preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 835.
_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
flatly conical, tent-shaped or nearly discoidal shell, and numerous,
simple, radial beams in its wall.
The genus _Litharachnium_, and the closely allied genus _Cladarachnium_,
differ from the preceding similar genera mainly in the flat form of the
depressed shell, which is not slenderly pyramidal, but more tent-shaped or
nearly discoidal. The radial ribs are generally not straight, but more or
less curved. The top of the tent exhibits three or four important meshes,
the original pores of the cortinar septum. _Litharachnium_ may be derived
directly from _Sethophormis_ by reduction and loss of the cephalis.
Subgenus 1. _Litharachnidium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Apex with three cortinar pores (one odd sternal and two
paired cardinal pores).
1. _Litharachnium tentorium_, Haeckel.
Litharachnium tentorium, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 281, Taf.
iv. figs. 7-10.
Shell flatly conical or tent-shaped, with concave lateral outlines. Apex
with three equal cortinar pores. Twenty radial ribs at nearly equal
distances. Between them very numerous and thin secondary ribs, crossed by
more than one hundred concentric rings. Pores square, as in all the
following species. Margin truncate, circular.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.35 long, 0.8 broad.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Messina).
2. _Litharachnium araneosum_ (Pl. 55, figs. 8, 10).
Shell flatly conical, nearly discoidal, with straight lateral outlines.
Apex with three unequal cortinar pores (one odd smaller sternal and two
paired larger cardinal pores). Twenty radial ribs at unequal distances,
with numerous intercalated secondary ribs. Margin ciliate.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.18 long, 0.32 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.
{1164}3. _Litharachnium arachnodiscus_, Haeckel.
_Litharachnium arachnodiscus_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 283.
_Carpocanium arachnodiscus_, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 296; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
1872, Taf. ii. fig. 8.
Shell flatly campanulate, nearly discoidal, with convex (?) lateral
outlines. Apex with three unequal cortinal pores. Nine stronger radial
primary ribs complete; between them numerous secondary intercalated ribs
(sixty to seventy). Margin ciliate.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.03 long, 0.1 broad (?).
_Habitat._--Arctic Ocean (between Greenland and Iceland), depth 1000
fathoms (Schaffner).
4. _Litharachnium epeira_, n. sp. (Pl. 55, fig. 9).
Shell flatly conical or tent-shaped, with concave lateral outlines. Apex
with three unequal cortinar pores. Twelve stronger radial primary ribs
complete; between them numerous (twenty-four to thirty-six) thinner
secondary, and very numerous (more than one hundred) tertiary ribs. Margin
reflexed, like the curved brim of a hat.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.27 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Litharachnoma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Apex with four cortinar pores (two anterior jugular and two
posterior cardinal pores).
5. _Litharachnium discoides_, n. sp.
Shell flat, funnel-shaped, nearly discoidal, with concave outlines. Apex
with four unequal cortinar pores (two smaller jugular and two larger
cardinal pores). Twelve strong primary or perradial ribs alternating with
twelve weaker secondary or interradial ribs; between these there are
twenty-four shorter tertiary or adradial ribs, and in the outer flat,
discoidal, half of the shell very numerous peripheral radial ribs (more
than two hundred to three hundred). Margin flat, discoidal.
_Dimensions._--Shell about 0.2 long, 1.12 broad.
_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.
6. _Litharachnium pilidium_, n. sp.
Shell flat, hat-shaped, with S-shaped outlines, in the upper half convex,
in the lower half concave. Apex with four equal crossed cortinar pores.
Thirty primary ribs of equal size; four of them are the prolongations of
the four cortinar beams, eight intercalate between these secondary,
{1165}and the other eighteen tertiary. Between them very numerous
peripheral beams. Margin broad horizontal, reflexed like the brim of a
"Bismarck" hat.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.17 long, 0.38 broad.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.
Genus 515. _Cladarachnium_,[132] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.
_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
flatly conical, tent-shaped or nearly discoidal shell, and numerous
branched radial beams.
The genus _Cladarachnium_ differs from the preceding _Litharachnium_ only
in the ramification of the radial beams, the distal ends of which project
over the margin of the shell. Only one species of the genus has been
observed.
1. _Cladarachnium ramosum_, n. sp. (Pl. 55, figs. 5, 6).
Shell flatly conical or tent-shaped, with nearly straight lateral outlines;
apical part somewhat higher. Apex with three cortinar pores surrounded by a
few girdles of larger pores. From these there arise about twelve to fifteen
strong radial beams at unequal distances; these are somewhat curved and
irregularly branched. The network between them has irregular polygonal
meshes and is more delicate towards the periphery. Margin with twenty-four
to thirty irregular indentations or concave excisions, separated by the
prominent distal ends of the branched ribs.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.16 long, 0.4 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.
Genus 516. _Cystophormis_,[133] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
ovate or urceolate shell and numerous radial ribs in its wall. Mouth more
or less constricted, smooth, truncated. Apex without horn.
The genus _Cystophormis_, like the preceding genera, exhibits numerous
prominent radial or longitudinal ribs in the wall of the urceolate shell;
it differs from these in the constricted and truncated mouth, with smooth
margin of the peristome.
1. _Cystophormis pila_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 1).
Shell balloon-shaped, subspherical, with twenty denticulate meridional
ribs, alternating with twenty longitudinal rows of circular pores, which
are twice as broad as the bars. Peristome constricted and then dilated,
smooth, half as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.09 broad; mouth 0.06 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
{1166}2. _Cystophormis ærostatica_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, figs. 2, 3).
Shell balloon-shaped, subspherical, with twenty smooth meridional ribs,
alternating with twenty longitudinal rows of circular pores, of the same
breadth as the bars. Peristome constricted, about half as broad as the
shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.07 broad; mouth 0.03 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
3. _Cystophormis spiralis_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 9).
Shell ovate, one and a half times as long as broad, with twenty spirally
convoluted, elegantly denticulated ribs, alternating with twenty spiral
rows of small circular pores, of about the same breadth as the bars.
Peristome constricted, very small, only one-seventh as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.07 broad; mouth 0.01 broad.
_Habitat._--West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
4. _Cystophormis tabulata_ (Pl. 79, fig. 2).
Shell urceolate and tabulate, twice as long as broad with twenty-five to
thirty denticulated longitudinal ribs crossed by twenty to twenty-four
transverse rings. Pores therefore regularly disposed in longitudinal and
transverse rows; each pore circular, with a square frame. Peristome
constricted, scarcely half as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 long, 0.1 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms
Genus 517. _Haliphormis_,[134] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54 (_sensu mutato_).
_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
numerous radial ribs in the wall of the campanulate shell, prolonged into
free terminal feet. Apex with a horn.
The genus _Haliphormis_ (with an apical horn) and the following
_Archiphormis_ (without a horn) comprise those Archiphormida in which the
open mouth is more or less constricted and surrounded by a coronet of
radial feet, as terminal prolongations of the radial ribs of its wall. The
few forms, upon which Ehrenberg originally founded the genus _Haliphormis_,
are partly not recognisable, partly belong to other genera. We therefore
give here a new definition of the genus, as stated in my Prodromus, 1881,
p. 428.
{1167}1. _Haliphormis lagena_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 5)
Shell bottle-shaped, twice as long as broad, tapering towards both ends,
with nine longitudinal curved ribs. These are connected by irregular
transverse beams, and the quadrangular meshes, so produced, are filled up
by irregular, delicate, arachnoidal framework. The constricted mouth is
half as broad as the middle part of the shell and surrounded by nine
slender convergent feet, the free distal ends of the ribs. The apex bears a
small knob with an oblique horn, perhaps the rudimentary cephalis of
_Sethamphora_ or _Sethopyramis_ (?).
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.6 to 0.7 long, 0.3 to 0.4 broad.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.
2. _Haliphormis costata_, n. sp.
Shell campanulate, somewhat longer than broad, with twelve prominent
longitudinal ribs, alternating with twelve rows of regular circular pores.
Mouth constricted half as broad as the shell, with twelve long triangular
feet, formed by the free distal ends of the ribs. Apical horn short and
stout, triangular pyramidal.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.1 broad; mouth 0.07 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
Genus 518. _Archiphormis_,[135] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.
_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
numerous radial ribs in the wall of the campanulate or urceolate shell,
prolonged into free terminal feet. Apex without horn.
The genus _Archiphormis_ differs from the preceding _Haliphormis_, its
probable ancestral form, in the absence of the apical horn. The number of
the longitudinal ribs, which are prolonged into terminal feet, is from six
to nine or twelve or even more.
1. _Archiphormis cancellata_, Haeckel.
(?) _Halicalyptra cancellata_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 243.
Shell cup-shaped or campanulate, with six prominent ribs, prolonged into
six terminal triangular feet, one-third as long as the shell. Ribs
connected by five or six transverse horizontal rings; meshes between them
rounded squarish. (As Ehrenberg has given no figure of this species, its
identity with the Challenger specimen is doubtful.)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.
{1168}2. _Archiphormis campanulata_, n. sp.
Shell campanulate, with nine prominent denticulate ribs, prolonged into
nine terminal feet, which are broad, lamellar, truncate, nearly vertical,
one-third as long as the shell. Pores between the ribs circular, disposed
in nine longitudinal and seven to eight transverse rows.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.1 broad; mouth 0.06 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.
3. _Archiphormis urceolata_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, fig. 11).
Shell urceolate, with nine smooth prominent curved ribs, prolonged into
nine triangular convergent short feet, scarcely one-sixth as long as the
shell. Pores between the ribs in nine regular longitudinal rows, twice or
three times as broad as long, quadrangular, eight to twelve pores in each
row. Mouth constricted, half as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.13 long, 0.11 broad; mouth 0.06 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
Genus 519. _Halicalyptra_,[136] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54 (_sensu emendato_).
_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta)
without radial ribs in the wall of the campanulate or ovate shell. Mouth
with a coronet of radial feet. Apex with a horn.
The genus _Halicalyptra_ and the two following closely allied genera differ
from the preceding Archiphormida in the absence of radial ribs. The
multiradiate structure is indicated only by the terminal spines or feet,
forming a coronet around the mouth. These feet are either the free ends of
reduced ribs, or new productions of the peristome. _Halicalyptra_ may be
derived from _Calpophæna_ and _Petalospyris_ by loss of the basal
lattice-plate of the cephalis. But it is also possible that it has been
derived from _Anthocyrtis_ by loss of the cephalis, and that its shell
corresponds to the thorax of the latter.
Subgenus 1. _Acrocalpis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.
_Definition._--Shell smooth, without spines or thorns (other than the feet
and the apical horn).
{1169}1. _Halicalyptra virginica_, Ehrenberg.
_Halicalyptra virginica_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xviii. fig.
110.
_Halicalyptra virginica_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 289.
_Haliomma virginicum_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 71.
_Acrocalpis virginica_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.
Shell smooth, campanulate, nearly hemispherical. Pores subregular circular,
about as broad as the bars. Horn conical, half as long as the shell.
Peristome scarcely constricted, with six conical divergent feet, as long as
the horn.
_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.04 to 0.05, length of the feet 0.02.
_Habitat._--Fossil in tertiary rocks of Barbados and North America
(Richmond, Virginia).
2. _Halicalyptra campanula_, n. sp.
_Podocyrtis spinosa_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xvii. fig.
3.
Shell smooth, campanulate. Pores irregular, roundish, about as broad as the
bars. Horn large conical, about as long as the shell. Peristome not
constricted, with six large divergent feet, which are as long as the shell,
lamellar, with dentate edges.
_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.07, length of the feet 0.07.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
3. _Halicalyptra ampulla_, n. sp.
_Petalospyris foveolata_, var., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl.
ix. fig. 1.
Shell smooth, subspherical, inflate. Pores regular, circular, twice as
broad as the bars. Horn slender conical, about as long as the shell.
Peristome constricted, with six divergent cylindrical, irregularly curved
feet, twice to three times as long as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.12, feet 0.2 to 0.3 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.
4. _Halicalyptra novena_, n. sp.
Shell smooth, campanulate. Pores irregular, roundish. Horn slender conical,
about as long as the shell. Peristome slightly constricted, with nine
slender divergent feet of the same length. (Very similar to _Petalospyris
foveolata_, Ehrenberg, but without internal columella and ring, with
perfectly simple shell-cavity and open mouth.)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 diameter, feet 0.1 long.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
5. _Halicalyptra petalospyris_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, fig. 12).
Shell smooth, campanulate. Pores small, circular, irregularly scattered.
Horn stout, pyramidal, about as long as the shell. Peristome scarcely
constricted, with fifteen to twenty broad {1170}lamellar or lanceolate
feet, which are twice to three times as long as the shell, parallel and
vertical. (Very similar to _Petalospyris flabellum_, &c., Ehrenberg, 1875,
_loc. cit._, Taf. xxii. figs. 6-8, but without any trace of sagittal ring
or columella.)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 to 0.08 diameter, feet 0.15 to 0.25 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Echinocalpis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.
_Definition._--Shell spiny, covered with numerous spines or thorns (besides
the feet and the apical horn).
6. _Halicalyptra spinosa_, n. sp.
Shell spiny, ovate, inflate in the apical half. Pores irregular polygonal,
four to eight times as broad as the bars. Peristome constricted, half as
broad as the shell, with nine slender divergent feet, which like the apical
horn are curved, twice to three times as long as the shell and five to ten
times as long as the numerous bristles of the surface.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; feet 0.15 to 0.25 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
7. _Halicalyptra castanella_, n. sp.
Shell spiny, nearly spherical. Pores irregular roundish. Peristome
constricted, scarcely one-third as broad as the shell, with twelve to
twenty slender, widely divergent feet, which like the horn are irregularly
curved, and longer than the shell. (Very similar to certain forms of the
Phæodarium _Castanella_, Pl. 113, fig. 2.)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.13 diameter, feet 0.15 to 0.18 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
Genus 520. _Carpocanistrum_,[137] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta)
without radial ribs in the wall of the campanulate or ovate shell. Mouth
with a corona of radial feet. Apex without horn.
The genus _Carpocanistrum_ differs from the similar preceding
_Halicalyptra_ in the loss of the apical horn. It is very nearly related to
the Dicyrtid _Carpocanium_ and may be easily confounded with it. But in the
latter the uppermost part of the shell-cavity includes a rudimentary
cephalis with a cortinar septum, whilst in _Carpocanistrum_ {1171}the
cephalis is entirely lost, and the inner cavity quite simple. The number of
the feet of the peristome is from nine to twenty, sometimes more. The mouth
is commonly more or less constricted.
1. _Carpocanistrum novenum_, n. sp.
Shell ovate, smooth, one and a third times as long as broad. Pores regular
circular, hexagonally framed, three times as broad as the bars, eight to
ten on the greatest breadth of the shell. Peristome strongly constricted,
one-third as broad as the shell, with nine large ovate lamellar, slightly
convergent feet.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.06 broad; mouth 0.02 broad.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.
2. _Carpocanistrum flosculum_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 9).
Shell campanulate, rough, thick-walled, of equal breadth and length. Pores
regular circular, of the same breadth as the bars, twelve to fifteen on the
greatest breadth of the shell. Peristome slightly constricted, with twelve
elegant lanceolate, nearly vertical, a little convergent feet.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.07 broad; mouth 0.05 broad.
_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.
3. _Carpocanistrum giganteum_, n. sp.
Shell ovate, smooth, very thick-walled, one and a third times as long as
broad. Pores very numerous and small, subregular circular, forty to fifty
on the greatest breadth of the shell, of about the same breadth as the
bars. Peristome small, constricted, scarcely one-fourth as broad as the
shell, with twelve to fifteen short triangular vertical feet.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.28 to 0.31 long, 0.21 to 0.23 broad; mouth 0.06 to
0.07 broad.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
4. _Carpocanistrum acephalum_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 10).
Shell ovate, smooth, thin-walled, one and a fifth times as long as broad.
Pores subregular circular, twice as broad as the bars, sixteen to twenty on
the greatest breadth of the shell. Peristome slightly constricted, with
fifteen to eighteen slender, slightly bent, nearly vertical, and parallel
feet, which are half as long as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.1 broad; mouth 0.07 broad.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.
{1172}5. _Carpocanistrum evacuatum_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 11).
Shell urceolate, smooth, thin-walled, one and a half times as long as
broad. Pores regular circular, sixteen to twenty on the greatest breadth of
the shell. Peristome slightly constricted, with twenty to twenty-five small
triangular vertical feet.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.07 broad; mouth 0.05 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
6. _Carpocanistrum pyriforme_, Haeckel.
_Lithocarpium pyriforme_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 97,
Taf. iii. fig. 10.
Shell pear-shaped or subspherical, one and a fourth times as long as broad.
Pores roundish, polygonally framed (or with square meshes ?). Peristome
strongly constricted, one-fourth as broad as the shell, somewhat tubular,
with twelve to twenty short vertical and parallel feet. The position of
this species is doubtful; perhaps it represents a peculiar genus.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.17 long, 0.14 broad; mouth 0.035 broad.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte) Stöhr.
Genus 521. _Arachnocalpis_,[138] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.
_Definition._--#Archiphormida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata aperta) with
an ellipsoidal or nearly spherical double shell; outer shell arachnoidal or
spongy. Peristome small, constricted with a corona of numerous radial feet.
No apical horn.
The genus _Arachnocalpis_ differs from the other Archiphormida by
possessing a double shell (like _Peripyramis_). The large shell, reaching
nearly half a millimeter in length is either ellipsoidal or nearly
spherical, and composed of an inner primary and an outer secondary shell.
Its network is very delicate, in the outer envelope either spongy or
arachnoidal. This very remarkable genus has probably no true relation to
the other Archiphormida but has been derived from true #Calpoidea#
(_Mitrocalpis_) by development of a corona around the mouth.
1. _Arachnocalpis ellipsoides_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, fig. 13).
Shell ellipsoidal, one and a half times as long as broad, on the apical
pole hemispherical, on the basal pole coronate, with an elegant prominent
funnel-shaped peristome, which is one-eighth as broad as the shell,
fenestrated by very fine pores, and bears fifteen to twenty short conical
divergent teeth. Inner shell with irregular polygonal meshes of very
different size, separated by thin, {1173}finely-denticulate bars. Outer
spongy shell very delicate, arachnoidal, with numerous prominent conical
spongy papillæ. Central capsule ellipsoidal, half as long and broad as the
shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.46 long, 0.32 broad; mouth 0.045 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.
2. _Arachnocalpis sphæroides_, n. sp.
Shell spheroidal, of the same structure as the preceding ellipsoidal
species, with the same form of the spongy envelope; differing from it in
the globose form and the shorter peristome, bearing only nine or ten small
conical divergent teeth. Central capsule spherical.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.3 diameter, mouth 0.04 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 270, surface.
Subfamily 2. ARCHIPHÆNIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.
_Definition._--#Phænocalpida# with the basal mouth of the shell fenestrated
(vel Monocyrtida multiradiata clausa).
Genus 522. _Phænocalpis_,[139] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Archiperida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata clausa) with an
internal axial simple columella, prolonged outside into an apical horn.
The genus _Phænocalpis_ and the following _Phænoscenium_ comprise those
Archiphænida in which the vertical axis of the shell-cavity is occupied by
a simple or branched columella, arising from the centre of the base and
prolonged into an apical horn. This columella may be either the vertical
rod of a _Plectaniscus_ or the remnant of an original ring of
_Petalospyris_. The latter genus differs by its sagittal constriction.
1. _Phænocalpis petalospyris_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 4).
Shell subspherical, rough, with irregular, roundish pores, larger than the
bars. Columella straight, central, thin, prolonged into a large apical horn
with three dentate edges. Six basal feet curved, divergent, lamellar, with
a middle rib and dentate edges.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 long, 0.05 broad; horn and feet 0.06 long.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.
{1174}2. _Phænocalpis ocellata_, Haeckel.
_Petalospyris ocellata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 9.
Shell subspherical, smooth, with irregular roundish pores, about as broad
as the bars. Columella slightly curved and excentric, prolonged into a
slender conical horn of the same length. Six basal feet similar to the
horn, slightly divergent.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.06 long, 0.07 broad; horn and feet 0.05 long.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
3. _Phænocalpis carinata_, Haeckel.
_Petalospyris carinata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 6.
Shell campanulate, rough, with irregular roundish pores, smaller than the
bars. Columella straight, central, prolonged into a stout conical horn of
the same length. Nine basal feet slender, triangular, longer than the
shell, nearly vertical, with a middle rib in the basal half.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; horn 0.04 long, feet 0.08 long.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
4. _Phænocalpis flabellum_, Haeckel.
_Petalospyris flabellum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, Taf. xxii. fig. 7.
Shell campanulate smooth, with very small circular pores, half as broad as
the bars. Columella straight, central, prolonged into a pyramidal horn of
half the length. Twelve to fifteen basal feet lamellar, linear, twice to
three times as long as the shell, parallel and vertical, pointed at the
distal end.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.04 long, 0.05 broad; horn 0.02 long, feet 0.1 to
0.12 long.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
Genus 523. _Phænoscenium_,[140] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Archiphænida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata clausa) with an
internal axial branched columella, prolonged outside into an apical horn.
The genus _Phænoscenium_ differs from the preceding _Phænocalpis_ in the
branched columella, which is connected by three or six ascending branches
with the inner wall of the shell. It bears therefore to the latter the same
relation that _Cladoscenium_ exhibits to _Euscenium_. The former genera may
have been derived from the latter by interpolation of new interradial feet
between the three primary perradial feet.
{1175}1. _Phænoscenium hexapodium_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, fig. 9).
Shell campanulate, smooth, about as long as broad. Network delicate, with
irregular polygonal pores and thin bars. Columella with four to six
ascending three-branched verticils, prolonged into the conical hollow
apical horn (with six to eight smaller verticils) which is about as long as
the shell. Six basal feet curved, divergent, of the same length, with
pinnate middle rod.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.11 broad; horn and feet 0.08 to 0.09 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Section 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
2. _Phænoscenium cladopodium_, n. sp.
Shell campanulate, conical, smooth, somewhat broader than long. Network
with irregular roundish pores, about as broad as the bars. Columella with a
single verticil of three ascending branches. Horn pyramidal, stout, as long
as the shell, with three dentate edges. Six feet divergent, slightly
curved, very unequal; three primary (or perradial) very large, longer than
the shell, three sided pyramidal, with three dentate edges; three secondary
(or interradial) much smaller, simple, shorter than the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.05 long, 0.06 broad; horn and feet 0.04 to 0.07
long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
3. _Phænoscenium polypodium_, n. sp.
Shell subspherical, about as long as broad, smooth. Network with regular
circular pores, twice as broad as the bars. Columella with two verticils of
three ascending branches, prolonged into a stout conical horn of twice the
length. Twelve to fifteen conical curved divergent feet, about as long as
the shell. The three primary feet are directly connected with the base of
the columella.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 diameter, horn 0.15 long, feet 0.07 to 0.09 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
Genus 524. _Calpophæna_,[141] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.
_Definition._--#Archiphænida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata clausa) with an
apical horn and simple internal cavity of the shell without axial
columella.
The genus _Calpophæna_ and the following closely tied _Archiphæna_ differ
from the two preceding genera of Archiphænida in the simple shell cavity,
which encloses no columella. They may be derived either from the preceding
_Phænocalpis_ by loss of the columella, or directly from the Zygospyrida by
reduction of the sagittal constriction and loss of the primary ring.
Different subgenera may be distinguished in _Calpophæna_ according either
to the number of the feet or to their shape (being simple or branched).
{1176}Subgenus 1. _Acrocorona_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.
_Definition._--Feet simple, not branched nor forked.
1. _Calpophæna tetrarrhabda_, n. sp.
Shell subspherical, tuberculate, with subregular circular pores. Apical
horn conical, about as long as the shell. Basal plate with a regular cross
of four equal cortinar pores, separated by four bars; these are crossed in
the sagittal and frontal diameter, and prolonged into four equal conical
divergent feet, about as long as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 diameter, horn and feet 0.1 to 0.12 long.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.
2. _Calpophæna hexarrhabda_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, figs. 17, 18).
Shell subspherical, rough, with irregular roundish pores. Apical horn
conical, shorter than the shell. Basal plate (fig. 18) with three pairs of
triangular pores, two larger (cardinal) pores in the middle, two smaller
(cervical) at the dorsal, and two intermediate (jugular) at the ventral
side. The bars between them are prolonged into six equal cylindrical
divergent feet, nearly as long as the shell, provided with a spiny knob at
the end.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.08 broad; horn and feet 0.06 to 0.08
long.
_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.
3. _Calpophæna ennearrhabda_, n. sp.
Shell subspherical, spiny, with irregular, roundish pores. Apical horn
cylindrical, longer than the shell. Basal plate with nine collar pores,
three larger central alternating with three pairs of smaller peripheral
(like Pl. 87, fig. 2). Corona with nine slender cylindrical, slightly
curved, divergent feet, somewhat longer than the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.1 broad; horn and feet 0.12 to 0.15 long.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.
4. _Calpophæna enneaphylla_, n. sp.
Shell ovate, smooth, with regular circular pores. Apical horn pyramidal,
half as long as the shell. (Basal plate with four cortinar pores?) Corona
with nine broad, lamellar, truncate, vertical feet, about as long as the
horn.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.06 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.
{1177}5. _Calpophæna petalospyris_, n. sp.
Shell campanulate, tuberculate, with irregular, roundish pores. Apical horn
conical, shorter than the shell. (Basal plate with nine pores?) Corona with
twelve to twenty broad, lamellar, truncate, vertical feet, of different
sizes, somewhat irregular.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.09 broad; horn and feet 0.07 to 0.12
long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Cladocorona_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 430.
_Definition._--Feet branched or forked.
6. _Calpophæna tetracorethra_, n. sp.
Shell subspherical, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores. Basal plate
with four larger pores. Apical horn and the four divergent basal feet of
equal size and similar form, three to four times as long as the shell,
slender, bristle-shaped, curved, in the distal half irregularly branched.
(Very similar to the remarkable _Tetraspyris tetracorethra_, Pl. 53, figs.
19, 20, but with shorter appendages and with simple spherical shell, which
exhibits no trace of sagittal ring and constriction.)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 diameter, horn and feet 0.3 to 0.5 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
7. _Calpophæna hexacorethra_, n. sp.
Shell subspherical, smooth, similar to the preceding species. Basal plate
with six pores. Apical horn and the six divergent feet twice to three times
as long as the shell, bristle-shaped, irregularly curved and branched.
(Similar to _Hexaspyris hexacorethra_, Pl. 95, fig. 8, but without sagittal
ring and constriction.)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.13 broad; horn and feet 0.2 to 0.3 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
Genus 525. _Archiphæna_,[142] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.
_Definition._--#Archiphænida# (vel Monocyrtida multiradiata clausa), with
simple internal cavity of the shell, without apical horn and axial
columella.
The genus _Archiphæna_ has the same simple cavity of the shell as the
preceding _Calpophæna_, but differs from it in the loss of the apical horn.
It bears therefore to the latter the same relation that _Gorgospyris_ does
to _Petalospyris_. The two former genera may be derived from the two latter
by loss of the sagittal ring and constriction.
{1178}Subgenus 1. _Coronophæna_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.
_Definition._--Feet simple, not branched nor forked.
1. _Archiphæna gorgospyris_, n. sp. (Pl. 98, figs. 10, 10_a_).
Shell hemispherical, smooth, with small subregular, circular pores. Collar
septum with four large pores (fig. 10_a_). Twelve to fifteen feet,
divergent, lamellar, truncate, about as long as the shell. (Similar to
certain forms of _Gorgospyris_, Pl. 87, figs. 1 to 3, but with simple shell
cavity, without sagittal ring and constriction, and without a columella.)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.04 broad; feet 0.03 to 0.04 long.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
2. _Archiphæna corona_, n. sp.
Shell crown-shaped, somewhat broader than long, at the base flattened,
papillate, with irregular roundish pores. Twenty to twenty-five feet,
broad, lamellar, truncate, nearly vertical, about twice as long as the
shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.12 broad; feet 0.2 to 0.22 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Stephanophæna_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.
_Definition._--Feet branched or forked.
3. _Archiphæna stephanoma_, n. sp.
Shell campanulate, somewhat longer than broad, with subregular, circular
pores. Margin of the flattened base with a corona of about twenty unequal
feet, which are partly simple, partly irregularly branched, and about as
long as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.03 broad; feet 0.08 to 0.12 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
Family LXI. #CYRTOCALPIDA#, n. fam.
Archicorida et Archicapsida, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 427, 428.
_Definition._--#Monocyrtida# eradiata. (#Cyrtoidea# with a simple, not
jointed shell, representing a simple cephalis without radial apophyses.)
The family #Cyrtocalpida#, composed of the Archicorida and Archicapsida of
my {1179}Prodromus, comprises those #Cyrtoidea# in which the lattice-shell
is quite simple, without transverse constriction, and without radial
apophyses. The two subfamilies differ in the shape of the basal mouth,
which in the Archicorida is a simple wide opening, but in the Archicapsida
is closed by a lattice-plate.
Only a few species of this family were formerly known. Ehrenberg, in 1838,
founded upon these the genus _Cornutella_, one of the three oldest genera
of Polycystina (_Cornutella_, _Lithocampe_, _Haliomma_). In 1862 I
described some living forms, with a central capsule, as _Cyrtocalpis_. The
Challenger collection contains a large number of new genera and species.
Probably the family Cyrtocalpida is an artificial group, comprising two or
more different subfamilies of very different origin. The Cornutellida
(_Cornutella_, _Cornutanna_) have probably been derived from the
Sethocorida by loss of the cephalis, so that their conical shell represents
a thorax alone. The Mitrocalpida on the other hand (genera 528-531) may be
originally simple ovate shells (like _Gromia_ and _Lecythium_), arising
independently from the Nassellida. The Archicapsida (_Halicapsa_,
_Archicapsa_) are probably derived from the Zygospyrida (_Dictyospyris_,
_Circospyris_) by loss of the sagittal ring and constriction. This is
nearly certain, when the three or four typical cortinar pores appear in
their basal plate. Some forms of _Halicapsa_ may be easily confounded with
some forms of Prunoidea (_Lithapium_).
Those Cyrtocalpida, which possess a central capsule with three or four
lobes, are probably derived from Tripocyrtida by loss of the three feet, or
from Sethocyrtida by loss of the cephalis, since the lobes indicate the
original presence of cortinar pores and of a cephalis. Those Cyrtocalpida,
however, in which a simple ovate shell encloses a simple central capsule
without lobes, may be original "Monocyrtida eradiata," without relation to
any radial ancestral forms.
_Synopsis of the Genera of Cyrtocalpida._
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Subfamily Archicorida. Basal mouth of the shell a simple wide opening.
--------------------
Shell with simple lattice-work (not double or spongy).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shell conical, gradually { With horn, 526. _Cornutella_.
dilated towards {
the mouth. { No horn, 527. _Cornutanna_.
Shell ovate or urceolate, { With horn, 528. _Archicorys_.
with constricted {
mouth. { No horn, 529. _Cyrtocalpis_
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shell not simply latticed.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shell ovate, double, with an external 530. _Mitrocalpis_.
mantle,
Shell ovate, with spongy irregular,
lattice-work 531. _Spongocyrtis_.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
II. Subfamily Archicapsida. Mouth closed by a lattice plate.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shell with an apical horn, 532. _Halicapsa_.
Shell without horn on the apex, 533. _Archicapsa_.
{1180}Subfamily 1. ARCHICORIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.
_Definition._--#Cyrtocalpida#, with the basal mouth of the shell open (vel
Monocyrtida eradiata aperta).
Genus 526. _Cornutella_,[143] Ehrenberg, 1838, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 128.
_Definition._--#Archicorida# with conical shell, gradually dilated towards
the wide open mouth. Apex armed with a horn.
The genus _Cornutella_ is one of the three oldest genera of Polycystina,
described by Ehrenberg, in 1838 (_Cornutella_, _Lithocampe_, and
_Haliomma_). He afterwards enumerated, in 1872 and 1875, a large number of
fossil and living species, the majority of which, however, belong to other
genera of Monocyrtida and Dicyrtida (at least six or seven different
genera). We retain here as the true type of the genus the oldest known
species:--_Cornutella clathrata_, and the nearly allied forms _Cornutella
stylophæna_, _Cornutella mitra_, _Cornutella circularis_, &c. The simple
conical shell exhibits no distinct trace of an original cephalis, excepting
the apical horn; it may have originated either independently, or been
derived from _Sethoconus_, by loss of the cephalis.
Subgenus 1. _Cornutellium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Axis of the conical shell straight. Pores polygonal, or
roundish with polygonal frames.
1. _Cornutella hexagona_, n. sp. (Pl. 54, fig. 9).
Shell slender, conical, with straight outlines. Pores subregular,
hexagonal, gradually increasing in size towards the mouth; in about ten to
twelve longitudinal series, in the upper part very small. Horn slenderly
conical, nearly bristle-shaped, long.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.04 to 0.06 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, surface, and at different
depths.
2. _Cornutella sethoconus_, n. sp. (Pl. 54, fig. 10).
Shell slender, conical, with undulate outlines. Pores subregular,
hexagonal, gradually increasing in size towards the mouth, in about fifteen
to eighteen longitudinal series, in the upper part circular. Horn small,
conical, short. The network is not so delicate as in the preceding similar
species.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 to 0.16 long, 0.06 to 0.08 broad.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.
{1181}3. _Cornutella distenta_, Ehrenberg.
_Cornutella distenta_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vi. III. fig. 3.
Shell slender, conical, with straight outlines. Pores small, circular,
regularly disposed in six to eight alternating longitudinal rows, each pore
surrounded by a large rhombic frame. The connected frames form together a
regular rhombic framework with obliquely crossed crests. Horn conical,
stout, large.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.04 to 0.06 broad.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Californian Sea, depth 2600 fathoms, Ehrenberg.
4. _Cornutella stiligera_, Ehrenberg.
_Cornutella stiligera_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 1;
Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 3.
Shell slender, conical, with straight outlines. Pores subregular, rhombic
or nearly square, disposed in oblique series, separated by parallel
obliquely ascending rings, which are crossed by interrupted parallel bars.
Horn slenderly conical or bristle-shaped, thin and long.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 to 0.12 long, 0.03 to 0.04 broad.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
Subgenus 2. _Cornutissa_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.
_Definition._--Axis of the conical shell straight. Pores circular or
roundish, without polygonal frames.
5. _Cornutella circularis_, Ehrenberg.
_Cornutella circularis_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 4.
Shell wide, conical or funnel-shaped, with straight outlines. Pores very
large, circular, ten to twenty times as broad as the bars, in about nine to
twelve longitudinal alternating rows, increasing gradually towards the
mouth. Horn very large, cylindrical.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.08 to 0.12 broad.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
6. _Cornutella mitra_, Ehrenberg.
_Cornutella mitra_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 68, Taf. ii. fig. 8.
Shell wide, conical, campanulate, with convex outlines. Pores subregular,
circular, nearly equal in size, not regularly disposed in rows. Horn
conical, stout.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 to 0.16 long, 0.08 to 0.12 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.
{1182}7. _Cornutella clathrata_, Ehrenberg.
_Cornutella clathrata_, Ehrenberg, 1838, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 129; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 39.
_Cornutella clathrata_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, Taf. ii. fig. 9.
Shell wide, conical with slightly convex outlines. Pores regular, circular,
gradually increasing in size towards the mouth, disposed in twelve to
fifteen longitudinal alternating rows. Horn short and stout, conical.
(Compare _Cornutella curvata_.)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.15 to 0.2 long, 0.06 to 0.09 broad.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; also fossil in
tertiary rocks of Barbados, Nikobar and Sicily.
8. _Cornutella stylophæna_, Ehrenberg.
_Cornutella stylophæna_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vi. III. fig. 1.
? _Cornutella tumens_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vi. III. fig. 4.
Shell slender, conical, with undulate outlines. Pores subregular, circular,
gradually increasing in size, disposed in six to nine quincuncial
alternating longitudinal rows. Horn very long, cylindro-conical, sometimes
about as long as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.13 long, 0.04 to 0.06 broad.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Californian Sea, depth 2600 fathoms.
9. _Cornutella granulata_, Ehrenberg.
_Cornutella granulata_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 287, Taf. vi. III. fig. 5.
Shell slender, conical, nearly cylindrical, with straight outlines, rounded
at the apex. Pores very small and numerous, punctiform, disposed into very
numerous parallel transverse rows. Horn small, conical (may be perhaps the
shell of a Tintinnoid Infusorium?).
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.02 broad.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Californian Sea, depth 2600 fathoms.
10. _Cornutella annulata_, Ehrenberg.
_Cornutella annulata_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 287, Taf. ii. fig. 16.
Shell slender, conical, nearly cylindrical, with straight outlines, rounded
at the apex. Pores small and numerous, regular circular, of equal size,
regularly disposed in ten to fifteen parallel transverse series. Horn
bristle-shaped. (Compare _Artostrobus annulatus_, _Cornutella annulata_,
Bailey.)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.13 long, 0.03 to 0.04 broad.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.
{1183}Subgenus 3. _Cornutosa_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.
_Definition._--Axis of the conical shell curved. Pores circular or
roundish.
11. _Cornutella curvata_, Haeckel.
_Cornutella clathrata_, var., Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii.
figs. 39_a_, _b_, _c_.
_Cornutosa clathrata_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.
Shell slender, conical, with curved axis; the curve lies in one plane and
is not spirally convoluted. Pores subregular, circular, of nearly equal
size, quincuncially disposed. Horn short, conical.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.04 to 0.06 broad.
_Habitat._--Fossil in tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta).
12. _Cornutella spiralis_, n. sp.
_Cornutura spiralis_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.
Shell slender, conical, nearly cylindrical, very long, spirally contorted;
its axis is an ascending spiral line with two or three windings, widely
distant. Pores irregular, square, small and numerous.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 to 0.25 long, 0.05 to 0.08 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
Genus 527. _Cornutanna_,[144] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.
_Definition._--#Archicorida# with conical shell, gradually dilated towards
the wide open mouth. Apex without horn.
The genus _Cornutanna_ has the same simple conical shell as the preceding
_Cornutella_, but differs from it in the total absence of an apical horn.
It bears therefore to the latter the same relation that _Cyrtocalpis_ does
to _Archicorys_. It may be derived from _Sethoconus_ by complete reduction
of the cephalis and its horn.
1. _Cornutanna orthoconus_, n. sp.
Shell slender, conical, with straight axis and straight outlines. Pores
subregular, circular, quincuncially disposed in nine to twelve alternating
longitudinal series, gradually increasing in size towards the mouth.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 to 0.12 long, 0.03 to 0.04 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.
{1184}2. _Cornutanna cyrtoconus_, n. sp.
Shell slender, conical, with curved axis; the curve lies in one plane as in
the similar _Cornutella curvata_; the pores are smaller and more numerous
than in this latter species, and the rounded apex bears no horn.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 to 0.16 long, 0.05 to 0.07 broad.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.
3. _Cornutanna loxoconus_, n. sp.
Shell wide, conical, with irregularly curved axis; the parts of the curve
do not lie in one plane. Pores very small and numerous, of nearly equal
size.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 long, 0.12 broad.
_Habitat._--Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
Genus 528. _Archicorys_,[145] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.
_Definition._--#Archicorida# with simple urceolate or ovate shell,
constricted towards the mouth. Apex armed with a horn.
The genus _Archicorys_ and the following closely allied _Cyrtocalpis_
differ from the two preceding genera in the ovate or urceolate form of the
shell, which is more or less constricted towards the terminal mouth. The
upper pole in _Archicorys_ bears an apical horn, which is absent in
_Cyrtocalpis_. The origin of these two genera may be the same, probably
arising directly from Nassellida, and independently of the triradiate
#Cyrtoidea# or bilocular #Spyroidea#. (Compare p. 1179.)
1. _Archicorys galea_, n. sp.
Shell smooth urceolate. Pores large, in the middle part hexagonal, towards
both ends smaller and polygonal. Apical horn stout, three-sided pyramidal,
half as long as the shell. Mouth with a short tubular peristome, about
one-third as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell (without horn) 0.15 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.07 long,
mouth 0.05 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
2. _Archicorys ampulla_, n. sp.
Shell smooth, thin-walled, bottle-shaped, in the upper half conical, in the
lower half inflate, subspherical. Pores subregular, circular, of the same
breadth as the bars. Horn conical, stout, {1185}/about one-third as long as
the shell. Mouth truncate, without peristome, about half as broad as the
shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.15 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.05, mouth 0.05.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
3. _Archicorys microstoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 12).
Shell rough, thick-walled, ovate. Pores large, subregular, circular, twice
to four times as broad as the bars. Horn small, conical, not larger than
one pore. Mouth very small, truncate, scarcely larger than one pore.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.07 broad; horn 0.012, mouth 0.015.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
4. _Archicorys globosa_, n. sp.
Shell nearly spherical, thorny, thick-walled. Pores very large, circular,
separated by spinulate frames, smaller towards each pole. Horn conical,
large, nearly as long as the radius of the shell; mouth truncate, simple,
about one-third as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell diameter 0.13, horn 0.06, mouth 0.04.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
5. _Archicorys ovata_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 10).
Shell ovate, rough, thick-walled. Pores regular, circular, of equal size,
very small and numerous, quincuncially disposed. Horn small, conical,
sometimes (as in the figured specimen) rudimentary. When it becomes lost,
the species may be called _Cyrtocalpis ovata_. Mouth truncate, small,
simple, one-sixth as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.2 long, 0.15 broad; horn 0.01 to 0.03 long, mouth
0.03 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
Genus 529. _Cyrtocalpis_,[146] Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 835.
_Definition._--#Archicorida# with simple urceolate or ovate shell,
constricted towards the mouth. Apex without horn.
The genus _Cyrtocalpis_ comprises a large number of common, very primitive
Monocyrtida, which in the simple ovate or urceolate form of the shell
resemble the well known _Gromia_ among the Thalamophora. Its basal mouth is
more or less constricted, as in {1186}the preceding genus _Archicorys_,
from which it differs in the total absence of an apical horn. There is no
trace of any triradial structure, excepting in some smaller species, in
which the basal part of the central capsule is trilobate; these may be
derived from the Dicyrtides _Sethocorys_ or _Dictyocephalus_, by loss of
the cephalis and the cortinar septum. But the larger species, which have a
quite simple, ovate, central capsule (Pl. 51, fig. 13), have probably an
independent origin, from _Cystidium_.
1. _Cyrtocalpis urceolus_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 13).
Shell smooth, urceolate, with very delicate and elegant network. Pores in
the middle part large, regular, hexagonal, towards each pole smaller,
irregular, roundish or polygonal. Mouth with broad, hyaline, annular
peristome, about one-third as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.16 long, 0.12 broad; mouth 0.05 broad.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean (Portofino near Genoa), surface.
2. _Cyrtocalpis reticulum_, n. sp.
Shell smooth, urceolate, very similar to the preceding species, but
differing from it in the densely reticulated framework of the shell, which
is composed of very numerous and small, irregular, polygonal meshes of
nearly equal size. Mouth without peristome, half as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.18 long, 0.15 broad; mouth 0.07 broad.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.
3. _Cyrtocalpis amphora_, Haeckel.
_Cyrtocalpis amphora_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 286, Taf. v.
fig. 2.
Shell smooth, urceolate with regular, circular pores of equal size, of
about the same breadth as the bars. Mouth with smooth peristome, about half
as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 long, 0.08 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific; surface, and at
various depths.
4. _Cyrtocalpis urna_, Stöhr.
_Cyrtocalpis urna_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 96, Taf. iii.
fig. 7.
Shell smooth, urceolate, with subregular, circular pores of different
sizes, gradually increasing towards the mouth, of about the same breadth as
the bars. Mouth without peristome (?), about half as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.06 broad; mouth 0.035 broad.
_Habitat._--Fossil in tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte).
{1187}5. _Cyrtocalpis sethopora_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, fig. 4).
Shell smooth, urceolate, very thin-walled, with large irregular roundish
meshes, each of which is closed by a thin porous sieve-plate. Mouth
two-thirds as broad as the shell, with a broad, emarginate, longitudinally
striped peristome. (Perhaps the shell of a Tintinnoid Infusorium?)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.05 broad; mouth 0.03 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
6. _Cyrtocalpis compacta_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, figs. 7, 8).
Shell smooth, ovate, very thick-walled, with small, subregular, circular
pores of equal size, perpendicularly perforating the wall, about half as
broad as the bars. Mouth small, only one-third as broad as the compact
shell. (Perhaps a reduced _Lithocampe_ or _Lithomitra_?)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.08 long, 0.04 broad; mouth 0.015 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.
7. _Cyrtocalpis lithomitra_, n. sp. (Pl. 52, figs. 5, 6).
Shell smooth, slender, ovate, nearly cylindrical, with small subregular,
circular pores, which are disposed in nine to twelve transverse rows, and
obliquely ascending perforate the wall. Mouth wide, without peristome,
about two-thirds as broad as the shell. (Compare _Lithomitra_, Pl. 79.)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.045 broad; mouth 0.03 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.
8. _Cyrtocalpis ovulum_, n. sp.
_Cyrtocalpis obliqua_, var. _ovulum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol.,
p. 286, Taf. v. fig. 3.
Shell smooth, broad, ovate, with very numerous and small regular circular
pores, quincuncially disposed, twice as broad as the bars. Mouth without
peristome, about half as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.047 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.
9. _Cyrtocalpis obliqua_, Haeckel.
_Cyrtocalpis obliqua_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 286, Taf. v.
figs. 4-11.
Shell smooth, irregularly ovate, more or less oblique, variable in size and
form, sometimes nearly spherical, at other times subcylindrical. Pores
subregular, circular, once or twice the breadth of the bars. Mouth simple
without peristome, about half as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.07 to 0.1 long, 0.05 to 0.08 broad; mouth 0.03 to
0.04 broad.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.
{1188}10. _Cyrtocalpis gromia_, n. sp. (Pl. 51, fig. 11).
Shell rough, ovate, very thick-walled, with subregular, circular pores of
somewhat variable size. The diameter of the internal, simple, subspherical
cavity is five to six times as great as the thickness of the wall. Mouth
tubular, cylindrical, very narrow, only one-sixth as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.16 long, 0.11 broad; mouth 0.02 broad.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
Genus 530. _Mitrocalpis_,[147] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 427.
_Definition._--#Archicorida# with a double ovate or ellipsoidal shell,
composed of two parallel lattice-plates, which are connected by numerous
beams. Apex without horn.
The genus _Mitrocalpis_ and the following closely allied _Spongocyrtis_
differ from the four preceding genera of Archicorida in the complicated
structure of the shell-wall, which in the former is double, in the latter
spongy. The mouth is in both genera constricted, narrow, and the apex
without a horn. _Mitrocalpis_ has been derived probably from _Cyrtocalpis_
in the same way as _Peripyramis_ from _Bathropyramis_, by development of
spines on the surface of the shell, which at equal distances from the
latter become connected by branches, thus forming an outer envelope.
1. _Mitrocalpis palliata_, n. sp.
Shell ellipsoidal, large, one and a third times as long as broad. Inner
shell very thin-walled, with irregular, polygonal pores of very variable
size and form. From its nodal points there arise numerous bristle-shaped
radial beams, about as long as the diameter of the mouth, which are
connected at equal distances from the surface by delicate threads, forming
the outer enveloping shell. The surface of the latter is smooth. The thin
bars of the inner shell are twice to four times as broad as those of the
outer. Mouth about one-seventh as broad as the shell, with a short tubular
peristome.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.35 long, 0.27 broad; mouth 0.04, distance of both
shells 0.037.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.
Genus 531. _Spongocyrtis_,[148] Dunikowski.
_Spongocyrtis_, Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien,
vol. xlv. p. 31.
_Definition._--#Archicorida# with a spongy ovate shell, the wall of which
is composed of irregular spongy wickerwork. Apex without horn.
The genus _Spongocyrtis_ differs from most other Monocyrtida in the spongy
structure of the shell, which is found in only very few other genera of
#Cyrtoidea#, e.g., in _Spongopyramis_ and _Spongomelissa_. It has been
derived either from the similar {1189}_Cyrtocalpis_ by development of
irregular spongy wickerwork on the surface of the simple lattice-shell; or
from _Arachnocalpis_ (Pl. 98, fig. 13) by loss of the peristome.
1. _Spongocyrtis montis ovis_, Dunikowski.
_Spongocyrtis montis ovis_, Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d.
Wiss. Wien, vol. xlv. p. 31, Taf. vi. figs. 67, 68.
Shell broad, ovate, rough, spongy, thick-walled; length to the breadth =
4 : 3. Spongy framework very dense and dark, with very small roundish
pores. Mouth constricted, with a short tubular peristome, about one-third
as broad as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.35 long, 0.26 broad; mouth 0.08 broad.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Alpine Lias (Schafberg bei Salzburg, Dunikowski).
2. _Spongocyrtis arachnoides_, n. sp.
Shell ellipsoidal, spiny, spongy, thin-walled; length to the breadth =
3 : 2. Spongy framework loose and delicate, with irregular polygonal meshes
and arachnoidal thread-like bars. Mouth constricted, without peristome,
about one-fifth as broad as the shell. (Very similar to _Arachnocalpis
ellipsoides_, Pl. 98, fig. 13, but without corona around the mouth.)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.32 long, 0.21 broad; mouth 0.04 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.
Subfamily 2. ARCHICAPSIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.
_Definition._--#Cyrtocalpida#, with the basal mouth of the shell
fenestrated (vel Monocyrtida eradiata clausa).
Genus 532. _Halicapsa_,[149] Haeckel, 1881 Prodromus, p. 429.
_Definition._--#Archicapsida# with an apical horn.
The genus _Halicapsa_, and the following closely allied _Archicapsa_,
represent together the small subfamily of Archicapsida, or of those
Cyrtocalpida, in which the basal mouth of the simple shell is closed by a
lattice plate. This may be the original state of this family, if it is
derived from the Circospyrida (_Circospyris_, _Dictyospyris_) by loss of
the sagittal constriction and the primary ring. But it is also possible
that the Archicapsida have been partly derived from the Archicorida by
secondary fenestration of the open mouth. The genus _Halicapsa_ may be
easily confounded with the similar Ellipsid _Lithapium_ (compare p. 303,
Pl. 14, figs. 8-10). The skeleton of both genera may be perfectly similar,
the only distinction being the structure of the central capsule, which in
_Halicapsa_ is that of the MONOPYLEA, in _Lithapium_ that of the PERIPYLEA.
{1190}Subgenus 1. _Calpocapsa_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Surface of the shell smooth or rough, but not spiny.
1. _Halicapsa lithapium_, n. sp. (Pl. 97, fig. 6).
Shell pear-shaped, rough, one and a half times as long as broad. Pores
subregular, circular, twice as broad as the bars. Basal plate with four
larger ovate cortinar pores (two larger cardinal and two smaller jugular),
and with six smaller peripheral pores (fig. 6). Horn of the apex
three-sided pyramidal, stout, half as long as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.16 long, 0.1 broad; horn 0.08 long.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
2. _Halicapsa triglochin_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, figs. 3, 4).
Shell ovate, rough, a little longer than broad. Pores regular, circular,
hexagonally framed, of the same breadth as the bars. Basal plate (fig. 4)
without larger pores. Horn pyramidal, stout, about half as long as the
shell, with three short, horizontally divergent secondary spines at the
base (possibly remnants of three original cortinar feet?)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.11 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.06 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
3. _Halicapsa prunoides_, n. sp.
Shell pear-shaped, tuberculate, a little longer than broad. Pores
irregular, roundish, of different sizes. Basal plate with four larger and
six smaller pores. Horn pyramidal, stout, about one-third as long as the
shell. (May belong perhaps to the similar #Prunoidea# _Lithapium_, compare
p. 303 and Pl. 14, figs. 8-10.)
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.14 long, 0.12 broad; horn 0.05 long.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
Subgenus 2. _Echinocapsa_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 429.
_Definition._--Surface of the shell spiny, covered with thorns, papillæ or
larger spines.
4. _Halicapsa papillata_, n. sp.
Shell bottle-shaped, papillate, one and a half times as long as broad.
Pores circular, much larger in the middle part than towards the poles. The
elevated frames between them bear on the {1191}nodal points large blunt
conical papillæ. Basal plate without larger pores. Horn three-sided
pyramidal, one-third as long as the shell, gradually passing into the
slender neck of the bottle.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.22 long, 0.15 broad; horn 0.07 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
5. _Halicapsa pyriformis_, Haeckel.
? _Haliomma pyriforme_, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol
xxii. p. 1, pl. i. fig. 29.
Shell pear-shaped, a little longer than broad, covered with numerous short
conical spines. Pores subregular, circular, of nearly equal size, twice as
broad as the bars. Basal plate with four crossed larger ovate pores (two
larger cardinal and two smaller jugular pores). Horn stout pyramidal,
scarcely one-fourth as long as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.16 long, 0.14 broad; horn 0.04 long.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados, living in the North Pacific (Kamtschatka)?
6. _Halicapsa hystrix_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, figs. 5, 6).
Shell pear-shaped, subspherical, a little longer than broad, with scattered
stout pyramidal spines about as long as the radius of the shell. Pores
subregular, circular, three times as broad as the bars. Basal plate (fig.
6) without larger pores. Horn very large, pyramidal, longer than the shell.
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.1 long, 0.09 broad; horn 0.13 long.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
Genus 533. _Archicapsa_,[150] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 428.
_Definition._--#Archicapsida# without apical horn.
The genus _Archicapsa_ differs from the preceding _Halicapsa_ in the
absence of the apical horn, and represents the simplest form among the
Monocyrtida clausa, a simple, ovate, or pear-shaped shell without any
appendages. The characteristic structure of the basal lattice-plate (with
three or four large cortinar pores) makes it probable that _Archicapsa_ has
been derived either from _Halicapsa_, by loss of the horn, or directly from
_Dictyospyris_, by reduction of the sagittal ring and constriction.
1. _Archicapsa triforis_, n. sp. (Pl. 53, figs. 1, 2).
Shell pear-shaped, smooth, one and a half times as long as broad. Pores
subregular, circular, of about the same breadth as the bars. Basal plate
(fig. 2) with three very large pores, three times as broad as the others
(one odd sternal pore and two paired cardinal pores).
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.09 long, 0.06 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
{1192}2. _Archicapsa quadriforis_, n. sp.
Shell ovate, rough, a little longer than broad. Pores subregular, circular,
twice as broad as the bars. Basal plate with four larger ovate cortinar
pores (two smaller jugular and two larger cardinal pores).
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.12 to 0.15 long, 0.1 to 0.12 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900
fathoms.
3. _Archicapsa nonaforis_, n. sp.
Shell pear-shaped, thorny, one and a half times as long as broad. Pores
regular, circular, small, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars.
Basal plate with nine cortinar pores (three larger alternating with three
pairs of smaller pores, as in Pl. 87, fig. 2).
_Dimensions._--Shell 0.14 long, 0.09 broad.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
----