Year. Gentlemen's | Year. Gentlemen's
Singles. | Singles.
|
1877 S. W. Gore | 1894 J. Pim
1878 P. F. Hadow | 1895 W. Baddeley
1879 J. T. Hartley | 1896 H. S. Mahony
1880 J. T. Hartley | 1897 R. F. Doherty
1881 W. Renshaw | 1898 R. F. Doherty
1882 W. Renshaw | 1899 R. F. Doherty
1883 W. Renshaw | 1900 R. F. Doherty
1884 W. Renshaw | 1901 A. W. Gore
1885 W. Renshaw | 1902 H. L. Doherty
1886 W. Renshaw | 1903 H. L. Doherty
1887 H. F. Lawford | 1904 H. L. Doherty
1888 E. Renshaw | 1905 H. L. Doherty
1889 W. Renshaw | 1906 H. L. Doherty
1890 W. J. Hamilton | 1907 N. E. Brookes
1891 W. Baddeley | 1908 A. W. Gore
1892 W. Baddeley | 1909 A. W. Gore
1893 J. Pim | 1910 A. F. Wilding
Year. Gentlemen's Doubles.
1879 L. R. Erskine and H. F. Lawford
1880 W. Renshaw " E. Renshaw
1881 W. Renshaw " E. Renshaw
1882 J. T. Hartley " R. T. Richardson
1883 C. W. Grinstead " C. E. Welldon
1884 W. Renshaw " E. Renshaw
1885 W. Renshaw " E. Renshaw
1886 W. Renshaw " E. Renshaw
1887 P. B. Lyon " H. W. W. Wilberforce
1888 W. Renshaw " E. Renshaw
1889 W. Renshaw " E. Renshaw
1890 J. Pim " F. O. Stoker
1891 W. Baddeley " H. Baddeley
1892 H. S. Barlow " E. W. Lewis
1893 J. Pim " F. O. Stoker
1894 W. Baddeley " H. Baddeley
1895 W. Baddeley " H. Baddeley
1896 W. Baddeley " H. Baddeley
1897 R. F. Doherty " H. L. Doherty
1898 R. F. Doherty " H. L. Doherty
1899 R. F. Doherty " H. L. Doherty
1900 R. F. Doherty " H. L. Doherty
1901 R. F. Doherty " H. L. Doherty
1902 S. H. Smith " F. L. Riseley
1903 R. F. Doherty " H. L. Doherty
1904 R. F. Doherty " H. L. Doherty
1905 R. F. Doherty " H. L. Doherty
1906 S. H. Smith " F. L. Riseley
1907 N. E. Brookes " A. F. Wilding
1908 M. J. G. Ritchie " A. F. Wilding
1909 A. W. Gore " H. Roper Barrett
1910 M. J. G. Ritchie " A. F. Wilding
Year. Ladies' Singles. Year. Ladies' Singles.
1884 Miss M. Watson | 1898 Miss C. Cooper
1885 Miss M. Watson | 1899 Mrs Hillyard
1886 Miss Bingley | 1900 Mrs Hillyard
1887 Miss Dod | 1901 Mrs Sterry (Miss C.
1888 Miss Dod | Cooper)
1889 Mrs Hillyard | 1902 Miss M. E. Robb
(Miss Bingley) | 1903 Miss D. K. Douglass
1890 Miss Rice | 1904 Miss D. K. Douglass
1891 Miss Dod | 1905 Miss M. Sutton
1892 Miss Dod | 1906 Miss D. K. Douglass
1893 Miss Dod | 1907 Miss M. Sutton
1894 Mrs Hillyard | 1908 Mrs Sterry
1895 Miss C. Cooper | 1909 Miss D. Boothby
1896 Miss C. Cooper | 1910 Mrs Lambert Chambers
1897 Mrs Hillyard | (Miss Douglass)
Year. Ladies' and Gentlemen's Doubles.
1888 E. Renshaw and Mrs Hillyard
1889 J. C. Kay " Miss Dod
1890 J. Baldwin " Miss K. Hill
1891 J. C. Kay " Miss Jackson
1892 A. Dod " Miss Dod
1893 W. Baddeley " Mrs Hillyard.
1894 H. S. Mahony " Miss C. Cooper
1895 H. S. Mahony " Miss C. Cooper
1896 H. S. Mahony " Miss C. Cooper
1897 H. S. Mahony " Miss C. Cooper
1898 H. S. Mahony " Miss C. Cooper
1899 C. H. L. Cazelet " Miss Robb
1900 H. L. Doherty " Miss C. Cooper
1901 S. H. Smith " Miss Martin
1902 S. H. Smith " Miss Martin
1903 F. L. Riseley " Miss D. K. Douglass
1904 S. H. Smith " Miss E. W. Thompson
1905 S. H. Smith " Miss E. W. Thompson
1906 F. L. Riseley " Miss D. K. Douglass
1907 N. E. Brookes " Mrs Hillyard
1908 A. F. Wilding " Mrs Lambert Chambers (Miss
D. K. Douglass)
1909 H. Roper Barrett " Miss Morton
1910 S. N. Doust " Mrs Lambert Chambers
In the United States lawn-tennis was played at Nahant, near Boston,
within a year of its invention in England, Dr James Dwight and the
brothers F. R. and R. D. Sears being mainly instrumental in making it
known to their countrymen. In 1881 at a meeting in New York of
representatives of thirty-three clubs the United States National
Lawn-Tennis Association was formed; and the adoption of the English
rules put an end to the absence of uniformity in the size of the ball
and height of the net which had hindered the progress of the game. The
association decided to hold matches for championship of the United
States at Newport, Rhode Island; and, by a curious coincidence, in the
same year in which W. Renshaw first won the English championship, R. D.
Sears won the first American championship by playing a volleying game at
the net which entirely disconcerted his opponents, and he successfully
defended his title for the next six years, winning the doubles
throughout the same period in partnership with Dwight. In 1887, Sears
being unable to play through ill-health, the championship went to H. W.
Slocum. Other prominent players of the period were the brothers C. M.
and J. S. Clark, who in 1883 came to England and were decisively beaten
at Wimbledon by the two Renshaws. To a later generation belong the
strongest single players, M. D. Whitman, Holcombe Ward, W. A. Larned and
Karl Behr. Holcombe Ward and Dwight Davis, who have the credit of
introducing the peculiar "American twist service," were an exceedingly
strong pair in doubles; but after winning the American doubles
championship for three years in succession, they were defeated in 1902
by the English brothers R. F. and H. L. Doherty. The championship
singles in 1904 and 1905 was won by H. Ward and B. C. Wright, the latter
being one of the finest players America has produced; and these two in
partnership won the doubles for three years in succession, until they
were displaced by F. B. Alexander and H. H. Hackett, who in their turn
held the doubles championship for a like period. In 1909 two young
Californians, Long and McLoughlin, unexpectedly came to the front, and,
although beaten in the final round for the championship doubles, they
represented the United States in the contest for the Davis cup (see
below) in Australia in that year; McLoughlin having acquired a service
of extraordinary power and a smashing stroke with a reverse spin which
was sufficient by itself to place him in the highest rank of lawn-tennis
players.
_Winners of United States Championships._
Year. Gentlemen's | Year. Gentlemen's
Singles. | Singles.
|
1881 R. D. Sears | 1896 R. D. Wrenn
1882 R. D. Sears | 1897 R. D. Wrenn
1883 R. D. Sears | 1898 M. D. Whitman
1884 R. D. Sears | 1899 M. D. Whitman
1885 R. D. Sears | 1900 M. D. Whitman
1886 R. D. Sears | 1901 W. A. Larned
1887 R. D. Sears | 1902 W. A. Larned
1888 H. W. Slocum | 1903 H. L. Doherty
1889 H. W. Slocum | 1904 H. Ward
1890 O. S. Campbell | 1905 B. C. Wright
1891 O. S. Campbell | 1906 W. J. Clothier
1892 O. S. Campbell | 1907 W. A. Larned
1893 R. D. Wrenn | 1908 W. A. Larned
1894 R. D. Wrenn | 1909 W. A. Larned
1895 F. H. Hovey | 1910 W. A. Larned
Year. Gentlemen's Doubles.
1882 J. Dwight and R. D. Sears
1883 J. Dwight " R. D. Sears
1884 J. Dwight " R. D. Sears
1885 J. S. Clark " R. D. Sears
1886 J. Dwight " R. D. Sears
1887 J. Dwight " R. D. Sears
1888 V. G. Hall " O. S. Campbell
1889 H. W. Slocum " H. A. Taylor
1890 V. G. Hall " C. Hobart
1891 O. S. Campbell " R. P. Huntingdon
1892 O. S. Campbell " R. P. Huntingdon
1893 C. Hobart " F. H. Hovey
1894 C. Hobart " F. H. Hovey
1895 R. D. Wrenn " M. G. Chase
1896 C. B. Neel " S. R. Neel
1897 L. E. Ware " G. P. Sheldon
1898 L. E. Ware " G. P. Sheldon
1899 D. F. Davis " H. Ward
1900 D. F. Davis " H. Ward
1901 D. F. Davis " H. Ward
1902 R. F. Doherty " H. L. Doherty
1903 R. F. Doherty " H. L. Doherty
1904 H. Ward " B. C. Wright
1905 H. Ward " B. C. Wright
1906 H. Ward " B. C. Wright
1907 F. B. Alexander " H. H. Hackett
1908 F. B. Alexander " H. H. Hackett
1909 F. B. Alexander " H. H Hackett
1910 F. B. Alexander " H. H. Hackett
Year. Ladies' Singles. Year. Ladies' Singles.
1890 Miss E. C. Roosevelt | 1901 Miss Elizabeth H. Moore
1891 Miss Mabel E. Cahill | 1902 Miss Marion Jones
1892 Miss Mabel E. Cahill | 1903 Miss Elizabeth H. Moore
1893 Miss Aline M. Terry | 1904 Miss May Sutton
1894 Miss Helen R. Helwig | 1905 Miss Elizabeth H. Moore
1895 Miss J. P. Atkinson | 1906 Miss Helen H. Homans
1896 Miss Elizabeth H. Moore | 1907 Miss Evelyn Sears
1897 Miss J. P. Atkinson | 1908 Mrs Barger Wallach
1898 Miss J. P. Atkinson | 1909 Miss Hazel Hotchkiss
1899 Miss Marion Jones | 1910 Miss Hazel Hotchkiss
1900 Miss Myrtle McAteer |
Year. Ladies' and Gentlemen's Doubles.
1894 E. P. Fischer and Miss J. P. Atkinson
1895 E. P. Fischer " Miss J. P. Atkinson
1896 E. P. Fischer " Miss J. P. Atkinson
1897 D. L. Magruder " Miss Laura Henson
1898 E. P. Fischer " Miss Carrie Neely
1899 A. L. Hoskins " Miss Edith Rastall
1900 Alfred Codman " Miss M. Hunnewell
1901 R. D. Little " Miss Marion Jones
1902 W. C. Grant " Miss E. H. Moore
1903 Harry Allen " Miss Chapman
1904 W. C. Grant " Miss E. H. Moore
1905 Clarence Hobart " Mrs Clarence Hobart
1906 E. B. Dewhurst " Miss Coffin
1907 W. F. Johnson " Miss Sayres
1908 N. W. Niles " Miss E. Rotch
1909 W. F. Johnson " Miss H. Hotchkiss
1910 J. R. Carpenter " Miss H. Hotchkiss
In 1900 an international challenge cup was presented by the American D.
F. Davis, to be competed for in the country of the holders. In the
summer of that year a British team, consisting of A. W. Gore, E. D.
Black and H. R. Barrett, challenged for the cup but were defeated by the
Americans, Whitman, Larned, Davis and Ward. In 1902 a more
representative British team, the two Dohertys and Pim, were again
defeated by the same representatives of the United States; but in the
following year the Dohertys brought the Davis cup to England by beating
Larned and the brothers Wrenn at Longwood. In 1904 the cup was played
for at Wimbledon, when representatives of Belgium, Austria and France
entered, but failed to defeat the Dohertys and F. L. Riseley, who
represented Great Britain. In 1905 the entries included France, Austria,
Australasia, Belgium and the United States; in 1906 the same countries,
except Belgium, competed; but in both years the British players
withstood the attack. In 1907, however, when the contest was confined to
England, the United States and Australasia, the latter was successful in
winning the cup, which was then for the first time taken to the
colonies, where it was retained in the following year when the
Australians N. E. Brookes and A. F. Wilding defeated the representatives
of the United States, who had previously beaten the English challengers
in America. In 1909 England was not represented in the competition, and
the Australians again retained the cup, beating the Americans McLoughlin
and Long both in singles and doubles.
See "The Badminton Library," _Tennis: Lawn-Tennis: Racquets: Fives_,
new and revised edition (1903); R. F. and H. L. Doherty, _On
Lawn-Tennis_ (1903); E. H. Miles, _Lessons in Lawn-Tennis_ (1899); E.
de Nanteuil, _La Paume et le lawn-tennis_ (1898); J. Dwight, "Form in
Lawn-Tennis," in _Scribner's Magazine_, vol. vi.; A. Wallis Myers,
_The Complete Lawn-Tennis Player_ (1908). (R. J. M.)
LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST, Christian martyr, whose name appears
in the canon of the mass, and whose festival is on the 10th of August.
The basilica reared over his tomb at Rome is still visited by pilgrims.
His legend is very popular. Deacon of the pope (St) Sixtus (Xystus) II.,
he was called upon by the judge to bring forth the treasures of the
church which had been committed to his keeping. He thereupon produced
the church's poor people. Seeing his bishop, Sixtus, being led to
punishment, he cried: "Father! whither goest thou without thy son? Holy
priest! whither goest thou without thy deacon?" Sixtus prophesied that
Lawrence would follow him in three days. The prophecy was fulfilled, and
Lawrence was sentenced to be burnt alive on a gridiron. In the midst of
his torments he addressed the judge ironically with the words: _Assum
est, versa et manduca_ ("I am roasted enough on this side; turn me
round, and eat"). All these details of the well-known legend are already
related by St Ambrose (_De Offic._ i. 41, ii. 28). The punishment of the
gridiron and the speech of the martyr are probably a reminiscence of the
Phrygian martyrs, as related by Socrates (iii. 15) and Sozomen (v. 11).
But the fact of the martyrdom is unquestionable. The date is usually put
at the persecution of Valerian in 258.
The cult of St Lawrence has spread throughout Christendom, and there are
numerous churches dedicated to him, especially in England, where 228
have been counted. The Escurial was built in honour of St Lawrence by
Philip II. of Spain, in memory of the battle of St Quentin, which was
won in 1557 on the day of the martyr's festival. The meteorites which
appear annually on or about the 10th of August are popularly known as
"the tears of St Lawrence."
See _Acta sanctorum_, Augusti ii. 485-532; P. Franchi de' Cavalieri,
_S. Lorenzo e il supplicio della graticola_ (Rome, 1900); _Analecta
Bollandiana_, xix. 452 and 453; Fr. Arnold-Forster, _Studies in Church
Dedications or England's Patron Saints_, i. 508-515, iii. 18, 389-390
(1899). (H. De.)
LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786-1852), American merchant and philanthropist, was
born in Groton, Massachusetts, U.S.A., on the 22nd of April 1786, a
descendant of John Lawrence of Wisset, Suffolk, England, who was one of
the first settlers of Groton. Leaving Groton academy (founded by his
father, Samuel Lawrence, and others) in 1799, he became a clerk in a
country store in Groton, whence after his apprenticeship he went, with
$20 in his pocket, to Boston and there set up in business for himself in
December 1807. In the next year he took into his employ his brother,
Abbott (see below), whom he made his partner in 1814, the firm name
being at first A. & A. Lawrence, and afterwards A. & A. Lawrence & Co.
In 1831 when his health failed, Amos Lawrence retired from active
business, and Abbott Lawrence was thereafter the head of the firm. The
firm became the greatest American mercantile house of the day, was
successful even in the hard times of 1812-1815, afterwards engaged
particularly in selling woollen and cotton goods on commission, and did
much for the establishment of the cotton textile industry in New
England: in 1830 by coming to the aid of the financially distressed
mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, where in that year the Suffolk, Tremont
and Lawrence companies were established, and where Luther Lawrence, the
eldest brother, represented the firm's interests; and in 1845-1847 by
establishing and building up Lawrence, Massachusetts, named in honour of
Abbott Lawrence, who was a director of the Essex company, which
controlled the water power of Lawrence, and afterwards was president of
the Atlantic Cotton Mills and Pacific Mills there. In 1842 Amos Lawrence
decided not to allow his property to increase any further, and in the
last eleven years of his life he spent in charity at least $525,000, a
large sum in those days. He gave to Williams college, to Bowdoin
college, to the Bangor theological seminary, to Wabash college, to
Kenyon college and to Groton academy, which was re-named Lawrence
academy in honour of the family, and especially in recognition of the
gifts of William Lawrence, Amos's brother; to the Boston children's
infirmary, which he established, and ($10,000) to the Bunker Hill
monument fund; and, besides, he gave to many good causes on a smaller
scale, taking especial delight in giving books, occasionally from a
bundle of books in his sleigh or carriage as he drove. He died in Boston
on the 31st of December 1852.
See _Extracts from the Diary and Correspondence of the late Amos
Lawrence, with a Brief Account of Some Incidents in his Life_ (Boston,
1856), edited by his son William R. Lawrence.
His brother, ABBOTT LAWRENCE (1792-1855), was born in Groton,
Massachusetts, on the 16th of December 1792. Besides being a partner in
the firm established by his brother, and long its head, he promoted
various New England railways, notably the Boston & Albany. He was a Whig
representative in Congress in 1835-1837 and in 1839-1840 (resigning in
September 1840 because of ill-health); and in 1842 was one of the
commissioners for Massachusetts, who with commissioners from Maine and
with Daniel Webster, secretary of state and plenipotentiary of the
United States, settled with Lord Ashburton, the British plenipotentiary,
the question of the north-eastern boundary. In 1842 he was presiding
officer in the Massachusetts Whig convention; he broke with President
Tyler, tacitly rebuked Daniel Webster for remaining in Tyler's cabinet
after his colleagues had resigned, and recommended Henry Clay and John
Davis as the nominees of the Whig party in 1844--an action that aroused
Webster to make his famous Faneuil Hall address. In 1848 Lawrence was a
prominent candidate for the Whig nomination for the vice-presidency, but
was defeated by Webster's followers. He refused the portfolios of the
navy and of the interior in President Taylor's cabinet, and in 1849-1852
was United States minister to Great Britain, where he was greatly aided
by his wealth and his generous hospitality. He was an ardent
protectionist, and represented Massachusetts at the Harrisburg
convention in 1827. He died in Boston on the 18th of August 1855,
leaving as his greatest memorial the Lawrence scientific school of
Harvard university, which he had established by a gift of $50,000 in
1847 and to which he bequeathed another $50,000; in 1907-1908 this
school was practically abolished as a distinct department of the
university. He made large gifts to the Boston public library, and he
left $50,000 for the erection of model lodging-houses, thus carrying on
the work of an Association for building model lodging-houses for the
poor, organized in Boston in 1857.
See Hamilton A. Hill, _Memoir of Abbott Lawrence_ (Boston, 1884).
Randolph Anders' _Der Weg zum Glück, oder die Kunst Millionär zu
werden_ (Berlin, 1856) is a pretended translation of moral maxims from
a supposititious manuscript bequeathed to Abbott Lawrence by a rich
uncle.
LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814-1886), American philanthropist, son of Amos
Lawrence, was born in Groton, Massachusetts, U.S.A., on the 31st of July
1814. He graduated at Harvard in 1835, went into business in Lowell, and
in 1837 established in Boston his own counting-house, which from 1843 to
1858 was the firm of Lawrence & Mason, and which was a selling agent for
the Cocheco mills of Dover, New Hampshire, and for other textile
factories. Lawrence established a hosiery and knitting mill at
Ipswich--the first of importance in the country--and was a director in
many large corporations. He was greatly interested in the claims of
Eleazer Williams of Green Bay, Wisconsin, and through loans to this
"lost dauphin" came into possession of much land in Wisconsin; in 1849
he founded at Appleton, Wisconsin, a school named in his honour Lawrence
university (now Lawrence college). He also contributed to funds for the
colonization of free negroes in Liberia. In 1854 he became treasurer of
the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company (reorganized in 1855 as the New
England Emigrant Aid Company), which sent 1300 settlers to Kansas, where
the city of Lawrence was named in his honour. He contributed personally
for the famous Sharp rifles, which, packed as "books" and "primers,"
were shipped to Kansas and afterwards came into the hands of John Brown,
who had been a _protégé_ of Lawrence. During the contest in Kansas,
Lawrence wrote frequently to President Pierce (his mother's nephew) in
behalf of the free-state settlers; and when John Brown was arrested he
appealed to the governor of Virginia to secure for him a lawful trial.
On Robinson and others in Kansas he repeatedly urged the necessity of
offering no armed resistance to the Federal government; and he deplored
Brown's fanaticism. In 1858 and in 1860 he was the Whig candidate for
governor of Massachusetts. Till the very outbreak of the Civil War he
was a "law and order" man, and he did his best to secure the adoption of
the Crittenden compromise; but he took an active part in drilling
troops, and in 1862 he raised a battalion of cavalry which became the
2nd Massachusetts Regiment of Cavalry, of which Charles Russell Lowell
was colonel. Lawrence was a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church
and built (1873-1880) Lawrence hall, Cambridge, for the Episcopal
theological school, of which he was treasurer. In 1857-1862 he was
treasurer of Harvard college, and in 1879-1885 was an overseer. He died
in Nahant, Mass., on the 22nd of August 1886.
See William Lawrence, _Life of Amos A. Lawrence, with Extracts from
his Diary and Correspondence_ (Boston, 1888).
His son, WILLIAM LAWRENCE (1850- ), graduated in 1871 at Harvard, and
in 1875 at the Episcopal theological school, where, after being rector
of Grace Church, Lawrence, Mass., in 1876-1884, he was professor of
homiletics and natural theology in 1884-1893 and dean in 1888-1893. In
1893 he succeeded Phillips Brooks as Protestant Episcopal bishop of
Massachusetts. He wrote _A Life of Roger Wolcott, Governor of
Massachusetts_ (1902).
LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827-1876), English novelist, was born at
Braxted, Essex, on the 25th of March 1827, and was educated at Rugby and
at Balliol college, Oxford. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple
in 1852, but soon abandoned the law for literature. In 1857 he
published, anonymously, his first novel, _Guy Livingstone, or Thorough_.
The book achieved a very large sale, and had nine or ten successors of a
similar type, the best perhaps being _Sword and Gown_ (1859). Lawrence
may be regarded as the originator in English fiction of the _beau
sabreur_ type of hero, great in sport and love and war. He died at
Edinburgh on the 23rd of September 1876.
LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806-1857), British soldier and
statesman in India, brother of the 1st Lord Lawrence (q.v.), was born at
Matara, Ceylon, on the 28th of June 1806. He inherited his father's
stern devotion to duty and Celtic impulsiveness, tempered by his
mother's gentleness and power of organization. Early in 1823 he joined
the Bengal Artillery at the Calcutta suburb of Dum Dum, where also Henry
Havelock was stationed about the same time. The two officers pursued a
very similar career, and developed the same Puritan character up to the
time that both died at Lucknow in 1857. In the first Burmese War Henry
Lawrence and his battery formed part of the Chittagong column which
General Morrison led over the jungle-covered hills of Arakan, till fever
decimated the officers and men, and Lawrence found himself at home
again, wasted by a disease which never left him. On his return to India
with his younger brother John in 1829 he was appointed revenue surveyor
by Lord William Bentinck. At Gorakhpur the wonderful personal influence
which radiated from the young officer formed a school of attached
friends and subordinates who were always eager to serve under him. After
some years spent in camp, during which he had married his cousin Honoria
Marshall, and had surveyed every village in four districts, each larger
than Yorkshire, he was recalled to a brigade by the outbreak of the
first Afghan War towards the close of 1838. As assistant to Sir George
Clerk, he now added to his knowledge of the people political experience
in the management of the district of Ferozepore; and when disaster came
he was sent to Peshawar in order to push up supports for the relief of
Sale and the garrison of Jalalabad. The war had been begun under the
tripartite treaty signed at Lahore on the 20th of June 1838. But the
Sikhs were slow to play their part after the calamities in Afghanistan.
No one but Henry Lawrence could manage the disorderly contingent which
they reluctantly supplied to Pollock's avenging army in 1842. He helped
to force the Khyber Pass on the 5th of April, playing his guns from the
heights, for 8 and 20 m. In recognition of his services Lord
Ellenborough appointed him to the charge of the valley of Dehra Dun and
its hill stations, Mussoorie and Landour, where he first formed the idea
of asylums for the children of European soldiers. After a month's
experience there it was discovered that the appointment, was the legal
right of the civil service, and he was transferred, as assistant to the
envoy at Lahore, to Umballa, where he reduced to order the lapsed
territory of Kaithal. Soon he received the office of resident at the
protected court of Nepal, where, assisted by his wife, he began a series
of contributions to the _Calcutta Review_, a selected volume of which
forms an Anglo-Indian classic. There, too, he elaborated his plans which
resulted in the erection and endowment of the noblest philanthropic
establishments in the East--the Lawrence military asylums at Sanawar (on
the road to Simla), at Murree in the Punjab, at Mount Abu in Rajputana,
and at Lovedale on the Madras Nilgiris. From 1844 to his death he
devoted all his income, above a modest pittance for his children, to
this and other forms of charity.
The _Review_ articles led the new governor-general, Lord Hardinge, to
summon Lawrence to his side during the first Sikh War; and not these
articles only. He had published the results of his experience of Sikh
rule and soldiering in a vivid work, the _Adventures of an Officer in
the Service of Ranjit Singh_ (1845), in which he vainly attempted to
disguise his own personality and exploits. After the doubtful triumphs
of Moodkee and Ferozshah Lawrence was summoned from Nepal to take the
place of Major George Broadfoot, who had fallen. Aliwal came; then the
guns of Sobraon chased the demoralized Sikhs across the Sutlej. All
through the smoke Lawrence was at the side of the governor-general. He
gave his voice, not for the rescue of the people from anarchy by
annexation, but for the reconstruction of the Sikh government, and was
himself appointed resident at Lahore, with power "over every department
and to any extent" as president of the council of regency till the
maharaja Dhuleep Singh should come of age. Soon disgusted by the "venal
and selfish durbar" who formed his Sikh colleagues, he summoned to his
side assistants like Nicholson, James Abbott and Edwardes, till they all
did too much for the people, as he regretfully confessed. But "my chief
confidence was in my brother John, ... who gave me always such help as
only a brother could." Wearied out he went home with Lord Hardinge, and
was made K.C.B., when the second Sikh War summoned him back at the end
of 1848 to see the whole edifice of Sikh "reconstruction" collapse. It
fell to Lord Dalhousie to proclaim the Punjab up to the Khyber British
territory on the 29th of March 1849. But still another compromise was
tried. As the best man to reconcile the Sikh chiefs to the inevitable,
Henry Lawrence was made president of the new board of administration
with charge of the political duties, and his brother John was entrusted
with the finances. John could not find the revenue necessary for the
rapid civilization of the new province so long as Henry would, for
political reasons, insist on granting life pensions and alienating large
estates to the needy remnants of Ranjit Singh's court. Lord Dalhousie
delicately but firmly removed Sir Henry Lawrence to the charge of the
great nobles of Rajputana, and installed John as chief commissioner. If
resentment burned in Henry's heart, it was not against his younger
brother, who would fain have retired. To him he said, "If you preserve
the peace of the country and make the people high and low happy, I shall
have no regrets that I vacated the field for you."
In the comparative rest of Rajputana he once more took up the pen as an
army reformer. In March and September 1856 he published two articles,
called forth by conversations with Lord Dalhousie at Calcutta, whither
he had gone as the hero of a public banquet. The governor-general had
vainly warned the home authorities against reducing below 40,000 the
British garrison of India even for the Crimean War, and had sought to
improve the position of the sepoys. Lawrence pointed out the latent
causes of mutiny, and uttered warnings to be too soon justified. In
March 1857 he yielded to Lord Canning's request that he should then take
the helm at Lucknow, but it was too late. In ten days his magic rule put
down administrative difficulties indeed, as he had done at Lahore. But
what could even he effect with only 700 European soldiers, when the
epidemic spread after the Meerut outbreak of mutiny on the 10th of May?
In one week he had completed those preparations which made the defence
of the Lucknow residency for ever memorable. Amid the deepening gloom
Lord Canning ever wrote home of him as "a tower of strength," and he was
appointed provisional governor-general. On the 30th of May mutiny burst
forth in Oudh, and he was ready. On the 29th of June, pressed by fretful
colleagues, and wasted by unceasing toil, he led 336 British soldiers
with 11 guns and 220 natives out of Chinhat to reconnoitre the
insurgents, when the natives joined the enemy and the residency was
besieged. On the 2nd of July, as he lay exhausted by the day's work and
the terrific heat in an exposed room, a shell struck him, and in
forty-eight hours he was no more. A baronetcy was conferred on his son.
A marble statue was placed in St Paul's as the national memorial of one
who has been declared to be the noblest man that has lived and died for
the good of India.
His biography was begun by Sir Herbert Edwardes, and completed (2
vols. 1872) by Herman Merivale. See also J. J. McLeod Innes, _Sir
Henry Lawrence_ ("Rulers of India" series), 1898.
LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879), viceroy and
governor-general of India, was born at Richmond, Yorkshire, on the 24th
of March 1811. His father, Colonel Alexander Lawrence, volunteered for
the forlorn hope at Seringapatam in presence of Baird and of Wellington,
whose friend he became. His mother, Letitia Knox, was a collateral
descendant of John Knox. To this couple were born twelve children, of
whom three became famous in India, Sir George St Patrick, Sir Henry
(q.v.) and Lord Lawrence. Irish Protestants, the boys were trained at
Foyle college, Derry, and at Clifton, and received Indian appointments
from their mother's cousin, John Hudleston, who had been the friend of
Schwartz in Tanjore. In 1829, when only seventeen, John Lawrence landed
at Calcutta as a civilian; he mastered the Persian language at the
college of Fort William, and was sent to Delhi, on his own application,
as assistant to the collector. The position was the most dangerous and
difficult to which a Bengal civilian could be appointed at that time.
The titular court of the pensioner who represented the Great Mogul was
the centre of that disaffection and sensuality which found their
opportunity in 1857. A Mussulman rabble filled the city. The district
around, stretching from the desert of Rajputana to the Jumna, was slowly
recovering from the anarchy to which Lord Lake had given the first blow.
When not administering justice in the city courts or under the village
tree, John Lawrence was scouring the country after the marauding Meos
and Mahommedan freebooters. His keen insight and sleepless energy at
once detected the murderer of his official superior, William Fraser, in
1835, in the person of Shams-uddin Khan, the nawab of Loharu, whose
father had been raised to the principality by Lake, and the assassin was
executed. The first twenty years, from 1829 to 1849, during which John
Lawrence acted as the magistrate and land revenue collector of the most
turbulent and backward portion of the Indian empire as it then was,
formed the period of the reforms of Lord William Bentinck. To what
became the lieutenant-governorship of the North-Western (now part of the
United) Provinces Lord Wellesley had promised the same permanent
settlement of the land-tax which Lord Cornwallis had made with the large
landholders or zemindars of Bengal. The court of directors, going to the
opposite extreme, had sanctioned leases for only five years, so that
agricultural progress was arrested. In 1833 Merttins Bird and James
Thomason introduced the system of thirty years' leases based on a
careful survey of every estate by trained civilians, and on the mapping
of every village holding by native subordinates. These two revenue
officers created a school of enthusiastic economists who rapidly
registered and assessed an area as large as that of Great Britain, with
a rural population of twenty-three millions. Of that school John
Lawrence proved the most ardent and the most renowned. Intermitting his
work at Delhi, he became land revenue settlement officer in the district
of Etawah, and there began, by buying out or getting rid of the
talukdars, to realize the ideal which he did much to create throughout
the rest of his career--a country "thickly cultivated by a fat contented
yeomanry, each man riding his own horse, sitting under his own fig-tree,
and enjoying his rude family comforts." This and a quiet persistent
hostility to the oppression of the people by their chiefs formed the two
features of his administrative policy throughout life.
It was fortunate for the British power that, when the first Sikh War
broke out, John Lawrence was still collector of Delhi. The critical
engagements at Ferozeshah, following Moodkee, and hardly redeemed by
Aliwal, left the British army somewhat exhausted at the gate of the
Punjab, in front of the Sikh entrenchments on the Sutlej. For the first
seven weeks of 1846 there poured into camp, day by day, the supplies and
munitions of war which this one man raised and pushed forward, with all
the influence acquired during fifteen years of an iron yet sympathetic
rule in the land between the Jumna and the Sutlej. The crowning victory
of Sobraon was the result, and at thirty-five Lawrence became
commissioner of the Jullundur Doab, the fertile belt of hill and dale
stretching from the Sutlej north to the Indus. The still youthful
civilian did for the newly annexed territory what he had long before
accomplished in and around Delhi. He restored it to order, without one
regular soldier. By the fascination of his personal influence he
organized levies of the Sikhs who had just been defeated, led them now
against a chief in the upper hills and now to storm the fort of a raja
in the lower, till he so welded the people into a loyal mass that he was
ready to repeat the service of 1846 when, three years after, the second
Sikh War ended in the conversion of the Punjab up to Peshawar into a
British province.
Lord Dalhousie had to devise a government for a warlike population now
numbering twenty-three millions, and covering an area little less than
that of the United Kingdom. The first results were not hopeful; and it
was not till John Lawrence became chief commissioner, and stood alone
face to face with the chiefs and people and ring fence of still untamed
border tribes, that there became possible the most successful experiment
in the art of civilizing turbulent millions which history presents. The
province was mapped out into districts, now numbering thirty-two, in
addition to thirty-six tributary states, small and great. To each the
thirty years' leases of the north-west settlement were applied, after a
patient survey and assessment by skilled officials ever in the saddle or
the tent. The revenue was raised on principles so fair to the peasantry
that Ranjit Singh's exactions were reduced by a fourth, while
agricultural improvements were encouraged. For the first time in its
history since the earliest Aryan settlers had been overwhelmed by
successive waves of invaders, the soil of the Punjab came to have a
marketable value, which every year of British rule has increased. A
stalwart police was organized; roads were cut through every district,
and canals were constructed. Commerce followed on increasing cultivation
and communications, courts brought justice to every man's door, and
crime hid its head. The adventurous and warlike spirits, Sikh and
Mahommedan, found a career in the new force of irregulars directed by
the chief commissioner himself, while the Afghan, Dost Mahommed, kept
within his own fastnesses, and the long extent of frontier at the foot
of the passes was patrolled.
Seven years of such work prepared the lately hostile and always anarchic
Punjab under such a pilot as John Lawrence not only to weather the storm
of 1857 but to lead the older provinces into port. On the 12th of May
the news of the tragedies at Meerut and Delhi reached him at Rawalpindi.
The position was critical in the last degree, for of 50,000 native
soldiers 38,000 were Hindustanis of the very class that had mutinied
elsewhere, and the British troops were few and scattered. For five days
the fate of the Punjab hung upon a thread, for the question was, "Could
the 12,000 Punjabis be trusted and the 38,000 Hindustanis be disarmed?"
Not an hour was lost in beginning the disarming at Lahore; and, as one
by one the Hindustani corps succumbed to the epidemic of mutiny, the
sepoys were deported or disappeared, or swelled the military rabble in
and around the city of Delhi. The remembrance of the ten years' war
which had closed only in 1849, a bountiful harvest, the old love of
battle, the offer of good pay, but, above all, the personality of
Lawrence and his officers, raised the Punjabi force into a new army of
59,000 men, and induced the non-combatant classes to subscribe to a 6%
loan. Delhi was invested, but for three months the rebel city did not
fall. Under John Nicholson, Lawrence sent on still more men to the
siege, till every available European and faithful native soldier was
there, while a movable column swept the country, and the border was kept
by an improvised militia. At length, when even in the Punjab confidence
became doubt, and doubt distrust, and that was passing into
disaffection, John Lawrence was ready to consider whether we should not
give up the Peshawar valley to the Afghans as a last resource, and send
its garrison to recruit the force around Delhi. Another week and that
alternative must have been faced. But on the 20th of September the city
and palace of Delhi were again in British hands, and the chief
commissioner and his officers united in ascribing "to the Lord our God
all the praise due for nerving the hearts of our statesmen and the arms
of our soldiers." As Sir John Lawrence, Bart., G.C.B., with the thanks
of parliament, the gratitude of his country, and a life pension of £2000
a year in addition to his ordinary pension of £1000, the "saviour of
India" returned home in 1859. After guarding the interests of India and
its people as a member of the secretary of state's council, he was sent
out again in 1864 as viceroy and governor-general on the death of Lord
Elgin. If no great crisis enabled Lawrence to increase his reputation,
his five years' administration of the whole Indian empire was worthy of
the ruler of the Punjab. His foreign policy has become a subject of
imperial interest, his name being associated with the "close border" as
opposed to the "forward" policy; while his internal administration was
remarkable for financial prudence, a jealous regard for the good of the
masses of the people and of the British soldiers, and a generous
interest in education, especially in its Christian aspects.
When in 1854 Dost Mahommed, weakened by the antagonism of his brothers
in Kandahar, and by the interference of Persia, sent his son to Peshawar
to make a treaty, Sir John Lawrence was opposed to any entangling
relation with the Afghans after the experience of 1838-1842, but he
obeyed Lord Dalhousie so far as to sign a treaty of perpetual peace and
friendship. His ruling idea, the fruit of long and sad experience, was
that _de facto_ powers only should be recognized beyond the frontier.
When in 1863 Dost Mahommed's death let loose the factions of Afghanistan
he acted on this policy to such an extent that he recognized both the
sons, Afzul Khan and Shere Ali, at different times, and the latter fully
only when he had made himself master of all his father's kingdom. The
steady advance of Russia from the north, notwithstanding the Gortchakov
circular of 1864, led to severe criticism of this cautious "buffer"
policy which he justified under the term of "masterly inactivity." But
he was ready to receive Shere Ali in conference, and to aid him in
consolidating his power after it had been established and maintained for
a time, when his term of office came to an end and it fell to Lord Mayo,
his successor, to hold the Umballa conference in 1869. When, nine years
after, the second Afghan War was precipitated, the retired viceroy gave
the last days of his life to an unsparing exposure, in the House of
Lords and in the press, of a policy which he had striven to prevent in
its inception, and which he did not cease to denounce in its course and
consequences.
On his final return to England early in 1869, after forty years'
service in and for India, "the great proconsul of our English Christian
empire" was created Baron Lawrence of the Punjab, and of Grately, Hants.
He assumed the same arms and crest as those of his brother Henry, with a
Pathan and a Sikh trooper as supporters, and took as his motto "Be
ready," his brother's being "Never give in." For ten years he gave
himself to the work of the London school board, of which he was the
first chairman, and of the Church missionary society. Towards the end
his eyesight failed, and on the 27th of June 1879 he died at the age of
sixty-eight. He was buried in the nave of Westminster Abbey, beside
Clyde, Outram and Livingstone. He had married the daughter of the Rev.
Richard Hamilton, Harriette-Katherine, who survived him, and he was
succeeded as 2nd baron by his eldest son, John Hamilton Lawrence (b.
1846).
See Bosworth Smith, _Life of Lord Lawrence_ (1885); Sir Charles
Aitchison, _Lord Lawrence_ ("Rulers of India" series, 1892); L. J.
Trotter, _Lord Lawrence_ (1880); and F. M. Holmes, _Four Heroes of
India_.
LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697-1775), English soldier, was born at Hereford on
the 6th of March 1697. He seems to have entered the army in 1727 and
served in Gibraltar and Flanders, subsequently taking part in the battle
of Culloden. In 1748, with the rank of major and the reputation of an
experienced soldier, he went out to India to command the East India
Company's troops. Dupleix's schemes for the French conquest of southern
India were on the point of taking effect, and not long after his arrival
at Fort St David, Stringer Lawrence was actively engaged. He
successfully foiled an attempted French surprise at Cuddalore, but
subsequently was captured by a French cavalry patrol at Ariancopang near
Pondicherry and kept prisoner till the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1749
he was in command at the capture of Devicota. On this occasion Clive
served under him and a life-long friendship began. On one occasion, when
Clive had become famous, he honoured the creator of the Indian army by
refusing to accept a sword of honour unless one was voted to Lawrence
also. In 1750 Lawrence returned to England, but in 1752 he was back in
India. Here he found Clive in command of a force intended for the relief
of Trichinopoly. As senior officer Lawrence took over the command, but
was careful to allow Clive every credit for his share in the subsequent
operations, which included the relief of Trichinopoly and the surrender
of the entire French besieging force. In 1752 with an inferior force he
defeated the French at Bahur (Behoor) and in 1753 again relieved
Trichinopoly. For the next seventeen months he fought a series of
actions in defence of this place, finally arranging a three months'
armistice, which was afterwards converted into a conditional treaty. He
had commanded in chief up to the arrival of the first detachment of
regular forces of the crown. In 1757 he served in the operations against
Wandiwash, and in 1758-1759 was in command of Fort St George during the
siege by the French under Lally. In 1759 failing health compelled him to
return to England. He resumed his command in 1761 as major-general and
commander-in-chief. Clive supplemented his old friend's inconsiderable
income by settling on him an annuity of £500 a year. In 1765 he presided
over the board charged with arranging the reorganization of the Madras
army, and he finally retired the following year. He died in London on
the 10th of January 1775. The East India Company erected a monument to
his memory in Westminster Abbey.
See Biddulph, _Stringer Lawrence_ (1901).
LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769-1830), English painter, was born at Bristol
on the 4th of May 1769. His father was an innkeeper, first at Bristol
and afterwards at Devizes, and at the age of six Thomas was already
shown off to the guests of the Black Boar as an infant prodigy who could
sketch their likenesses and declaim speeches from Milton. In 1779 the
elder Lawrence had to leave Devizes, having failed in business, and the
precocious talent of the son, who had gained a sort of reputation along
the Bath road, became the support of the family. His debut as a crayon
portrait painter was made at Oxford, where he was well patronized, and
in 1782 the family settled in Bath, where the young artist soon found
himself fully employed in taking crayon likenesses of the fashionables
of the place at a guinea or a guinea and a half a head. In 1784 he
gained the prize and silver-gilt palette of the Society of Arts for a
crayon drawing after Raphael's "Transfiguration," and presently
beginning to paint in oil. Throwing aside the idea of going on the stage
which he had for a short time entertained, he came to London in 1787,
was kindly received by Reynolds, and entered as a student at the Royal
Academy. He began to exhibit almost immediately, and his reputation
increased so rapidly that he became an associate of the Academy in 1791.
The death of Sir Joshua in 1792 opened the way to further successes. He
was at once appointed painter to the Dilettanti society, and principal
painter to the king in room of Reynolds. In 1794 he was a Royal
Academician, and he became the fashionable portrait painter of the age,
having as his sitters all the rank, fashion and talent of England, and
ultimately most of the crowned heads of Europe. In 1815 he was knighted;
in 1818 he went to Aix-la-Chapelle to paint the sovereigns and
diplomatists gathered there, and visited Vienna and Rome, everywhere
receiving flattering marks of distinction from princes, due as much to
his courtly manners as to his merits as an artist. After eighteen months
he returned to England, and on the very day of his arrival was chosen
president of the Academy in room of West, who had died a few days
before. This office he held from 1820 to his death on the 7th of January
1830. He was never married.
Sir Thomas Lawrence had all the qualities of personal manner and
artistic style necessary to make a fashionable painter, and among
English portrait painters he takes a high place, though not as high as
that given to him in his lifetime. His more ambitious works, in the
classical style, such as his once celebrated "Satan," are practically
forgotten.
The best display of Lawrence's work is in the Waterloo Gallery of
Windsor, a collection of much historical interest. "Master Lambton,"
painted for Lord Durham at the price of 600 guineas, is regarded as
one of his best portraits, and a fine head in the National Gallery,
London, shows his power to advantage. The _Life and Correspondence of
Sir T. Lawrence_, by D. E. Williams, appeared in 1831.
LAWRENCE, a city and the county-seat of Douglas county, Kansas, U.S.A.,
situated on both banks of the Kansas river, about 40 m. W. of Kansas
City. Pop. (1890) 9997, (1900) 10,862, of whom 2032 were negroes, (1910
census) 12,374. It is served by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the
Union Pacific railways, both having tributary lines extending N. and S.
Lawrence is surrounded by a good farming region, and is itself a
thriving educational and commercial centre. Its site slopes up from the
plateau that borders the river to the heights above, from which there is
a view of rare beauty. Among the city's principal public buildings are
the court house and the Y.M.C.A. building. The university of Kansas,
situated on Mount Oread, overlooking the city, was first opened in 1866,
and in 1907-1908 had a faculty of 105 and 2063 students, including 702
women (see KANSAS). Just S. of the city of Lawrence is Haskell institute
(1884), one of the largest Indian schools in the country, maintained for
children of the tribal Indians by the national government. In 1907 the
school had 813 students, of whom 313 were girls; it has an academic
department, a business school and courses in domestic science, in
farming, dairying and gardening, and in masonry, carpentry, painting,
blacksmithing, waggon-making, shoemaking, steam-fitting, printing and
other trades. Among the city's manufactures are flour and grist mill
products, pianos and cement plaster. Lawrence, named in honour of Amos
A. Lawrence, was founded by agents of the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid
Company in July 1854, and during the Territorial period was the
political centre of the free-state cause and the principal point against
which the assaults of the pro-slavery party were directed. It was first
known as Wakarusa, from the creek by which it lies. A town association
was organized in September 1854 before any Territorial government had
been established. In the next month some pro-slavery men presented
claims to a part of the land, projected a rival town to be called
Excelsior on the same site, and threatened violence; but when Lawrence
had organized its "regulators" the pro-slavery men retired and later
agreed to a compromise by which the town site was limited to 640 acres.
In December 1855 occurred the "Wakarusa war." A free-state man having
been murdered for his opinions, a friend who threatened retaliation was
arrested by the pro-slavery sheriff, S. J. Jones; he was rescued and
taken to Lawrence; the city disclaimed complicity, but Jones persuaded
Governor Wilson Shannon that there was rebellion, and Shannon authorized
a posse; Missouri responded, and a pro-slavery force marched on
Lawrence. The governor found that Lawrence had not resisted and would
not resist the service of writs; by a written "agreement" with the
free-state leaders he therefore withdrew his sanction from the
Missourians and averted battle. The retreating Missourians committed
some homicides. It was during this "war" that John Brown first took up
arms with the free-state men. Preparations for another attack continued,
particularly after Sheriff Jones, while serving writs in Lawrence, was
wounded. On the 21st of May 1856, at the head of several hundred
Missourians, he occupied the city without resistance, destroyed its
printing offices and the free-state headquarters and pillaged private
houses. In 1855 and again in 1857 the pro-slavery Territorial
legislature passed an Act giving Lawrence a charter, but the people of
Lawrence would not recognize that "bogus" government, and on the 13th of
July 1857, after an application to the Topeka free-state legislature for
a charter had been denied, adopted a city charter of their own. Governor
Walker proclaimed this rebellion against the United States, appeared
before the town in command of 400 United States dragoons and declared it
under martial law; as perfect order prevailed, and there was no overt
resistance to Territorial law, the troops were withdrawn after a few
weeks by order of President Buchanan, and in February 1858 the
legislature passed an Act legalizing the city charter of July 1857. On
the 21st of August 1863 William C. Quantrell and some 400 mounted
Missouri bushrangers surprised the sleeping town and murdered 150
citizens. The city's arms were in storage and no resistance was
possible. This was the most distressing episode in all the turbulence of
territorial days and border warfare in Kansas. A monument erected in
1895 commemorates the dead. After the free-state men gained control of
the Territorial legislature in 1857 the legislature regularly adjourned
from Lecompton, the legal capital, to Lawrence, which was practically
the capital until the choice of Topeka under the Wyandotte constitution.
The first railway to reach Lawrence was the Union Pacific in 1864.
See F. W. Blackmar, "The Annals of an Historic Town," in the _Annual
Report_ of the American Historical Association for 1893 (Washington,
1894).
LAWRENCE, a city, and one of the three county-seats (Salem and
Newburyport are the others) of Essex county, Massachusetts, U.S.A., on
both sides of the Merrimac river, about 30 m. from its mouth and about
26 m. N.N.W. of Boston. Pop. (1890) 44,654, (1900) 62,559, of whom
28,577 were foreign-born (7058 being Irish, 6999 French Canadians, 5131
English, 2465 German, 1683 English Canadian), and (1910 census) 85,892.
It is served by the Boston & Maine railroad and by electric railways to
Andover, Boston, Lowell, Haverhill and Salem, Massachusetts, and to
Nashua and Salem, New Hampshire. The city's area of 6.54 sq. m. is about
equally divided by the Merrimac, which is here crossed by a great stone
dam 900 ft. long, and, with a fall of 28 ft., supplies about 12,000
horsepower. Water from the river is carried to factories by a canal on
each side of the river and parallel to it; the first canal was built on
the north side in 1845-1847 and is 1 m. long; the canal on the south
side is about ¾ m. long, and was built several years later. There are
large and well-kept public parks, a common (17 acres) with a soldiers'
monument, a free public library, with more than 50,000 volumes in 1907,
a city hall, county and municipal court-houses, a county gaol and house
of correction, a county industrial school and a state armoury.
The value of the city's factory product was $48,036,593 in 1905,
$41,741,980 in 1900. The manufacture of textiles is the most important
industry; in 1905 the city produced worsteds valued at $30,926,964 and
cotton goods worth $5,745,611, the worsted product being greater than
that of any other American city. The Wood worsted mill here is said to
be the largest single mill in the world. The history of Lawrence is
largely the history of its textile mills. The town was formed in 1845
from parts of Andover (S. of the Merrimac) and of Methuen (N. of the
river), and it was incorporated as a town in 1847, being named in honour
of Abbott Lawrence, a director of the Essex company, organized in 1845
(on the same day as the formation of the town) for the control of the
water power and for the construction of the great dam across the
Merrimac. The Bay State woollen mills, which in 1858 became the
Washington mills, and the Atlantic cotton mills were both chartered in
1846. The Pacific mills (1853) introduced from England in 1854 Lister
combs for worsted manufacture; and the Washington mills soon afterward
began to make worsted dress goods. Worsted cloths for men's wear seem to
have been made first about 1870 at nearly the same time in the
Washington mills here, in the Hockanum mills of Rockville, Connecticut,
and in Wanskuck mills, Providence, Rhode Island. The Pemberton mills,
built in 1853, collapsed and afterwards took fire on the 10th of January
1860; 90 were killed and hundreds severely injured. Lawrence was
chartered as a city in 1853, and annexed a small part of Methuen in 1854
and parts of Andover and North Andover in 1879.
See H. A. Wadsworth, _History of Lawrence, Massachusetts_ (Lawrence,
1880).
LAWRENCEBURG, a city and the county-seat of Dearborn county, Indiana,
U.S.A., on the Ohio river, in the S.E. part of the state, 22 m. (by
rail) W. of Cincinnati. Pop. (1890) 4284, (1900) 4326 (413
foreign-born); (1910) 3930. Lawrenceburg is served by the Baltimore &
Ohio South-Western and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis
railways, by the Cincinnati, Lawrenceburg & Aurora electric street
railroad, and by river packets to Louisville and Cincinnati. The city
lies along the river and on higher land rising 100 ft. above
river-level. It formerly had an important river trade with New Orleans,
beginning about 1820 and growing in volume after the city became the
terminus of the Whitewater canal, begun in 1836. The place was laid out
in 1802. In 1846 an "old" and a "new" settlement were united, and
Lawrenceburg was chartered as a city. Lawrenceburg was the birthplace of
James B. Eads, the famous engineer, and of John Coit Spooner (b. 1843),
a prominent Republican member of the United States Senate from Wisconsin
in 1885-1891 and in 1897-1907; and the Presbyterian Church of
Lawrenceburg was the first charge (1837-1839) of Henry Ward Beecher.
LAWSON, CECIL GORDON (1851-1882), English landscape painter, was the
youngest son of William Lawson of Edinburgh, esteemed as a portrait
painter. His mother also was known for her flower pieces. He was born
near Shrewsbury on the 3rd of December 1851. Two of his brothers (one of
them, Malcolm, a clever musician and song-writer) were trained as
artists, and Cecil was from childhood devoted to art with the intensity
of a serious nature. Soon after his birth the Lawsons moved to London.
Lawson's first works were studies of fruit, flowers, &c., in the manner
of W. Hunt; followed by riverside Chelsea subjects. His first exhibit at
the Royal Academy (1870) was "Cheyne Walk," and in 1871 he sent two
other Chelsea subjects. These gained full recognition from
fellow-artists, if not from the public. Among his friends were now
numbered Fred Walker, G. J. Pinwell and their associates. Following
them, he made a certain number of drawings for wood-engraving. Lawson's
Chelsea pictures had been painted in somewhat low and sombre tones; in
the "Hymn to Spring" of 1872 (rejected by the Academy) he turned to a
more joyous play of colour, helped by work in more romantic scenes in
North Wales and Ireland. Early in 1874 he made a short tour in Holland,
Belgium and Paris; and in the summer he painted his large "Hop Gardens
of England." This was much praised at the Academy of 1876. But Lawson's
triumph was with the great luxuriant canvas "The Minister's Garden,"
exhibited in 1878 at the Grosvenor Gallery, and now in the Manchester
Art Gallery. This was followed by several works conceived in a new and
tragic mood. His health began to fail, but he worked on. He married in
1879 the daughter of Birnie Philip, and settled at Haslemere. His later
subjects are from this neighbourhood (the most famous being "The August
Moon," now in the National Gallery of British Art) or from Yorkshire.
Towards the end of 1881 he went to the Riviera, returned in the spring,
and died at Haslemere on the 10th of June 1882. Lawson may be said to
have restored to English landscape the tradition of Gainsborough, Crome
and Constable, infused with an imaginative intensity of his own. Among
English landscape painters of the latter part of the 19th century his is
in many respects the most interesting name.
See E. W. Gosse, _Cecil Lawson, a Memoir_ (1883); Heseltine Owen, "In
Memoriam: Cecil Gordon Lawson," _Magazine of Art_ (1894). (L. B.)
LAWSON, SIR JOHN (d. 1665), British sailor, was born at Scarborough.
Joining the parliamentary navy in 1642, he accompanied Penn to the
Mediterranean in 1650, where he served for some time. In 1652 he served
under Blake in the Dutch War and was present at the first action in the
Downs and the battle of the Kentish Knock. At Portland, early in 1653,
he was vice-admiral of the red, and his ship was severely handled.
Lawson took part in the battles of June and July in the following
summer. In 1654-1655 he commanded in the North Sea and the Channel.
Appointed in January 1655-1656 as Blake's second-in-command, Lawson was
a few weeks later summarily dismissed from his command, probably for
political reasons. He was a Republican and Anabaptist, and therefore an
enemy to Cromwell. It is not improbable that like Penn and others he was
detected in correspondence with the exiled Charles II., who certainly
hoped for his support. In 1657, along with Harrison and others, he was
arrested and, for a short time, imprisoned for conspiring against
Cromwell. Afterwards he lived at Scarborough until the fall of Richard
Cromwell's government. During the troubled months which succeeded that
event Lawson, flying his flag as admiral of the Channel fleet, played a
marked political rôle. His ships escorted Charles to England, and he was
soon afterwards knighted. Sent out in 1661 with Montagu, earl of
Sandwich, to the Mediterranean, Lawson conducted a series of campaigns
against the piratical states of the Algerian coast. Thence summoned to a
command in the Dutch War, he was mortally wounded at Lowestoft. He died
on the 29th of June 1665.
See Charnock, _Biographia navalis_, i. 20; Campbell, _Lives of the
Admirals_, ii. 251; Penn, _Life of Sir William Penn_; Pepys, _Diary_.
LAWSON, SIR WILFRID, Bart. (1829-1906), English politician and
temperance leader, son of the 1st baronet (d. 1867), was born on the 4th
of September 1829. He was always an enthusiast in the cause of total
abstinence, and in parliament, to which he was first elected in 1859 for
Carlisle, he became its leading spokesman. In 1864 he first introduced
his Permissive Bill, giving to a two-thirds majority in any district a
veto upon the granting of licences for the sale of intoxicating liquors;
and though this principle failed to be embodied in any act, he had the
satisfaction of seeing a resolution on its lines accepted by a majority
in the House of Commons in 1880, 1881 and 1883. He lost his seat for
Carlisle in 1865, but in 1868 was again returned as a supporter of Mr
Gladstone, and was member till 1885; though defeated for the new
Cockermouth division of Cumberland in 1885, he won that seat in 1886,
and he held it till the election of 1900, when his violent opposition to
the Boer War caused his defeat, but in 1903 he was returned for the
Camborne division of Cornwall and at the general election of 1906 was
once more elected for his old constituency in Cumberland. During all
these years he was the champion of the United Kingdom Alliance (founded
1853), of which he became president. An extreme Radical, he also
supported disestablishment, abolition of the House of Lords, and
disarmament. Though violent in the expression of his opinions, Sir
Wilfrid Lawson remained very popular for his own sake both in and out of
the House of Commons; he became well known for his humorous vein, his
faculty for composing topical doggerel being often exercised on
questions of the day. He died on the 1st of July 1906.
LAY, a word of several meanings. Apart from obsolete and dialectical
usages, such as the East Anglian word meaning "pond," possibly cognate
with Lat. _lacus_, pool or lake, or its use in weaving for the batten of
a loom, where it is a variant form of "lath," the chief uses are as
follows: (1) A song or, more accurately, a short poem, lyrical or
narrative, which could be sung or accompanied by music; such were the
romances sung by minstrels. Such an expression as the "Lay of the
Nibelungen" is due to mistaken association of the word with Ger. _Lied_,
song, which appears in Anglo-Saxon as _léoð_. "Lay" comes from O. Fr.
_lai_, of which the derivation is doubtful. The _New English Dictionary_
rejects Celtic origins sometimes put forward, such as Ir. _laoidh_,
Welsh _llais_, and takes O. Mid. and High Ger. _leich_ as the probable
source. (2) "Non-clerical" or "unlearned." In this sense "lay" comes
directly from Fr. _lai_ (_laïque_, the learned form nearer to the Latin,
is now used) from Lat. _laicus_, Gr. [Greek: laikos], of or belonging to
the people ([Greek: laos], Attic [Greek: leôs]). The word is now
specially applied to persons who are not in orders, and more widely to
those who do not belong to other learned professions, particularly the
law and medicine. The _New English Dictionary_ quotes two examples from
versions of the Bible. In the Douai version of 1 Sam. xxi. 4, Ahimelech
tells David that he has "no lay bread at hand but only holy bread"; here
the Authorized Version has "common bread," the Vulgate _laicos panes_.
In Coverdale's version of Acts iv. 13, the high priest and his kindred
marvel at Peter and John as being "unlearned and lay people"; the
Authorized Version has "unlearned and ignorant men." In a cathedral of
the Church of England "lay clerks" and "lay vicars" sing such portions
of the service as may be performed by laymen and clergy in minor orders.
"Lay readers" are persons who are granted a commission by the bishop to
perform certain religious duties in a particular parish. The commission
remains in force until it is revoked by the bishop or his successors, or
till there is a new incumbent in the parish, when it has to be renewed.
In a religious order a "lay brother" is freed from duties at religious
services performed by the other members, and from their studies, but is
bound by vows of obedience and chastity and serves the order by manual
labour. For "lay impropriator" see APPROPRIATION, and for "lay rector"
see RECTOR and TITHES; see further LAYMEN, HOUSE OF. (3) "Lay" as a verb
means "to make to lie down," "to place upon the ground," &c. The past
tense is "laid"; it is vulgarly confused with the verb "to lie," of
which the past is "lay." The common root of both "lie" and "lay" is
represented by O. Teut. _leg_; cf. Dutch _leggen_, Ger. _legen_, and
Eng. "ledge."[1] (4) "Lay-figure" is the name commonly given to
articulated figures of human beings or animals, made of wood,
papier-maché or other materials; draped and posed, such figures serve as
models for artists (see MODELS, ARTISTS). The word has no connexion with
"to lay," to place in position, but is an adaptation of the word
"layman," commonly used with this meaning in the 18th century. This was
adapted from Dutch _leeman_ (the older form is _ledenman_) and meant an
"articulated or jointed man" from _led_, now _lid_, a joint; cf. Ger.
_Gliedermann_.