harting,
1863, L. N. 18, p. 15, pl. 2, fig. 42."
Page 326, line 14 from foot, _for_ "1872" _read_ "1875."
Page 461, line 12 from foot, _delete_ "H."
Page 463, line 10 from top, _add_ "Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe."
Page 492, bottom line, _add_ "_Porodiscus haeckelii_ = _Trematodiscus
haeckelii_, Bütschli, 1882, L. N. 41, Taf. xxiv. figs. 5_a_, 5_b_."
Page 509, bottom line, _add_ "_Stylodictya haeckelii_, Zittel, 1876, L.
N. 29, p. 85, Taf. ii. fig. 9, is a fossil Cretaceous species, related to
_Stylodictya multispina_."
Page 534, line 11 from foot, _add_ "Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe).
Also in the Central Pacific, Station 267."
Page 584, line 12 from top, _for_ "1872" _read_ "1875."
Page 586, line 7 from foot, _add_ "_Spongotrochus ehrenbergii_, Bütschli,
1882, L. N. 41, Taf. xxvi. figs. 1_a_, 1_b_."
Page 633, bottom line, _add_ "_Monozonium hartingii_ = _Haliomma
amphiaspis_, Harting, 1863 (L. N. 18, p. 15, pl. 2, fig. 43)."
Page 763, line 8 from top, _add_ "Pl. 132, fig. 11."
Page 784, line 16 from top, _for_ "vi." _read_ "xvi."
Page 802, line 14 from bottom, _after_ "11_a_" _insert_ "11_c_."
Page 839, line 13 from top, _for_ "95" _read_ "135."
Page 841, line 8 from foot, _after_ "figs." _insert_ "2."
Page 842, line 13 from top, _add_ "_Haliomma ligurinum_, J. Müller (=
_Haliommatidium ligurinum_, Haeckel, L. N. 16, p. 423) seems to be
closely allied to the preceding."
Page 889, line 6 from top, _add_ "_Cricoidea_, Bütschli, 1882 (L. N. 40,
p. 537) = NASSELLARIA."
Page 951, line 9 from foot, _add_ "Fossil in Barbados."
Page 952, line 2 from foot, _add_ "Fossil in Barbados."
Page 966, line 10 from top, _add_ "Fossil in Barbados."
Page 981, line 19 from top, _add_ "Fossil in Barbados."
Page 1037, line 8 from top, _add_ "Pl. 85, fig. 2."
Page 1081, line 12 from foot, _add_ "Pl. 95, fig. 15."
Page 1158, line 10 from foot, _for_ "516. _Cyrtophormis_" _read_ "516.
_Cystophormis_."
Page 1165, lines 8, 11 and 15 from foot, _for "Cyrtophormis" read
"Cystophormis_."
Page 1165, bottom line, _read_ "_Cystophormis_ = bladder-basket; [Greek:
kystê], [Greek: phormis]."
Page 1166, lines 1, 7 and 13 from top, _for_ "_Cyrtophormis_" _read_
"_Cystophormis_."
Page 1250, line 7 from top, _for_ "_Dictyoprora_" _read_ "_Dictyoprona_."
Page 1251, line 11 from top, _add_ "Pl. 62, fig. 3."
Page 1356, line 9 from foot, _add_ "Pl. 68, fig. 14."
Page 1384, line 2 from foot, _for_ "_Calocycloma_" _read_
"_Calocyclura_."
Page 1411, first line, _add_ "Pl. 68, fig. 15."
Page 1560, line 2 from top, _add_ "_Dictyocha trigona_, Zittel, 1876 (L.
N. 29, p. 83, Taf. ii. fig. 6), is an interesting Cretaceous species,
perhaps a variety of _Dictyocha triommata_."
Page 1615, line 6 from top, _insert_ "n. sp." _after_ "_scenophora_."
Page 1653, line 7 from top, _add_ "John Murray, 1876, L. N. 27, pl. 24,
fig. 2."
Page 1706, line 7 from foot, _add_ "John Murray, 1876, L. N. 27, pl. 24,
fig. 4."
Page 1752, line 4 from bottom, _for_ "figs. 1_a_-1_d_" _read_ "figs.
1_a_-1_c_."
Page 1757, line 14 from bottom, _for_ "fig. 1" _read_ "figs. 1-13."
Page 1759, line 14 from bottom _for_ "figs. 4_a_, 4_b_" read "figs. 4,
4_a_."
INDEX.
Synonyms are printed in _Italics_; names of Families, Orders, &c., in
CAPITALS.
ACANTHARIA, 716.
Acanthochiasma, 739.
fusiforme, 739.
krohnii, 739.
rubescens, 739.
spirale, 739.
ACANTHOCHIASMIDA, 738.
Acanthocorallium, 1262.
Acanthocoronium, 1263.
Acanthocorys, 1261.
bütschlii, 1262.
dodecaster, 1264.
enneapodia, 1263.
furcata, 1264.
hexapodia, 1262.
macroceras, 1264.
macropodia, 1262.
polypodia, 1264.
pristipodia, 1262.
triloba, 1263.
umbellifera, 1263.
Acanthocorythium, 1264.
Acanthocyrtis, 1494.
Acanthocystis, 1461.
Acanthodesmia, 975.
_arcuata_, 1761.
ceratospyris, 976.
corona, 976.
_dumetum_, 930.
_hertwigii_, 983.
_inermis_, 1761.
mülleri, 976.
_polybrocha_, 930.
_prismatium_, 1010.
vinculata, 975.
ACANTHODESMIDA, 973.
Acantholithium, 753.
Acantholonche, 790.
amphipolaris, 790.
peripolaris, 791.
ACANTHOLONCHIDA, 781.
ACANTHOMETRA, 725.
_Acanthometra_, 742.
_alata_, 761.
_anomale_, 789.
_arachnoides_, 910.
_belonoides_, 783.
_brevispina_, 745.
_bulbosa_, 743.
_cataphracta_, 810.
_claparedei_, 751.
_complanata_, 786.
_compressa_, 747.
_costata_, 812.
_cruciata_, 754.
_cuspidata_, 752.
_dichotoma_, 747.
_dolichoscia_, 743.
_echinoides_, 751.
_elastica_, 742.
_elongata_, 785.
_forceps_, 770.
_fragilis_, 750.
_furcata_, 747.
_fusca_, 743.
_hastata_, 770.
_hemicompressa_, 748.
_heteracantha_, 784.
_lanceolata_, 746.
_messanensis_, 786.
_mucronata_, 756.
_mülleri_, 750.
_multispina_, 752.
_ovata_, 785.
_pallida_, 770.
_pectinata_, 757.
_pellucida_, 744.
_purpurascens_, 769.
_quadridentata_, 758.
_quadrifolia_, 752.
_serrata_, 757.
_sicula_, 744.
_spinulosa_, 759.
_tenuis_, 784.
_tetracopa_, 749.
_tetraptera_, 787.
_wageneri_, 744.
ACANTHOMETREA, 716.
Acanthometrella, 742.
ACANTHOMETRIDA, 725.
Acanthometron, 742.
bifidum, 745.
bulbiferum, 745.
bulbosum, 743.
catervatum, 745.
conicum, 743.
cylindricum, 743.
dolichoscion, 743.
elasticum, 742.
fuscum, 743.
pellucidum, 744.
siculum, 744.
wageneri, 744.
Acanthonarium, 749.
Acanthonia, 751.
claparedei, 751.
concava, 750.
convexa, 750.
cuspidata, 752.
denticulata, 750.
diplopyramis, 752.
echinoides, 751.
fragilis, 750.
mülleri, 750.
multispina, 752.
prismatica, 749.
quadrangula, 751.
quadrifolia, 752.
serrulata, 753.
stellata, 753.
tetracopa, 749.
ACANTHONIDA, 740.
Acanthonidium, 751.
ACANTHOPHRACTA, 791.
ACANTHOPHRACTIDA, 791.
Acanthosphæra, 209.
acanthica, 215.
acufera, 211.
angulata, 216.
antarctica, 214.
arctica, 214.
brevispina, 215.
capillaris, 214.
castanea, 211.
clavata, 212.
compacta, 213.
conifera, 216.
_coronata_, 219.
dentata, 211.
echinoides, 214.
_elliptica_, 350.
enneacantha, 213.
florida, 213.
flosculenta, 211.
fortispina, 212.
gibbosa, 216.
haliphormis, 215.
insignis, 212.
longispina, 215.
macropora, 210.
marginata, 212.
maxima, 216.
micropora, 210.
mucronata, 212.
octahedralis, 213.
_pectinata_, 218.
reticulata, 217.
_setosa_, 174.
simplex, 216.
tenuis, 210.
tenuissima, 210.
_zonaster_, 281.
ACANTHOSTAURIDA, 768.
Acanthostaurus, 769.
æquatorialis, 769.
bipennis, 769.
conacanthus, 769.
cruciatus, 771.
forceps, 770.
hastatus, 770.
pallidus, 770.
purpurascens, 769.
Acontasparium, 829.
Acontaspidium, 829.
Acontaspis, 829.
capillata, 830.
furcata, 829.
hastata, 829.
lanceolata, 829.
Acostaurus, 769.
Acrobotrys, 1114.
acuminata, 1115.
aquaria, 1114.
auriculata, 1115.
disolenia, 1114.
monosolenia, 1114.
pentasolenia, 1115.
tetrasolenia, 1115.
trisolenia, 1115.
Acrocalpis, 1168.
_virginica_, 1169.
Acrocorona, 1176.
Acrocoronis, 977.
Acrocubus, 992.
amphistylus, 993.
amphithectus, 994.
arcuatus, 993.
brachiatus, 993.
cortina, 994.
lasanum, 994.
octopylus, 993.
tesseralis, 993.
tetrapodius, 994.
Acromelissa, 1203.
Acropyramis, 1159.
Acrosphæra, 99.
collina, 101.
echinoides, 100.
erinacea, 100.
inflata, 101.
setosa, 100.
spinosa, 100.
ACROSPHÆRIDA, 94.
ACROSPYRIDA, 1085.
Acrospyris, 1085.
clathrocanium, 1085.
dictyophimus, 1085.
fragilis, 1086.
macrocephala, 1085.
pyramidalis, 1086.
Actidiscus, 15.
_discoides_, 15.
_lenticularis_, 15.
_phacoides_, 15.
Actilarcus, 16.
_larcoides_, 16.
Actinastrum, 733.
legitimum, 733.
pentazonium, 733.
Actinelarium, 730.
ACTINELIDA, 728.
Actinelidium, 730.
Actinelius, 730.
pallidus, 731.
polyacanthus, 731.
primordialis, 730.
protogenes, 730.
purpureus, 730.
Actinelonium, 731.
Actinomma, 251.
_aculeatum_, 258.
anthomma, 252.
arcadophorum, 255.
_asteracanthion_, 196.
capillaceum, 255.
castanomma, 253.
crenatum, 314.
_daturæforme_, 164.
denticulatum, 254.
dodecomma, 256.
drymodes, 198.
entactinia, 253.
facetum, 252.
_fenestratum_, 315.
giganteum, 256.
_hexactis_, 192.
hexagonium, 252.
hirsutum, 251.
_inerme_, 80.
japonicum, 253.
_medusa_, 80.
pachycapsa, 256.
pachyderma, 254.
schwageri, 256.
_sphærechinus_, 258.
spinigerum, 254.
_tetracanthum_, 164.
trinacrium, 254.
_triplex_, 314.
ACTINOMMATIDA, 251.
Actinommida, 251.
Actinopyramis, 1256.
Actiprunum, 14.
_ellipsoides_, 14.
_prunoideum_, 14.
ACTIPYLEA, 716.
Actissa, 12.
discoides, 15.
ellipsoides, 14.
larcoides, 16.
lenticularis, 15.
phacoides, 13.
primordialis, 13.
princeps, 13.
prototypus, 13.
prunoides, 14.
radiata, 14.
ADELACANTHA, 717.
Adelocyrtis, 1762.
cometa, 1762.
pala, 1762.
spinosa, 1762.
Aegospyris, 1053.
aegoceras, 1054.
aequispina, 1053.
caprina, 1054.
longibarba, 1054.
octospina, 1053.
Alacorys, 1370.
aculeata, 1373.
bismarckii, 1372.
carcinus, 1375.
dodecantha, 1375.
enneacantha, 1374.
friderici, 1372.
gigas, 1374.
guilelmi, 1372.
hexacantha, 1373.
hexapleura, 1373.
lutheri, 1370.
octacantha, 1374.
ornata, 1375.
pentacantha, 1371.
polyacantha, 1375.
tetracantha, 1371.
Amphiactura, 470.
_diploconus_, 470.
amphibrachia, 470.
Amphibelithium, 790.
Amphibelone, 788.
aciculata, 788.
anomala, 789.
clavaria, 790.
cultellata, 789.
pyramidata, 789.
Amphibelonium, 788.
Amphibrachium, 516.
amphilonche, 517.
armatum, 518.
capitatum, 518.
clavula, 518.
dilatatum, 517.
indicum, 518.
lanceolatum, 517.
murrayanum, 523.
sponguroides, 517.
_Amphicentria_, 614.
_salpa_, 614.
Amphicraspedum, 523.
maclaganium, 523.
murrayanum, 523.
wyvilleanum, 523.
Amphicyclia, 463.
amphistylia, 464.
chronometra, 463.
pachydiscus, 464.
AMPHILITHIDA, 781.
Amphilithium, 787.
Amphiloncharium, 783.
Amphilonche, 783.
acufera, 788.
_anomala_, 789.
belonoides, 783.
complanata, 786.
concreta, 787.
conica, 785.
denticulata, 784.
diodon, 783.
elongata, 785.
heteracantha, 384.
hydrotomica, 786.
lanceolata, 783.
lancetta, 786.
messanensis, 786.
ovata, 785.
tenuis, 784.
tetraptera, 787.
violina, 787.
AMPHILONCHIDA, 781.
Amphilonchidium, 785.
Amphiplecta, 1223.
acrostoma, 1223.
amphistoma, 1223.
callistoma, 1224.
Amphipyle, 641.
aceros, 641.
amphiceros, 691.
amphiptera, 642.
callizona, 644.
cladoceros, 643.
decaceros, 643.
hexaceros, 642.
octoceros, 643.
platyptera, 641.
stauroceros, 642.
stenoptera, 641.
tetraceros, 642.
Amphipylonium, 656.
octoceras, 657.
semilunare, 656.
spinosissimum, 657.
tetraceros, 657.
Amphirrhopalum, 521.
amphidicranum, 521.
bigeminum, 522.
echinatum, 522.
ximorphum, 521.
ypsilon, 532.
Amphisphæra, 142.
apollo, 143.
cronos, 144.
jupiter, 143.
mars, 144.
mercurius, 143.
neptunus, 142.
pluto, 144.
uranus, 143.
Amphispyridium, 1096.
Amphispyris, 1095.
costata, 1097.
quadrigemina, 1096.
reticulata, 1096.
sternalis, 1096.
subquadrata, 1097.
thorax, 1096.
toxarium, 1097.
Amphispyrium, 1095.
AMPHISTYLIDA, 142.
Amphistylus, 145.
clio, 145.
_giganteus_, 329.
glyptodon, 145.
hippocampus, 145.
_neptunus_, 328.
AMPHITHOLIDA, 663.
Amphitholonium, 668.
acanthonium, 669.
octostylonium, 669.
tricolonium, 669.
Amphitholus, 666.
acanthometra, 667.
armatus, 668.
artidium, 666.
artiscus, 666.
dodecanthus, 667.
octacanthus, 667.
panicium, 668.
polyacanthus, 668.
Amphymenium, 519.
amphistylium, 520.
fusiforme, 521.
monstrosum, 520.
naviculare, 519.
pupula, 519.
zygartus, 520.
ANDROSPYRIDA, 1090.
Androspyris, 1092.
anthropiscus, 1093.
aptenodytes, 1093.
homunculus, 1092.
pithecus, 1093.
Anthocorys, 1456.
_campanula_, 1456.
Anthocyrtarium, 1272.
Anthocyrtella, 1269.
ANTHOCYRTIDA, 1241.
Anthocyrtidium, 1278.
cineraria, 1278.
ligularia, 1278.
matricaria, 1279.
Anthocyrtis, 1269.
butomus, 1270.
_collaris_, 1273.
_cothurnata_, 1353.
_ehrenbergii_, 1277.
enneaphylla, 1271.
_ficus_, 1277.
_flosculus_, 1277.
furcata, 1269.
grossularia, 1271.
hispida, 1275.
lauranthus, 1271
_leptostyla_, 1275.
mespilus, 1269.
ophirensis, 1270.
ovata, 1272.
_serrulata_, 1268.
_sethoconus_, 1296.
_setosa_, 1276.
subglobosa, 1271.
ventricosa, 1270.
_zanguebarica_, 1277.
Anthocyrtissa, 1270.
Anthocyrtium, 1272.
adonis, 1273.
anemone, 1274.
anthemis, 1273.
campanula, 1274.
centaurea, 1273.
chrysanthemum, 1272.
collare, 1273.
doronicum, 1276.
ehrenbergii, 1277.
ficus, 1277.
flosculus, 1277.
hispidum, 1275.
leptostylum, 1275.
pyrum, 1276.
reticulatum, 1274.
setosum, 1276.
turris, 1275.
zanguebaricum, 1277.
Anthocyrtoma, 1268.
alterna, 1268.
serrulata, 1268.
Anthocyrtonium, 1274.
Anthocyrtura, 1271.
Anthocyrturium, 1276.
_Anthomma_, 76.
_nodusum_, 76.
Anthospyris, 1064.
aculeata, 1065.
arachnoides, 1065.
diaboliscus, 1065.
doronicum, 1065.
mammillata, 1064.
spathulata, 1065.
tragopogon, 1066.
Apocubus, 992.
Arachnocalpis, 1172.
ellipsoides, 1172.
sphæroides, 1173.
Arachnocorallium, 1265.
Arachnocoronium, 1266.
Arachnocorys, 1265.
arachnodiscus, 1267.
araneosa, 1266.
circumtexta, 1266.
discoides, 1265.
enneaptera, 1266.
hexaptera, 1265.
polyptera, 1267.
trifida, 1267.
_umbellifera_, 1263.
Arachnocorythium, 1267.
Arachnopegma, 267.
increscens, 267.
longispinum, 267.
verticillatum, 267.
Arachnopila, 266.
hexagonella, 266.
polygonella, 266
Arachnopilium, 1327.
_clathrocanium_, 1327.
Arachnosphæra, 268.
dolichacantha, 269.
increscens, 269.
myriacantha, 268.
oligacantha, 268.
tenuissima, 269.
velaris, 269.
ARACHNOSPHÆRIDA, 265.
Archibursa, 1157.
tripodiscus, 1157.
Archicapsa, 1191.
nonaforis, 1192.
quadriforis, 1192.
triforis, 1191.
ARCHICAPSIDA, 1189.
Archicircus, 940.
duodenus, 942.
ellipsis, 941.
hertwigii, 942.
hexacanthus, 942.
monopylus, 941.
monostephus, 941.
ovalis, 941.
primordialis, 942.
princeps, 940.
quadratus, 941.
rhombus, 942.
sexangularis, 943.
triglyphus, 943.
ARCHICORIDA, 1180.
Archicorys, 1184.
ampulla, 1184.
galea, 1184.
globosa, 1185.
microstoma, 1185.
ovata, 1185.
ARCHIDISCIDA, 485.
Archidiscus, 486.
dioniscus, 486.
dithalamus, 486.
hexathalamus, 489.
hexoniscus, 488.
octoniscus, 489.
pentoniscus, 488.
polythalamus, 489.
pylonsicus, 488.
stauroniscus, 487.
tetrathalamus, 487.
tetroniscus, 487.
trioniscus, 487.
trithalamus, 487.
Archipera, 1155.
bicornis, 1156.
cortiniscus, 1155.
multicornis, 1156.
pentacantha, 1155.
quadricornis, 1156.
tricornis, 1156.
ARCHIPERIDA, 1146.
Archiperidium, 1154.
Archiphæna, 1177.
corona, 1178.
gorgospyris, 1178.
stephanoma, 1178.
ARCHIPHÆNIDA, 1173.
ARCHIPHORMIDA, 1159.
Archiphormis, 1167.
campanulata, 1165.
cancellata, 1167.
urceolata, 1168.
ARCHIPILIDA, 1135.
Archipilium, 1139.
cyrtopterum, 1140.
orthopterum, 1139.
sigmopterum, 1139.
Archiscenium, 1150.
callimitra, 1151.
clathrocorys, 1150.
cyclopterum, 1151.
quadrispinum, 1150.
_tricolpium_, 1147.
tripterygium, 1151.
Archistephus, 941.
Artidium, 356.
ARTINIDA, 354.
Artiscium, 355.
Artiscus, 355.
elegans, 356.
facetus, 355.
hystrix, 356.
nodosus, 356.
panarius, 356.
paniculus, 355.
paniscus, 355.
Artocapsa, 1519.
armata, 1520.
elegans, 1520.
fusiformis, 1519.
infraculeata, 1519.
octocamera, 1520.
quadricamera, 1520.
spinosa, 1519.
ARTOCAPSIDA, 1467.
ARTOCORIDA, 1467.
Artocyrtis, 1490.
Artopera, 1452.
fusiformis, 1452.
loxia, 1452.
motacilla, 1452.
_thoracoptera_, 1450.
ARTOPERIDA, 1435.
Artophæna, 1463.
ærostatica, 1463.
hexalatractus, 1464.
hexapodiscus, 1464.
senaria, 1464.
ARTOPHÆNIDA, 1453.
ARTOPHORMIDA, 1453.
Artophormis, 1458.
barbadensis, 1459.
costata, 1459.
horrida, 1458.
ARTOPILIDA, 1435.
Artopilium, 1439.
anomalum, 1442.
cornutella, 1441.
cyrtopterum, 1440.
elegans, 1440.
longicorne, 1440.
stichopterygium, 1442.
trifenestra, 1441.
trigonopterum, 1441.
Artostrobium, 1482.
Artostrobulus, 1481.
Artostrobus, 1481.
annulatus, 1481.
articulatus, 1482.
auritus, 1482.
biseriatus, 1482.
elegans, 1482.
_Aspidomma_, 847.
_hystrix_, 854.
_mucronatum_, 756.
Astractinium, 476.
Astractura, 476.
aristotelis, 476.
clavigera, 476.
democriti, 477.
hippocratis, 477.
ordinata, 476.
ASTRACTURIDA, 469.
Astracturium, 476.
Astrocapsa, 799.
coronata, 799.
quadrifida, 799.
stellata, 799.
tritonis, 799.
ASTROCAPSIDA, 797.
Astrocyclia, 466.
arachnia, 467.
heterocycla, 468.
rotula, 467.
solaster, 466.
stella, 467.
ASTROCYRTIDA, 1129.
ASTROLITHIDA, 726.
Astrolithium, 745.
_bifidum_, 745.
_bulbiferum_, 745.
_cruciatum_, 771.
_dicopum_, 748.
Astroloncharium, 756.
Astrolonche, 756.
bicruciata, 756.
mucronata, 756.
pectinata, 757.
pinnata, 757.
serrata, 757.
ASTROLONCHIDA, 740.
Astrolonchidium, 757.
ASTROLOPHIDA, 728.
Astrolophus, 732.
solaris, 732.
stellaris, 732.
_Astromma_, 475.
_aristotelis_, 476.
_entomocora_, 367.
_pentactis_, 479.
_pythagoræ_, 471.
Astrophacus, 453.
apollinis, 455.
asteriscus, 453.
cingillum, 454.
phacodiscus, 454.
saturnus, 454.
solaris, 453.
trochiscus, 453.
Astrosestrum, 442.
acanthastrum, 443.
acraspedum, 443.
_caudatum_, 431.
echinastrum, 443.
ephyra, 442.
floscula, 444.
nauphanta, 442.
octacanthum, 442.
pelagia, 444.
Astrosphæra, 250.
hexagonalis, 250.
splendens, 250.
sideræa, 251.
stellata, 251.
ASTROSPHÆRIDA, 206.
Astrostaurus, 436.
_magnificus_, 436.
Astrostylus, 431.
Atactodiscus, 497.
_irregularis_, 498.
Aulacantha, 1575.
cannulata, 1576.
clavata, 1576.
lævissima, 1576.
scolymantha, 1575.
spinosa, 1575.
tubulosa, 1575.
AULACANTHIDA, 1569.
AULACTINIDA, 1573.
Aulactinium, 1574.
actinastrum, 1574.
actinelium, 1574.
actinosphærium, 1574.
Aularia, 1621.
ternaria, 1621.
trigonaria, 1621.
tubularia, 1621.
AULARIDA, 1620.
Aulastrum, 1635.
dendroceros, 1635.
dichoceros, 1635.
monoceros, 1635.
pentaceros, 1636.
polyceros, 1636.
tetraceros, 1636.
triceros, 1635.
trichoceros, 1636.
Aulatractus, 1632.
diploconus, 1632.
ellipsoides, 1633.
fusiformis, 1632.
fusulus, 1632.
Auloceræa, 1583.
Auloceratium, 1585.
Auloceros, 1583.
arborescens, 1585.
capreolus, 1584.
cervinus, 1584.
dicranaster, 1585.
elegans, 1584.
furcosus, 1583.
spathillaster, 1585.
trigeminus, 1584.
Aulodendron, 1588.
antarcticum, 1589.
atlanticum, 1589.
australe, 1589.
indicum, 1590.
pacificum, 1589.
Aulodictyum, 1637.
hydrodictyum, 1637.
Aulographantha, 1577.
Aulographella, 1579.
AULOGRAPHIDA, 1574.
Aulographidium, 1580.
Aulographis, 1577.
asteriscus, 1581.
ancorata, 1578.
bovicornis, 1577.
candelabrum, 1582.
cruciata, 1578.
dentata, 1582.
flammabunda, 1579.
flosculus, 1580.
furcula, 1580.
gemmascens, 1580.
hexancistra, 1581.
martagon, 1579.
pandora, 1577.
penicillata, 1578.
pistillum, 1579.
polyancistra, 1581.
pulvinata, 1582.
serrulata, 1582.
stellata, 1578.
taumorpha, 1577.
tetrancistra, 1581.
triæna, 1579.
triangulum, 1580.
triglochin, 1578.
tripentas, 1582.
verticillata, 1582.
Aulographonium, 1581.
Aulonia, 1633.
hexagonia, 1634.
metagonia, 1634.
pentagonia, 1634.
polygonia, 1634.
tetragonia, 1633.
AULONIDA, 1633.
Aulophacus, 1631.
amphidiscus, 1631.
lenticularis, 1631.
Auloplegma, 1630.
perplexum, 1630.
spongiosum, 1631.
Auloscena, 1628.
arboretum, 1629.
flammabunda, 1629.
gigantea, 1629.
mirabilis, 1628.
penicillus, 1629.
pyramidalis, 1628.
serrata, 1630.
spectabilis, 1628.
tentorium, 1628.
verticillus, 1629.
Aulospathessa, 1586.
Aulospathilla, 1587.
Aulospathis, 1586.
bifurca, 1586.
diodon, 1587.
furcata, 1588.
hexodon, 1588.
polymorpha, 1587.
quadrifurca, 1587.
tetrodon, 1588.
trifurca, 1586.
triodon, 1587.
variabilis, 1588.
Aulosphæra, 1622.
bifurca, 1626.
bisternaria, 1624.
coronata, 1626.
cruciata, 1624.
dendrophora, 1625.
diodon, 1623.
elegantissima, 1624.
flexuosa, 1622.
_gracilis_, 1609.
multifurca, 1626.
polyodon, 1623.
_pourtalesii_, 1624.
quadrifurca, 1626.
sceptrophora, 1625.
spathillata, 1624.
spathophora, 1625.
spinosa, 1627.
tetrodon, 1623.
trifurca, 1626.
trigonopa, 1622.
triodon, 1623.
undulata, 1627.
verticillata, 1624.
AULOSPHÆRIDA, 1615.
Axellipsis, 293.
lobata, 293.
perforata, 293.
Axocorys, 1420.
macroceros, 1420.
Axodiscus, 490.
hexagonus, 490.
octogonus, 491.
spinosus, 491.
staurophorus, 490.
stylophorus, 490.
trigonus, 490.
triradiatus, 490.
Axoprunum, 298.
stauraxonium, 298.
Bathropyramis, 1159.
acephala, 1159.
interrupta, 1160.
medusa, 1160.
quadrata, 1159.
ramosa, 1161.
spinosa, 1160.
trapezoides, 1160.
BELOIDEA, 28.
BELONASPIDA, 859.
Belonaspis, 863.
conifera, 864.
datura, 863.
furcata, 863.
lanceolata, 864.
multiforis, 864.
pandanus, 863.
Belonostaurus, 771.
bicuspis, 772.
quadratus, 771.
Belonozoum, 39.
atlanticum, 40.
bacillosum, 39.
italicum, 40.
spinulosum, 40.
BOTRIDA, 1103.
BOTRYIDA, 1103.
Botryocampe, 1122.
camerata, 1124.
galea, 1123.
hexathalamia, 1125.
inflata, 1123.
rotalia, 1123.
theocapsa, 1123.
BOTRYOCAMPIDA, 1120.
Botryocella, 1116.
borealis, 1116.
multicellaris, 1112.
nucula, 1116.
quadricellaris, 1117.
quadrigemina, 1117.
tricellaris, 1116.
BOTRYOCELLIDA, 1112.
BOTRYOCYRTIDA, 1120.
Botryocyrtis, 1120.
cerebellum, 1121.
quinaria, 1121.
serpentis, 1120.
theocampe, 1121.
BOTRYODEA, 1108.
Botryopera, 1108.
cyrtoloba, 1108.
multiloba, 1109.
quadriloba, 1109.
triloba, 1108.
Botryopyle, 1112.
cephalodes, 1113.
cribrosa, 1113.
dictyocephalus, 1113.
inclusa, 1113.
sethocorys, 1112.
BOTRYOPYLIDA, 1112.
Botryostrobus, 1475.
Brachiospyris, 1037.
diacantha, 1038.
ocellata, 1038.
Buccinosphæra, 99.
invaginata, 99.
tubaria, 99.