A large amount of stock of paper mills. This paper is seasoned by
holding it in stock and will be later given such surface as is called
for.]
[Illustration: COATING MACHINES.
Where the paper passes through a bath of coating mixture to a long
drying gallery at the end of which it is rewound preparatory to being
given the highly finished surface on the calendaring machine.]
[Illustration: A section of Finishing Room department where paper is
passed through alternating compressed fiber and steel rolls giving
it the surface required for different classes of printing. The paper
on which the Book of Wonders is printed has a highly finished smooth
surface so that the pictures will come out clear.]
[Illustration: WHERE THE PAPER IS CUT IN SHEETS
The finished rolls of stock pass through rotary cutters which produce
the sheets of various required sizes. The paper in the Book of Wonders
was cut in sheets 41x55 inches, thus making it possible to print 32
pages on each side of each sheet.]
[Illustration: Rotary Boiler for cooking rags or wood in making pulp
for use in manufacture of paper.]
Illustrations showing manufacture of paper by courtesy of S. D.
Warren & Co.
[Illustration: HOW THE PRINTED TYPE OF THIS BOOK WAS SET
This picture shows the wonderful Linotype machine by which the type
of this book was “set,” as the printers say. The men who operate the
machine are compositors. Originally the type matter of books was set
by hand and the compositor composed in type what the author of the
book had written. By pressing down on the keys which you see in the
picture, the compositor sets the words in lines of metal. This machine
is almost human. By touching the proper keys, the operator assembles a
line of matrices the details of which are explained in another picture,
and after this is done the machine automatically casts a slug from
them, turns and delivers a slug into a galley ready for use and finally
distributes the matrices back into their respective channels in the
magazine, where they are ready to be called down again, by the touch of
the key button. The latest model linotype has four magazines and can be
equipped with matrices which when assembled will cast lines in from six
to twelve different sizes and styles of type.
The assembling mechanism is the only part of the linotype where the
human mind is applied to the working of the machine. It is necessary
for the eye to read what is to be printed, and the mind, through the
medium of the fingers, to translate this into assembled lines of
matrices; after that the machine acts automatically.]
[Illustration: THE LINOTYPE—FOUR MACHINES IN ONE
The keyboard is made up of 90 keys, which act directly on the matrices
in their channels in the magazine. The slightest touch on the
keybuttons releases the matrix, which drops to the assembler belt and
is carried swiftly to the assembler. When a word is assembled, the
spaceband key is touched and a spaceband drops into the assembler.
When the necessary matrices and spacebands to fill the line have been
assembled, the operator raises the assembler by pressing a lever on the
side of the keyboard. When the assembler reaches its highest point it
automatically starts the machine and the matrices are transferred to
the casting position.
This illustration shows the manner in which matrices are constantly
circulated in the Linotype. From the magazine they are carried to the
assembler, then passed to the mold, where the line is cast, and from
the mold after casting they are raised to the top of the machine and
redistributed to their proper channels in the magazine.
The Linotype is sometimes called a typesetting machine, but this is not
correct: it does not set type. It is a substitute for typesetting. It
is strictly speaking a composing machine, as it does composition but
its product is not set type, but solid slugs in the form of lines of
type with the printing face cast on the edge.
It is in reality four machines so arranged that they work together in
harmony--the magazine, the assembling mechanism, the casting mechanism
and the distributing mechanism. The magazine is at the top of the
machine sloping to the front at an angle of about 31 degrees, and
consists of two brass plates placed together with a space of about
five-eighths of an inch between. The two inner surfaces are cut with 92
grooves or channels running the up and down way of the magazine, for
carrying the matrices. The matrices slide down these channels on edge,
with the face or punched edge down, and the V-end extending toward the
upper part of the magazine. Each of these channels will hold twenty
matrices.]
[Illustration: LITTLE PIECES OF BRASS WHICH PRODUCE SOLID TYPE