SIEGE OF SEBASTOPOL.
Bay of Balaklava--Landing of the Siege Guns--Russian Guns
--Sebastopol--Its Appearance--Military Harbor--Fortifications
--Vessels of War--The Country around Sebastopol--Allies opening
Trenches--Message of the Governor to Lord Raglan--Bombardment
--Lancaster Guns--Explosion in the French Batteries--Russian
Powder Magazine Explodes--The Allied Fleet--The Cannonade
--Riflemen--Battle of Balaklava--British and French Position
--The Combat--The Turks--The Highlanders--The Russian Cavalry
--Captain Nolan--Lord Cardigan.
Having swept the enemy from their path by the bloody triumph of Alma,
the next step of the Allies was to lay siege to Sebastopol.
The bay of Balaklava, which now became the principal base of their
operations, is a place admirably suited for the landing of stores
and _matériel_. As a port it is the most perfect of its size in the
world. The entrance is between perpendicular cliffs, rising eight
hundred feet high on either hand, and is only wide enough to allow
the passage of one ship at a time; but once in you find yourself in a
land-locked tideless haven, still as a mountain-tarn, three quarters
of a mile in length, by two hundred and fifty yards wide, and nowhere
less than six fathoms deep, so that every square foot of its surface
is available for ships of the greatest burden.
The bay of Balaklava was instantly adopted as the new base of
operations of the British army, and never before did its waters
mirror so many tall ships on their bosom. From fifty to a hundred
war-ships and transports were constantly at anchor, landing the
siege-guns, stores, and provisions of all kinds. The only access
to Balaklava from the land side is at the inner end of the bay,
through a breach in the surrounding hills, which gradually opens
out into an extensive valley, about three miles long by about two
broad; it was in this valley that the serious part of the combat of
the 25th October took place. Through this valley runs the road to
the Tchernaya and Mackenzie’s Farm, by which the Allies advanced to
Balaklava, and which on the other side of the Tchernaya enters deep
gorges in the mountains. On the side next the sea this valley is
bounded by a line of hills stretching from Balaklava to Inkerman, and
along the summit of which runs the road to Sebastopol. Another road
in the opposite direction conducts to the valley of Baider, the most
fertile district of the Crimea.
The port of Balaklava having been found barely large enough for
the landing of the British stores and guns, the French selected as
their base of operations the three deep bays lying between Cape
Chersonesus and Sebastopol bay. The country between Balaklava and
Sebastopol, upon which the Allied army encamped, is a barren hilly
steppe, destitute of water, and covered with no better herbage than
thistles. The French took up their position next the sea; the British
inland, next the Tchernaya. The front of the besieging force extended
in a continuous line from the mouth of the Tchernaya to the sea at
Strelitska bay, forming nearly a semicircle around Sebastopol, at a
distance of about two miles from the enemy’s works. This position was
found to be close enough, as the Russian guns were found to throw
shells to the distance of four thousand yards. A most unfortunate
delay took place in landing and bringing up the siege guns and stores
of the Allies; a delay which was improved to the utmost by the
Russians, who kept large bands of citizens, and even women, as well
as the garrison, at work in relays both night and day, in throwing up
a vast exterior line of earthen redoubts and entrenchments, and in
covering the front of their stone-works with earth.
The force disposable for the defence of Sebastopol was nearly equal
in number to the besieging army; and as, from the nature of its
position, the place could only be invested upon one side, supplies of
all kinds could be conveyed into the town, and the Russian generals
could either man the works with their whole forces, or direct
incessant attacks against the flank and rear of the allies.
Never did any army ever undertake so vast and perilous an enterprise
as that in which the allied commanders found themselves engaged.
For three weeks after leaving Old Fort, the British troops were
without tents, but on the 7th October the besieging army once more
got under canvas.
SEBASTOPOL.
Sebastopol is situated at the southern point of the Crimea, which
puts out into the Black Sea, and is distant
from Odessa 192 miles.
“ Varna 295 “
“ Constantinople 343 “
It is one of the most modern creations of the Czar, and stands, like
an advanced post, near to Cape Chersonese--its site, until 1786,
having been occupied by a few straggling huts. Catherine II., on her
accession, perceived its natural advantages as a naval port, the
first stone was laid in 1780, and from that period it has rapidly
increased in strength and importance. On doubling the Cape, bordered
with a vast chain of rocks and breakers, Sebastopol appears about six
and a half miles to the east--a remarkable picture, on account of its
white cliffs, and the amphitheatrical appearance of the town.
The port of Sebastopol consists of a bay running in a south-easterly
direction, about four miles long, and a mile wide at the entrance,
diminishing to 400 yards at the end, where the Tchernaya or Black
River empties itself. On the southern coast of this bay are the
commercial, military, and careening harbors, the quarantine harbor
being outside the entrance--all these taking a southerly direction,
and having deep water.
The military harbor is the largest, being about a mile and a half
long by 400 yards wide, and is completely land-locked on every side.
Here it is that the Black Sea fleet is moored in the winter--the
largest ships being able to lie with all their stores on board close
to the quays. The small harbor, which contains the naval arsenal
and docks, is on the eastern side of the military harbor, near the
entrance.
The port is defended to the south by six principal batteries and
fortresses, each mounting from 50 to 190 guns; and the north by four,
having from 18 to 120 pieces each; and besides these, there are many
smaller batteries.
The fortresses are built on the casemate principle, three of them
having three tiers of guns, and a fourth two tiers. Fort St.
Nicholas is the largest, and mounts about 190 guns. It is built of
white limestone; a fine, sound stone, which becomes hard, and is
very durable, the same material being used for all the other forts.
Between every two casemates are furnaces for heating shot red hot.
The calibre of the guns is eight inches, capable of throwing shells
or 68-pound solid shot.
Whether all the guns in the fortress are of the same size, it is
impossible to say; but the belief is, that most of the fortifications
of Sebastopol are heavily armed.
Sebastopol is admirably adapted by nature for a strong position
towards the sea, and has been fully taken advantage of to render it
one of the most formidably fortified places in that direction which
could be imagined.
In speaking of the means of defence at Sebastopol, we have left
the Russian fleet out of the question. This, however, is not to be
treated either with indifference or contempt.
There were in the military harbor of Sebastopol twelve line-of-battle
ships, eight frigates, and seven corvettes, comprising the Black Sea
fleet, independent of steamers.
The town of Sebastopol is situated on the point of land between
the commercial and military harbors, which rises gradually from
the water’s edge to an elevation of 200 feet, and contains 31,500
inhabitants. Including the military and marines, the residents
numbered 40,000.
It is more than a mile in length, and its greatest width is about
three-quarters of a mile--the streets entering the open steppe on the
south.
The streets are built in parallel lines from north to south, are
intersected by others from east and west, and the houses, being of
limestone, have a substantial appearance. The public buildings are
fine. The library erected by the Emperor, for the use of naval and
military officers, is of Grecian architecture, and is elegantly
fitted up internally. The books are principally confined to naval and
military subjects and the sciences connected with them, history, and
some light reading.
The club-house is handsome externally, and comfortable within; it
contains a large ball-room, which is its most striking feature, and
billiard-rooms, which appear to be the great centre of attraction;
but one looks in vain for reading-rooms, filled with newspapers and
journals.
There are many good churches, and a fine landing-place of stone from
the military harbor, approached on the side of the town, beneath
an architrave supported by high columns. It also boasts an Italian
opera-house.
The eastern side of the town is so steep that the mast-heads of the
ships cannot be seen until one gets close to them. Very beautiful
views are obtained from some parts of the place, and it is
altogether agreeably situated. A military band plays every Thursday
evening in the public gardens, at which time the fashionables
assemble in great numbers.
As Sebastopol is held exclusively as a military and naval position,
commerce does not exist; the only articles imported by sea being
those required for material of war, or as provisions for the
inhabitants and garrison.
On the eastern side of the military harbor, opposite to the town, is
a line of buildings consisting of barracks, some store-houses, and a
large naval hospital.
The country around Sebastopol sinks gradually down, in a succession
of ridges from the position occupied by the Allied army to the town;
but for nearly a third of a mile, immediately in front of the town,
the ground is quite flat, the ridges there having been long ago
levelled by the Russians in order to give no cover to an attacking
force. We have said that there is a circuit of five or six hundred
yards of level ground immediately around the town, and it was beyond
this radius that the Russians threw up their new works, erecting
strong redoubts on several elevated positions; the Allies had to
open their trenches at the distance of a mile from the body of the
place, although within one hundred and twenty yards of the Russian
batteries. The French were the first to break ground. At nine at
night, on the 9th, the trenches were opened by one thousand six
hundred workmen, divided into relief parties, and supported to defend
the works. A land wind, and an almost entire absence of moonlight,
favored the operations, and by break of day 1,014 yards in length
were completed, without interruption from the enemy, of sufficient
depth to cover the men.
Next night the British broke ground; but this time the garrison were
on the alert, and kept up a very heavy but ineffectual fire.
The British, who occupied much higher ground than the French, placed
their batteries with great skill. The raised mounds or beds of earth,
upon which the guns were placed, were erected precisely along the
crest of the various ridges on which the batteries were planted, and,
when finished, showed only the muzzle of the guns over the brow of
the ridge, so as to present little to the direct fire of the enemy.
The besiegers’ batteries were now drawing near completion; and the
governor of Sebastopol had sent a request to Lord Raglan, that he
would spare the inhabitants by not firing upon the civilian part of
the city, to which he replied, that he would grant a safe-conduct
to such of the inhabitants as were desirous of leaving, but would
promise nothing as to his mode of attack, save that the buildings
marked by the yellow flag should be respected as hospitals.
Every means was adopted to keep up the spirits of the garrison, and
balls even were given every other night.
THE BOMBARDMENT.
On the 17th of October the dreadful work began, and no one then
present will ever forget that memorable scene. The morning dawned
slowly; a thick fog hung over the town, and spread far up the
heights. Towards six o’clock the mist began to disperse, and the rich
clear October sun every instant made objects more and more visible.
In the Allied lines, all the artillerymen were at their pieces, and
as the iron muzzles of the guns became visible through the fog in
the now unmasked embrasures, a scattering and fast-increasing fire
was opened upon them from the Russian lines. Soon the Russian works,
crowded with grey figures, could be seen below, with, in rear, the
large handsome white houses and dockyards of Sebastopol itself.
Slowly, like the drawing back of a huge curtain, the mist moved off
seaward, a cool morning breeze sprang up, and the atmosphere became
clear and bright.
Around were the wide-extending lines of the besiegers, sloping down
from the elevated ridges held by the British to the low grounds
on the coast occupied by the French. Facing them below was the
continuous line of Russian intrenchments of earthwork, interspersed
with redoubts and stone towers, and loop-holed walls, with the
line-of-battle ships showing their heavy broadsides in the harbor;
and beyond all, the open sea, bearing on its bosom, like a dark belt,
the immense armada of the Allied fleet.
At half-past six, the preconcerted signal of three shells went up,
one after another, from a French battery, and the next instant the
whole Allied batteries opened simultaneously. On the side of the
British, seventy-three, and of the French, fifty-three, in all one
hundred and twenty-six guns, one-half of which were of the very
heaviest calibre, launched their thunders on the side of the Allies;
while upwards of two hundred replied in one deafening roar from the
Russian lines. Two long lines of belching flame and smoke appeared,
and through the space between hurtled a shower of shot and shell,
while the earth shook with the thunders of the deadly volleys.
Distinctly amidst the din could be heard the immense Lancaster guns,
which here, for the first time, gave evidence of their tremendous
powers. Their sharp report, heard among the other heavy guns, was
like the crack of a rifle among muskets. But the most singular thing
was the sound of their ball, which rushed through the air with the
noise and regular beat precisely like the passage of a rapid railway
train at close distance--a peculiarity which, at first, excited
shouts of laughter from the men, who nicknamed it the express-train.
The effect of the shot was terrific; from its deafening and peculiar
noise, the ball could be distinctly traced by the ear to the spot
where it struck, when stone or earth were seen to go down before it.
The first few minutes’ firing sufficed to show to each side, what
neither had as yet accurately known, the actual strength of its
opponents; and it now appeared, that even in the extent of the
earthwork batteries thrown up since the siege began, the Russians
immensely surpassed their besiegers. Besides their stone forts, and
a long line of intrenchments, guns of heavy calibre had been planted
on every ridge and height; and as fresh batteries were unmasked
one after another, often in places totally unexpected, the Allied
generals were completely taken by surprise at the magnitude of the
defences.
Opposite to the French lines, the main strength of the Russians
lay in the Flag-staff batteries, erected upon a hill commanding the
French works. They consisted of two tiers of intrenchments, each
mounting about twenty-five guns, the upper of which tier of cannon
was unknown to the besiegers until it opened fire; with several large
mortars placed on the summit of the hill. And on the extreme right of
the Russian lines was a ten-gun battery, most commandingly placed, so
as to enfilade the French lines.
In this quarter the Russians had not only a great advantage in
point of position, but also their guns outnumbered those of the
French, and it soon became evident that the French were fighting at
a disadvantage, and were dreadfully galled in flank by the ten-gun
battery.
Suddenly, a little after nine o’clock, there came a loud
explosion,--a dense cloud of smoke was seen hanging over one of the
French batteries, and the Russians were observed on the parapets
of their works cheering vigorously. The flank fire of the ten-gun
battery had blown up one of the French magazines, killing or wounding
about fifty men, and blowing the earthwork to atoms.
The British batteries were more successful. The principal works
opposed to them were on their right front, the Round fort, a Martello
tower, which had been faced up with earth. A battery of twenty heavy
guns was planted on the top of this tower, and exterior earthwork
intrenchments had been thrown up around it, mounted with artillery of
heavy calibre.
Next, nearly opposite the British centre, was the three-decker, the
Twelve Apostles, placed across the harbor creek; and facing their
left was the Redan redoubt, carrying about forty cannon, likewise
surrounded by intrenchments armed with numerous guns. On the British
side, the principal redoubts were, the Crown battery, of 27 guns,
in the centre, fronting the Twelve Apostles, and the Green-Mound
battery, opposite the Redan redoubt.
At half-past three, a red-hot shot from the Russian three-decker,
the Twelve Apostles, struck a powder wagon in the Crown battery,
which exploded, killing one or two men, but leaving the works of the
battery uninjured. The Russians cheered as before, imagining the same
injury had been done, as previously to the French.
But while they were still cheering, a shell from the Green Mound
battery lodged in the powder magazine of the Redan redoubt, and blew
it up with a tremendous explosion. A white livid flame suddenly
shot high into the air, followed by a report that made the very
earth tremble in the Allied lines, and the next minute its garrison
of hundreds, blown to atoms, were discovered strewing the ground
to a distance around. “In the midst of a dense volume of smoke
and sparks,” says an eye-witness, “which resembled a water-spout
ascending to the clouds, were visible to the naked eye, arms, legs,
trunks, and heads, of the Russian warriors, mingled with cannons,
wheels, and every object of military warfare, and, indeed, every
living thing it contained.” So powerful was the effect which this
explosion produced on the _morale_ of the besiegers, which had been
somewhat depressed by the misfortunes of the day, that the enthusiasm
displayed was almost of a frantic nature. Both the English and French
troops, as well as officers, doffed their caps, and threw them high
into the air, at the same time giving a shout which might have been
heard at Balaklava, a league off. The Russians, however, were nowise
daunted, and resumed their fire with undiminished energy.
* * * * *
While this terrific cannonade was going on by land, the Allied
fleets were seen bearing down upon the strong forts which defend the
mouth of the harbor. It had been arranged between the Admirals and
Generals, that as soon as the attention of the Russians had been
attracted to the landward attack, the fleets should move forward and
take part in a general assault. The French took the Quarantine fort,
and other works on the south side of the entrance to Sebastopol bay,
and the British took Fort Constantine and the works on the north side.
By half-past one o’clock, the action was fairly commenced, and
the conjoined roar from the guns of the fleet and in the forts,
echoed by the thunders of the rival batteries on shore, baffled the
imagination. Never before in the world’s history was such a cannonade
witnessed--even the tremendous cannonade of Leipsic and Trafalgar
fades into insignificance before so gigantic a strife. The fleets
advanced to the attack in two lines--the British from the north, the
French from the south.
Directly the vessels came within 2,000 yards, the forts opened fire,
which the Allies never attempted to reply to until they took up their
positions. The cannonade of the French was terrific and continuous;
enveloped in smoke, they kept up whole salvoes, which was terrific,
the smoke being lit up by the volleys of flashes, and the roar of
cannon continuous. The Turks followed the French in this, sometimes
in whole broadsides, again their fire running continuously along the
line. There was less of this with the English ships, whose style
of firing appeared less awful, but more business-like. The Russians
used red-hot shot, rockets, combustible shell, and bar-shot; and the
terrible effects of these soon made themselves apparent. The bar-shot
cut the masts, spars, and rigging to pieces, and the rockets and
red-hot shot raised conflagrations in many of the attacking vessels.
The allied vessels met with but little success, and towards night
stood out to sea, the Russians cheering vociferously, and redoubling
their fire.
Such were the incidents of this memorable opening day of the
bombardment.
On the 18th, the fleet did not renew the attack; and as the French
batteries were wholly silenced for the time, the enemy were enabled
to concentrate a terrific fire upon the British trenches. During the
previous day’s firing, the Russians had discovered the weak points
of their opponents, as well as their own, and before morning, had
erected, with sand-bags, batteries on new and commanding positions.
During the night of the 18th, the French worked incessantly, repaired
all their batteries, and again opened fire on the morning of the
19th. Still they were unfortunate. About eleven o’clock a shell from
the Russian ten-gun battery once more blew up one of their magazines,
killing most of the men in the battery, and dismounting most of the
guns; thus most of the French works were again silenced before two
o’clock.
The British lines kept up a hot fire throughout the whole day;
but though at times nearly one hundred shot and shell were thrown
per minute, little or no effect was produced upon the Russian
intrenchments. The enemy were provided with a perfectly inexhaustible
supply of all the material requisite for a desperate defence. The
instant a shot or shell struck their works the hole was filled
up with sand-bags; so that the besieged built up as fast as the
besiegers knocked down.
The French had repaired their injuries during the night, and resumed
their fire; but they were still terribly overmatched; and, for the
third time, one of their magazines was blown up, doing much damage.
During the following night the French not only repaired their works,
but in order to fire with more destructive effect, advanced one
strong battery about two hundred yards nearer the enemy. This new
advanced battery not only enabled them to maintain their ground, but
even to destroy and silence their inveterate assailant, the Russian
ten-gun battery.
During the 22d the cannonade from the French lines was incessant, and
told with great effect; but early in the day the British batteries
received orders to fire only once in eight minutes--occasioned by a
deficiency of ammunition. The Russians worked their guns with great
energy and precision, even under the hottest fire, standing to their
pieces as boldly as on the first day of the siege; and they continued
to repair each night the injury done to their works in the previous
day. The loss of the Allies up to this point of the siege was about
twelve hundred men.
One feature in the memorable siege was the great use made of riflemen
by the besieging force, and the extreme gallantry displayed by these
men when at work.
Every day parties of skirmishers went out from the Allied lines, and
lay under cover among the loose large stones about one thousand yards
in advance of the batteries, and within two hundred yards of the
Russian defences.
This compelled the enemy to send out parties to dislodge them, and
these, as they advanced for that purpose across the open ground,
became exposed to the fire both of the skirmishers and of the
trenches, and usually suffered severely.
On one occasion a private in the British lines who had fired his
last cartridge, was crouching along the ground to join the nearest
covering-party, when two Russians suddenly sprang from behind a rock,
and seizing him by the collar, dragged him off towards Sebastopol.
The Russian who escorted him on the left side held in his right
hand his own firelock, and in his left the captured Minié; with a
sudden spring the British soldier seized the Russian’s firelock,
shot its owner, clubbed his companion, and then, picking up his
own Minié, made off in safety to his own lines. Another of these
fellows resolved to do more work on his own account, got away from
his company, and crawled up close to a battery under shelter of a
bridge. There he lay on his back, and loaded, turning over to fire;
until, after killing eleven men, a party of Russians rushed out and
he took to his heels; but a volley fired after him levelled him with
the earth, and his body was subsequently picked up by his comrades
riddled with balls.
Probably 100,000 shot and shell a-day, exclusive of night-firing, was
the average amount of projectiles discharged by both parties in the
extraordinary siege.
The darkness of night was constantly interrupted by the bursting of
shell or rockets.
The passage of the shells through the air, thrown to an amazing
height from the mortars, appeared like that of meteors. To the eye,
the shell seems to rise and fall almost perpendicularly; sometimes
burning, as it turns on its axis, and the fuse disappears in the
rotation, with an interrupted pale light; sometimes with a steady
light, not unlike the calm luminosity of a planet. As it travels it
can be heard, amid the general stillness, uttering in the distance
its peculiar sound, like the cry of the curlew. The blue light in a
battery announces the starting of a rocket, which pursues its more
horizontal course, followed by a fiery train, and rushes through the
air with a loud whizzing noise that gives an idea of irresistible
energy. So went on, day and night, ceaselessly, this unparalleled
bombardment--a cataract of war, a Niagara of all dread sounds, whose
ceaseless booming was heard for long miles around. Ship after ship,
nearing the Crimean shores, heard from afar that dull, heavy sound,
and all eyes were strained to catch sight of the dread scene, of that
valley where the battle of Europe was being fought, where the cannon
were ever sounding, and “the fire was not quenched.”
BATTLE OF BALAKLAVA.
While the operations were being carried on around the walls of
Sebastopol, events of, if possible, still greater importance were
taking place a few miles off, upon the flanks and rear of the
investing force. In truth, the Allies were as much besieged as
besiegers. For about a fortnight after the affair at Mackenzie’s
Farm, on the 25th of September, nothing had been seen of the enemy,
who had retired towards Bakshi-serai to await reinforcements. It was
towards the end of the first week of October that the Russians began
to assume the offensive. The Allies at first seem to have regarded
their position as unassailable; but the enemy, thoroughly acquainted
with every foot of the country, and consequently able to advance in
the dark, soon showed them their mistake.
At daybreak on the 6th, the Russians made an advance in force, for
the purpose of reconnoitring, from the Tchernaya into the valley
or plain in rear of the heights occupied by the Allies; and, after
surprising, in the grey of the morning, a picket of the Fourth
Dragoons, drew off again, having accomplished their object. During
the following night, a most daring reconnoissance was made, by a
French officer and ten men, who, on their return to camp, reported
that they had gone as far as the river Belbec, and had only seen the
bivouac of the Russian troops who had made the reconnoissance the
preceding day. In order to check further surprises from this quarter,
parties of Zouaves and Foot Chasseurs were placed in ambuscade
as outposts; every evening at six o’clock four companies of them
concealing themselves in a ravine through which the Russians would
advance, and remaining there until daybreak next morning.
The enemy, however, forsaking the line of attack by the road from
Mackenzie’s Farm, now began to appear among the mountains directly
in rear of the Allied lines, and also close to Balaklava, advancing
by a road from Kansara, through the hills, which was at first
deemed by the Allied generals impracticable for artillery, and,
consequently, along which no serious attack was anticipated. One day,
however, a force of 2000 Russian cavalry, and 8000 infantry, with
nine or ten guns, made its appearance in this quarter, but withdrew
without showing fight.
As soon as it became evident that the principal attacks of the
Russian relieving army would be directed against Balaklava, means
were taken to put that place in a state of defence. One of the first,
was to turn out the Greek and Russian inhabitants. The little bay,
so narrow at its entrance that only one ship could get out at a
time, was crowded with upwards of a hundred transports, in which,
besides other stores, as well as in the buildings on shore, were
large magazines of gunpowder; and as it was reported that the Greek
population, besides acting as spies, had actually concerted to aid
the Russian attack by simultaneously setting fire to the town, Lord
Raglan ordered every one of them to be ejected from the place. At
the same time, a redoubt, armed with heavy guns and manned with 1200
marines from the fleet, was constructed upon the summit of a conical
hill, on the further side of the bay, about 1000 feet high, and
commanding the coast road approaching Balaklava from the east. Other
redoubts were so placed as to command the road from the Tchernaya,
and also from Kamara, through the mountains.
Balaklava does not fall within the natural line of defence for
besieging Sebastopol. It is held as a separate post, three miles in
advance of Sebastopol heights, which form the main position of the
besieging force.
The British occupied a convex line of heights, stretching from the
Tchernaya, near its mouth, to the sea-coast, midway between Cape
Chersonese and Balaklava. On the north-east is a valley or plain, not
level, but broken by little eminences, about three miles long by two
in width.
Towards the Tchernaya this valley is swallowed up in a mountain
gorge and deep ravines, above which rise tier after tier of desolate
whitish rocks. At its other extremity the valley in a similar manner
contracts into a gorge, through which the high road passes, leading
down to Balaklava.
On the crest of the Allied line of heights, overlooking this plain,
the French had constructed very formidable intrenchments, mounted
with a few guns and lined by Zouaves and artillerymen.
Intersecting the plains, about two miles and a half from Balaklava,
is a series of conical heights, the highest and farthest off of which
joins the mountain range on the opposite side of the valley, while
the nearest one was commanded by the French intrenchments. On these
eminences earth-work redoubts had been constructed, each mounted with
two or three pieces of heavy ship guns, and manned by 250 Turks.
At the end of the plain next Balaklava, and stationed at the mouth of
the gorge leading down to it, were the 93d Highlanders.
In the plain, about ten miles from Balaklava, were picketed the
cavalry, commanded in chief by the Earl of Lucan, consisting of the
Light Brigade, 607 strong, and the Heavy Brigade, mustering 1000
sabres.
Such was the position of the rearward forces of the Allies on the
morning of the 25th October, 1854, when the Russians, under General
Liprandi, starting from Kamara about five o’clock, advanced to
attack them. The cavalry pickets, riding in haste, soon brought
intelligence of the attack to the Allied head-quarters, and measures
were instantly taken to forward all the troops that could be spared
from before Sebastopol to the menaced point.
The Duke of Cambridge and Sir George Cathcart were ordered to advance
with the 1st and 4th divisions with all speed, while Bosquet’s French
division received similar orders from General Canrobert.
Soon after eight o’clock, Lord Raglan and his staff turned out, and
cantered towards the rear. The booming of artillery, the spattering
roll of musketry, were heard rising from the valley, drowning the
roar of the siege guns in front before Sebastopol. General Bosquet, a
stout, soldier-like looking man, followed with his staff and a small
escort of hussars at a gallop.
From their position on the summit of the heights, forming the rear
of the British position, and overlooking the plain of Balaklava,
the Allied generals beheld the aspect of the combat. Immediately
below, in the plain, the British cavalry, under Lord Lucan, were seen
rapidly forming into glittering masses, while the 93d Highlanders,
under Sir Colin Campbell, drew up in line in front of the gorge
leading to Balaklava.
The main body of the Russians was by this time visible about two
and a half miles off, advancing up the narrow valley leading from
the Yaeta pass. A mile in front of them were two batteries of light
artillery, playing vigorously on the Turkish redoubts, and escorted
by a cloud of mounted skirmishers, “wheeling and whirling like autumn
leaves before the wind;” following those were large, compact squares
of cavalry; and in rear of all came solid masses of infantry, with
twenty pieces of artillery in row before them. The enemy rapidly
advanced his cavalry and horse-artillery, so as to overpower the
detached corps of Turks before any troops could be moved forward
from the main body to support them. In this he perfectly succeeded,
and the second redoubt was abandoned, as the first had been--its
defenders being severely cut up in their flight by the Cossack horse.
They ran in scattered groups across towards the next redoubt, and
towards Balaklava, but the horse-hoof of the Cossack was too quick
for them, and sword and lance were busily plied among the retreating
herd. The yells of the pursuers and pursued were plainly audible.
As the lancers and light cavalry of the Russians advanced, they
gathered up their skirmishers with great speed, and in excellent
order; the shifting trails of men, which played all over the valley,
like moonlight on the water, contracted, gathered up, and the little
pelotons in a few moments became a solid column. Then up came their
guns, in rushed their gunners to the abandoned redoubts, and the
guns of the second redoubt soon played with deadly effect upon the
dispirited defenders of the third. Two or three shots in return
from the earthworks, and all is silent. The Turks swarm over the
earthworks, and run in confusion towards the town, firing their
muskets at the enemy as they run.
Again the solid column of cavalry opens like a fan, and resolves
itself into a long spray of skirmishers. It overlaps the flying
Turks, steel flashes in the air, and down goes the poor Moslem,
quivering on the plain, split through fez and musket-guard to the
chin and breast-belt. There is no support for them. The remnant of
the Turks, flying towards Balaklava, took refuge behind the ranks
of the 93d Highlanders, and were formed into line on the wings of
the regiment. The Russians by this time had turned the guns of the
captured redoubt against the Allied front, but with little effect,
as Sir Colin withdrew his Highlanders out of range, and the British
Cavalry were hid from view by an undulating swell of the plain.
Encouraged by this retiring movement, the whole mass of Russian
cavalry, about 4,000 strong, now came sweeping into the plain, with
the obvious intention of breaking through the Allied line before
reinforcements could arrive from before Sebastopol. This was the
crisis of the day, as the slightest reverse to the Allies in this
quarter would have been attended with serious consequences.
On came the foe in brilliant masses, pouring down at a canter into
the plain and on to the high road. Here one body of horse, 1,500
strong, rapidly wheeling to their left, charged down the road towards
Balaklava, against the single Highland regiment which there barred
the way, and which awaited their approach in a line two deep. At 800
yards the Turks, drawn up on the wings of the regiment, discharged
their muskets, and fled.
“Highlanders!” exclaimed Sir Colin Campbell, as he saw his men
wavering on being thus deserted, “if you don’t stand firm, not a man
of you will be left alive.” At 600 yards the regiment fired, but
with little effect, upon the Russian squadrons now advancing at a
gallop. The anxiety of the onlookers grew intense as they beheld that
immense body of charging cavalry within 150 yards of their Highland
line, when down again went the level line of Minié rifles, a steady
volley rang out, and the next instant the attacking squadrons were
seen wheeling off to the right and left in retreat.
Meanwhile the main body of the Russian cavalry swept on straight
across the plain, apparently with the design of carrying the
thinly-defended heights at a gallop. But a foe intervened of which
they did not make sufficient account. The instant they topped the
little eminence in front of the British cavalry, the trumpets of
the Heavy Brigade sounded the charge, and away went the brigade in
two lines, the Scots Greys and Enniskillens in front, led on by
Brigadier-General Scarlett. The Russians were likewise in two lines,
and more than twice as deep. The shock was terrific, but lasted only
for a moment. The handful of red-coats broke through the enemy,
scattering the first line right and left, and then charged the
second line, which came spurring up to the rescue. It was a fight of
heroes. The position of the Greys and Enniskilleners quickly became
one of imminent danger; for while cutting their way in splendid
style through their foes, the Russian first line rallied again,
and bore down upon their rear. God help them, they are lost! burst
from the Allied generals and on-lookers: when, like a thunder-bolt,
the 1st Royals and 4th and 5th Dragoon Guards, forming the British
second line, broke with one terrible assault upon the foe, cutting
through the line of rallying Russians as if it were pasteboard, and
then, falling upon the flank of the Russian line, disordered by the
terrible assault, put it to utter rout. A cheer burst from every
lip, and, in the enthusiasm, officers and men on the heights took
off their caps and shouted with delight. The loss to the British in
this splendid charge was very trifling. All danger to the Allied
position was now past. The enemy had made their rush, and failed. The
British and French divisions, arriving from before Sebastopol, began
to take up a position in the plain, and the Russians drawing back and
concentrating their forces, relinquished all the captured redoubts
save one. The fight seemed over; when an unlucky mistake, the precise
origin of which is still shrouded in mystery, gave rise to a most
brilliant but disastrous feat of arms.
The British cavalry had been advanced to the edge of the plain next
the enemy, who were now slowly retiring up the narrow valley leading
to the Yaeta Pass, from which they had debouched in the morning. In
a gorge of this narrow valley, at about a mile and a half distant
from the British horse, a battery of nine heavy Russian guns was
posted, with infantry and a body of 2,000 cavalry in rear. Captain
Nolan, of the Light Brigade, one of the best swordsmen and cavalry
tacticians in the army, now came galloping up with an order from the
Commander-in-Chief to Lord Lucan to advance with the light cavalry,
and, if possible, prevent the enemy from carrying off the guns which
they had captured in the redoubts. The moment the Russians beheld
the squadrons advancing, they covered the slopes of the valley with
Minié riflemen, and quickly planted two batteries on the heights,
one on either side of the gorge. Formed in two lines, the British
light cavalry advanced rapidly into the valley of death--not a man
flinching, and Lord Cardigan leading on with a coolness and contempt
of danger that was magnificent. When they arrived at about 1,200
yards from the enemy, thirty Russian cannons simultaneously opened
fire upon them, knocking over men and horses in numbers, and wounded
or riderless steeds were seen flying over the field. Galloping on,
they advanced up the valley, through this terrific cross-fire,
towards the battery directly in front. The first line is broken, it
is joined by the second, they never halt or check their speed an
instant; with diminished ranks, thinned by those thirty guns, which
the Russians had laid with the most deadly accuracy, with a halo of
flashing steel above their heads and with a cheer which was many a
noble fellow’s death-cry, they flew into the smoke of the batteries,
but ere they were lost from view the plain was strewed with their
bodies, and with the carcases of horses. Lord Cardigan was almost
unhorsed by a 32-pounder exploding within a foot of his charger, and
a shell bursting at his side, struck Captain Nolan in the breast, and
with an involuntary shriek, the gallant officer fell dead from his
saddle. The Russian gunners stood to their pieces till the dragoons
were within ten yards of them, and were sabred to a man. Without
drawing bridle, the British horse next charged the mass of cavalry
in front of them, routed it, and pursued it pell-mell. Whilst the
pursuit was at its height, suddenly the order was shouted “Wheel
about!” The enemy, instead of being broken by their own men flying,
formed up four deep in front of the charging horse, while a mass of
lancers descended into their rear. But, nothing daunted, the heroic
light horse, facing about, charged again through the gathering forces
of the enemy, repassed the guns, and closed in desperate contest with
the Russian lancers.
At this moment the Russian artillerymen, returning to the guns
behind, sent a deadly shower of grape into the fighting mass of
horsemen, indiscriminately at friend and foe. The charge lasted
barely half-an-hour, and but 198 out of 800 returned to the British
lines.
Whilst the batteries were firing upon the retiring cavalry, a body of
French chasseurs d’Afrique charged at the guns erected on the left
of the valley, and forced them to retire. After sabering amongst the
Russian skirmishers, the chasseurs retired.
This closed the operations of the day. The Russians withdrew their
forces from the heights, and did not carry out their menaced attack
on Balaklava.
The bombardment of the forts before Sebastopol continued without
cessation all day.
Elated by their success against the Turks, and the capture of the
guns of the redoubts, the Russians attempted a sortie from Sebastopol
on the following day, the 26th October, whose strength exceeded 9000
infantry, with a numerous artillery; but no sooner had they entered
within range of the Allies’ guns, which, eighteen in number, had
taken up their position, than the word, “fire,” was given, and a
volley of shell tore open the ranks of the Russians, and checked
their advance. The guns being reloaded, a second discharge, no less
severe in its execution, caused the enemy to wheel round and retire.
A few rockets, dexterously discharged, transferred this retreat into
a rout. Upwards of 200 Russians were killed, and a large quantity of
muskets and sabres taken.
After this unsuccessful _sortie_ of the Russians, the siege continued
without any incident of particular interest to November 5th.