LAST WORDS ON KOREA
The patient reader has now learned with me something of Korean history
during the last three years, as well as of the reorganized methods
of Government, and the education, trade, and finance of the country.
He has also by proxy travelled in the interior, and has lived among
the peasant farmers, seeing their industries, the huckstering which
passes for trade, something of their domestic life and habits, and
the superstitions by which they are enslaved, and has acquired some
knowledge of the official and patrician exactions under which they
suffer. He has seen the Koreans at home, with their limpness, laziness,
dependence, and poverty, and Koreans under Russian rule raised into
a thrifty and prosperous population. He can to some extent judge for
himself of the prospects of a country which is incapable of standing
alone, and which could support double its present population, and of
the value of a territory which is possibly coveted by two Powers.
Having acted as his guide so far, I should like to conclude with a few
words on some of the subjects which have been glanced at in the course
of these volumes.
Korea is not _necessarily_ a poor country. Her resources are
undeveloped, not exhausted. Her capacities for successful agriculture
are scarcely exploited. Her climate is superb, her rainfall abundant,
and her soil productive. Her hills and valleys contain coal, iron,
copper, lead, and gold. The fisheries along her coast-line of 1,740
miles might be a source of untold wealth. She is inhabited by a hardy
and hospitable race, and she has no beggar class.
On the other hand, the energies of her people lie dormant. The
upper classes, paralyzed by the most absurd of social obligations,
spend their lives in inactivity. To the middle class no careers are
open; there are no skilled occupations to which they can turn their
energies. The lower classes work no harder than is necessary to keep
the wolf from the door, for very sufficient reasons. Even in Seoul,
the largest mercantile establishments have hardly risen to the level
of shops. Everything in Korea has been on a low, poor, mean level.
Class privileges, class and official exactions, a total absence of
justice, the insecurity of all earnings, a Government which has carried
out the worst traditions on which all unreformed Oriental Governments
are based, a class of official robbers steeped in intrigue, a monarch
enfeebled by the seclusion of the palace and the pettinesses of the
Seraglio, a close alliance with one of the most corrupt of empires, the
mutual jealousies of interested foreigners, and an all-pervading and
terrorizing superstition have done their best to reduce Korea to that
condition of resourcelessness and dreary squalor in which I formed my
first impression of her.
Nevertheless the resources are there, in her seas, her soil, and her
hardy population.
A great and universal curse in Korea is the habit in which thousands
of able-bodied men indulge of hanging, or “sorning,” on relations or
friends who are better off than themselves. There is no shame in the
transaction, and there is no public opinion to condemn it. A man who
has a certain income, however small, has to support many of his own
kindred, his wife’s relations, many of his own friends, and the friends
of his relatives. This partly explains the rush for Government offices,
and their position as marketable commodities. To a man burdened with a
horde of hangers-on, the one avenue of escape is official life, which,
whether high or low, enables him to provide for them out of the public
purse. This accounts for the continual creation of offices, with no
other real object than the pensioning of the relatives and friends of
the men who rule the country. Above all, this explains the frequency
of conspiracies and small revolutions in Korea. Principle is rarely at
stake, and no Korean revolutionist intends to risk his life in support
of any conviction.
Hundreds of men, strong in health and of average intelligence, are at
this moment hanging on for everything, even their tobacco, to high
officials in Seoul, eating three meals a day, gossiping and plotting
misdeeds, the feeling of honorable independence being unknown. When
it is desirable to get rid of them, or it is impossible to keep them
longer, offices are created or obtained for them. Hence Government
employment is scarcely better than a “free coup” for this class of
rubbish. The factious political disturbances which have disgraced Korea
for many years have not been conflicts of principle at all, but fights
for the Government position which gives its holder the disposal of
offices and money. The suspiciousness which prevents high officials
from working together is also partly due to the desire of every
Minister to get more influence with the King than his colleagues, and
so secure more appointments for his relations and friends. The author
of the Korean Dictionary states that the word for _work_ in Korean is
synonymous with “loss,” “evil,” “misfortune,” and the man who leads an
idle life proves his right to a place among the gentry. The strongest
claim for office which an official puts forward for a _protégé_ is that
he cannot make a living. Such persons when appointed do little, and
often nothing, except draw their salaries and “squeeze” where they can!
I have repeated almost _ad nauseam_ that the cultivator of the soil is
the _ultimate sponge_. The farmers work harder than any other class,
and could easily double the production of the land, their methods,
though somewhat primitive, being fairly well adapted to the soil and
climate. But having no security for their gains, they are content to
produce only what will feed and clothe their families, and are afraid
to build better houses or to dress respectably. There are innumerable
peasant farmers who have gone on reducing their acreage of culture year
by year, owing to the exactions and forced loans of magistrates and
_yang-bans_, and who now only raise what will enable them to procure
three meals a day. It is not wonderful that classes whose manifest
destiny is to be squeezed, should have sunk down to a dead level of
indifference, inertia, apathy, and listlessness.
In spite of reforms, the Korean nation still consists of but two
classes, the Robbers and the Robbed,--the official class recruited from
the _yang-bans_, the licensed vampires of the country, and the _Ha-in_,
literally “low men,” a residuum of fully four-fifths of the population,
whose _raison d’être_ is to supply the blood for the vampires to suck.
Out of such unpromising materials the new nation has to be constructed,
by education, by protecting the producing classes, by punishing
dishonest officials, and by the imposition of a labor test in all
Government offices, _i.e._ by paying only for work actually done.
That reforms are not hopeless, if carried out under firm and capable
foreign supervision, is shown by what has been accomplished in the
Treasury Department in one year. No Korean office was in a more chaotic
and corrupt condition, and the ramifications of its corruption were
spread all through the Provinces. Much was hoped when Mr. M’Leavy Brown
accepted the thankless position of Financial Adviser, from his known
force of character and remarkable financial capacity, but no one would
have ventured to predict what has actually occurred.
Although his efforts at financial reform have been thwarted at
every turn, not alone by the rapacity of the King’s male and female
favorites, and the measureless cunning and craft of corrupt officials,
who incite the Sovereign to actions concerning money which are
subversive of the fairest schemes of financial rectitude, but by
chicane, fraud, and corruption in every department; by the absence of
trustworthy subordinates; by infamous traditional customs; and the fact
that every man in office, and every man hoping for office, is pledged
by his personal interest to oppose every effort at reform actively or
passively, Korean finance stands thus at the close of 1897.
In a few months the Augean stable of the Treasury Department in Seoul
has been cleansed; the accounts are kept on a uniform system, and with
the utmost exactitude; “value received” precedes payments for work; an
army of drones, hanging on to all departments and subsisting on public
money, has been disbanded; a partial estimate has been formed of the
revenue which the Provinces ought to produce; superfluous officials
unworthily appointed find that their salaries are not forthcoming;
every man entitled to receive payment is paid at the end of every
month; nothing is in arrears; great public improvements are carried out
with a careful supervision which ensures rigid economy; the accounts
of every Department undergo strict scrutiny; no detail is thought
unworthy of attention, and instead of Korea being bankrupt, as both her
friends and enemies supposed she would be in July, 1896, she closed the
financial year in April, 1897, with every account paid and a million
and a half in the Treasury, out of which she has repaid one million of
the Japanese loan of three millions. If foreign advisers of similar
calibre and capacity were attached to all the departments of State
similar results might in time be obtained.
One thing is certain, that the war and the period of the energetic
ascendency of Japan have given Korea so rude a shake, and have so
thoroughly discredited various customs and institutions previously
venerated for their antiquity, that no retrograde movements, such as
have been to some extent in progress in 1897, can replace her in the
old grooves.
Seoul is Korea for most practical purposes, and the working of the
Western leaven, the new impulses and modes of thought introduced
by Western education, the inevitable contact with foreigners, and
the influence of a free Press are through Seoul slowly affecting the
nation. Under the shadow of Chinese suzerainty the Korean _yang-ban_
enjoyed practically unlimited opportunities for the extortions and
tyrannies which were the atmosphere of patrician life. Japan introduced
a new theory on this subject, and practically gave the masses to
understand that they possess rights which the classes are bound to
respect, and the Press takes the same line.
It is slowly dawning upon the Korean peasant farmer through the medium
of Japanese and Western teaching, that to be an ultimate sponge is not
his inevitable destiny, that he is entitled to civil rights, equality
before the eye of the law, and protection for his earnings.
The more important of the changes during the last three years which are
beneficial to Korea may be summarized thus: The connection with China
is at an end, and with the victories of Japan the Korean belief in the
unconquerable military power of the Middle Kingdom has been exploded,
and the alliance between two political systems essentially corrupt
has been severed. The distinction between patrician and plebeian has
been abolished, on paper at least, along with domestic slavery, and
the disabilities which rendered the sons of concubines ineligible
for high office. Brutal punishments and torture are done away with,
a convenient coinage has replaced _cash_, an improved educational
system has been launched, a disciplined army and police force has been
created, the Chinese literary examinations are no longer the test of
fitness for official employment, a small measure of judicial reform
has been granted, a railroad from Chemulpo to the capital is being
rapidly pushed to completion, the pressure of the Trades Guilds is
relaxed, a postal system efficiently worked and commanding confidence
has been introduced into all the Provinces, the finances of the country
are being placed on a sound basis, the change from a land-tax paid in
kind to one which is an assessment in money on the value of the land
greatly diminishes the opportunities for official “squeezing,” and
large and judicious retrenchments have been carried out in most of the
metropolitan and provincial departments.
Nevertheless, the Government _Gazette_ of the 12th of August, 1897,
contains the following Royal Edicts:--
I
We have been looking into the condition of the country. We have
realized the imminent danger which threatens the maintenance of
the nation. But the people of both high and low classes do not
seem to mind the coming calamity and act indifferently. Under the
circumstances the country cannot prosper. We are depending upon Our
Ministers for their advice and help, but they do not respond to
our trust. How are we going to bring the nation out of its chaotic
condition? We desire them to pause and to think that they cannot
enjoy their homes unless the integrity of the nation is preserved.
We confess that We have not performed our part properly, but Our
Ministers and other officials ought to have advised Us to refrain from
wrongdoing as their ancestors had done to Our forefathers. We will
endeavor to do what is right and proper for our country hereafter,
and We trust Our subjects will renew their loyalty and patriotism in
helping Us to carry out Our aim. Our hope is that every citizen in the
land will consider the country’s interest first before thinking of his
private affairs. Let Us all join Our hearts to preserve the integrity
of Our country.
II
The welfare of Our people is our constant thought. We realize that
since last year’s disturbance Our people have been suffering greatly
on account of lack of peace and order. The dead suffers as much as the
living, but the Government has not done anything to ameliorate the
existing condition. This thought makes Us worry to such an extent that
the affluence by which We are surrounded is rather uncomfortable. If
this fact is known to Our provincial officials they will do their best
to ameliorate the condition of the people. Compulsory collection of
unjust taxes and thousands of lawless officials and Government agents
rob the helpless masses upon one pretence or another. Why do they
treat Our people so cruelly? We hereby order the provincial officials
to look into the various items of illegal taxes now being collected,
and abolish them all without reservation. Whoever does not heed this
edict will be punished according to the law.[60]
Though the Koreans of to-day are the product of centuries of
disadvantages, yet after nearly a year spent in the country, during
which I made its people my chief study, I am by no means hopeless of
their future, in spite of the distinctly retrograde movements of 1897.
Two things, however, are essential.
I. As Korea is incapable of reforming herself from within, that she
must be reformed from without.
II. That the power of the Sovereign must be placed under stringent and
permanent constitutional checks.
Hitherto I have written exclusively on Korean internal affairs, her
actual condition, and the prospects of the social and commercial
advancement of the people. I conclude with a few remarks on the
political possibilities of the Korean future, and the relations of
Korea with certain other powers.
The geographical position of Korea, with a frontier conterminous with
those of China and Russia, and divided from Japan by only a narrow sea,
has done much to determine her political relationships. The ascendency
of China grew naturally out of territorial connection, and its duration
for many centuries was at once the cause and effect of a community in
philosophy, customs, and to a great extent in language and religion.
But Chinese control is at an end, and China can scarcely be regarded as
a factor in the Korean situation.
Japan having skilfully asserted her claim to an equality of rights
in Korea, after several diplomatic triumphs and marked success in
obtaining fiscal and commercial ascendency, eventually, by the
overthrow of her rival in the late war, secured political ascendency
likewise; and the long strife between the two empires, of which Korea
had been the unhappy stage, came to an end.
The nominal reason for the war, to which the Japanese Government has
been careful to adhere, was the absolute necessity for the reform of
the internal administration of a State too near the shores of Japan
to be suffered to sink annually deeper into an abyss of misgovernment
and ruin. It is needless to speculate upon the ultimate object which
Japan had in view in undertaking this unusual task. It is enough to
say that she entered upon it with great energy; and that, while the
suggestions she enforced introduced a new _régime_, struck at the heart
of privilege and prerogative, revolutionized social order, and reduced
the Sovereign to the position of a “salaried automaton,” the remarkable
ability with which her demands were formulated gave them the appearance
of simple and natural administrative reforms.
I believe that Japan was thoroughly honest in her efforts; and though
she lacked experience, and was ofttimes rough and tactless, and aroused
hostile feeling needlessly, that she had no intention to subjugate, but
rather to play the _rôle_ of the protector of Korea and the guarantor
of her independence.
For more than a year, in spite of certain mistakes, she made fair
headway, accomplished some useful and important reforms, and initiated
others; and it is only just to her to repeat that those which are
now being carried out are on the lines which she laid down. Then
came Viscount Miura’s savage _coup_, which discredited Japan and
her diplomacy in the eyes of the civilized world. This was followed
by the withdrawal of her garrisons, and of her numerous advisers,
controllers, and drill instructors, and the substitution of an
apparently _laissez-faire_ policy for an active dictatorship. I write
“apparently,” because it cannot for a moment be supposed that this
sagacious and ambitious Empire recognized the unfortunate circumstances
in Korea as a finality, and retired in despair!
The landing of Japanese armies in Korea, and the subsequent
declaration of war with China, while they gave the world the shock
of a surprise, were, as I endeavored to point out briefly in chapter
xiii., neither the result of a sudden impulse, nor of the shakiness of
a Ministry which had to choose between its own downfall and a foreign
war. The latter view could only occur to the most superficial student
of Far Eastern history and politics.
Japan for several centuries has regarded herself as possessing vested
rights to commercial ascendency in Korea. The harvest of the Korean
seas has been reaped by her fishermen, and for 300 years her colonies
have sustained a more or less prosperous existence at Fusan. Her
resentment of the pretensions of China in Korea, though debarred for
a considerable time from active exercise, first by the policy of
seclusion pursued by the Tokugawa House, and next by the necessity of
consolidating her own internal polity after the restoration, has never
slumbered.
To deprive China of a suzerainty which, it must be admitted, was not
exercised for the advantage of Korea; to consolidate her own commercial
supremacy; to ensure for herself free access and special privileges; to
establish a virtual protectorate under which no foreign dictation would
be tolerated; to reform Korea on Japanese lines, and to substitute
her own liberal and enlightened civilization for the antique Oriental
conservatism of the Peninsula, are aims which have been kept steadily
in view for forty years, replacing in part the designs which had
existed for several previous centuries.
In order to judge correctly of the action or inaction of Japan during
1896 and 1897, it must be borne in mind not only that her diplomacy is
secret and reticent, but that it is steady; that it has not hitherto
been affected by any great political cataclysms at home; that it has
less of opportunism than that of almost any other nation, and that the
Japanese have as much tenacity and fixity of purpose as any other race.
Also, Japanese policy in Korea is still shaped by the same remarkable
statesmen, who from the day that Japan emerged upon the international
arena have been recognized by the people as their natural leaders, and
who have guided the country through the manifold complications which
beset the path of her enlightened progress with a celerity and freedom
from disaster which have compelled the admiration of the world.
The assassination of the Korean Queen under the auspices of Viscount
Miura, and the universal horror excited by the act, rendered it politic
for Japan to keep out of sight till the storm which threatened to wreck
her _prestige_ in Korea had blown over. This temporary retirement was
arranged with consummate skill. There were no violent dislocations.
The garrisons which were to be withdrawn quietly slipped away, and
were replaced by guards only sufficient for the protection of the
Japanese Legation, the Japanese telegraph, and other property. The
greater number of the Japanese in Korean Government employment fell
naturally out of it as their contracts expired, and quietly retired
from the country. Ministers of experience, proved ability, and courtesy
of demeanor, have succeeded to the post once occupied by Mr. Otori
and Viscount Miura. There has been scarcely any recent interference
with Korean affairs, and the Japanese colonists who were much given
to bullying and blustering are on greatly improved behavior, the most
objectionable among them having been recalled by orders from home.
Diplomatically, Japan has carefully avoided friction with the Korean
Government and the representatives of the other Powers. But to infer
from this that she has abandoned her claims, or has swerved from her
determination to make her patronage essential to the well-being of
Korea would be a grave mistake.
It has been said that whatever Japan lost in Korea Russia gained. It is
true that the King in his terror and apprehension threw himself upon
the protection of the Russian Minister, and remained for more than a
year under the shelter of the Russian flag, and that at his request
a Russian Military Commission arrived to reorganize and drill the
Korean army, that Russia presented 3,000 Berdan rifles to Korea, that a
Russian financier spent the autumn of 1896 in Seoul investigating the
financial resources and prospects of the country, and that the King,
warned by disastrous experiences of betrayal, prefers to trust his
personal safety to his proximity to the Russian military quarters.
But “Russian Ascendency,” in the sense of “_Control_” in which Japanese
ascendency is to be understood, has never existed. The Russian Minister
used the undoubtedly influential position which circumstances gave him
with unexampled moderation, and only brought his influence to bear on
the King in cases of grave misrule. The influence of Russia, however,
grew quietly and naturally, with little of external manifestation, up
to March, 1897, when the publication of a treaty, concluded ten months
before between Russia and Japan,[61] caused something of a revulsion
of feeling in favor of the latter country, and Russia has been slowly
losing ground. Her policy is too pacific to allow of a quarrel with
Japan, and a quarrel would be the inevitable result of any present
attempt at dictatorship in Korea. So far, she has pursued a strictly
opportunist policy, taking no steps except those which have been forced
upon her; and even if the Korean pear were ready to drop into her
mouth, I greatly doubt if she would shake the tree.
At all events, Russia let the opportunity of obtaining ascendency
in Korea go by. It is very likely that she never desired it. It may
be quite incompatible with other aims, at which we can only guess.
At the same time, the influence of Japan is quietly and steadily
increasing. Certainly the great object of the triple intervention
in the treaty negotiations in Shimonoseki was to prevent Japan from
gaining a foothold on the mainland of the Asiatic Continent; but it
does not seem altogether impossible that, by playing a waiting game
and profiting by previous mistakes, she, without assuming a formal
protectorate, may be able to add, for all practical purposes of
commerce and emigration, a mainland province to her Empire. Forecasts
are dangerous things,[62] but it is safe to say that if Russia, not
content with such quiet, military developments as may be in prospect,
were to manifest any aggressive designs on Korea, Japan is powerful
enough to put a brake on the wheel! Korea, however, is incapable
of standing alone, and unless so difficult a matter as a joint
protectorate could be arranged, she must be under the tutelage of
either Japan or Russia.
If Russia were to acquire an actual supremacy, the usual result would
follow. Preferential duties and other imposts would practically make an
end of British trade in Korea with all its large potentialities. The
effacement of British political influence has been effected chiefly by
a policy of _laissez-faire_, which has produced on the Korean mind the
double impression of indifference and feebleness, to which the dubious
and hazy diplomatic relationship naturally contributes. If England has
no contingent interest in the political future of a country rich in
undeveloped resources and valuable harbors, and whose possession by
a hostile Power might be a serious peril to her interests in the Far
East, her policy during the last few years has been a sure method of
evidencing her unconcern.
Though we may have abandoned any political interest in Korea, the
future of British trade in the country remains an important question.
Such influence as England possesses, being exercised through a
non-official channel, and therefore necessarily indirect, is owing to
the abilities, force, and diplomatic tact of Mr. M’Leavy Brown, the
Chief Commissioner of Customs, formerly of H.B.M.’s Chinese Consular
Service. So long as he is in control at the capital, and such upright
and able men as Mr. Hunt, Mr. Oiesen, and Mr. Osborne are Commissioners
at the treaty ports (Appendix D), so long will England be commercially
important in Korean estimation.
The Customs revenue, always increasing, and collected at a cost of 10
per cent. only, is the backbone of Korean finance; and everywhere the
ability and integrity of the administration give the Commissioners an
influence which is necessarily in favor of England, and which produces
an impression even on corrupt Korean officialism. That this service
should remain in our hands is of the utmost practical importance. In
the days of Japanese ascendency there was a great desire to upset the
present arrangement, but it was frustrated by the tact and firmness
of the Chief Commissioner. The next danger is that it should pass
into Russian hands, which would be a severe blow to our _prestige_
and interests. Some of the leading Russian papers are agitating this
question, and the _Novoie Vremia_ of 9th September, 1897, in writing
of the opening of the ports of Mok-po and Chi-nam-po to foreign
trade, says:--“These encroachments are chiefly due to the cleverness
of the British officials who are at the head of the Financial and
Customs Departments of the Korean administration.” It adds, “If Russia
tolerates any further increase in this policy ... Great Britain will
convert the country into one of her best markets.” The _Novoie Vremia_
goes on to urge “the Russian Government to exercise, before it is too
late, a more searching surveillance than at present, to take steps to
reduce the number of British officials in the Korean Government (the
Customs), and to compel Japan to withdraw what are practically the
military garrisons which she has established in Korea.”
Such, in brief outline, is the position of political affairs in Korea
at the close of 1897. Her long and close political connection with
China is severed; she has received from Japan a gift of independence
which she knows not how to use; England, for reasons which may be
guessed at, has withdrawn from any active participation in her affairs;
the other European Powers have no interests to safeguard in that
quarter; and her integrity and independence are at the mercy of the
most patient and the most ambitious of Empires, whose interests in the
Far East are conflicting, if not hostile.
It is with great regret that I take leave of Korea, with Russia and
Japan facing each other across her destinies. The distaste I felt for
the country at first passed into an interest which is almost affection,
and on no previous journey have I made dearer and kinder friends, or
those from whom I parted more regretfully. I saw the last of Seoul
in snow in the blue and violet atmosphere of one of the loveliest of
her winter mornings, and the following day left Chemulpo in a north
wind of merciless severity in the little Government steamer _Hyenik_
for Shanghai, where the quaint Korean flag excited much interest and
questioning as she steamed slowly up the river.
FOOTNOTES:
[60] The good intentions of the Korean Sovereign, as well as the
weakness which renders them ineffective, are typically illustrated in
these two pathetic documents.
[61] See Appendix E.
[62] As “it is the unexpected which happens,” it would not be
surprising if certain moves, ostensibly with the object of placing the
independence of Korea on a firm basis, were made even before these
volumes are published.
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A.
MISSION STATISTICS FOR KOREA, 1896.
KEY:
1: Year of beginning work in Korea.
2: Number of married male Missionaries.
3: Number of unmarried male Missionaries.
4: Number of unmarried female Missionaries.
5: Number of stations where Missionaries reside.
6: Number of out stations where no Missionaries reside.
+-------------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| NAME OF MISSION. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
+-------------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| American Presbyterian | | | | | | |
| Mission (North) | 1884 | 11 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 25} |
| | | | | | | } |
| American Presbyterian | | | | | | } |
| Mission (South) | 1892 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | } |
| | | | | | | } |
| Australian Presbyterian | | | | | | } |
| Mission | 1891 | 1 | | 3 | 1 | } |
| | | | | | | } |
| Y.M.C.A. Mission of | | | | | | } |
| Canada | 1889 | 1 | | | 1 | } |
| | | | | | | |
| American Meth. Epis. | | | | | | |
| Mission (North) | 1885 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 |
| | | | | | | |
| American Meth. Epis. | | | | | | |
| Mission (South) | 1896 | 1 | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| Ella Thing Memorial | | | | | | |
| Mission (Baptist) | 1895 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| | | | | | | |
| Society for the | | | | | | |
| Propagation of the | 1890 | | 9 | 7 | 3 | |
| Gospel | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| Société des Missions- | | | | | | |
| Étrangères | 1784 | | 26 | 8 | 19 | 466 |
+-------------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
KEY:
7: Number of organized churches.
8: Number of churches wholly self-supporting.
9: Number of churches partially self-supporting.
10: Number of communicants received during past year.
11: Number of catechumens or probationers received during past year.
12: Number dismissed during past year.
13: Number of deaths during past year.
14: Present membership.
+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| NAME OF MISSION. | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|American Presbyterian | | | | | | | |
| Mission (North) |} | | | | | | |
| |} | | | | | | |
|American Presbyterian |} | | | | | | |
| Mission (South) |} | | | | | | |
| |} 13 | 8 | 5 | 210 | 635 | 3 | 2 |
|Australian Presbyterian|} | | | | | | |
| Mission |} | | | | | | |
| |} | | | | | | |
|Y.M.C.A. Mission of |} | | | | | | |
| Canada |} | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
|American Meth. Epis. | | | | | | | |
| Mission (North) | 7 | | 7 | 57 | 588 | | 2 |
| | | | | | | | |
|American Meth. Epis. | | | | | | | |
| Mission (South) | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
|Ella Thing Memorial | | | | | | | |
| Mission (Baptist) | | | | | 3 | | |
| | | | | | | | |
|Society for the | | | | | | | |
| Propagation of the | | | | | | | |
| Gospel | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
|Société des Missions- | | | | | | | |
| Étrangères | 18 | | |1,250| | | 515 |
+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
KEY:
15: Number of Sabbath schools.
16: Number of pupils in Sabbath schools.
17: Number of day schools.
18: Number of pupils in day schools.
19: Number of boarding-schools for boys.
20: Number of boarding-schools for girls.
+-----------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| NAME OF MISSION. | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
+-----------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|American Presbyterian | | | | | | | |
| Mission (North) | | | | { 7 | 139 | 1 | 1 |
| | | | | { | | | |
|American Presbyterian | | | | { | | | |
| Mission (South) | | | | { | | | |
| | 510 | 10 | 783 | { | | | |
|Australian Presbyterian| | | | { | | | |
| Mission | | | | { | | | 1 |
| | | | | { | | | |
|Y.M.C.A. Mission of | | | | { | | | |
| Canada | | | | { | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
|American Meth. Epis. | | | | | | | |
| Mission (North) | 266 | 7 | 512 | 4 | 121 | 1 | 1 |
| | | | | | | | |
|American Meth. Epis. | | | | | | | |
| Mission (South) | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
|Ella Thing Memorial | | | | | | | |
| Mission (Baptist) | 1 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
|Society for the | | | | | | | |
| Propagation of the | | | | | | | |
| Gospel | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
|Société des Missions- | | | | | | \ / |
| Étrangères |28,802| | | 21 | 204 | 2 |
+-----------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
KEY:
21: Number of pupils in boarding-schools for boys.
22: Number of pupils in boarding-schools for girls.
23: Number of theological schools.
24: Number of theological students.
25: Number of native ministers.
26: Number of unordained preachers and helpers.
+-----------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
| NAME OF MISSION. | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 |
+-----------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
|American Presbyterian | | | | | | |
| Mission (North) | 50 | 35 | | | | 13 |
| | | | | | | |
|American Presbyterian | | | | | | |
| Mission (South) | | | | | | 2 |
| | | | | | | |
|Australian Presbyterian| | | | | | |
| Mission | | 9 | | | | 1 |
| | | | | | | |
|Y.M.C.A. Mission of | | | | | | |
| Canada | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|American Meth. Epis. | | | | | | |
| Mission (North) | 110 | 50 | | | | 10 |
| | | | | | | |
|American Meth. Epis. | | | | | | |
| Mission (South) | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|Ella Thing Memorial | | | | | | |
| Mission (Baptist) | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|Society for the | | | | | | |
| Propagation of the | | | | | | |
| Gospel | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|Société des Missions- | \ / | | | | |
| Étrangères | 271 | 1 | 24 | 3 | 16 |
+-----------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
KEY:
27: Number of Bible-women.
28: Number of hospitals.
29: Number of in-patients treated during past year.
30: Number of dispensaries.
31: Number of patients treated during past year.
32: Native contributions for all purposes during past year.
+-------------------------+------+-----+------+-----+------+-----------+
| NAME OF MISSION. | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
+-------------------------+------+-----+------+-----+------+-----------+
| American Presbyterian | | | | | | |
| Mission (North) | 4 | 3 | 339 | 7 |20,295|$796.44[63]|
| | | | | | | |
| American Presbyterian | | | | | | |
| Mission (South) | 1 | | | 1 | 2,000| |
| | | | | | | |
| Australian Presbyterian | | | | | | |
| Mission | 1 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| Y.M.C.A. Mission of | | | | | | |
| Canada | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| American Meth. Epis. | | | | | | |
| Mission (North) | 5 | 2 | 116 | 4 | 7,778| $647.37 |
| | | | | | | |
| American Meth. Epis. | | | | | | |
| Mission (South) | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| Ella Thing Memorial | | | | | | |
| Mission (Baptist) | | | | | | $.60 |
| | | | | | | |
| Society for the | | | | | | |
| Propagation of the | | | | | | |
| Gospel | | 3 | 795 | 3 |29,786| |
| | | | | | | |
| Société des Missions- | | | | | | |
| Étrangères | | | | | | |
+-------------------------+------+-----+------+-----+------+-----------+
FOOTNOTES:
[63] Besides much in labor and in contributions for support of native
evangelists, schools, and the enlargement and construction of Church
edifices.
APPENDIX B
DIRECT FOREIGN TRADE OF KOREA, 1886-96
(_i.e._ net value of foreign goods imported in foreign, or
foreign-type, vessels into the Treaty Ports, and taken cognizance of
by the foreign Customs; and of native goods similarly exported and
re-exported from the Treaty Ports to foreign countries.)
+------+---------------------------+----------------------+------------+
| | Net imports of Foreign | Exports and | |
| | Goods (_i.e._ exclusive of| Re-exports[64] | |
| Year.| Foreign Goods re-exported | of Native Goods to | Total. |
| | to Foreign Countries). | Foreign Countries. | |
+------+---------------------------+----------------------+------------+
| 1886 | $2,474.185 | $ 504,225 |$ 2,978,410 |
| 1887 | 2,815,441 | 804,996 | 3,620,437 |
| 1888 | 3,046,443 | 867,058 | 3,913,501 |
| 1889 | 3,377,815 | 1,233,841 | 4,611,656 |
| 1890 | 4,727,839 | 3,550,478 | 8,278 317 |
| 1891 | 5,256,468 | 3,366.344 | 8,622.812 |
| 1892 | 4,598,485 | 2,443,739 | 7,042,224 |
| 1893 | 3.880,155 | 1,698,116 | 5,578,271 |
| 1894 | 5,831,563 | 2,311,215 | 8,142,778 |
| 1895 | 8,088,213 | 2,481,808 | 10,570,021 |
| 1896 | 6,531,324 | 4,728,700 | 11,260,024 |
+------+---------------------------+----------------------+------------+
_Note._--The increase in the foreign trade of Korea between 1886
and 1896 may not have been so great as the above figures without
explanation would imply. It is generally stated that side by side
with the trade in foreign vessels at the Treaty Ports a considerable
traffic has been carried on by junk between non-Treaty ports in Korea
and ports in China and Japan. This junk trade was probably much larger
in the earlier years of the period the figures of which are compared,
and the rapid development shown in the table may be partly due to
the increasing transfer of traffic from native craft to foreign-type
vessels which offer greater regularity and safety and less delay.
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE NET DUES AND DUTIES COLLECTED AT THE THREE
PORTS FOR THE YEARS 1884-96
+------+--------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+
| Year.|Import Duties.|Export Duties.|Tonnage Dues.| Total. |
+------+--------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+
| 1884 | $ 79,373.71 | $ 19,234.74 | $ 3,478.19 |$102,086.64|
| 1885 | 119,364.41 | 19,602.22 | 2,996.90 | 141,963.53|
| 1886 | 132,757.12 | 24,812.11 | 2,708.75 | 160,277.98|
| 1887 | 203,271.68 | 40,384.52 | 3,045.12 | 246,701.32|
| 1888 | 219,759.81 | 43,330.62 | 4,124.55 | 267,214.98|
| 1889 | 213,457.49 | 61,835.23 | 4,707.04 | 279,999.76|
| 1890 | 327,460.11 | 178,552.14 | 8,587.90 | 514,600.15|
| 1891 | 372,022.07 | 168,096.36 | 8,940.26 | 549,058.69|
| 1892 | 308,954.13 | 123,212.24 | 6,247.05 | 438,413.42|
| 1893 | 262,679.28 | 85,720.22 | 5,717.16 | 354,116.66|
| 1894 | 357,828.34 | 115,779.33 | 7,398.64 | 481,006.31|
| 1895 | 601,588.06 | 124,261.22 | 15,448.20 | 741,297.48|
| 1896 | 448,137.16 | 226,342.45 | 17,304.75 | 691,784.36|
+------+--------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+
COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE JAPANESE AND NON-JAPANESE COTTON GOODS
IMPORTED INTO KOREA DURING THE YEAR 1896
------------------+----------------+-----------+-----------+
| Classification | Japanese. |
Description. | of +-----------+-----------+
| Quantity. | Quantity. | Value. |
------------------+----------------+-----------+-----------+
Shirtings--Gray | | | $ |
Plain | Pieces | 6,715 | 23,660 |
Shirtings--White | “ | 31 | 121 |
T-Cloths | “ | 1,211 | 2,719 |
Drills | “ | 163 | 634 |
Turkey-Red Cloths | “ | 1,652 | 3,663 |
Sheetings | “ | 30,184 | 115,914 |
Cotton Flannel | “ | 762 | 2,870 |
Cotton Blankets | Pairs | 1,625 | 3,883 |
Cotton Yarn and | | | |
Thread | Piculs | 12,821 | 368,064 |
| | | |
| Value | | 521,528 |
Cotton Goods, | | | |
Unclassed | “ | [65] | 644,671 |
| | | |
Total | Value | | 1,166,199 |
------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Non-Japanese. | Total. |
Description. +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. |
------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
Shirtings--Gray | | $ | | $ |
Plain | 428,911 | 1,567,967 | 435,626 | 1,591,627 |
Shirtings--White | 5,445 | 21,768 | 5,476 | 21,889 |
T-Cloths | 1,660 | 4,177 | 2,871 | 6,896 |
Drills | 11,583 | 47,998 | 11,746 | 48,632 |
Turkey-Red Cloths | 7,519 | 17,349 | 9,171 | 21,012 |
Sheetings | 14,793 | 58,455 | 44,977 | 174,369 |
Cotton Flannel | 1,432 | 3,927 | 2,194 | 6,797 |
Cotton Blankets | | | 1,625 | 3,883 |
Cotton Yarn and | | | | |
Thread | 1,795 | 71,386 | 14,616 | 439,450 |
| | | | |
| | 1,793,027 | | 2,314,555 |
Cotton Goods, | | | | |
Unclassed | |[66]379,319| | 1,023,990 |
| | | | |
Total | | 2,172,346 | | 3,338,545 |
FOOTNOTES:
[64] _i.e._ including native goods imported from another Korean port
and re-exported to a foreign country.
[65] Chiefly narrow-width cloth, gray or white, checked or plain.
[66] Including $2,549 Chinese Cottons.
APPENDIX C
RETURN of Principal Articles of Export (net) to Foreign Countries for
the Years 1896-95
--------------------+-----------------+----------------+---------------
| Chemulpo. | Fusan. | Wön-san.
Articles. +--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------
| 1896. | 1895. | 1896. | 1895. | 1896. | 1895.
--------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------
Beans |£48,485 |£45,679 |£65,731 |£22,337|£24,132|£32,049
Fish (dried manure) | .. | .. | 4,296 | 639 | 4,394 | 312
Cowhides | 8,789 | 14,036 | 11,077 |37,225 | 4,424 | 6,152
Ginseng | 29,739 | 575 | .. | .. | .. | ..
Paper | 2,326 | 1,785 | 1,806 | 2,236 | 24 | 9
Rice | 92,444 | 62,390 |178,852 |17,646 | 549 | ..
Seaweed | 55 | 40 | 6,705 | 3,809 | .. | ..
Sundries | 12,713 | 8,992 | 13,633 | 9,361 | 2,101 | 3,590
+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------
Total |£194,551|£133,497|£282,100|£93,253|£35,624|£42,112
--------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------
------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 1896. | 1895. |
+----------+---------+----------+---------+
|Currency. |Sterling.|Currency. |Sterling.|
+----------+---------+----------+---------+
Total exports from Korea|$4,728,700| £512,275|$2,481,808| £268,862|
------------------------+----------+---------+----------+---------+
RETURN of Principal Articles of Foreign Import (net: _i.e._ excluding
Re-exports) to Open Ports of Korea during the Years 1896-95.
------------------+-----------------+-----------------+----------------
| Chemulpo. | Fusan. | Wön-san.
Articles. +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------
| 1896. | 1895. | 1896. | 1895. | 1896. | 1895.
------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------
Cotton goods-- | | | | | |
Shirtings |£103,196|£172,549|£51,920 |£54,911 |£21,982 |£55,190
Lawns and | | | | | |
muslins | 6,956 | 11,554 | 10,670 | 8,183 | 1,072 | 2,066
Sheetings-- | | | | | |
Japanese | 12,508 | 7,199 | ... | ... | 40 | 1,330
English and | | | | | |
American | 6,736 | 8,594 | ... | ... | 23 | 4,500
Japanese piece- | | | | | |
goods | 14,015 | 20,129 | 24,944 | 19,432 | 30,867 | 38,608
Yarn-- | | | | | |
Japanese | 27,271 | 26,098 | 11,018 | 3,886 | 1,590 | 3,483
English and | | | | | |
Indian | 5,634 | 4,876 | 222 | ... | 1,871 | 4,364
Other cottons | 14,394 | 29,065 | 6,363 | 4,836 | 8,732 | 15,125
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Total |£190,710|£280,064|£105,137|£91,238 |£66,177 |£124,666
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Woolens | 3,266 | 4,933 | 578 | 884 | 182 | 333
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Metals | 7,172 | 8,620 | 15,253 | 10,342 | 7,690 | 6,217
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Sundries-- | | | | | |
Dyes | 4,818 | 10,794 | 2,363 | 3,084 | 777 | 1,667
Grass-cloths | 22,358 | 13,641 | 3,546 | 1,402 | 2,241 | 3,154
Matches | 4,798 | 3,575 | 4,571 | 3,348 | 2,018 | 1,680
Kerosene oil-- | | | | | |
American | 20,035 | 9,819 | 9,560 | 7,479 | 6,463 | 3,990
Russian | 9,312 | 457 | 4,513 | 478 | 69 | 1
Provisions | 5,717 | 3,859 | 2,358 | 2,024 | 381 | ...
Saké | 3,018 | 9,639 | 2,972 | 2,818 | 1,203 | 1,176
Silk piece-goods| 28,943 | 65,057 | 8,167 | 5,606 | 4,058 | 12,848
Other articles | 89,417 |111,902 | 50,828 | 38,859 | 26,241 | 30,884
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Total |£188,416|£228,743|£88,878 |£65,098 |£43,451 |£55,400
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Grand total |£382,203|£522,360|£209,846|£167,562|£117,500|£186,616
Less excess of | | | | | |
re-exports | | | | | |
over imports | | | | | |
in some | | | | | |
articles | 1,088 | 596 | ... | ... | ... | 126
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Net total |£381,115|£521,764|£209,846|£167,562|£117,500|£186,490
------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1896. 1895.
------------------------------------------------------
Currency. Sterling. Currency. Sterling.
------------------------------------------------------
Total for Korea $6,539,630[67] £708,461 $8,084,465[67] £875,816
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
RETURN of all Shipping Vessels Entered at the Open Ports of Korea
during the Year 1896.
KEY:
1 No. of Vessels
2 Tons
------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Chemulpo. | Fusan. |
+------------+-------------+------------+-------------+
Nationality.| Sailing. | Steam. | Sailing. | Steam. |
+-----+------+-----+-------+-----+------+-----+-------+
| | | | | | | | |
| 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
------------+-----+------+-----+-------+-----+------+-----+-------+
American | 2 | 158| | | | | | |
British | | | 3 | 3,381| | | 5 | 5,635|
Chinese | 56 | 557| | | | | | |
German | | | 1 | 808| | | 5 | 4,732|
Japanese | 307 |10,278| 154 |118,145| 537 |17,035| 292 |210,645|
Norwegian | | | 2 | 1,082| | | | |
Russian | | | 2 | 2,202| | | 13 | 10,381|
Korean | 111 | 3,572| 51 | 10,375| 9 | 500| 16 | 5,900|
+-----+------+-----+-------+-----+------+-----+-------+
Total | 476 |14,565| 213 |135,993| 546 |17,535| 331 |237,293|
“ for 1895| 531 |14,449| 242 |108,021| 497 |14,300| 272 |180,784|
------------+-----+------+-----+-------+-----+------+-----+-------+
------------+------------------------+---------------
| Wön-san. | Korea.
+-----------+------------+---------------
Nationality.| Sailing. | Steam. | Total.
+-----+-----+-----+------+------+--------
| | | | | |
| 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2
------------+-----+-----+-----+------+------+--------
American | | | | | 2| 158
British | | | 5 | 5,635| 13| 14,651
Chinese | | | | | 56| 557
German | | | 4 | 3,612| 10| 9,152
Japanese | 41 |3,227| 58 |65,654| 1,389| 424,984
Norwegian | | | | | 2| 1,082
Russian | | | 10 |10,234| 25| 22,817
Korean | 8 | 572| 28 | 4,840| 223| 25,759
+-----+-----+-----+------+------+---------
Total | 49 |3,799| 105 |89,975| 1,720| 499,160
“ for 1895| 61 |5,029| 93 |83,547| 1,696| 406,130
------------+-----+-----+-----+------+------+---------
FOOTNOTES:
[67] 1 dollar = 2s. 2d.
APPENDIX D
The population of the three Korean treaty ports was as follows in
January, 1897:--
Chemulpo Settlement.
Japanese 3,904
Chinese 404
British 15
German 12
American 7
French 7
Norwegian 3
Greek 3
Italian 1
Portuguese 1
-----
Total 4,357
Estimated native population 6,756
Fusan Settlement.
Japanese 5,508
Chinese 34
British 10
American 7
German 2
Danish 1
French 1
Italian 1
-----
Total 5,564
Estimated native population of Fusan City and the
Prefecture of Tung-nai 33,000
Wön-san Settlement.
Japanese 1,299
Chinese 39
American 8
German 3
British 2
French 2
Russian 2
Danish 1
Norwegian 1
-----
Total 1,357
Estimated native population 15,000
APPENDIX E
TREATY BETWEEN JAPAN AND RUSSIA WITH REPLY OF H.E. THE KOREAN MINISTER
FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
MEMORANDUM
The Representatives of Russia and Japan at Seoul, having conferred
under the identical instructions from their respective Governments,
have arrived at the following conclusions:--
While leaving the matter of His Majesty’s, the King of Korea,
return to the Palace entirely to his own discretion and judgment,
the Representatives of Russia and Japan will friendly advise His
Majesty to return to that place, when no doubts could be entertained
concerning his safety.
The Japanese Representative, on his part, gives the assurance, that
the most complete and effective measures will be taken for the control
of Japanese _soshi_.
The present Cabinet Ministers have been appointed by His Majesty by
his own free will, and most of them have held ministerial or other
high offices during the last two years and are known to be liberal and
moderate men.
The two Representatives will always aim at recommending His Majesty to
appoint liberal and moderate men as Ministers, and to show clemency to
his subjects.
The Representative of Russia quite agrees with the Representative
of Japan that at the present state of affairs in Korea it may be
necessary to have Japanese guards stationed at some places for the
protection of the Japanese telegraph line between Fusan and Seoul,
and that these guards, now consisting of three companies of soldiers,
should be withdrawn as soon as possible and replaced by gendarmes,
who will be distributed as follows: fifty men at Fusan, fifty men at
Ka-heung, and ten men each at ten intermediate posts between Fusan and
Seoul.
This distribution may be liable to some changes, but the total number
of the gendarme force shall never exceed two hundred men, who will
afterwards gradually be withdrawn from such places, where peace and
order have been restored by the Korean Government.
For the protection of the Japanese settlements at Seoul and the open
ports against possible attacks by the Korean populace, two companies
of Japanese troops may be stationed at Seoul, one company at Fusan
and one at Wön-san, each company not to exceed two hundred men. These
troops will be quartered near the settlements, and shall be withdrawn
as soon as no apprehension of such attacks could be entertained.
For the protection of the Russian Legation and Consulates the Russian
Government may also keep guards not exceeding the number of Japanese
troops at those places, and which will be withdrawn as soon as
tranquillity in the interior is completely restored.
(Signed) C. WAEBER,
_Representative of Russia_.
J. KOMURA,
_Representative of Japan_.
SEOUL, _14th May, 1896_.
PROTOCOL
The Secretary of State, Prince Lobanow-Rostovskey, Foreign Minister of
Russia, and the Marshal Marquis Yamagata, Ambassador Extraordinary of
His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, having exchanged their views on the
situation of Korea, agreed upon the following articles:--
I
For the remedy of the financial difficulties of Korea, the Governments
of Russia and Japan will advise the Korean Government to retrench all
superfluous expenditure, and to establish a balance between expenses
and revenues. If, in consequence of reforms deemed indispensable, it
may be necessary to have recourse to foreign loans, both Governments
shall by mutual consent give their support to Korea.
II
The Governments of Russia and Japan shall endeavor to leave to Korea,
as far as the financial and economical situation of that country will
permit, the formation and maintenance of a national armed force and
police of such proportions as will be sufficient for the preservation
of the internal peace, without foreign support.
III
With a view to facilitate communications with Korea, the Japanese
Government may continue (_continuera_) to administer the telegraph
lines which are at present in its hands.
It is reserved to Russia (the rights) of building a telegraph line
between Seoul and her frontiers.
These different lines can be repurchased by the Korean Government, so
soon as it has the means to do so.
IV
In case the above matters should require a more exact or detailed
explanation, or if subsequently some other points should present
themselves upon which it may be necessary to confer, the
Representatives of both Governments shall be authorized to negotiate
in a spirit of friendship.
(Signed) LOBANOW.
YAMAGATA.
MOSCOW, _9th_ June, 1896.
The following is the exact translation of the reply sent to the
Japanese Minister by the Korean Minister of Foreign Affairs, concerning
the Russo-Japanese Convention:--
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS,
_Mar. 9th, 2nd year of Kun-yang_ (1897).
SIR--I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch
of the 2nd instant, informing me that, on the 14th day of May last,
a memorandum was signed at Seoul by H.E. Mr. Komura, the former
Japanese Minister Resident, and the Russian Minister, and that, on the
4th of June of the same year, an Agreement was signed at Moscow, by
H.E. Marshal Yamagata, the Japanese Ambassador, and the Minister for
Foreign Affairs of Russia; and that these two documents have been laid
publicly before the Imperial Diet. You further inform me that on the
26th ultimo you received a telegram from your Government, pointing out
that the above-mentioned Agreement and memorandum in no way reflect
upon, but, on the contrary, are meant to strengthen, the independence
of Korea,--this being the object which the Governments of Japan and
Russia had in view,--and you cherish the confident hope that my
Government will not fail to appreciate this intention. In accordance
with telegraphic instructions received from the Imperial Minister of
Foreign Affairs you enclose copies of the Agreements referred to.
I beg to express my sincere thanks for your despatch and the
information it conveys. I would observe, however, that as my
Government has not joined in concluding these two Agreements, its
freedom of action as an independent Power cannot be restricted by
their provisions.--I have, etc.,
(Signed) YE WANYONG,
_Minister of State for Foreign Affairs_.
H.E. MR. KATO,
_Minister of Japan, etc._
INDEX
Abbot, a refined, 84.
Absolutism of the Korean crown reimposed, 377.
Agricultural implements, rude and few, 161.
Agriculture, primitive character of, 78;
improved methods in the Han Valley, 100;
methods of, 160;
ministry of, 383.
Ah Wong, 31.
Allen, Mr. Clement, 185;
Dr., 352, 353, 354, 443.
Altar-piece, an unique, 148.
American Missions, 22, 63, 172, 279, 311, 346-350, 388.
Am-nok River, the, 14, 17, 74.
Amur Province, the, 234, 242.
Amur River, the, 219, 220, 233, 241, 242, 244.
An-byöng, 163.
Ancestral temple, an, 87;
worship, 61, 63, 88, 401.
An-chin-Miriok, 345.
Ang-paks, 77, 125, 157.
Animal and Bird life, 73, 74, 150.
An Ju, 328.
An-kil Yung Pass, crossing the, 330.
An-mun-chai, the, 138, 141, 144, 146.
An object of curiosity, 88, 94, 97, 127, 146.
Appenzeller, Rev. H. G., 388.
A-ra-rüng style of music, 166.
Archipelago, a remarkable, 15.
Army, 56, 57, 210;
standing, an extravagance, 434.
A-san, 206;
battle of, 207.
Assassination of the Queen, 271, 455.
Assembly, a national, 373.
Atai-jo, king, 169.
Australian ladies, mission work by, 28.
Baikal horses, 237.
Banks and Banking, 26.
“Bannermen,” (irregular soldiery) of Manchuria, 190, 191.
Barter, the mode of exchange, 78.
Bas-reliefs, 84.
Beacon fires, 97, 105.
Beheading abolished, 265.
“Believing Mind, Temple of the,” 139.
Bell of Song-do, 295;
of Seoul, the great (see Seoul).
Birukoff, Mr., 388.
Botany, Native, 17, 95, 98.
Bows and arrows, reliance on in Manchuria, 190.
Bridges, infamous character of the, 171;
precarious, 293.
Brigands of Manchuria, 189.
British political influence and trade, 457.
Broughton Bay, junk excursion in, 15, 173.
Brown, Mr. M’Leavy, 37, 369, 397, 435, 448, 457.
Buddha, statues of, 136, 144.
Buddha worship, 137.
Buddhism, disestablishment of, 61;
moribund, 142;
introduction of, 148;
palmy days of Korean, 169;
gross superstitions of, 399;
relics of Korean, 286.
Buddhist hells, representations of, 139;
nunneries, 115, 135.
Buddhistic legends, 145.
Buddhist monastery and temple, 63, 76, 79, 84, 319.
Bull, Korean, as a beast of burden, 36, 110;
used for ploughing, 162.
Burial customs, 63, 204, 286, 288-291.
Burial places, 36, 61.
Butchers, methods of, 172.
Cabinet, the, 371, 374, 375;
ministers, execution of, 367.
Campbell, Mr., 133, 135, 138, 326.
Carles, Consul, 130, 329, 355.
Cavalry, Chinese, General Tso’s brigade, 210.
Cave, a remarkable, 99.
Cham-su-ki, 95, 96;
tree, 96.
Chang-an Sa, 137, 141, 142, 143, 144, 150, 160.
Charms, 408.
Cha-san, 322, 344.
Che-chön, 106.
Chefoo, arrival at, 185;
return to, 213.
Chemulpo, 20, 30, 33;
war excitement at, 178;
exodus of Chinese from, 182;
return of authoress to, 245;
accident on the way to, 267;
arrival at, 357;
railroad from to the capital, 450;
leave from, 459;
banks at, 32, 436;
cemetery at, 318;
Chinese settlement in, 31, 245;
Japanese settlement in, 31, 181, 246;
Korean quarter, 33;
occupation of, by Japanese, 206, 245;
population of, 469;
trade in, 33.
Children, non-burial of in Manchuria, 204;
sale of dæmons, 412.
Chil-sung Mon, the, 315, 316.
China, diplomatic relations with Korea, 19, 182.
Chinese in Korea, 12, 20, 182;
predominant influence of, 22, 452;
their settlement in Chemulpo, 31;
the colony at Seoul, 44;
consternation in Chinese colony, 182;
connection with Korea severed, 458.
Chinese Manchuria, 237, 244.
Chin-nam-po, 19, 357, 458.
Chino-Japanese War, origin of the, 206.
Chöi Sok dæmon, 420.
Chol-muri Kaut, the, 411.
Chŏl-yong-To, 23.
Chong-dong, 427, 437.
Chöng-phöng, town of, 90, 93, 94;
female curiosity at, 94.
Chong-söp (abbots), 141.
Chon-shin dæmons, 418.
Chön-yaing, 88.
_Chosen Magazine, The_, 440.
Cho Wang dæmon, 420.
Christianity, progress of, 201, 202.
Christian missions (see Missionaries and the Missions).
Christians, native, 65, 227.
Christian work in Seoul, 63;
in Korea, 65;
Korean estimate of, 438.
Christie, Dr., 198, 201, 202, 211.
Chu-la, 25, 306.
Chun-chön, 109.
Chung-Chong-Do, 75, 84.
Chyu-pha Pass, the, 129.
Class privileges, 101, 446, 450.
Climate, healthy character of, 16;
at Mukden, 201.
Coasts, character of, 15;
tour along, 150.
Coinage of, 20, 66, 398.
Concubinage, a recognized institution, 342.
Confucian college, the, 382;
temples, 76, 83, 94, 103.
Confucianism in Korea, 21, 22.
Conjugal fidelity, 116, 341, 343.
Conspiracies, frequency of, 447.
Constitutional changes, 371-386.
Conventions with China, renunciation of the, 207.
Cookery of the Koreans, 154.
Corfe, Bishop, 33, 37, 49, 63, 64, 66, 68.
Corfe Mission at Seoul, 30, 33, 64, 68.
Corruption, 431, 448.
Cossacks, Russian, rigid discipline of, 238.
Costumes, 26, 27, 45, 46.
Council of State, formation of a, 370, 375.
Council of State (Korean), organization of, 375.
Court functionaries, 428, 430.
Crown Prince, the, 253, 273, 362, 365, 428;
Princess, the, 273.
Customs, Korean, 59, 78, 101, 114, 127, 265, 266, 287, 359.
Customs revenue the backbone of Korean finance, 458.
Curzon, the Hon. G. W., 138.
Dæmon festivals, 410.
Dæmons, classification of, 421.
Dæmon Worship, 79;
fear of dæmons, 127, 129;
dæmonism, 399, 404, 409, 417.
Dallet’s Histoire de l’Église de Korée, 11;
quoted in regard to the position of women, 341, 355.
Dancing women, 344, 352.
Death, customs connected with, 63.
Deluge, a Manchurian, 193.
Diamond Mountain Monasteries, 133.
Diamond Mountain, the, 74, 75, 103, 129, 133, 140.
Disciples, Five Hundred, Temple to, 170.
Distinctions between Patrician and Plebeian abolished, 385.
Divination, 407, 408.
Dog-infested Seoul, 47.
Dog meat, use of, 154.
Dogs, 47, 72.
Dolmens, 131.
Domestic animals, few, 161;
life unknown, 355;
slaves, 47.
Domiciliary visit, 304.
Dragon dæmons, 417.
Drunkenness common, 91.
Dwellings, 77.
Dye, General, American military adviser, 271, 272, 277, 279.
Dynasty, Korean, worn out, 255.
Eastern Siberia, maritime provinces of, 242-244.
Eastern Siberian, drift of population to, 244.
_Edgar_, H. M. S., 302.
Edicts. See Royal.
Education, 143, 203, 387, 438;
the ministry of, 382, 391.
Education and Foreign Trade, 387.
Education in the hamlets, 79.
“Eight Views,” the, 155.
Elm trees, fine, 93.
English mission, the first, 63.
English-speaking Koreans at Seoul, 49.
Eternal Rest, Temple of, 134.
Eui-chyeng Pu (the cabinet), 371, 377.
Europeans, Korean estimate of, 438.
Examinations for official position, 152;
royal exams, abolished, 388.
Exorcists and Exorcism, 114, 344, 350, 400, 405, 423.
Exports and Imports, 392;
returns of, 466, 467.
Extortions and tyrannies, 450.
Falconry, 74.
Farmers, 447, 450.
Fauna of, 16.
Fengtien Cavalry Brigade, 210.
Ferguson & Co., Messrs., 185.
Fermented liquors, 91, 92.
Ferries, 104.
Ferry boat, an ingenious, 131.
Festivals, 410-413.
Fetishes, 416, 421.
Fever, attack of, 193.
Finance, 396.
Fire Dragon Pool, the, 145.
Fish and Fishing, 158.
“Five Hundred Disciples,” temple of the, 170.
Floods in Manchuria, 193.
Flora of, 17.
Forced labor, 337.
Foreign Goods, trade in, 24, 387, 391, 395, 464.
Foreign liquors, love of, 91;
Office, the, 381.
Forest wealth, 17.
Formosa, transfer of, 269.
Fortress, an ancient, 105.
“Four Sages,” Hall of the, 136.
Fox, Mr., 37, 39.
French clocks, rage for at Yö Ju, 90, 91.
Frescoes, curious, 60, 319.
Friendly character of people, 80.
“Frog-boxes,” 408.
Funerals, observances at, 62, 286.
Fusan, 20, 23, 24, 25;
its Japanese character, 26;
markets of, 28;
Europeans in, 178;
Japanese soldiers in, 245, 454;
population of, 469.
Gale, Mr., 167, 173;
Mrs., 173.
Game, 174.
Gap Pass, the, 36, 181.
Gardner, Mr. (acting consul), 35, 183;
Mrs. and Miss, 37.
Gautama, a shrine of, 137.
Geographical position determines Korea’s political relationships, 452.
Geology and the geological formation, 15.
Gesang, The, (singing and dancing girls) of Phyöng-yang, 352, 353.
Ginseng, “the elixir of life,” 296;
extent of its cultivation, 297;
preparation for market, 298.
Girl-babies, not specially welcome in a family, 300, 341.
Girls, seclusion of, 119.
Godobin, Fort, 214.
God of War, temple to the, 319.
Gold-digging, 108, 322, 324.
Gold dust exports, 108.
“Golden Sand,” the river of, 80.
Gold ornaments, 108.
Gorge, a grand, 95.
Government departments (Korean) reorganized, 381.
_Government Gazette_, the, 373, 374, 377.
“Government Hospital,” the, 64.
“Great Fifteenth Day,” the, 266.
Greathouse, General, 76.
Greathouse, Mr., 441.
Greek Church in Siberia, 229;
its Litany, 231.
Ha-chin, its ugly women, 97.
Ha Ch’i style of music, 166.
Ha-in class, the, 448.
Hair-cropping edict, 359, 363.
“Halfway Place,” the, 91.
“Hall of the Four Sages,” 136.
Ham-gyöng Do, 219, 223, 233.
Ham-gyöng Province, 156, 163.
Hanka Lake, 242, 244.
Han Kang, village of, 68, 70, 76.
Han River, 35, 36, 40, 68, 71, 74, 75, 77, 80, 85, 92, 99, 103,
106, 110;
a cheap and convenient highway, 111;
descent of the, 105;
fauna and flora of, 71, 72, 98;
rapids of, 75, 92, 93, 101, 102, 105, 110, 111;
scenery around the, 71.
Han valley, inhabitants of the, 76, 78-79;
cultivation of the, 100;
limestone cliffs of the, 104;
schools in the, 79;
temperature of the, 81.
Harbors of Fusan and Wön-San, 14, 30.
Hart, Sir Robert, 213.
Hats, monstrous, 345.
Heidemann, Mr., 223, 228, 231.
Hemp cultivation, 95.
Hermit City, the, 37.
“Hermit Nation,” the, opened by the treaties of 1883, 11.
Hillier, Mr., 183, 246, 251, 259, 269, 281, 283.
Hills, denudation of, 17.
“Hill Towns,” the, 308.
Hiroshima, trial of assassins at, 277.
Hoa-chung, 151, 152.
Hoang-chyöng San, 153.
Home Office, the, 381.
Homesteads of the Han Valley, 79.
Hong, Colonel, 271, 272, 274.
Hon-jö, 293.
Ho pai, or divining table, the, 408.
Hospitals supported and conducted by the Missions, 33.
Household spirits, 418.
Hulbert, Rev. H. B., 164, 165, 166, 391.
Hu-nan Chang, 94.
Hun-chun, 228, 230, 237;
Chinese at, 237, 238.
Hun-ho river, the, 199.
Hunt, Mr., 25, 458.
Hwang-hai Do, 16.
Hwang-hai Province, 303.
Hyön, Colonel, 272.
Idleness of the nobles at Seoul, 46
Im, accident to my servant, 331.
Images, stone, 170, 171.
Im-jin, 292.
Im-jin Gang, the, 292.
Immorality, 341.
Import trade, value of, 393.
Incantations, 425.
Independence Arch, the, 439.
Independence of Korea assured by the Japanese, 247;
opposed by the native officials, 262.
Independence, proclamation of, 247.
_Independent_ newspaper, the, 439, 440.
Industries, 26.
Inns, regular and irregular, 124, 125, 157, 294, 326.
Inouye, Count, 247, 251, 261, 262, 268, 270, 274, 280.
Inscription, an amusing, 101.
Interior of the country, efforts to reach, 49, 66.
Interrupted Shadow, Island of the, 23.
Inundation in Manchuria, 195.
Isolation maintained up to 1876, 19.
Itai, the innkeeper, 31, 245.
Itinerary of travel, 357, 358.
Jaisohn, Dr., 129, 389, 439.
Japanese, designs of in Korea, 181, 206;
lacking in tact, 263, 453;
in Korea, 26;
their settlement in Chemulpo, 31;
hatred of the Koreans towards, 31, 344;
shipping and commerce of, 32;
control rice trade of Chemulpo, 32;
the Legation and colony at Seoul, 43;
Japs in Wön-San, 176;
prestige, a blow to, 278.
Japan, last glimpse of, 23;
sea of, 14, 30, 74, 103, 145, 149;
outwits China in Korea, 182.
Jones, Mr. Heber, 341, 400, 415, 418.
“Judgment, Temple of,” 139.
Junks, Korean, 174.
Justice, the Ministry of, 383.
Ka-chang, 322, 323.
Kai Chhön, 355.
Kai-Söng (Song-do), 293.
Kal-rön-gi, 150.
Kang-ge Mountains, 297.
Kang, the, 197, 204.
Kang-wön Do, the, 14.
Kang-wön Province, 156.
_Kanjo Shimbo_ newspaper, the, 440.
Ka-phyöng, 109, 112.
Keum-Kang San Mountains, the, 107, 129, 133, 140, 141, 146,
149, 150;
Monasteries of, 134, 141.
Keum-San Gang river, 129.
Keum-San goldfields, 323, 355.
Khabaroffka, 242, 244;
Korean settlers near, 225, 233.
Khordadbeh, the Arab, his “Book of Roads and Provinces,” 12.
Ki-cho, the, 138, 141, 149.
Ki-jun, 355.
Kimchi, 89, 153, 154.
Kim Ok-yun, murderer of, 432.
Kim, the boatman, 70, 82, 85, 92, 101-102, 107.
King Li Hsi and the _Kur-dong_ at Seoul, 58;
audience with, appearance and character of, 252, 253,
256-260, 268, 428;
practically a prisoner, 362;
escapes to the Russian Legation, 365, 430;
issues proclamation respecting hair-cropping, 363;
power of the, 371, 375, 378.
King’s oath, the Korean, 249.
Kings, palace of the, 295.
Kit-ze introduces the elements of Chinese civilization in the
12th century, 12, 355;
his tomb and temple, 318, 319.
Kobe, 175.
Kol-lip dæmon, 421.
Ko-mop-so river, the, 323.
Ko-moun Tari, 310.
Komura, Mr., 278, 281.
Kong-Wön Do, 74, 155.
Kong-Wön, 107.
Korea, its geographical position, 11, 14;
the church of, 11;
opened first by the treaties, 11;
population, 13;
rivers, lakes, and harbors, 14;
volcanoes, 14;
geology, 15;
mountains, 15;
climate, 16;
fauna, 16;
forest wealth, 17;
flora, 17;
minerals, 17;
rulers of, 18;
cabinet ministers, 18;
army, 19;
provinces of, 19;
the revenue and its sources, 19;
treaties with, 19;
the coinage, 19, 20;
treaty ports, 20;
language, 20, 21;
religion, 21, 64, 399;
society, 22;
neighbors of, 23;
foreign women in, 28;
rebellion in Southern, 179;
Japanese proposals for its administration, 206;
the King’s oath, 249;
dynasty of, worn out, 255;
a dark chapter in its history, 271;
last words on, 445;
her resources, 445;
class privileges in, 101, 446, 450;
dissatisfaction in, 281;
farmers in, 447, 450;
Japanese influence in, 25, 31, 359, 431, 449, 452;
law, administration of in, 441;
markets in, 28;
missionary methods in, 28-30, 64;
money of, 66, 67, 78;
provincial government of, 372, 378;
roads in, 20, 128;
security in, 295;
trade in, 24, 32, 304, 307, 391;
winter in, 36.
Korean animals, 73;
bulls, 36, 110, 162;
customs, 59, 65, 78, 101, 114, 120, 127, 283, 355, 359;
dogs, 47, 73;
dwellings, 77;
education, 142, 387;
finance, 396;
graves, 36, 61;
inns, 124-128;
nobles and officials, 46;
pigs, 73, 162, 322;
ponies, 36, 54, 121, 162;
roads, 20, 128;
sheep, 72, 163;
soldiers, 56, 209;
streets, 27;
travellers, 127;
villages, 77, 162, 225, 234.
_Korean Christian Advocate, and Christian News_, the, 440.
_Korean Repository_, the, 11, 168, 346, 352, 440.
Koreans, the, traces of Manchurian conquest on, 12;
uniformity of their costume, 12;
physiognomy of, 12;
a handsome race, 12;
height of, 13;
mental calibre of, 13;
possess Oriental vices, 13;
seclusion and inferior position of women, 13, 45, 339-343;
their corruption and brutal methods of punishment, 33;
squalid character of ordinary Korean life, 52, 330;
encumbered with debt, 78;
a drunken people, 92;
voracity and omnivorous character, 154;
their music, 164;
settlers in Siberia, 223;
attach themselves to the Greek Church, 229;
under Muscovite government, 233;
race improved by settlement in Siberia, 236, 336;
independence of secured by Japanese, 247.
_Kowshing_, the transport, 207.
Ko-yang, 285, 286.
Krasnoye Celo, 230, 233, 234.
Ku-mu-nio, 110.
Kun-ren-tai, the palace guard, 270, 271, 272, 275, 278, 280,
281, 282, 362;
abolition of the, 386.
Kuntz and Albers, Messrs., 216, 220, 224, 239.
Kur-dong, the, a unique but
now rare ceremonial, 51, 60, 61, 119, 247.
K’wan, 233.
Kwan-ja, the, (official passport), 86, 87, 128, 146, 159, 283.
Kwan-yin, 143;
image of, 137.
Kwass, 231.
Kyei, or associations, 440.
Kyeng-pok Palace, 251, 256, 365, 369, 433, 437.
Kyeng-wun Palace, the, 369, 398, 428, 429, 437.
Kyöng-heung, 227.
Kyöng-hwi Province, 303.
Kyöng-kwi Do, 75.
Kyöng-ku-kyöng, 141, 146.
Kyöng-sang Province, 25, 30.
Kyöng-wön Do, 75.
Lakes, 14.
Landis, Dr., 400, 415, 421.
Language of the Koreans, 20, 173.
Laundresses, 45, 339.
Lava fields, 16, 131.
Law, its administration infamous, 441.
Liau river, the, 186, 193, 199.
Li Hsi, the King, royal procession of at Seoul, 55;
in seclusion at outbreak of war, 183.
Li Hung Chang, 267.
Lindholm, Mr., 241.
Lion Stone, the, 145.
Liquor drinking, 91.
Litany, a Greek, 231.
Literary swells, 104, 339.
Literature, the Temple of, 382.
Lone Tree Hill, the, 45.
Long-shin dæmons, 417.
Lotus dance, the, 352.
Lucifer matches, 168.
Lynch law, amateur, 104.
Macdonald, Sir Claude, 430.
Ma-cha Töng lake, 156, 158.
Ma-chai, 85, 106, 111.
Magistrate, an interview with a, 86.
Ma-ha-ly-an Sa monastery, 143.
Mak-pai Pass, the, 150.
Ma-kyo, 106.
Mama, or the smallpox dæmon, 413, 414
Manchu head-dress, 200;
soldiers, 208, 210.
Manchu race, the, 190.
Manchuria, brigands in, 188;
Chinese immigrants to, 188;
Government of, 201;
immigrations from, 12;
population of, 187;
trade of, 189;
viceroyalty of, 187, 191;
authoress departs to, 186;
sojourn at viceroyalty of, 187;
a deluge in, 193;
old capital of, 201;
practice of medicine in, 203;
less hostile to foreigners, 207;
visit to Russian, 223.
Mandarins and their retainers, 329.
Mang-kun, the, 114, 360.
Man-pok-Tong, the, 145;
fear of tigers, 132, 292, 302, 325;
superstition of, 129.
Manufactures, 18.
Ma-pu, 35, 40, 68, 181.
Mapus, or grooms, 121-132, 164, 284, 285, 293, 302.
Marble pagoda of Seoul, the, 43.
Ma-ri Kei, 132.
Market, a Korean, 28, 306, 307.
Marriage customs, 114, 342.
Marriage, early, prohibited, 385.
Matunin, Mr., 227.
Meals, 79;
by the way, 82, 83.
Medicine, practice of in Manchuria, 203;
medical missions in Korea, 424.
Mesozoic and metamorphic rocks. (See Geology.)
Miller, Mr., a young missionary fellow-traveller, 66, 70, 83, 87,
104, 105, 142, 151, 159.
Mineral wealth of, 17, 18, 25, 108.
Missionaries and the Missions, 20, 21, 29, 30, 63, 64, 65, 172, 198,
201, 346, 390;
statistics of Missions, 462, 463.
Monarchy, character of the, 18.
Monasteries, Diamond Mountain, 133.
Monastery of Sök-Wang Sa, 169.
Mongolian eye, obliquity of in the Koreans, 12.
Millet, the use of, 321.
Min clan, the, 261.
Ming tombs, the, 201.
Ministers, execution of, 367;
of State, duties of, 379.
“Ministres de Parade,” 201.
Min Yeng-chyun, 371.
Miriang, 25.
Mirioks, 76, 111, 286.
Miriok Yang Pass, 321.
Missionary work, 22, 29, 30, 63-65, 172, 201, 207, 227, 346;
statistics of, 462.
Mission Hospital, a fine, 202;
service, a, 350.
Miura, General Viscount, 269, 270, 275, 277, 453, 455.
Moffet, Mr., 76, 312, 313, 316, 320, 347.
Mok-po, 458.
Mok-po river, 14, 19.
Money, 66, 78.
Monks, 133-149;
ignorant and superstitious, 142.
Monuments, 294.
Mou-chin Tai, 328, 336, 338.
Mounds, used for interment of the living, 175.
Mountainous character of the country, 15;
of Seoul, 45.
Mourning costume, 63.
Mukden, anti-foreign feeling in, 208, 211;
cabs of, 199;
mission hospital, 202;
pawnshops, 205;
suicides in, 205;
system of medicine, 203;
trade of, 200, 211;
city of, 192, 199, 200;
its successful missions, 201, 202, 208.
Mulberry gardens of Seoul, 43.
Mulberry palace of Seoul, 45, 247, 416.
Music, discordant character of the native, 164, 165;
vocal, 166.
Murata rifle, the, 209.
Mu-tang, belief in, 422-426.
Mu-tang sorcerers, 114, 129, 164, 287, 290, 312, 335, 351, 400, 408;
as oracles, 412;
rites of, 413;
marriage with, 425.
Myo-kil Sang, the, 145.
Nagasaki, Chinese town of, 23, 213, 269.
Nai Kak, the, 377.
Nak-tong, 64.
Nak-Tong river, 14, 25.
Nam Chhon valley and river, 308, 309.
Nam Han fortress, 83, 84, 105, 181.
Nam-San, 45, 68, 163, 169;
fortress, 105.
Nam San mountains, 39, 43, 45, 68, 97.
Nang-chön, 106, 110, 112.
_Naniwa_, the cruiser, 207.
National life of Korea exists only at Seoul, 59.
Newchwang, city of, 175, 186, 187, 191, 192, 212, 355;
port of, 189.
Newspapers issued at Seoul, 440.
Nicolaeffk, 219.
Night, a hideously memorable, 157.
Nikolskoye, military station of, 240, 241;
Korean settlements near, 233.
“Ninety-nine Turns,” pass of the, 152.
Nippon Yusen Kaisha, steamers of, 175, 181.
Nobles, their idleness, 46;
a privileged class, 101;
exactions of, 102.
North branch of the Han, voyage on, 106.
Northward ho! 320.
Nowo Kiewsk, Russian military post, 224, 225, 234, 238.
Nuns, 141.
O-bang-chang-kun dæmons, 415.
O’Conor, Lady, 186.
Officials, superbly dressed, 46, 54;
resent the new régime inaugurated by the Japanese, 262;
considered as vampires in Korea, 303, 370, 372;
memorabilia governing, 379;
corruption of, 397, 431.
O-hung-suk Ju, 301.
Oiesen, Mr., 158, 458.
Oil paper used as mats, 323.
Okamoto, Mr., 271, 277.
Omnivorous Koreans, 154.
Op Ju dæmon, 420.
Oracles, 412.
Orange peel, use of, 92.
Oricol, 246.
Osaka, 267.
Osborne, Mr., 458.
Oshima, General, 318.
Otori, Mr., 44, 183, 269, 373, 374, 455.
Ou-chin-gang, 344.
Outfit, 67.
Pagoda, a ruinous, 91.
Pai Chai College, 388.
Paik-kui Mi, 102, 113, 114.
Paik-tu San Mountain, 14, 15, 334.
Paik-Yang Kang River, The, 130, 131.
Pai-low, the 439.
Pa Ju, 285, 292.
Pa-ka Mi, 101, 102.
Pak-su Mu, the, 409.
Pak-Yöng-Ho, the Minister, 247.
Palace department, the, 385.
P’al-kyöng, 155.
Pa-mul dæmon, 420.
Pangas, 123, 162.
Pang-wha San, 97.
Pan-pyöng, 130.
Pan-su, the, 402, 424.
Paper manufacture, 306, 323.
Passenger cart, a Chinese, 197.
Pawnshops of Mukden, 205.
“Pea-boats,” 187, 192.
Peasants’ houses, 77.
Peasant farmer, the, 78, 305.
Pechili, Gulf of, 184, 213.
Pedlars, Korean, 75, 306.
Peiho river, 186.
Peking, European exodus from, 213.
Peking Pass, the, 43, 437, 439.
Peninsula of Korea, its geographical location, 13.
People, the, oppressed by taxation, 102.
Phallic symbols, 111.
Phyöng-an Do, 321;
goldfields, 108, 322.
Phyöng Kang goldfields, 108.
Phöng-yang, 280, 293, 305, 308, 310, 312-319, 328, 330;
occupation by the Japanese, 313;
battle of, 209, 261, 317;
size of, 356;
coal mines of, 315;
dancing and singing girls at, 352;
first view of, 310;
Japanese soldiers for, 245, 285;
mission work at, 346, 350;
toy shops in, 168.
Physical appearance and height of the Koreans, 13, 26.
Physiognomical features of the Koreans, 12.
Pigs, 73, 162, 322.
Pirates, attacked by, 212.
Police, 434, 441.
Political relationships, 452.
Pong-san, 304.
Ponies, 32, 36, 54, 121, 122, 162.
Pöp-heung, king, 135.
Population, 13, 76.
Port Lazareff, 174.
Port Shestakoff, 174, 219.
Po-san, 345, 355.
Posango, 75.
Possiet Bay, 224, 228, 233.
Potato cultivation, 229, 333.
Po-tok-am shrine, 143.
Potong Mön, 315, 317.
Potters at work, 85.
Pottery, native, 307.
Prefectural towns on the Han, 110, 112.
Primorsk, 220, 223, 233, 236, 241.
Princess’ Tomb, the, 62.
Prisons, Eastern, experience of, 442.
Procession, a quaint and motley one at Seoul, 56.
Protestant churches in Seoul, 63, 65.
Provincial Government, 372, 378.
Puk-han fortress, 105.
Puk-han mountains, 39, 247, 284.
Punishment, brutal character of, among Koreans, 33;
abolished by the Japanese, 263.
Purification, the rite of, 411.
Putiata, Colonel, 433.
Pyeng-San, 308.
Pyök-chol, temple of, 84.
P’yo-un Sa monastery, 138, 139, 143, 144.
Queen of Korea, audience with, 251;
description of, 252;
dress of, 259;
assassination of, 271, 273, 455;
removal of the remains of, 369, 428.
Rainfall, 161, 191.
Rapids of the Han, 92, 101, 105.
Rebellion in Southern Korea, 179.
“Red Door,” distinction of the, 299.
Reforms in Korea pressed by the Japanese, 257;
partial acceptance of, 386, 448, 452.
Religion, no national, 21, 63, 399.
Religious shrines, 76.
Reorganized Korean government, 371.
Revenue, the, and its sources, 19.
Revolutions, frequency of, 447.
Rice cultivation, 155, 161.
Rice trade of Chemulpo in Japanese hands, 32, 33.
Rice wine partaken to excess, 91, 92.
Richofen, Baron, his work on China, 12.
Ride, a long, hot, 156.
Riong San, 270, 271, 390.
Ritual of invocation, etc., 411.
Rivers, lakes and harbors of Korea, 14, 25.
Roads, bad character of, 20, 123, 128.
Roman Church and Missions in Seoul, 64, 65.
Ross, Dr. and Mrs., 198, 202, 211.
Royal city, a, 292.
Royal Edict, a fraudulent, 276;
later edicts, 281, 366, 451.
Royal examinations, abolition of, 388;
Library, the, 256.
Royal tombs of Seoul, 62.
Royalty, an audience with, 245.
Rulers of Korea, 18.
Russian homes, 235;
administration, 236;
legation at Seoul, 431.
Russian intervention, 281;
Manchuria, 223, 243;
soldier, the, 218.
Russia’s “New Empire” and maritime province, 242, 243;
ascendancy of, 430;
her gains in Korea, 455;
her ascendancy lost, 456.
Russo-Chinese frontier, 230;
Japanese Treaty, 471;
Korean frontier, 230;
Korean settlements, 225, 226, 229;
hospitality of, 235.
Ryeng-an Sa, temple, of, 84.
Sabatin, Mr., 271, 272, 277.
Saddle, twelve hours in the, 325.
Sagem dæmons, 416.
Saghalien, 220.
Sai-kal-chai, the, 150.
Sai-nam, gateway at, 308.
Sajorni, 231.
Sakyamuni, image of, 136.
Salt industry, the, 158, 228.
Sampans, 70, 75.
Sa-mun, 25.
San Chin-chöi Sök dæmon, 420.
Sang-chin, 25.
Sang-dan San, 294.
Sang-nang Dang, 129.
Sanitary regulations, 436.
San-kak-San mountain, 38.
San-Shin Ryöng dæmons, 416.
Saretchje, 229.
Sar-pang Kori, 123, 126, 129.
Satow, Sir E., 68.
Scotch missionaries, 201, 207.
Scranton, Dr., 350.
Sea of Japan, 74.
Seoul-Fusan railway, projected, 25.
Seoul, port of, 14, 19;
the capital, 35;
mode of transit and approach to, 36;
mean architecture of, 37;
population and fine situation of, 38;
beautiful and safe environs of, 39;
foulness of the intra-mural city, 40;
later sanitary improvements in, 40;
the shops and their wares, 41;
the great civic bronze bell, 41, 42, 51;
beauty of the ancient Marble Pagoda, 43;
its hordes of mangy dogs, 47;
women of, free to take exercise in the streets only after
nightfall, 47;
the _Kur-dong_ festival, 51;
seat of government and centre of official life, 59;
graves of the capital, 61;
royal tombs of, 62;
the Missions and Protestant Churches, 63;
authoress’s sojourn in, 246;
leaves it, 267;
assassination of the Queen at, 273;
mission and foreign schools in, 390;
dæmon festivals at, 411;
the city in 1897, 427;
metamorphosis of, 435;
newspapers of, 439, 440;
banking facilities in, 20, 32;
beacon-fire in, 97;
Board of Rites at, 141;
burial clubs in, 62;
Chinese colony in, 44;
climate of, 16;
education in, 387, 390;
environs of, 68;
first impressions of, 35, 48;
fortresses of, 84;
gates of, 39;
houses of, 40, 436;
Japanese ascendency in, 247, 261;
Japanese colony in, 45;
lava fields near, 16;
marble pagoda in, 43, 84;
missionaries in, 64;
Mulberry Palace, 43;
New Year’s Day in, 264;
occupation of, by Japan, 206;
police of, 434, 441;
political conditions in, 261, 268;
Prefecture of, 372;
sanitary regulations in, 436;
shops in, 41, 59, 168;
singing and dancing girls at, 352;
streets of, 435, 436;
trade of, 60, 75;
to Wön-san, road from, 129;
walls of, 39.
Settlements, 223, 238.
Seun-tjeung-pi, or monuments, 294.
Seven Star Gate, the, 315.
Shamanism, 21, 63, 401, 402.
Shamans, 401.
Shanghai, 175.
Shan-tung, 188, 220.
Sheep, 72, 163.
Shen-si, 188.
Shestakoff, Port, 174, 218.
Shimonoseki, treaty of, 269.
Shin-Chang, or dæmon generals, 415.
Shipping vessels entering Korean ports, return of, 468.
Shou-yang-yi, 321.
Sho-wa Ku, 194, 195.
Shrines, 77, 129, 133, 149, 333.
Shur-hung, 303, 415-418.
Sian-chöng, 322.
Siao-ho river, 199.
Siberia, Korean settlers in, 223, 234;
“cussedness” of Siberian ponies, 232.
Si-jo style of music, 165.
Sill, Mr., 269, 281.
Simpson, Mr. J. Y., 244.
Sin-gang Kam, 109.
Sin Ki Sun, 438.
Sin-kyei Sa monastery, 149.
Siphun river, 241.
Siptai-wong, the, or “Ten Judges,” 288.
“Six Great Roads,” the, 128.
Slavery abolished, 385.
Smith, Mr. Charles, 217.
Social position of women, 338.
_Société des Missions Etrangères_, 389.
So-il, 95.
Sök-wang Sa monastery, 169, 170.
Soldier, the Korean, 56, 434;
the Chinese, 209;
the Russian, 218.
Sol-rak San mountain, 100.
Song-do, visit to the city of, 293.
Song, examples of native, 166.
Söng Ju dæmon, 418.
Söng Whoang Dan altar, 417, 418.
Sön-tong, 141.
Sorcerers and geomancers, 403.
_Sorning_ (sponging) on relations, 446, 447.
Spanish chestnuts, groves of, 108.
Spasskoje, 242.
Spinsterhood, 115.
Spirits, evil, classified, 421, 422.
Spirit shrine, a, 129, 133.
Spirit worship, 22, 63, 95, 96.
“Star Board,” the, 287.
St. Peter, Sisters of, 64.
St. Peter the Great, Gulf of, 220.
Straw fringes, use of, 299.
Streets, 27, 435.
Stripling, Mr. A. B., 441.
Su-chung Dai, 155.
Sugimura, Mr., 275, 277.
Suicide, prevalence of in Mukden, 205.
Sun-chhön, 338.
Sungacha river, 244.
_Suruga Maru_, the s. s., 269.
_Swallow King’s Rewards, The_, 354.
Swings, 164.
Sword and Dragon Dance, the, 353.
Syo-im, 159.
Tablets, stone, 103.
Tai-döng river, 14, 17, 108, 308, 310, 314, 315, 322, 324, 327, 330,
335, 338, 344, 355.
Taiping rebellion, 188.
Tai-won-Kun, the, 37, 207, 255, 256, 262, 269, 271, 274, 275,
362, 437.
Taku forts, the, 186.
Tanning industry, the, 441.
Tan-pa-Ryöng Pass, the, 132, 133, 134.
Tan-yang, 75, 90, 94, 97, 98, 106.
Tao-jol, the, 303.
Ta-rai, 111.
Tarantass (Russian vehicle), the, 225, 226, 228.
Ta-ri-mak, 163, 168.
Taxation, burden of, 102, 384.
Tchyu-Chichang Pass, 152.
Temperature, high, 157, 159, 160, 172, 191, 193;
low, 204, 246, 302.
Temple, interior of a, 87.
Temple of the God of War, 60.
“Temple of the Ten Judges,” 136.
Temples, 84, 133, 149, 170, 295, 303.
“Ten Judges,” the, 288.
Thong-chhön, 155.
“Throwing the ball,” 353.
Tientsin, 175;
treaty of, 206.
Tiger-hunters, 73, 127, 150.
Tigers, Korean and Manchurian, 73;
the hunting of, 73, 150;
dread of, 127;
“tiger on the brain,” 132.
Ti Ju dæmon, 419, 420.
Tok Chhön, 323, 325, 327, 328;
squalor of dwellings at, 329, 333, 345.
Tol Maru, 302.
Tomak-na-dali, 85.
Tombs, 77.
Tong-haks, the, 29, 80, 177, 180, 181, 206, 264, 370.
Tong-ku, 131.
Top knot, the, 359, 360, 361, 362;
proclamation regarding, 366.
Tornado, a, 130.
To-tam, 99, 100, 101.
To-ti-chi Shin dæmons, 418.
Toys, 168.
Trade, 24, 25, 31, 32, 304, 308, 391, 396, 450;
statistics, 462, 466;
foreign, extent of, 391, 392, 464.
Tragedy, a palace, 273.
Trans-Siberian railroad, 174;
trip over eastern section of, 239;
construction of, 244.
Transition stage, a, in Korean annals, 261.
Travellers, 127.
Travelling, arrangements for, 67, 70.
Treasury department at Seoul, 381;
cleansing of, 449.
Treaties with foreign countries, 19, 471, 473.
Treaty ports, 20, 32, 357, 458;
population of, 469, 470.
Treaty powers, the, 207.
Troops (Chinese) on march, 206.
Tso, General, 203, 210, 215, 315, 320;
death of, 316.
Tsushima, island of, 23.
Tu-men river, 14, 17, 223, 228, 230, 231, 233, 242.
“Twelve Thousand Peaks,” beauty of the, 138.
Tyzen Ho river, 233.
Underwood, Mrs., 251, 252, 254, 279.
Un-san, 322.
Unterberger, General, 217.
Upper classes, inactivity of, 446.
Ur-röp-so, 108.
Ussuri, 239, 240.
Ussuri railway, 239, 240.
Ut-Kiri, 107, 110.
Vermin, protection against, 292.
Vernacular schools, Government, 388.
Victoria, Queen, referred to by Queen of Korea, 259.
Victory, cost of, 267.
Villages, 77, 162, 225, 226, 229, 234;
dirty and squalid, 130.
Village system, the, 383;
council of, 384.
Vladivostok (_See_ Wladivostok).
Vocal music, native, 166.
Volcanic action, signs of, 14, 16.
“Volunteer Fleet,” the Russian, 218, 239.
Voracity of the Koreans, 154.
Voyage up the Han, A, 82;
its drawbacks, 105.
Waeber, Mr., 183, 368, 431;
Mme., 280.
“Walking the Bridges,” custom of, 266.
War, impending, 177.
War declared, 208, 454;
disarranges ocean transit, 213;
enthusiasm for, 214;
reforms induced by, 268.
Warner, Mr., 68.
War Office, 382.
Waters, Colonel, 244.
Wei-hai-wei, fall of, 267.
Wei-man, 355.
Western China, visit to, 282, 284;
equipment for, 284.
Whang Hai coast, the, 357.
Whang Ju, 308-310.
“White-headed Mountain,” 14.
Widows, remarriage of, 291, 385.
Wife, the duty of a, 118.
Wildfowl, 174.
Wilkinson, Mr., 31.
Witch doctors, 203.
Wladivostok, 24, 25, 175, 213-222, 223, 224, 239, 240, 241;
great progress of, 219;
its militarism, 221;
Chinese shops in, 220;
climate of, 222;
Korean settlements near, 233;
population of, 219;
public buildings in, 220;
visit of the Tsar to, 239.
Wol-po, 323.
Women of Korea, seclusion and inferior position of, 13, 119;
“slaves to the laundry” at Seoul, 45;
Seoul women permitted to take exercise in the streets only after
nightfall, 47;
curious to see and inspect the garb of foreign women, 88, 94, 127;
subjection of as a wife, 118;
social position of, 338, 339;
peasant women, 340.
Won-chön, 110.
Wong, “my servant,” 66, 69, 92, 110, 125, 127, 164, 193, 197.
Won Ju, 90, 94.
Wön-San, 14, 19, 20, 73, 109, 112, 123, 150, 158, 160, 163, 169, 170,
173-178, 184, 245, 328, 395;
population of, 176, 470;
Japanese troops pass through, 245.
Wön-sang, trade of, 176.
Wyers, Mr., 69, 70.
Wylie, Mr., murder of, 208, 211.
Yalu river, the, 14.
Yamen, a, 86, 93, 104, 112, 163, 262, 303, 338;
runners, 51, 57, 86, 336, 338, 339.
Yang-bans, 59, 77-79, 87, 101, 102, 114, 116, 127, 235, 322, 338,
448, 450.
Yang-kun, 83.
Yangtze rapids, the, 106.
Yang-wöl, 103.
Yantchihe, 226, 227.
Ye Cha Yun, 427, 435.
Yellow Sea, the, 14, 30.
Yen, the Japanese, 305.
Yi family, dæmon of the, 425.
Yi, General, 206.
Yi Hak In, Mr., 283, 284, 292, 294, 298, 302, 304, 308, 312, 318,
320, 324, 326, 331, 334, 354, 356.
Yi Kyöng-jik, 273.
Ying-tzü, 186.
Yö Ju, town of, 86, 87;
authoress an object of curiosity at, 89.
Yöng-Chhun, 75, 76, 102, 103, 104, 106;
rapids of, 105.
Yong-Wöl, 78.
Yön-yung Pa-da, 357.
Yuan, Mr., 44, 183;
big bell at, 147.
Yu-chöm Sa Monastery, the, 138, 142, 143, 146, 147.
Yul-sa, the monk, 135.
Yung-hing, 173.
Yung-wön, 328.
Transcriber’s Note:
Minor errors and omissions in punctuation have been fixed. Inconsistent
hyphenation has been standardized. Spellings have been left as in the
original text unless listed below. Smallcaps have been made ALL CAPS in
the text version.
Page 8 (Table of Contents): The title of Appendix B was changed from
“Direct Foreign Trade of Korea 1896-95” to “Direct Foreign Trade of
Korea 1886-95”.
Page 8 (Table of Contents): The title of Appendix C was changed from
“Direct Foreign Trade of Korea 1806-95” to “Direct Foreign Trade of
Korea 1896-95”.
Page 12: “Legends of the aborginal” changed to “Legends of the
aboriginal”.
Page 17: “_Ampelopsis Veitchi_” changed to “_Ampelopsis Veitchii_”.
Page 55: “in the full spendor” changed to “in the full splendor”.
Page 73: “tigers had carried of” changed to “tigers had carried off”.
Page 85: “a hugh concrete double coffin” changed to “a huge concrete
double coffin”.
Page 108: “not far from the Tai-dong” changed to “not far from the
Tai-döng”.
Page 127: “_ku-kyong_ or sightseeing” changed to “_ku-kyöng_ or
sightseeing”.
Page 127: “necessity compells nocturnal” changed to “necessity compels
nocturnal”.
Page 137: “A 9 P.M.” changed to “At 9 P.M.”.
Page 149: “Chinese sweatmeat” changed to “Chinese sweetmeat”.
Page 153: “pounded capscicum” changed to “pounded capsicum”.
Page 188: “I was in Mudken” changed to “I was in Mukden”
Page 190: “are taller, comlier,” changed to “are taller, comelier,”.
Page 208: “othern northern cities” changed to “other northern cities”.
Page 236: “repacious attentions of officials” changed to “rapacious
attentions of officials”.
Page 245: “_viâ_ Nagaski” changed to “_viâ_ Nagasaki”.
Page 247: “procession or a few trim” changed to “procession of a few
trim”.
Page 281: “his profound satisfac-” changed to “his profound
satisfaction”.
Page 288: “sign of gook luck” changed to “sign of good luck”.
Page 322: “a local migistrate” changed to “a local magistrate”.
Page 333: “thre are some” changed to “there are some”.
Page 342: “selects the cuncubine” changed to “selects the concubine”.
Page 362: “the Cabinent were divested” changed to “the Cabinet were
divested”.
Page 370: “members was substitued for” changed to “members was
substituted for”.
Page 409: “in fact her _döppel ganger_” changed to “in fact her
_doppelgänger_”.
Page 418: “shrine is which” changed to “shrine in which”.
Page 424: “malignant of the dæmon hierachy” changed to “malignant of
the dæmon hierarchy”.
Page 430: “_entour ge_ of an Eastern Sovereign” changed to “_entourage_
of an Eastern Sovereign”.
Page 476: “Chöl-yong-To” in the index changed to “Chŏl-yong-To”.
Page 482: “Mu-tang sorcerors” in the index changed to “Mu-tang
sorcerers”.
Page 483: “Oieson, Mr.” in the index changed to “Oiesen, Mr.”.
Page 483: “Pedlers, Korean” in the index changed to “Pedlars, Korean”.
Page 486: “Tarantass (Russian ehicle)” in the index changed to
“Tarantass (Russian vehicle)”.
Page 488: “Yo Ju, town of” in the index changed to “Yö Ju, town of”.