CHAPTER XI._Pioneers of the Old Southwest: a chronicle of the dark and bloody ground

Boone's Last Days

One spring day in 1799, there might have been observed a great stir

through the valley of the Kanawha. With the dawn, men were ahorse, and

women, too. Wagons crowded with human freight wheeled over the rough

country, and boats, large and small, were afloat on the streams which

pour into the Great Kanawha and at length mingle with the Ohio at Point

Pleasant, where the battle was fought which opened the gates of

Kentucky.

Some of the travelers poured into the little settlement at the junction

of the Elk and the Kanawha, where Charleston now lies. Others, who had

been later in starting or had come from a greater distance, gathered

along the banks of the Kanawha. At last shouts from those stationed

farthest up the stream echoed down the valley and told the rest that

what they had come out to see was at hand.

Several pirogues drifted into view on the river, now brightening in the

sunshine. In the vessels were men and their families; bales and bundles

and pieces of household furnishings, heaped to the gunwale; a few cattle

and horses standing patiently. But it was for one man above all that the

eager eyes of the settlers were watching, and him they saw clearly as

his boat swung by--a tall figure, erect and powerful, his keen friendly

blue eyes undimmed and his ruddy face unlined by time, though sixty-five

winters had frosted his black hair.

For a decade these settlers had known Daniel Boone, as storekeeper, as

surveyor, as guide and soldier. They had eaten of the game he killed and

lavishly distributed. And they too--like the folk of Clinch Valley in

the year of Dunmore's War--had petitioned Virginia to bestow military

rank upon their protector. "Lieutenant Colonel" had been his title among

them, by their demand. Once indeed he had represented them in the

Virginia Assembly and, for that purpose, trudged to Richmond with rifle

and hunting dog. Not interested in the Legislature's proceedings, he

left early in the session and tramped home again.

But not even the esteem of friends and neighbors could hold the great

hunter when the deer had fled. So Daniel Boone was now on his way

westward to Missouri, to a new land of fabled herds and wide spaces,

where the hunter's gun might speak its one word with authority and where

the soul of a silent and fearless man might find its true abode in

Nature's solitude. Waving his last farewells, he floated past the little

groups--till their shouts of good will were long silenced, and his fleet

swung out upon the Ohio.

As Boone sailed on down the Beautiful River which forms the northern

boundary of Kentucky, old friends and newcomers who had only heard his

fame rode from far and near to greet and godspeed him on his way.

Sometimes he paused for a day with them. Once at least--this was in

Cincinnati where he was taking on supplies--some one asked him why, at

his age, he was leaving the settled country to dare the frontier once

more.

"Too crowded," he answered; "I want more elbow-room!"

Boone settled at the Femme Osage Creek on the Missouri River,

twenty-five miles above St. Charles, where the Missouri flows into the

Mississippi. There were four other Kentucky families at La Charette, as

the French inhabitants called the post, but these were the only

Americans. The Spanish authorities granted Boone 840 acres of land, and

here Daniel built the last cabin home he was to erect for himself and

his Rebecca.

The region pleased him immensely. The governmental system, for instance,

was wholly to his mind. Taxes were infinitesimal. There were no

elections, assemblies, or the like. A single magistrate, or Syndic,

decided all disputes and made the few regulations and enforced them.

There were no land speculators, no dry-mouthed sons of the commercial

Tantalus, athirst for profits. Boone used to say that his first years in

Missouri were the happiest of his life, with the exception of his first

long hunt in Kentucky.

In 1800 he was appointed Syndic of the district of Femme Osage, which

office he filled for four years, until Louisiana became American

territory. He was held in high esteem as a magistrate because of his

just and wise treatment of his flock, who brought him all their small

bickerings to settle. He had no use for legal procedure, would not

listen to any nice subtleties, saying that he did not care anything at

all about the evidence, what he wanted was the truth. His favorite

penalty for offenders was the hickory rod "well laid on." Often he

decided that both parties in a suit were equally to blame and chastised

them both alike. When in March, 1804, the American Commissioner received

Louisiana for the United States, Delassus, Lieutenant Governor of Upper

Louisiana, reporting on the various officials in the territory, wrote of

the Femme Osage Syndic: "Mr. Boone, a respectable old man, just and

impartial, he has already, since I appointed him, offered his

resignation owing to his infirmities. Believing I know his probity, I

have induced him to remain, in view of my confidence in him, for the

public good." ¹

¹ Thwaites, Daniel Boone. To this and other biographies of Boone, cited

in the Bibliographical Note at the end of this volume, the author is

indebted for the material contained in this chapter.

Daniel, no doubt supposing that a Syndic's rights were inviolable, had

neglected to apply to the Governor at New Orleans for a ratification of

his grant. He was therefore dispossessed. Not until 1810, and after he

had enlisted the Kentucky Legislature in his behalf, did he succeed in

inducing Congress to restore his land. The Kentucky Legislature's

resolution was adopted because of "the many eminent services rendered by

Colonel Boone in exploring and settling the western country, from which

great advantages have resulted not only to the State but to the country

in general, and that from circumstances over which he had no control he

is now reduced to poverty; not having so far as appears an acre of land

out of the vast territory he has been a great instrument in peopling."

Daniel was seventy-six then; so it was late in the day for him to have

his first experience of justice in the matter of land. Perhaps it

pleased him, however, to hear that, in confirming his grant, Congress

had designated him as "the man who has opened the way for millions of

his fellow-men."

The "infirmities" which had caused the good Syndic to seek relief from

political cares must have been purely magisterial. The hunter could have

been very little affected by them, for as soon as he was freed from his

duties Boone took up again the silent challenge of the forest. Usually

one or two of his sons or his son-in-law, Flanders Calloway, accompanied

him, but sometimes his only companions were an old Indian and his

hunting dog. On one of his hunting trips he explored a part of Kansas;

and in 1814, when he was eighty, he hunted big game in the Yellowstone

where again his heart rejoiced over great herds as in the days of his

first lone wanderings in the Blue Grass country. At last, with the

proceeds of these expeditions he was able to pay the debts he had left

behind in Kentucky thirty years before. The story runs that Daniel had

only fifty cents remaining when all the claims had been settled, but so

contented was he to be able to look an honest man in the face that he

was in no disposition to murmur over his poverty.

When after a long and happy life his wife died in 1813, Boone lived with

one or other of his sons ¹ and sometimes with Flanders Calloway. Nathan

Boone, with whom Daniel chiefly made his home, built what is said to

have been the first stone house in Missouri. Evidently the old pioneer

disapproved of stone houses and of the "luxuries" in furnishings which

were then becoming possible to the new generation, for one of his

biographers speaks of visiting him in a log addition to his son's house;

and when Chester Harding, the painter, visited him in 1819 for the

purpose of doing his portrait, he found Boone dwelling in a small log

cabin in Nathan's yard. When Harding entered, Boone was broiling a

venison steak on the end of his ramrod. During the sitting, one day,

Harding asked Boone if he had ever been lost in the woods when on his

long hunts in the wilderness.

¹ Boone's son Nathan won distinction in the War of 1812 and entered the

regular army, rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Daniel Morgan

Boone is said to have been the first settler in Kansas (1827). One of

Daniel's grandsons, bearing the name of Albert Gallatin Boone, was a

pioneer of Colorado and was to the forefront in Rocky Mountain

exploration. Another grandson was the scout, Kit Carson, who led Frémont

to California.

"No, I never got lost," Boone replied reflectively, "but I was

bewildered once for three days." Though now having reached the age of

eighty-five, Daniel was intensely interested in California and was

enthusiastic to make the journey thither next spring and so to flee once

more from the civilization which had crept westward along his path. The

resolute opposition of his sons, however, prevented the attempt.

A few men who sought out Boone in his old age have left us brief

accounts of their impressions. Among these was Audubon. "The stature and

general appearance of this wanderer of the western forests," the

naturalist wrote, "approached the gigantic. His chest was broad, and

prominent; his muscular powers displayed themselves in every limb; his

countenance gave indication of his great courage, enterprise and

perseverance; and, when he spoke, the very motion of his lips brought

the impression that whatever he uttered could not be otherwise than

strictly true."

Audubon spent a night under Boone's roof. He related afterwards that the

old hunter, having removed his hunting shirt, spread his blankets on the

floor and lay down there to sleep, saying that he found it more

comfortable than a bed. A striking sketch of Boone is contained in a few

lines penned by one of his earliest biographers: "He had what

phrenologists would have considered a model head--with a forehead

peculiarly high, noble and bold, thin compressed lips, a mild clear blue

eye, a large and prominent chin and a general expression of countenance

in which fearlessness and courage sat enthroned and which told the

beholder at a glance what he had been and was formed to be." In

criticizing the various portraits of Daniel, the same writer says: "They

want the high port and noble daring of his countenance.... Never was old

age more green, or gray hairs more graceful. His high, calm, bold

forehead seemed converted by years into iron."

Although we are indebted to these and other early chroniclers for many

details of Boone's life, there was one event which none of his

biographers has related; yet we know that it must have taken place. Even

the bare indication of it is found only in the narrative of the

adventures of two other explorers.

It was in the winter of 1803 that these two men came to Boone's

Settlement, as La Charette was now generally called. They had planned to

make their winter camp there, for in the spring, when the Missouri rose

to the flood, they and their company of frontiersmen were to take their

way up that uncharted stream and over plains and mountains in quest of

the Pacific Ocean. They were refused permission by the Spanish

authorities to camp at Boone's Settlement; so they lay through the

winter some forty miles distant on the Illinois side of the Mississippi,

across from the mouth of the Missouri. Since the records are silent, we

are free to picture as we choose their coming to the settlement during

the winter and again in the spring, for we know that they came.

We can imagine, for instance, the stir they made in La Charette on some

sparkling day when the frost bit and the crusty snow sent up a dancing

haze of diamond points. We can see the friendly French habitants staring

after the two young leaders and their men--all mere boys, though they

were also husky, seasoned frontiersmen--with their bronzed faces of

English cast, as in their gayly fringed deerskins they swaggered through

the hamlet to pay their respects to the Syndic. We may think of that

dignitary as smoking his pipe before his fireplace, perhaps; or making

out, in his fantastic spelling, a record of his primitive court--for

instance, that he had on that day given Pierre a dozen hickory thwacks,

"well laid on," for starting a brawl with Antoine, and had bestowed the

same upon Antoine for continuing the brawl with Pierre. A knock at the

door would bring the amiable invitation to enter, and the two young men

would step across his threshold, while their followers crowded about the

open door and hailed the old pathfinder.

One of the two leaders--the dark slender man with a subtle touch of the

dreamer in his resolute face--was a stranger; but the other, with the

more practical mien and the shock of hair that gave him the name of Red

Head among the tribes, Boone had known as a lad in Kentucky. To Daniel

and this young visitor the encounter would be a simple meeting of

friends, heightened in pleasure and interest somewhat, naturally, by the

adventure in prospect. But to us there is something vast in the thought

of Daniel Boone, on his last frontier, grasping the hands of William

Clark and Meriwether Lewis.

As for the rough and hearty mob at the door, Daniel must have known not

a few of them well; though they had been children in the days when he

and William Clark's brother strove for Kentucky. It seems fitting that

the soldiers with this expedition should have come from the garrison at

Kaskaskia; since the taking of that fort in 1778 by George Rogers Clark

had opened the western way from the boundaries of Kentucky to the

Mississippi. And among the young Kentuckians enlisted by William Clark

were sons of the sturdy fighters of still an earlier border line, Clinch

and Holston Valley men who had adventured under another Lewis at Point

Pleasant. Daniel would recognize in these--such as Charles Floyd--the

young kinsmen of his old-time comrades whom he had preserved from

starvation in the Kentucky wilderness by the kill from his rifle as they

made their long march home after Dunmore's War.

In May, Lewis and Clark's pirogues ascended the Missouri and the leaders

and men of the expedition spent another day in La Charette. Once again,

at least, Daniel was to watch the westward departure of pioneers. In

1811, when the Astorians passed, one of their number pointed to the

immobile figure of "an old man on the bank, who, he said, was Daniel

Boone."

Sometimes the aged pioneer's mind cast forward to his last journey, for

which his advancing years were preparing him. He wrote on the subject to

a sister, in 1816, revealing in a few simple lines that the faith

whereby he had crossed, if not more literally removed, mountains was a

fixed star, and that he looked ahead fearlessly to the dark trail he

must tread by its single gleam. Autumn was tinting the forest and the

tang he loved was in the air when the great hunter passed. The date of

Boone's death is given as September 26, 1820. He was in his eighty-sixth

year. Unburdened by the pangs of disease he went out serenely, by the

gentle marches of sleep, into the new country.

The convention for drafting the constitution of Missouri, in session at

St. Louis, adjourned for the day, and for twenty days thereafter the

members wore crape on their arms as a further mark of respect for the

great pioneer. Daniel was laid by Rebecca's side, on the bank of Teugue

Creek, about a mile from the Missouri River. In 1845, the Missouri

legislators hearkened to oft-repeated pleas from Kentucky and

surrendered the remains of the pioneer couple. Their bones lie now in

Frankfort, the capital of the once Dark and Bloody Ground, and in 1880 a

monument was raised over them.

To us it seems rather that Kentucky itself is Boone's monument; even as

those other great corn States, Illinois and Indiana, are Clark's. There,

these two servants unafraid, who sacrificed without measure in the

wintry winds of man's ingratitude, are each year memorialized anew; when

the earth in summer--the season when the red man slaughtered--lifts up

the full grain in the ear, the life-giving corn; and when autumn smiles

in golden peace over the stubble fields, where the reaping and binding

machines have hummed a nation's harvest song.

Bibliographical Note

The Races And Their Migration

C. A. Hanna, The Scotch-Irish, 2 vols. New York, 1902. A very full if

somewhat over-enthusiastic study.

H. J. Ford, The Scotch-Irish in America. Princeton, 1915. Excellent.

A. G. Spangenberg, Extracts from his Journal of travels in North

Carolina, 1752. Publication of the Southern History Association. Vol. I,

1897.

A. B. Faust, The German Element in the United States, 2 vols. (1909).

J. P. MacLean, An Historical Account of the Settlements of Scotch

Highlanders in America (1900).

S. H. Cobb, The Story of the Palatines (1897).

N. D. Mereness (editor), Travels in the American Colonies. New York,

1916. This collection contains the diary of the Moravian Brethren cited

in the first chapter of the present volume.

Life In The Back Country

Joseph Doddridge, Notes on the Settlements and Indian Wars of the

Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania, from 1763 to 1783. Albany,

1876. An intimate description of the daily life of the early settlers in

the Back Country by one of themselves.

J. F. D. Smyth, Tour in the United States of America, 2 vols. London,

1784. Minute descriptions of the Back Country and interesting pictures

of the life of the settlers; biased as to political views by Royalist

sympathies.

William H. Foote, Sketches of North Carolina, New York, 1846. See Foote

also for history of the first Presbyterian ministers in the Back

Country. As to political history, inaccurate.

Early History And Exploration

J. S. Bassett (editor), The Writings of Colonel William Byrd of

Westover. New York, 1901. A contemporary record of early Virginia.

Thomas Walker, Journal of an Exploration in the Spring of the Year 1750.

Boston, 1888. The record of his travels by the discoverer of Cumberland

Gap.

William M. Darlington (editor), Christopher Gist's Journals. Pittsburgh,

1893. Contains Gist's account of his surveys for the Ohio Company, 1750.

C. A. Hanna, The Wilderness Trail, 2 vols. New York, 1911. An exhaustive

work of research, with full accounts of Croghan and Findlay. See also

Croghan's and Johnson's correspondence in vol. VII, New York Colonial

Records.

James Adair, The History of the American Indians, etc. London, 1775. The

personal record of a trader who was one of the earliest explorers of the

Alleghanies and of the Mississippi region east of the river; a

many-sided work, intensely interesting.

C. W. Alvord, The Genesis of the Proclamation of 1763. Reprinted from

Canadian Archives Report, 1906. A new and authoritative interpretation.

In this connection see also the correspondence between Sir William

Johnson and the Lords of Trade in vol. VII of New York Colonial Records.

Justin Winsor, The Mississippi Basin. The Struggle in America between

England and France. Cambridge, 1895. Presents the results of exhaustive

research and the coördination of facts by an historian of broad

intellect and vision.

Colonial and State Records of North Carolina. 30 vols. The chief

fountain source of the early history of North Carolina and Tennessee.

W. H. Hoyt, The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. New York, 1907.

This book presents the view generally adopted by historians, that the

alleged Declaration of May 20, 1775, is spurious.

Justin Winsor (editor), Narrative and Critical History of America. 8

vols. (1884-1889). Also The Westward Movement. Cambridge, 1897. Both

works of incalculable value to the student.

C. W. Alvord, The Mississippi Valley in British Politics. 2 vols.

Cleveland, 1917. A profound work of great value to students.

Kentucky

R. G. Thwaites and L. P. Kellogg (editors), Documentary History of

Dunmore's War, 1774. Compiled from the Draper Manuscripts in the library

of the Wisconsin Historical Society. Madison, 1905. A collection of

interesting and valuable documents with a suggestive introduction.

R. G. Thwaites, Daniel Boone. New York, 1902. A short and accurate

narrative of Boone's life and adventures compiled from the Draper

Manuscripts and from earlier printed biographies.

John P. Hale, Daniel Boone, Some Facts and Incidents not Hitherto

Published. A pamphlet giving an account of Boone in West Virginia.

Printed at Wheeling, West Virginia. Undated.

Timothy Flint, The First White Man of the West or the Life and Exploits

of Colonel Dan'l Boone. Cincinnati, 1854. Valuable only as regards

Boone's later years.

John S. C. Abbott, Daniel Boone, the Pioneer of Kentucky. New York,

1872. Fairly accurate throughout.

J. M. Peck, Daniel Boone (in Sparks, Library of American Biography.

Boston, 1847).

William Henry Bogart. Daniel Boone and the Hunters of Kentucky. New

York, 1856.

William Hayden English, Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River

Ohio, 1778-1783, and Life of General George Rogers Clark, 2 vols.

Indianapolis, 1896. An accurate and valuable work for which the author

has made painstaking research among printed and unprinted documents.

Contains Clark's own account of his campaigns, letters he wrote on

public and personal matters, and also letters from contemporaries in

defense of his reputation.

Theodore Roosevelt, The Winning of the West, 4 vols. New York,

1889-1896. A vigorous and spirited narrative.

Tennessee

J. G. M. Ramsey, The Annals of Tennessee. Charleston, 1853. John

Haywood, The Civil and Political History of the State of Tennessee.

Nashville, 1891. (Reprint from 1828.) These works, with the North

Carolina Colonial Records, are the source books of early Tennessee. In

statistics, such as numbers of Indians and other foes defeated by

Tennessee heroes, not reliable. Incorrect as to causes of Indian wars

during the Revolution. On this subject see letters and reports by John

and Henry Stuart in North Carolina Colonial Records, vol. X; and letters

by General Gage and letters and proclamation by General Ethan Allen in

American Archives, Fourth Series, vol. II, and by President Rutledge of

South Carolina in North Carolina Colonial Records, vol. X. See also

Justin Winsor, The Westward Movement.

J. Allison, Dropped Stitches in Tennessee History. Nashville, 1897.

Contains interesting matter relative to Andrew Jackson in his younger

days as well as about other striking figures of the time.

F. M. Turner, The Life of General John Sevier. New York, 1910. A fairly

accurate narrative of events in which Sevier participated, compiled from

the Draper Manuscripts.

A. W. Putnam, History of Middle Tennessee, or Life and Times of General

James Robertson. Nashville, 1859. A rambling lengthy narrative

containing some interesting material and much that is unreliable. Its

worst fault is distortion through sentimentality, and indulgence in the

habit of putting the author's rodomontades into the mouths of Robertson

and other characters.

J. S. Bassett, Regulators of North Carolina, in Report of the American

Historical Association, 1894.

L. C. Draper, King's Mountain and its Heroes. Cincinnati, 1881. The

source book on this event. Contains interesting biographical material

about the men engaged in the battle.

French And Spanish Intrigues

Henry Doniol, Histoire de la participation de la France á

l'établissement des États-Unis d'Amérique, 5 vols. Paris, 1886-1892. A

complete exposition of the French and Spanish policy towards America

during the Revolutionary Period.

Manuel Serrano y Sanz, El brigadier Jaime Wilkinson y sus tratos con

España para la independencia del Kentucky, años 1787 á 1797. Madrid,

1915. A Spanish view of Wilkinson's intrigues with Spain, based on

letters and reports in the Spanish Archives.

Thomas Marshall Green, The Spanish Conspiracy. Cincinnati, 1891. A good

local account, from American sources. The best material on this subject

is found in Justin Winsor's The Westward Movement and Narrative and

Critical History because there viewed against a broad historical

background. See Winsor also for the Latin intrigues in Tennessee. For

material on Alexander McGillivray see the American Archives and the

Colonial Records of Georgia.

Edward S. Corwin, French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778.

Princeton, 1916. Deals chiefly with the commercial aspects of French

policy and should be read in conjunction with Winsor, Jay, and

Fitzmaurice's Life of William, Earl of Shelburne. 3 vols. London, 1875.

John Jay, On the Peace Negotiations of 1782-83 as Illustrated by the

Secret Correspondence of France and England. New York, 1888. A paper

read before the American Historical Association, May 23, 1887.

INDEX

Abingdon (Penn.), Boone family at, 25.

Adair, James, pioneer trader, 59-74, 158 (note).

Alabama, Creek nation in, 57, 68.

Alamance, Battle of the, 104.

Allaire, Lieutenant, officer under Ferguson, 200, 213.

Allen, General Ethan, tries to enlist Indian aid in Canada, 176 (note).

Alvord, C. W., The Mississippi Valley in British Politics, cited, 110

(note), 113 (note).

American Archives, cited, 8 (note), 123 (note), 176 (note).

Anne, Queen, invites Palatines to England, 15.

"Apostle, The," Count Zinzendorf, Moravian leader, 16-17.

Attakullakulla, Cherokee statesman, 188.

Audubon, J. J., and Boone, 279-280.

Avery, Waightstill, 162.

Baker, John, companion to Boone, 95.

Bean (or Been), William, erects first cabin on Watauga River, 159.

Beautiful River, 125, 274.

Big Bone Lick, Boone finds, 102.

Big Turtle, name given Boone by Indians, 145.

Black Fish, Shawanoe chief, 145, 146, 147, 148.

Bledsoe, Captain Anthony, 121, 125 (note), 149.

Blount, William, Governor of Tennessee, 265.

Blue Licks (Ky.), 97, 102, 143; battle at, 152.

Bluff Hector, nickname for Hector MacNeill, 12.

Bogart, W. H., Daniel Boone and the Hunters of Kentucky, cited, 135

(note).

Boone, Albert Gallatin, grandson of Daniel, 278 (note).

Boone, Daniel, nationality, 24-25; family, 24-26, 27-28; born (1734),

26; early life, 26-27; journey to North Carolina, 29-30; home on the

Yadkin, 48; Findlay and, 52-53, 83, 90, 97, 98, 100, 131-132; in

Braddock's campaign, 83; marriage, 90-91; in Virginia, 92; removes to

North Carolina, 92; carving on tree, 93; with Waddell's rangers, 93;

travels to Florida, 94; first expedition into Kentucky, 95-97; second

Kentucky expedition, 97-103; lonely explorations, 101-102; personal

characteristics, 105-106; removes family to Powell's Valley, 106-109;

part in Dunmore's war, 120-122, 128; and Henderson's venture, 129, 130

(note), 131, 133, 134-136; at Boonesborough, 140-141, 143, 147-149;

captured by Indians, 144-147; adopted by Indian chief, 145; and

Hamilton, 145-146; goes to West Virginia, 156; last days, 273 et seq..

Boone, Daniel Morgan, son of Daniel, 278 (note).

Boone, Edward, brother of Daniel, 152.

Boone, George, grandfather of Daniel, 24-25.

Boone, George, Jr., uncle of Daniel, 25.

Boone, Israel, second son of Daniel, 152.

Boone, James, eldest son of Daniel, 93, 107-108.

Boone, Jemima, daughter of Daniel, 141.

Boone, John, son of Daniel, 106.

Boone, Nathan, son of Daniel, 278.

Boone, Rebecca, wife of Daniel, 91, 107, 278.

Boone, Sam, brother of Daniel, 27.

Boone, Sarah, daughter of George, 25.

Boone, Sarah Morgan, mother of Daniel, 26, 28-29.

Boone, Squire, brother of Daniel, 100, 102.

Boone, Squire, father of Daniel, 25, 91; marriage, 26; expelled from

Society of Friends, 28; leaves Pennsylvania, 28-29.

Boone's Fort, 137.

Boone's Settlement (La Charette), 280-281; see also La Charette.

Boonesborough, Transylvania settlement, 138, 142, 245; Boone in,

140-141, 143, 148-149; Indian attacks on, 146-148; Robertson goes to,

246.

Bowman, John, 149.

"Braddock's Defeat," 82.

Branching Oak of the Forest (Tach-nech-dor-us), Indian chief, 119.

Brandywine, Battle of, Ferguson in, 197.

Broglie, Comte de, French agent in America, 249.

Brown, Widow, at whose inn Sevier is arrested, 241.

Brown, Dr. Samuel, Clark's letter to, 127 (note).

Bryan, Joseph, father of Rebecca Boone, 91.

Bryan, Rebecca, marries Daniel Boone, 91; see also Boone, Rebecca.

Bryan party on expedition to Kentucky, 107, 108.

Buffalo (Tenn.), Court at, 257.

Bull, Colonel William, pioneer trader, 55.

Bullitt, Captain Thomas, 113, 121.

Caldwell, David, Presbyterian minister, 162.

Calloway, Flanders, son-in-law of Daniel Boone, 277, 278.

Calloway, Richard, daughters captured by Indians, 141; accuses Boone of

treachery, 146 (note).

Cameron, Alexander, British agent to Cherokees, 170, 174, 176 (note).

Camp Union (Lewisburg), rendezvous for expedition in Dunmore's War, 115.

Campbell, Major Arthur, 121-122, 125 (note), 236.

Campbell, David, judge in Tennessee, 237, 240.

Campbell, Rev. James, 50.

Campbell, Colond William, at battle of Point Pleasant, 124 (note); and

King's Mountain, 205, 211, 219, 222.

Carolinas, Cherokees in, 57; Regulation Movement in, 159-164; see also

North Carolina, South Carolina.

Carson, Kit, grandson of Daniel Boone, 278 (note).

Catawba Indians, 56, 57.

Céloron de Blainville, 77.

Chads Ford, Ferguson's account of incident at, 198-199.

Charleston (S. C), Scotch-Irish in, 6.

Cherokee Indians, in the Yadkin, 36; location and number, 57; and Adair,

58-74; customs, 62; and French, 66-68; Priber compiles dictionary, 69;

in French and Indian Wars, 83-87; Indian policy of South Carolina,

84-86; treaty with English (1761), 87, 118; trouble in Kentucky, 114;

Henderson purchases land from, 130-133; in Tennessee, 158, 228, 255;

South Carolina sends ammunition to, 177; peace made (1777), 183; attack

Watauga, 226-227, 228; North Carolina and, 232; McGillivray and, 257;

forced westward, 271.

Chickamaugan Indians, 173.

Chickasaw Indians, location, 57; Adair and, 58, 59, 62, 72-73, 246; in

Tennessee, 158; McGillivray and, 257; forced westward, 271.

Chillicothe, Indian town, 146, 153.

Choctaw Indians, location, 57; and French, 58; Adair and, 63;

McGillivray and, 257; forced westward, 271.

Choiseul, Étienne François, Duc de, French Minister, 249.

Chota, deputation of Indians at, 178; Robertson as Indian agent at, 183.

Chronicle, Colonel, 209.

Civil War, part of mountaineers in, 224.

Clark, G. R., 283, 285; in "Cresap's War," 116-117; with Dunmore's

forces, 125 (note); and Chief Logan, 127 (note); at Harrodsburg, 129,

139, 151-152; and Harrodsburg Remonstrance, 140; brings ammunition from

Virginia, 142; made a major, 149; founds Louisville, 150; builds Fort

Jefferson, 150; war on Indians, 153, 262; letter to Governor of

Virginia, 154; later life, 155; death (1818), 155; and Wilkinson,

262-264; personal characteristics, 263.

Clark, William, brother of G. R., 155; Lewis and, 282.

Clark, Elijah, 212.

Cleveland, Colonel, at King's Mountain, 209, 220, 222.

Cocke, William, 238.

Colbert, white leader of Indians, 150-151.

Connolly, Dr. John, Dunmore's agent, 113 (note).

Cooley, William, accompanies Boone to Kentucky, 98, 100.

Cooper, J. F., on Ferguson's story of Washington, 199 (note).

Cornstalk, Shawanoe chief, 118, 123-124, 126.

Cornwallis, Edward, 195, 196, 202, 213, 214, 222, 228, 229.

Corporation Acts, 4.

Cowpens, frontiersmen at, 215; Morgan's victory at, 222.

Craighead, Rev. Alexander, Presbyterian minister, 8, 162.

Creek Indians, disclose Spanish plot, 55; location, 57; and McGillivray,

58-59, 255-256; forced westward, 271.

Cresap, Captain Michael, of Maryland, 116, 117, 127.

"Cresap's War," 117.

Croghan, George, "King of Traders," 58, 112-113, 115, 118.

Cross Creek (Fayetteville), MacNeill at, 12.

Culloden, victory of, 9, 11.

Cumberland, Duke of, directs extermination of Gaels, 11.

Cumberland Gap, Findlay leads Boone through, 52-53; Boone robbed in,

103.

Cutbirth (or Cutbird), Benjamin, nephew of Daniel Boone, 95.

Dartmouth, Lord, Secretary for the Colonies, letters to, 6, 175, 176

(note).

Day, Sarah, marries Sam Boone, 27.

De Lancey, Major, father-in-law of J. F. Cooper, 199 (note).

De Peyster, Captain, officer under Ferguson, 200, 218, 219.

Delassus, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, 276.

Delaware Indians, 178; location, 57; and French, 58; and Dunmore's War,

114, 118.

Dequindre, French Canadian leader of Indian band, 143, 147-148.

Detroit, in hands of English, 87; Boone at, 145-146.

Dinwiddie, Robert, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, 77-80, 81.

Doak, Rev. Samuel, 207, 235.

Dobbs, Arthur, Governor of North Carolina, 79, 86.

Dobbs, E. D., son of Governor, 83.

Donelson, Captain John, 186; Journal, 187-193.

Dorchester, Lord, Governor of Canada, 265.

Dragging Canoe, Chickamaugan chief, 133-134, 173, 179, 180, 181, 183,

206, 229.

Draper, L. C., King's Mountain and its Heroes, cited, 199 (note), 204

(note), 213 (note).

Dunmore, Lord, Governor of Virginia, 112 (note), 113, 114-116, 118, 120,

123, 125, 126, 176 (note).

Dunmore's War, 114 et seq.

Duquesne, Fort, 81, 82, 87, 88.

English, W. H., Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio,

cited, 127 (note).

Falling, William, 173.

Fanning, Edmund, agent of Lord Granville, 160.

Femme Osage Creek, Boone settles at, 274-275.

Femme Osage Syndic, 275-277.

Ferguson, Dr. Adam, letter to, 196.

Ferguson, Major Patrick, as a soldier, 196-198; as a man, 198-200;

commands loyalists in Back Country, 200-206, 211; at King's Mountain,

212-220; death, 219-220, 221.

Findlay, John, pioneer trader, and Daniel Boone, 52, 83, 90, 97, 98,

100, 131-132; in Braddock's campaign, 83; captured by Shawanoes, 97,

131.

Fitzherbert, letter quoted, 252 (note).

Fleming, William, 124.

Florida, Spanish and Indians in, 55, 56; Boone explores, 94.

Floridablanca, Spanish Minister, 250.

Floyd, John, Washington's agent, 113-114; and Boone, 121, 141.

Forbes, General, expedition in 1759, 87.

France, Highlanders flee to, 9; and Indians, 53, 54, 58, 178-179;

possessions in America, 56, 57; Adair's account of struggles with

French, 63; Priber sent by, 66-70; French and Indian Wars, 750 et seq.;

attitude toward American independence, 248-253.

Frankfort (Ky.), Daniel Boone's grave in, 284.

Frankland, State of, 234-238; see also Franklin, State of.

Franklin, Benjamin, 238.

Franklin, State of, 238, 240, 259, 260, 266; see also Frankland, State

of.

Frémont, J. C, 278 (note).

French and Indian Wars, 75 et seq.

Friends, Society of, expel Squire Boone, 28.

Furniture of the pioneers, 45-46.

Gaels, see Highlanders.

Gage, General Thomas, quoted, 176 (note).

Galphin, pioneer trader, 59, 256.

Gates, General, 202, 210, 221.

Gazette, Knoxville, Jackson's letter in, 268.

Georgia, Creek nation in, 57; Tories in, 195; and State of Franklin,

238; and McGillivray, 256-257, 258.

Germain, Lord, and Stuart, 176 (note), 177.

German Palatinate, persecution of Protestants in, 15.

German Reformed Church, 15.

Germans, in Virginia and North Carolina, 14-15; as immigrants, 16.

Gibson, Major, 126.

Gibson, Colonel John, 117-118.

Girty, George, 143.

Girty, James, 143.

Gist, Christopher, 77, 78.

Glen, Governor of South Carolina, 63, 64; Indian policy, 84.

Gottlob, Brother, Moravian leader, 19, 21, 23, 24.

Gower, Fort, 123.

Grant, Colonel James, 94.

Grantham, Lord, letter to, 252 (note).

Granville, Lord, Proprietor in North Carolina, Moravians purchase land

from, 18; agents oppress people, 104, 159.

Great Meadows, Washington at, 81.

Great Telliko, Cherokee town, 62, 66, 69, 158.

Great War, part of mountaineers in, 224-225.

Greathouse, trader, 117.

Greene, General Nathanael, 221-222.

Greene, T. M., The Spanish Conspiracy, cited, 264 (note).

Grube, Adam, Moravian Brother, 18; Journal, 19-24.

Guilford Court House, battle of, 222.

Hamilton, Henry, British Governor at Detroit, 139, 145-146.

Hampbright, Colonel, 209.

Hanna, C. A., The Wilderness Trail, cited, 97 (note).

Harding, Chester, and Boone, 278-279.

Harrod, James, 139; establishes first settlement in Kentucky, 110, 114,

121, 129; as surveyor, 113; and Henderson, 138; goes to Watauga for

supplies, 141-142; made a Captain, 149; accompanies Clark, 153.

Harrodsburg, 136, 142, 149, 153, 245, 246; founded, 114, 129;

Remonstrance, 140, 151; Indian attacks on, 146.

Henderson, Judge Richard, leader of Transylvania Company, 130-140, 160,

184-185; Donelson's party meets, 193.

Henry, Patrick, Preston writes to, 125.

Heydt, Joist, 16.

Highlanders, in Revolutionary War, 8, 13-14; in North Carolina, 9; clan

system, 10; characteristics, 10-12; and Indians, 54-55; see also

Scotch-Irish.

Hill, William, 96.

Holden, Joseph, 98, 100.

Holston River settlement, 141, 158, 159, 168, 176.

Honeycut, pioneer at Watauga, 165.

Hooper, William, 160.

Houston, Rev. Samuel, 235.

Hoyt, W. H., The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, cited, 8

(note).

Huguenots in America, 54.

Hunter, James, 164.

Husband, Hermon, 161, 163, 164.

Illinois, Clark's troops, 124, 125 (note), 283; Robertson journeys to,

185; and Clark, 285.

"Indian Summer," origin of term, 41.

Indiana and Clark, 285.

Indians, relation to white men in West, 38-48; use of hickory, 45; and

the traders, 52 et seq.; and French, 53, 54, 58, 178-179; and Spanish,

53, 54, 55, 255; Boone and, 101-102; 103; Dunmore's War, 114 et seq.;

"Cresap's War." 117; treachery toward, 117-118 purchase of land from,

131-134; trouble in Kentucky, 135-136, 139, 143, 152-153; see also names

of tribes.

Ireland, Scotch-Irish from, 6; see also Ulster Plantation.

Iroquois Indians, location, 57; loyalty to English, 58; Croghan and,

118; cede Kentucky to British, 132; see also Six Nations.

Jackson, Andrew, 243, 266.

Jay, John, On the Peace Negotiations of 1782-1788 as illustrated by the

Secret Correspondence of France and England, cited, 252 (note).

Jefferson, Thomas, and navigation of Mississippi River, 254.

Jefferson, Fort, 150, 151.

Jennings, Mrs., Donelson's account of, 188, 190, 191.

Johnson, Sir William, and Iroquois Indians, 58, 179; and sale of Indian

land, 111.

Johnston, Gabriel, Governor of North Carolina, 9.

Jonesborough (Tenn.), county seat of Washington, 184; delegates meet to

form State, 233; court at, 237; Andrew Jackson at, 266.

Kalb, Johann, French agent in America, 249.

Kansas, Daniel Boone in, 277.

Kenton, Simon, 125 (note), 143.

Kentucky, meaning of name, 95 (note); Boone's first expedition to,

95-97; expedition of Boone and Findlay into, 97-103; settlement and

Indian troubles, 104-156; admitted as State (1792), 156; and Mississippi

River, 254; as Boone's monument, 284; bibliography, 289-290.

Keppoch, Laird of, legend concerning, 11.

King, trader, 117, 118.

King's Mountain, Battle of, 214-221.

Knoxville (Tenn.), Sevier and Jackson in, 268; Sevier buried in,

269-270.

La Charette (Mo.), Boone at, 274-275, 281; see also Boone's Settlement.

Le Bœuf, Fort, 79.

Lewis, Colonel Andrew, 114-115, 122-123, 124 (note), 158.

Lewis, Colonel Charles, 115, 124.

Lewis, Meriwether, 282, 283.

Logan, Mingo chief Tach-nech-dor-us, 119, 120, 126-127.

Logan, Benjamin, 125 (note), 135, 136, 141-142, 149.

Long Hunters, 103.

Loudon, Fort, 158.

Louisbourg in hands of English, 87.

Louisville, Findlay reaches site of, 97; Clark founds, 150; Wilkinson

at, 262.

Lulbegrud Creek, 100.

Lutheran Church, 15.

Luzerne, French Ambassador at Philadelphia, 251.

Lytle, Captain, 203-204.

Lytle, Mrs., and Ferguson, 204.

Lyttleton, Governor of South Carolina, 85.

McAden, Rev. Hugh, of Philadelphia, 50.

McAfee, James, 136.

McAfee brothers, 113, 136.

McDowell, Colonel Charles, 200-201, 202, 206, 210, 211-212, 213, 243.

McDowell, Joseph, 243.

McGillivray, Alexander, Creek chief, 59, 255-261.

McGillivray, Lachlan, father of Alexander, 58-59, 256, 257.

McGregor, William, 9.

Macdonald, Allan, of Kingsborough, 14.

MacDonald, Flora, 14.

MacLean, J. P., An Historical Account of the Settlement of Scotch

Highlanders in America, cited, 11 (note).

MacNeill, Hector, (Bluff Hector), 12.

MacNeill, Neil, of Kintyre, 12.

Mansker, Gasper, 103, 185.

Marion, General Francis, 229.

Martin, Josiah, Royal Governor of North Carolina, 13.

Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, 8.

Mereness, N. D., ed., Travels in the American Colonies, cited, 18

(note).

Mingo Indians, 114, 117, 118, 119-120, 126.

Miró, Don Estevan, Governor of Louisiana, 254-255, 259, 260-261.

Mississippi (State), Choctaws in, 63.

Mississippi River, French territory on, 56; Choctaws on, 57; Stewart's

party reaches, 95; Spain refuses right of navigation of, 253-254.

Missouri, Boone settles in, 274; Boone dies in, 284.

Mobile, French hold, 57.

Mohawk Indians, 178, 179.

Montgomery, John, 125 (note).

Montreal in hands of English, 87.

Mooney, James, 98, 100.

Moore's Fort, Boone commands, 122.

Moravians, 15, 16-24.

Morgan, David, 125 (note), 222.

Morgan, Sarah, marries Squire Boone, 26; see also Boone, Sarah Morgan.

Morgantown (N. C), Sevier sent to, 242-244.

Mountain Leader (Opimingo), Indian chief, 247.

Mountaineers of the South, 223-224.

Müller, Adam, 16.

Musgrove's Mill, engagement at, 202.

Nantuca Indians, deputation of warriors from, arrive at Chota, 178.

Nash, General Francis, 163, 186 (note).

Nashborough, Nashville first named, 186.

Nashville, founded, 186; Andrew Jackson at, 266; Robertson buried at,

270.

Nathanael, Brother, one of the Moravian Brethren, 21.

Navigation Acts and Ireland, 4.

Necessity, Fort, 81.

Neely, Alexander, 100.

New France, 87, 88.

New Market (Va.), Sevier founds, 167.

Nolan, aids Wilkinson, 264.

"Nolichucky Jack," nickname of John Sevier, 184; see also Sevier.

North Carolina, Scotch-Irish in, 7; Craighead in, 8; Highlanders in,

12-13; Moravians in, 18; journey of Moravian Brethren into, 19-24;

rainfall, 43; pioneer homes in, 45-47; in French and Indian Wars, 82-83,

86; Indian policy, 83-84; Daniel Boone in, 92; Regulation Movement, 104,

137, 159-164; Transylvania Company formed in, 129-130; emigrants go to

Tennessee, 159; Robertson from, 165; boundary line, 170, 185, 186;

Watauga petitions for annexation, 171-172; erects Washington County,

172; Colonial Records, cited, 176 (note), 177 (note); sends out

Robertson as Indian agent, 183; Ferguson in, 203; Ferguson's

proclamation to, 212-213; Cornwallis expected to retreat through, 228;

resolution of gratitude to overmountain men, 230; cedes overmountain

territory to United States, 231-233; and State of Frankland, 234,

236-237, 238; and Sevier, 239, 240-245; and State of Franklin, 240; and

Tennessee settlements, 259-260.

North Wales (Penn.), Boone family in, 25.

Oconostota, Cherokee chief, 118, 132.

O'Fallon aids Wilkinson, 264.

Ohio, Clark against Indians of, 151, 153.

Ohio Company, 77, 78, 81, 111-112.

Old Tassel, Cherokee Indian, 270.

Oley Township, Berks County (Penn.), George Boone at, 25, 26.

Opimingo (Mountain Leader), Chickasaw chief, 247.

Oswego in hands of English, 87.

Ottawa Indians, 118, 178.

Palatines, see Germans.

Paris, Treaty of (1763), 94.

Patrick Henry, Fort, 186.

Penn, William, Boone seeks information from, 25.

Pennsylvania, Scotch-Irish in, 1, 6; Germans in, 15, 16; Boone family

in, 25-28; disputes Fort Pitt with Virginia, 112.

"Pennsylvania Dutch," 15.

"Pennsylvania Irish," 6.

Peyton, Ephraim, one of Donelson's party, 189.

Peyton, Mrs. Ephraim, Donelson's account of, 188, 189, 190.

Philadelphia, Boone family reaches, 25.

Pickett, History of Alabama, cited, 257 (note).

Piqua, Indian town, 153.

Pitfour, Lord, of Aberdeen, 196.

Pitt, Fort, 88, 112-113, 115.

Pittsburgh site a crucial point in 1754, 81.

Point Pleasant, Battle of, 123-124, 164, 272.

Pontleroy, French secret agent in America, 249.

Powell's Valley, 135; Boone's journey to, 106, 107.

"Powwowing Days," 41.

Presbyterian Church, and Scotch-Irish, 3, Charles I suppresses, 4.

Preston, Colonel William, 115, 120, 125.

Priber, French agent to Cherokees, 66-70.

Proclamation of 1763, 110-111, 113, 170.

Puck-e-shin-wa, Shawanoe chief, 125.

Pulaski, Count, 199 (note).

Quaker Meadows, Sevier's troops at, 209.

Quakers, see Friends, Society of.

Red Shoe, Choctaw chief, 63.

Regulation Movement, 104, 137, 159-164; Revolutionary War, Highlanders

in, 13-14; Indian raids in Kentucky, 139; King's Mountain, 195 et seq.;

attitude of France and Spain in, 248 et seq.

Roane, Archibald, Governor of Tennessee, 267.

Robertson, James, "father of Tennessee," 124-125 (note), 133; at

Watauga, 165-166, 170, 181; personal characteristics, 165; and Sevier,

167, 239; commands Wataugans, 172; Indian agent at Chota, 183; leads

settlers into middle Tennessee, 185; founds Nashville, 186; and

Ferguson, 195; and Indian war, 246, 255; characterizes McGillivray, 259;

death (1814), 270.

Robertson, Mrs. James, 246.

Robertson, Mark, 185.

Robinson, Colonel David, 149.

Rogers, John, 88.

Rogers, Joseph, 153.

Roosevelt, Theodore, The Winning of the West, cited, 134 (note).

Russell, William, 107, death of his son, 108.

Rutherford, Griffith, 163.

Rutledge, John, President of South Carolina, 176 (note).

St. Asaph's Station founded, 136.

St. Augustine, Spanish at, 55, 56.

St. Vincent, Island of, Ferguson on, 197.

Sapperton, trader, 117.

Scotch-Irish, as immigrants, 1-2, 6; characteristics, 2-3, 5-6;

religion, 3, 4; persecution of, 4-5; and American Independence, 7-8;

bibliography, 287; see also Highlanders.

Seven Years' War, casus belli, 76; in Europe, 82; land promised to

soldiers of, 118; Ferguson in, 196.

Sevier, John, 133; probably seen by Brother Grube, 20-21; marriage, 48;

at Watauga, 166-167, 169, 170, 171; and New Market, 167; and Robertson,

167, 168, 239; personal characteristics, 168-169; writes Virginia

Committee, 173-174; and Indian troubles, 174, 181-183, 226-228; and

"Bonnie Kate," 182; nicknamed "Nolichucky Jack," 184; and King's

Mountain, 200-201, 205-206, 208 et seq.; as a statesman, 226 et seq.;

feud with Tipton, 227, 234, 239-240, 241, 267; elected Governor of

Tennessee, 265; and Jackson, 266-269; death (1815), 269.

Sevier, John, Jr., 243 (note).

Sevier, Valentine, 125 (note).

Shawanoe Indians, 178; location, 57; and French, 58; Findlay a prisoner

of, 97; and Boone, 98-99, 108, 143-148; war with, 114, 118, 123-126;

relinquish right to Kentucky, 131; capture girls from Boonesborough,

141.

Shelby, Isaac, at battle of Point Pleasant, 124 (note); Colonel of

Sullivan, 184; at King's Mountain, 200 et seq.; moves to Kentucky, 230.

Sheltowee (Big Turtle), name given to Boone by Indians, 145.

Sherrill, Bonnie Kate, wife of John Sevier, 182.

Six Nations, right to dispose of territory, 76; see also Iroquois

Indians.

Social customs, of seaboard towns, 32; of pioneers, 32 et seq.

South Carolina, Yamasi Indians in, 56; and Cherokees, 177; Tories in,

195; see also Carolinas.

Spain, and Indians, 53, 54, 55; attitude toward American independence,

248-255; plots against United States, 255-265; State of Franklin and,

259.

Spangenburg, Bishop, 18.

Spanish Succession, War of (1701-13), 15.

Spencer, Judge, issues warrant for Sevier, 241.

Stanwix, Fort, treaty of (1768), 132.

Stephen, Adam, Boone, 125 (note).

Stewart, John, brother-in-law of Daniel Boone, 95, 98, 100.

Stoner, Michael, 120, 121.

Stover, Jacob, husband of Sarah Boone, 25.

Stuart, Henry, deputy Indian agent, 177.

Stuart, John, with Dunmore's forces, Boone, 125 (note); British agent,

174, 176 (note); in Revolution, 229.

Sullivan County, formed from Washington County, 184; troops in, 201.

Sycamore Shoals, conference with Indians at (1775), 132-134, 170; troops

mustered at, 206.

Tach-nech-dor-us (Branching Oak of the Forest), Mingo chief, see Logan.

Tarleton, Sir Banastre, British officer, 218.

Taylor, Hancock, 113, 121 (note).

Tecumseh, 125.

Tennessee, 157 et seq., 259; name, 158 (note); and Mississippi River

navigation, 254; admitted as State (1796), 265; bibliography, 290-291;