52·5
52·5
41·2
46·1
63·4
55·6
51·6
37·4
33·0
27·9
57·1
43·9
15·3
32·4
63·2
49·8
50·0
41·1
57·0
72·0
57·0
47·2
41·6
30·6
52·0
63·5
46·0
63·0
60·0
76·0
61·5
61·5
61·7
61·7
60·0
60·0
58·5
56·5
43·0
46·0
54·0
55·0
58·0
– 1·8
– 1·8
– 1·8
+ 9·7
+ 7·1
+ 9·6
+15·4
+12·9
+ 7·6
+ 4·7
+ 3·6
+ 6·6
+11·1
+19·2
+10·8
– 0·6
+ 1·4
+ 7·7
+10·7
+ 5·3
+ 0·1
+ 9·2
+ 8·6
+10·4
+12·6
+ 8·2
+ 1·5
+ 5·4
+ 1·5
+ 1·9
+ 4·0
+ 0·9
+ 0·4
– 0·1
– 1·0
+ 0·2
+ 0·5
+ 1·5
+ 2·0
+ 6·4
+ 1·3
+ 1·7
+ 2·4
+ 1·5
[434] Sheltered by trees, ground spongy and wet.
SERIES III. _Plains of Bengal_
Locality Date Eleva-
tion
(feet) Depth
(ft. in.) Temperature
of sunk
Thermometer Extreme
Temperature
of Air
observed Approx.
Mean
Temp.
of Air
deduced Diff.
between
Air and
sunk
Therm. Kishengunj
Dulalgunj
Banks of Mahanuddy river
Ditto
Ditto
Maldah
Mahanuddy river
Ganges
Bauleah
Dacca May 3 to 4
May 7
May 8
May 9
May 10
May 11
May 14
May 15
May 16 to 18
May 28 to 30 131
130
100
100
100
100
100
100
130
72 2 7
2 7
2 7
2 7
2 7
2 7
2 7
2 7
2 7
2 7 §82·8 to 83·0
§81·3
†79·3
†87·5
†88·0
†88·8
†87·8
†88·0
87·8 to 89·8
84·0 to 84·3 70·0 to 85·7
74·3 to 90·3
75·0 to 91·5
77·8 to 92·5
78·5 to 91·5
75·3 to 91·3
71·0 to 91·7
73·0 to 87·8
78·0 to 106·5
75·3 to 95·5 82·0
82·0
83·0
83·0
82·3
82·3
82·3
82·3
80·5
83·3 +0·8
–0·7
–3·7
–4·5
–5·7
–6·5
–4·5
–5·7
+7·3
+0·9
SERIES IV. _Khasia Mountains_
Locality Date Eleva-
tion
(feet) Depth
(ft. in.) Temperature
of sunk
Thermometer Extreme
Temperature
of Air
observed Approx.
Mean
Temp.
of Air
deduced Diff.
between
Air and
sunk
Therm. Churra
Churra
Kala-panee
Kala-panee
Kala-panee
Kala-panee
Moflong
Moflong
Moflong
Syong
Syong
Myrung
Myrung
Myrung
Myrung
Nunklow
Nunklow
Pomrang
Pomrang June 28 to 25
Oct. 29 to Nov. 16
June 28 to 29
Aug. 5 to 7
Sept. 13 to 14
Oct. 27 to 28
June 30 to July 4
July 30 to Aug. 4
Oct. 25 to 27
July 29 to 30
Oct. 11 to 12
July 9 to 10
July 26 to 29
Oct. 12 to 17
Oct. 21 to 25
July 11 to 26
Oct. 17 to 21
Sept. 15 to 23
Oct. 6 to 10 4,226
5,302
6,062
5,725
5,647
4,688
5,143
2 7
2 7
2 7
2 7
2 7
2 7
2 7
*71·8 to 72·3
68·3 to 64·0
69·2
70·0 to 70·4
*70·2
*66·3
65·0
67·3
63·2
69·2 to 69·3
67·0
66·2 to 66·3
68·3
66·0 to 64·8
64·8 to 64·0
70·5 to 71·3
68·8 to 68·3
70·3 to 68·5
68·3 64·8 to 72·2
70·7 to 49·3
64·2 to 71·2
72·2 to 61·8
65·5 to 69·8
64·0 to 56·0
61·0 to 68·3
64·0 to 75·8
63·7 to 55·7
60·0 to 78·5
65·7 to 55·5
60·0 to 73·8
78·0 to 64·2
70·0 to 55·5
66·0 to 53·0
65·5 to 81·5
75·7 to 58·0
73·0 to 57·0
73·7 to 58·2 69·9
61·7
67·2
64·9
66·0
60·0
64·0
68·5
64·1
69·2
62·8
67·5
71·1
63·0
60·5
71·5
66·1
65·5
65·0 +2·2
+4·5
+2·0
+5·2
+4·2
+6·3
+2·2
–1·2
–0·9
+0·1
+4·2
–1·2
–2·8
+2·4
+3·9
–0·5
+2·5
+3·9
+3·3
* Hole full of rain-water. † Soil, a moist sand. § Dry sand.
SERIES V. _Jheels, Gangetic Delta, and Chittagong_
Locality Date Eleva-
tion
(feet) Depth
(ft. in.) Temperature
of sunk
Thermometer Extreme
Temperature
of Air
observed Approx.
Mean
Temp.
of Air
deduced Diff.
between
Air and
sunk
Therm. Silchar
Silhet
Noacolly
Chittagong
Chittagong
Chittagong, flagstaff hill
Hat-hazaree
Sidhee
Hattiah
Seetakoond
Calcutta† Nov. 27 to 30
Dec. 3 to 7
Dec. 18 to 19
Dec. 23 to 31
Jan. 14 to 16
Dec. 28 to 30
Jan. 4 to 5
Jan. 5 to 6
Jan. 6 to 9
Jan. 9 to 14
Jan. 16 to Feb. 5 116
133
20
191
151
20
20
20
20
18 2 7 77·7 to 75·8
73·5 to 73·7
73·3
72·5 to 73·0
73·3 to 73·7
72·0 to 71·8
71·3
71·0
*67·7
73·3 to 73·7
76·0 to 77·0 55·0 to 81·7
63·0 to 74·5
58·5 to 76·5
53·2 to 75·0
61·3 to 78·7
55·2 to 74·2
50·5 to 62·0
52·7 to 70·2
50·2 to 77·5
55·2 to 79·5
§56·5 to 82·0 69·1
69·5
69·5
63·8
65·5
65·3
65·0
65·0
64·5
70·2
69·3 +7·7
+3·1
+3·8
+9·0
+8·3
+6·6
+6·3
+6·0
+3·2
+3·3
+7·2
* Shaded by trees. † Observations at the Mint, etc., by Mr. Muller.
§ Observations for temperature of air, taken at the Observatory.
I.
ON THE DECREMENT OF TEMPERATURE IN ASCENDING THE SIKKIM HIMALAYA
MOUNTAINS AND KHASIA MOUNTAINS
I have selected as many of my observations for temperature of the sir
as appeared to be trustworthy, and which, also, were taken
contemporaneously with others at Calcutta, and I have compared them
with the Calcutta observations, in order to find the ratio of decrement
of heat to an increase of elevation. The results of several sets of
observations are grouped together, but show so great an amount of
discrepancy, that it is evident that a long series of months and the
selection of several stations are necessary in a mountain country to
arrive at any accurate results. Even at the stations where the most
numerous and the most trustworthy observations were recorded, the
results of different months differ extremely; and with regard to the
other stations, where few observations were taken, each one is affected
differently from another at the same level with it, by the presence or
proximity of forest, by exposure to the east or west, to ascending or
descending currents in the valleys, and to cloud or sunshine. Other and
still more important modifying influences are to be traced to the
monthly variations in the amount of humidity in the air and the
strength of its currents, to radiation, and to the evolution of heat
which accompanies condensation raising the temperature of elevated
regions during the rainy season. The proximity of large masses of snow
has not the influence I should have expected in lowering the
temperature of the surrounding atmosphere, partly no doubt because of
the more rapid condensation of vapours which it effects, and partly
because of the free circulation of the currents around it. The
difference between the temperatures of adjacent grassy and naked or
rocky spots, on the other hand, is very great indeed, the former soon
becoming powerfully heated in lofty regions where the sun’s rays pass
through a rarefied atmosphere, and the rocks especially radiating much
of the heat thus accumulated, for long after sunset. In various parts
of my journals I have alluded to other disturbing causes, which being
all more or leas familiar to meteorologists, I need not recapitulate
here. Their combined effects raise all the summer temperatures above
what they should theoretically be.
In taking Calcutta as a standard of comparison, I have been guided by
two circumstances; first, the necessity of selecting a spot where
observations were regularly and accurately made; and secondly, the
being able to satisfy myself by a comparison of my instruments that the
results should be so far strictly comparable.
I have allowed 1° Fahr. for every degree in latitude intervening
between Sikkim and Calcutta, as the probable ratio of diminution of
temperature. So far as my observations made in east Bengal and in
various parts of the Gangetic delta afford a means of solving this
question, this is a near approximation to the truth. The spring
observations however which I have made at the foot of the Sikkim
Himalaya would indicate a much more rapid decrement; the mean
temperature of Titalya and other parts of the plains south of the
forests, between March and May being certainly 6°–9° lower than
Calcutta: this period however is marked by north-west and north-east
winds, and by a strong haze which prevents the sun’s rays from
impinging on the soil with any effect. During the southerly winds, the
same region is probably hotter than Calcutta, there being but scanty
vegetation, and the rain-fall being moderate.
In the following observations solitary readings are always rejected.
I.—_Summer or Rainy Season observations at Dorjiling._
Observations taken during the rainy season of 1848, at Mr. Hodgson’s
(Jillapahar, Dorjiling) alt. 7,430 feet, exposure free to the north
east and west, the slopes all round covered with heavy timber; much
mist hence hangs over the station. The mean temperatures of the month
at Jillapahar are deduced from horary observations, and those of
Calcutta from the mean of the daily maximum and minimum.
Month No. of
Obs. at
Jillapahar Temp. Temp.
Calcutta Equiv.
of
1° Fahr. July
August
September
October 284
378
407
255 61·7
61·7
58·9
55·3 86·6
85·7
84·7
83·3 364 feet
346 feet
348 feet
316 feet 1,324 … Mean 344 feet
II.—_Winter or dry season observations at Dorjiling._
1. Observations taken at Mr. J. Muller’s, and chiefly by himself, at
“the Dale”;
elev. 6,956 feet; a sheltered spot, with no forest near, and a free
west exposure.
103 observations. Months: November, December, January, and
February 1°=313 ft. 2. Observations at Dr. Campbell’s
(Superintendent’s) house in April;
elev. 6,950 feet; similar exposure to the last.
13 observations in April 1°=308 ft. 3. Observations by Mr. Muller
at Colinton; elev. 7,179 feet; free exposure to
north-west; much forest about the station, and a high ridge to east and
south.
38 observations in winter months 1°=290 ft. 4. Miscellaneous (11)
observations at Leebong; elev. 6000 feet; in February;
free exposure all round 1°=266 ft. 5. Miscellaneous observations
at “Smith’s Hotel;” Dorjiling, on a cleared ridge;
exposed all round; elev. 6,863 feet. April and May 1°=252 ft.
———— Mean of winter observations
Mean of summer observations
Mean 1°=286 ft.
1°=344 ft.
————
310 ft.
III.—_Miscellaneous observations taken at different places in
Dorjiling, elevations 6,900 to 7,400 feet, with the differences of
temperature between Calcutta and Dorjiling._
Month Number of
Observations Difference of
Temperature Equivalent January
February
March
April
March and April
July
August
September
October 27
84
37
7
29
83
74
95
18 30·4
32·8
41·9
36·0
37·3
23·6
22·4
25·7
29·5 1°=287 ft.
1°=265 ft.
1°=196 ft.
1°=236 ft.
1°=224 ft.
1°=389 ft.
1°=415 ft.
1°=350 ft.
1°=297 ft. Sum 454 Mean 31·1 Mean 1°=295 ft.
These, it will be seen, give a result which approximates to that of the
sets I and II. Being deduced from observations at different exposures,
the effects of these may be supposed to be eliminated. It is to be
observed that the probable results of the addition of November and
December’s observations, would be balanced by those of May and June,
which are hot moist months.
IV.—_Miscellaneous cold weather observations made at various elevations
between 1000 and 17,000 feet, during my journey into east Nepal and
Sikkim, in November to January 1848 and 1849. The equivalent to 1°
Fahr. was deduced from the mean of all the observations at each
station, and these being arranged in sets corresponding to their
elevations, gave the following results._
Elevation Number
of Stations Number of
Observations Equivalent 1,000 to 4,000 ft.
4,000 to 8,000 ft.
8,000 to 12,000 ft.
12,000 to 17,000 ft. 27
52
20
14 111
197
84
54 1°=215 ft.
1°=315 ft.
1°=327 ft.
1°=377 ft. Sum 113 Sum 446 Mean 1°=308 ft.
The total number of comparative observations taken during that journey,
amounted to 563, and the mean equivalent was 1°=303 feet, but I
rejected many of the observations that were obviously unworthy of
confidence.
V.—_Miscellaneous observations (chiefly during the rainy season) taken
during my journey into Sikkim and the frontier of Tibet, between May
2nd and December 25th, 1848. The observations were reduced as in the
previous instance. The rains on this occasion were unusually
protracted, and cannot be said to have ceased till mid-winter, which
partly accounts for the very high temperatures._
Elevation Number
of Stations Number of
Observations Equivalent 1,000 to 4,000 ft.
4,000 to 8,000 ft.
8,000 to 12,000 ft.
12,000 to 17,000 ft. 10
21
18
29 45
283
343
219 1°=422 ft.
1°=336 ft.
1°=355 ft.
1°=417 ft. Sum 78 Sum 890 Mean 1°=383 ft.
The great elevation of the temperature in the lowest elevations is
accounted for by the heating of the valleys wherein these observations
were taken, and especially of the rocks on their floors. The increase
with the elevation, of the three succeeding sets, arises from the fact
that the loftier regions are far within the mountain region, and are
less forest clad and more sunny than the outer Himalaya.
A considerable number of observations were taken during this journey at
night, when none are recorded at Calcutta, but which are comparable
with contemporaneous observations taken by Mr. Muller at Dorjiling.
These being all taken during the three most rainy months, when the
temperature varies but very little during the whole twenty-four hours,
I expected satisfactory results, but they proved very irregular and
anomalous.
The means were—
At 21 stations of greater elevation than Dorjiling 1°=348
ft.
At 17 stations lower in elevation 1°=447 ft.
VI.—_Sixty-four contemporaneous observations at Jillapahar, 7,430 feet,
and the bed of the Great Rungeet river, 818 feet; taken in January and
February, give 1°=322 feet._
VII.—_Observations taken by burying a thermometer two and a half to
three feet deep, in a brass tube, at Dorjiling and at various
elevations near that station._
Month Upper Stations Lower Stations February and March
February
April
April
March and April
March, April, May Jillapahar, 7,430 ft.
Ditto
Leebong, 6000 ft.
Jillapahar, 7,430 ft.
Khersiong, 4,813 ft.
Jillapahar, 7,430 ft. Leebong, 6000 ft.
Guard House,
Great Rungeet, 1,864 ft.
Ditto
Khersiong, 4,813 ft.
Punkabaree, 1,850 ft.
Ditto 1°=269 ft.
1°=298 ft.
1°=297 ft.
1°=297 ft.
1°=223 ft.
1°=253 ft. Mean 1°=273 ft.
The above results would seem to indicate that up to an elevation of
7,500 feet, the temperature diminishes rather more than 1° Fahr. for
every 300 feet of ascent or thereabouts; that this decrement is much
leas in the summer than in the winter months; and I may add that it is
less by day than by night. There is much discrepancy between the
results obtained at greater or less elevations than 7000 feet; but a
careful study of these, which I have arranged in every possible way,
leads me to the conclusion that the proportion map be roughly indicated
thus:—
1°=300 feet, for elevations from 1,000 to 8,000 feet.
1°=320 feet, for elevations from 8,000 to 10,000 feet.
1°=350 feet, for elevations from 10,000 to 14,000 feet.
1°=400 feet, for elevations from 14,000 to 18,000 feet.
VIII.—_Khasia mountain observations._
Date Calcutta
Obs. Number
of
Obs. Churra
Obs. Number
of
Obs. Altitude
above
the Sea Churra Poonji, June 13 to 26
Churra Poonji, Aug. 7 to Sept. 4
Churra Poonji, Oct. 29 to Nov. 16 86·3
84·6
80·7 63
196
85 70·1
69·2
63·1 67
214
133 1°=300 ft.
1°=331 ft.
1°=282 ft. 4,069 ft.
4,225 ft.
4,225 ft. 354 414 Mean, 304 ft.
Date Calcutta
Obs. Number
of
Obs. Khasia
Obs. Number
of
Obs. Altitude
above
the Sea Kala-panee, June, Aug., Sept.
Moflong, June, July, Aug., Oct.
Syong
Myrung, Aug.
Myrung, Oct.
Nunklow
Mooshye, Sept. 23
Pomrang, Sept. 23
Amwee, Sept. 23
Joowy, Sept. 23 85·5
85·9
85·1
89·1
82·9
86·4
78·5
82·7
79·9
79·5 35
73
4
42
21
139
9
51
15
11 67·4
68·8
65·0
69·7
63·2
70·9
66·3
65·8
67·1
69·0 35
74
6
41
58
139
12
51
11
7 1°=345 ft.
1°=373 ft.
1°=332 ft.
1°=343 ft.
1°=336 ft.
1°=372 ft.
1°=499 ft.
1°=369 ft.
1°=396 ft.
1°=567 ft. 5,302 ft.
6,062 ft.
5,734 ft.
5,632 ft.
5,632 ft.
4,688 ft.
4,863 ft.
5,143 ft.
4,105 ft.
4,387 ft. 400 434 1°=385 ft.
The equivalent thus deduced is far greater than that brought out by the
Sikkim observations. It indicates a considerably higher temperature of
the atmosphere, and is probably attributable to the evolution of heat
during extraordinary rain-fall, and to the formation of the surface,
which is a very undulating table-land, and everywhere traversed by
broad deep valleys, with very steep, often precipitous flanks; these
get heated by the powerful sun, and from them, powerful currents
ascend. The scanty covering of herbage too over a great amount of the
surface, and the consequent radiation of heat from the earth, must have
a sensible influence on the mean temperature of the summer months.
J.
ON THE MEASUREMENT OF ALTITUDES BY THE BOILING-POINT THERMOMETER.
The use of the boiling-point thermometer for the determination of
elevations in mountainous countries appearing to me to be much
underrated, I have collected the observations which I was enabled to
take, and compared their results with barometrical ones.
I had always three boiling-point thermometers in use, and for several
months five; the instruments were constructed by Newman, Dollond,
Troughton, and Simms, and Jones, and though all in one sense good
instruments, differed much from one another, and from the truth. Mr.
Welsh has had the kindness to compare the three best instruments with
the standards at the Kew Observatory at various temperatures between
180° and the boiling-point; from which comparison it appears, that an
error of l·5° may be found at some parts of the scale of instruments
most confidently vouched for by admirable makers. Dollond’s
thermometer, which Dr. Thomson had used throughout his extensive west
Tibetan journeys, deviated but little from the truth at all ordinary
temperatures. All were so far good, that the errors, which were almost
entirely attributable to carelessness in the adjustments, were
constant, or increased at a constant ratio throughout all parts of the
scale; so that the results of the different instruments have, after
correction, proved strictly comparable.
The kettle used was a copper one, supplied by Newman, with free escape
for the steam; it answered perfectly for all but very high elevations
indeed, where, from the water boiling at very low temperatures, the
metal of the kettle, and consequently of the thermometer, often got
heated above the temperature of the boiling water.
I found that no confidence could be placed in observations taken at
great elevations, by plunging the thermometer in open vessels of
boiling water, however large or deep, the abstraction of heat from the
surface being so rapid, that the water, though boiling below, and hence
bubbling above, is not uniformly of the same temperature throughout.
In the Himalaya I invariably used distilled, or snow or rain-water; but
often as I have tried common river-water for comparison, I never found
that it made any difference in the temperature of the boiling-point.
Even the mineral-spring water at Yeumtong, and the detritus-charged
glacial streams, gave no difference, and I am hence satisfied that no
objection can be urged against river waters of ordinary purity.
On several occasions I found anomalous rises and falls in the column of
mercury, for which I could not account, except theoretically, by
assuming breaks in the column, which I failed to detect on lifting the
instrument out of the water; at other times, I observed that the column
remained for several minutes stationary, below the true temperature of
the boiling water, and then suddenly rose to it. These are no doubt
instrumental defects, which I only mention as being sources of error
against which the observer must be on the watch: they can only be
guarded against by the use of two instruments.
With regard to the formula employed for deducing the altitude from a
boiling-point observation, the same corrections are to a great extent
necessary as with barometric observations: if no account is taken of
the probable state of atmospheric pressure at the level of the sea at
or near the place of observation, for the hour of the day and month of
the year, or for the latitude, it is obvious that errors of 600 to 1000
feet may be accumulated. I have elsewhere stated that the pressure at
Calcutta varies nearly one inch (1000 feet), between July and January;
that the daily tide amounts to one-tenth of an inch (=100 feet); that
the multiplier for temperature is too great in the hot season and too
small in the cold; and I have experimentally proved that more accuracy
is to be obtained in measuring heights in Sikkim, by assuming the
observed Calcutta pressure and temperature to accord with that of the
level of the sea in the latitude of Sikkim, than by employing a
theoretical pressure and temperature for the lower station.
In the following observations, the tables I used were those printed by
Lieutenant-Colonel Boileau for the East India Company’s Magnetic
Observatory at Simla, which are based upon Regnault’s Table of the
‘Elastic Force of Vapour.’ The mean height of the barometrical column
is assumed (from Bessel’s formula) to be 29·924 at temp. 32°, in lat.
45°, which, differing only ·002 from the barometric height
corresponding to 212° Fahrenheit, as determined experimentally by
Regnault, gives 29·921 as the pressure corresponding to 212° at the
level of the sea.
The approximate height in feet corresponding to each degree of the
boiling-point, is derived from Oltmann’s tables. The multipliers for
the mean temperature of the strata of atmosphere passed through, are
computed for every degree Fahrenheit, by the formula for expansion
usually employed, and given in Baily’s Astronomical Tables and Biot’s
Astronomie Physique.
For practical purposes it may be assumed that the traveller, in
countries where boiling-point observations are most desired, has never
the advantage of a contemporaneous boiling-point observation at a lower
station. The approximate difference in height is hence, in most cases,
deduced from the assumption, that the boiling-point temperature at the
level of the sea, at the place of observation, is 212°, and that the
corresponding temperature of the air at the level of the sea is hotter
by one degree for every 330 feet of difference in elevation. As,
however, the temperature of boiling water at the level of the sea
varies at Calcutta between July and January almost from 210·7° to
212·6°, I always took the Calcutta barometer observation at the day and
hour of my boiling-point observation, and corrected my approximate
height by as many feet as correspond to the difference between the
observed height of the barometer at Calcutta and 29·921; this
correction was almost invariably (always normally) subtractive in the
summer, often amounting to upwards of 400 feet: it was additive in
winter, and towards the equinoxes it was very trifling.
For practical purposes I found it sufficient to assume the Calcutta
temperature of the air at the day and hour of observation to be that of
the level of the sea at the place of observation, and to take out the
multiplier, from the mean of this and of the temperature at the upper
station. As, however, 330 feet is a near approach to what I have shown
(Appendix I) to be the mean equivalent of 1° for all elevations between
6000 and 18,000 feet; and as the majority of my observations were taken
between these elevations, it results that the mean of all the
multipliers employed in Sikkim for forty-four observations amounts to
65·1° Fahrenheit, using the Calcutta and upper station observations,
and 65·3° on the assumption of a fall of 1° for every 330 feet. To
show, however, how great an error may accrue in individual cases from
using the formula of 1° to 330, I may mention that on one occasion,
being at an elevation of 12,000 feet, with a temperature of the air of
70°, the error amounted to upwards of 220 feet, and as the same
temperature may be recorded at much greater elevations, it follows that
in such cases the formula should not be employed without modification.
A multitude of smaller errors, arising from anomalies in the
distribution of temperature, will be apparent on consulting my
observations on the temperature at various elevations in Sikkim;
practically these are unavoidable. I have also calculated all my
observations according to Professor J. Forbes’s formula of 1°
difference of temperature of boiling-water, being the equivalent of 550
feet at all elevations. (See Ed. Phil. Trans., vol xv. p. 405.) The
formula is certainly not applicable to the Sikkim Himalaya; on the
contrary, my observations show that the formula employed for Boileau’s
tables gives at all ordinary elevations so very close an approach to
accuracy on the mean of many observations, that no material improvement
in its construction is to be anticipated.
At elevations below 4000 feet, elevations calculated from the
boiling-point are not to be depended on; and Dr. Thomson remarked the
same in north-west India: above 17,000 feet also the observations are
hazardous, except good shelter and a very steady fire is obtainable,
owing to the heating of the metal above that of the water. At all other
elevations a mean error of 100 feet is on the average what is to be
expected in ordinary cases. For the elevation of great mountain masses,
and continuously elevated areas, I conceive that the results are as
good as barometrical ones; for the general purposes of botanical
geography, the boiling-point thermometer supersedes the barometer in
point of practical utility, for under every advantage, the transport of
a glass tube full of mercury, nearly three feet long, and cased in
metal, is a great drawback to the unrestrained motion of the traveller.
In the Khasia mountains I found, from the mean of twelve stations and
twenty-three observations, the multiplier as derived from the mean of
the temperature at the upper station and at Calcutta, to be 75.2°, and
as deduced from the formula to be 73·1°. Here, however, the equivalent
in feet for 1° temp. is in summer very high, being 1°=385 feet. (See
Appendix I.) The mean of all the elevations worked by the boiling-point
is upwards of 140 feet below those worked by the barometer.
The following observations are selected as having at the time been
considered trustworthy, owing to the care with which they were taken,
their repetition in several cases, and the presumed accuracy of the
barometrical or trigonometrical elevation with which they are compared.
A small correction for the humidity of the air might have been
introduced with advantage, but as in most barometrical observations,
the calculations proceed on the assumption that the column of air is in
a mean state of saturation; as the climate of the upper station was
always very moist, and as most of the observations were taken during
the rains, this correction would be always additive, and would never
exceed sixty feet.
It must be borne in mind that the comparative results given below
afford by no means a fair idea of the accuracy to be obtained by the
boiling-point. Some of the differences in elevation are probably due to
the barometer. In other cases I may have read off the scale wrong, for
however simple it seems to read off an instrument, those practically
acquainted with their use know well how some errors almost become
chronic, how with a certain familiar instrument the chance of error is
very great at one particular part of the scale, and how confusing it is
to read off through steam alternately from several instruments whose
scales are of different dimensions, are differently divided, and
differently lettered; such causes of error are constitutional in
individual observers. Again, these observations are selected without
any reference to other considerations but what I have stated above; the
worst have been put in with the best. Had I been dependent on the
boiling-point for determining my elevations, I should have observed it
oftener, or at stated periods whenever in camp, worked the greater
elevations from the intermediate ones, as well as from Calcutta, and
resorted to every system of interpolation. Even the following
observations would be amended considerably were I to have deduced the
elevation by observations of the boiling-point at my camp, and added
the height of my camp, either from the boiling-point observations
there, or by barometer, but I thought it better to select the most
independent method of observation, and to make the level of the sea at
Calcutta the only datum for a lower station.
SERIES I.—_Sikkim Observations._
Place Month Elevation
by Barom.
or
Trigonom. Temp.
B.P. Air Elevation
by B.P. Error
Great Rungeet river
Bhomsong
Guard House, Great Rungeet
Choongtam
Dengha
Mr. Muller’s (Dorjiling)
Dr. Campbell’s (Dorjiling)
Mr. Hodgson’s (Dorjiling)
Sinchul
Lachoong
Lamteng
Zemu Samdong
Mainom
Junction of Zemu & Thlonok
Tallum
Yeumtong
Zemu river
Tungu
Jongri
Zemu river
Lachee-pia
Momay
Palung
Kongra Lama
Snow-bed above Yeumtong
Tunkra pass
Yeumtso
Donkia
Mountain above Momay
Sebolah pass
Kinchinjow
Donkia Mountain
Donkia Mountain
Bhomtso
Donkia pass
Feb.
Dec.
Apr.
Aug.
Aug.
Feb.
Apr.
Feb.
Jan.
Aug.
Aug.
July
Dec.
July
July
Sept.
June
July/Oct.
Jan.
June
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
July
Sept.
Aug.
Oct.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Oct.
Sept. (feet)
B. 818
1,544
1,864
5,268
6,368
Tr. 6,925
6,932
B. 7,429
Tr. 8,607
B. 8,712
8,884
8,976
Tr. 10,702
B. 10,846
11,482
11,919
12,070
12,751
13,194
13,281
15,262
15,362
15,620
15,694
15,985
16,083
16,808
16,978
17,394
17,585
17,624
18,510
18,307
18,450
18,466
210·7
210·2
208·1
202·6
200·6
199·4
200·1
199·4
197·0
196·4
196·3
196·1
193·4
193·6
191·8
191·3
190·4
189·7
188·8
188·5
186·0
186·1
185·4
184·1
184·6
164·1
183·1
182·4
181·9
181·9
181·0
180·6
179·9
181·2
181·2
56·3
58·0
72·7
65·0
68·0
41·3
59·5
47·6
41·7
54·6
77·0
58·6
38·0
52·0
54·6
52·2
48·5
43·4
26·0
47·0
42·8
48·6
45·8
41·5
44·5
39·0
15·0
41·0
47·8
46·5
47·5
37·1
38·8
52·0
45·5 (feet)
904
1,321
2,049
5,175
6,246
7,122
6,745
7,318
8,529
8,777
8,937
8,916
10,516
10,872
11,451
11,887
12,139
12,696
13,151
13,360
14,912
14,960
15,437
16,041
15,816
16,317
16,279
17,049
17,470
17,517
18,026
18,143
18,597
18,305
17,866 (feet)
+ 86
– 223
+ 185
– 93
– 122
+ 197
– 187
– 111
– 78
+ 65
+ 53
– 60
– 186
+ 26
– 31
– 32
+ 69
– 55
– 43
+ 79
– 350
– 402
– 183
+ 347
– 169
+ 54
– 529
+ 71
+ 76
– 68
+ 402
– 367
+ 290
– 145
– 600 Mean – 58
SERIES II.—_Khasia Observations._
Place Month Elevation
by
Barometer Temp.
B.P. Air Elevation
by B.P. Diff.
Churra
Amwee
Nurtiung
Nunklow
Kala-panee
Myrung
Syong
Moflong
Chillong
June
September
October
July
June, July,
Sept., Oct.
July
July
July, Aug.,
Oct., Nov.
November (feet)
4,069
4,105
4,178
4,688
5,302
5,647
5,725
6,062
6,662
204·4
205·1
205·0
203·9
202·2
201·9
201·8
201·4
201·2
70·3
67·7
70·0
69·8
65·8
69·4
70·8
64·8
62·8 (feet)
4,036
4,041
4,071
4,333
5,202
5,559
5,632
5,973
6,308 (feet)
– 33
– 64
– 107
– 355
– 100
– 88
– 93
– 89
– 354 Mean 5,160 5·016 – 143
K.
ACTINOMETER OBSERVATIONS.
The few actinometer observations which I was enabled to record, were
made with two of these instruments constructed by Barrow, and had the
bulbs of their thermometers plunged into the fluid of the chamber. They
were taken with the greatest care, in conformity with all the rules
laid down in the “Admiralty Guide,” and may, I think, be depended upon.
In the Sikkim Himalaya, a cloudless day, and one admitting of more than
a few hours’ consecutive observations, never occurs—a day fit for any
observation at all is very, rare indeed. I may mention here that a
small stock of ammonia-sulphate of copper in crystals should be
supplied with this instrument, also a wire and brush for cleaning, and
a bottle with liquid ammonia: all of which might be packed in the box.
Active 6.568. Time always mean.
_Jillapahar, Dorjiling, Elev. 7,430 feet, Lat. 27° 3′ N., Long. 88° 13′
E._
A.—APRIL 19TH, 1850. _Watch slow 1′ 15″ mean time._
Hour Act. Temp.
Act. Act.
reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black
Bulb 8.00 to 8.13 a.m.
8.15 to 8.28 a.m.
9.00 to 9.13 a.m.
10.00 to 10.13 a.m.
11.00 to 11.13 a.m.
Noon to 12.13 p.m.
1.00 to 1.13 p.m.
2.00 to 2.13 p.m. 11·1
15·0
17·7
19·1
19·0
18·8
17·2
17·4 65·5
69·5
71·5
72·5
75·0
75·0
73·3
74·0 9·9900
12·2645
14·5140
15·4710
14·9150
12·7600
13·8976
13·8330 22·960
22·948
22·947
22·946
22·944
22·939
22·914 53·5
56·0
57·0
58·5
60·3
59·4
60·3 33·8
37·2
39·7
38·2
44·8
40·7
44·1 19·7
18·8
17·3
20·3
15·5
18·7
16·2 ·505
·513
·550
·500
·592
·546
·577 88·0
111·5
110·0
121·0
125·0
120·0
122·0
108·0 Day unexceptional,
wind S.W.,
after 10 a.m. squally.
Dense haze over
snowy mountains.
B.—APRIL 20TH.
Hour Act. Temp.
Act. Act.
reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black
Bulb 8.0 to 8.30 a.m.
9.0 to 9.13 a.m.
10.0 to 10.13 a.m. 11·8
17·8
18·8 64·0
73·3
65·0 10·9150
14·2750
14·7580 22·969
22·974
22·985 54·2
56·2
57·0 43·4
44·1
42·5 10·8
12·1
14·5 ·691
·662
·609 74·0
92·0
92·0 Dense haze,
S.E. wind,
cloudless sky.
_Superintendent’s House, Dorjiling, Elev. 6,932 feet._
C.—APRIL 21ST. _Watch slow 1′ mean time._
Hour Act. Temp.
Act. Act.
reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black
Bulb 8.35 to 8.48 a.m.
9.07 to 9.20 a.m.
10.00 to 10.13 a.m.
11.00 to 11.13 a.m. 17·3
20·9
23·9
24·4 65·0
72·7
77·3
81·0 15·7084
16·8872
18·3791
17·8864
23·447 56·4
63·8
60·8 47·6
49·9
49·2 8·8
13·9
11·6 ·741
·628
·677 97.0
100·0
109·0
107·5 Day very fine,
snowy mts. in
dull red haze,
wind S.E. faint.
_Rampore Bauleah (Ganges). Elev. 130 feet, Lat. 24° 24′ N., Long. 88°
40′ E._
MAY 17TH, 1850. _Watch slow 15″ mean time._
Hour Act. Temp.
Act. Act.
reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black
Bulb 7.51 to 8.13 a.m.
9.03 to 9.17 a.m.
9.20 to 9.33 a.m.
11.15 to 11.28 a.m.
11.32 to 11.45 a.m.
1.20 to 1.33 p.m.
1.40 to 1.53 p.m. 13·0
19·5
21·2
21·1
16·5
21·6
21·4 88·0
96·0
107·0
105·0
108·7
108·5
113·7 8·8790
12·5190
12·7836
12·8499
9·8770
12·9348
12·4976 29·698
29·615
29·620 87·5
92·0
92·3
98·5
98·3
104·5
105·8 80·1
81·2
80·2
74·8
74·3
76·7
72·2 7·4
10·8
12·1
23·7
24·0
27·8
33·6 ·793
·715
·687
·478
·475
·425
·355 91·0
83·8
132·0
98·5
142·0
144·0
134·0 S.E. wind, very
hazy to west,
sky pale blue.
Wind west,
rising.
_Churra, Khasia Mountains. Elev. 4,225 feet, Lat. 25° 15′ N., Long. 91°
47′ E._
A.—NOVEMBER 4TH, 1850. _Watch slow 7′ mean time._
Hour Act. Temp.
Act. Act.
reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black
Bulb 6.20 to 6.30 a.m.
6.32 to 6.42 a.m.
7.55 to 8.05 a.m.
8.08 to 8.18 a.m.
8.20 to 8.30 a.m. 5·0
7·4
20·0
21·0
24·2 63·7
65·4
77·5
82·0
85·8 4·6400
6·6896
15·2400
15·2040
16·8432 25·781 57·8
59·0
63·5
64·4
64·8 53·1
54·8
56·9
57·3
59·5 4·7
4·2
6·6
7·1
5·3 ·850
·870
·806
·790
·837 75·0
83·0
108·0
106·5
113·5 Sky faint blue,
cloudless, wind
S.W., clouding.
B.—NOVEMBER 5TH. _Watch slow 7′ mean time._
Hour Act. Temp.
Act. Act.
reduced Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black
Bulb 6.39 to 6.49 a.m.
6.51 to 7.01 a.m.
7.56 to 8.06 a.m.
8.08 to 8.21 a.m.
9.26 to 9.36 a.m.
9.37 to 9.47 a.m.
10.57 to 11.07 a.m. 11·2
13·4
18·4
20·4
23·8
25·1
29·0 70·2
72·8
73·2
77·7
79·5
84·0
89·5 9·3408
10·8138
15·0161
15·4836
17·8072
17·7959
19·5460 59·4
60·5
61·7
63·3
66·7 57·6
57·8
57·7
58·7
60·8 1·8
2·7
4·0
4·6
5·9 ·940
·918
·875
·860
8·28 126·0 Wind S.W.,
clouds rise and
disperse. Sky pale.
C.—NOVEMBER 6TH. _Watch slow 7′ mean time._
Hour Act. Temp.
Act. Act.
reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black
Bulb 6.05 to 6.18 a.m.
6.22 to 6.35 a.m.
6.38 to 6.51 a.m.
8.27 to 8.37 a.m.
8.39 to 8.52 a.m. 2·6
6·5
9·6
21·7
23·0 62·0
63·5
66·7
78·8
81·7 2·4986
6·0710
8·5152
16·2750
19·4750 25·781 56·5
57·0
61·0
64·2
64·5 54·5
55·1
57·4
59·3
59·4 2·0
1·9
3·6
4·9
5·1 ·935
·935
·888
·855
·847
100·0
105·0 Sunrise, 6, pale
yellow red,
cloudless.
Cirrhus below.
D.—NOVEMBER 14TH, 1850.
Hour Act. Temp.
Act. Act.
reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black
Bulb 6.12 to 6.22 a.m.
6.24 to 6.37 a.m.
7.13 to 7.23 a.m.
7.24 to 7.34 a.m.
8.34 to 8.44 a.m.
8.47 to 9.00 a.m.
9.53 to 10.03 a.m.
10.04 to 10.17 a.m.
11.24 to 11.31 a.m. 2·9
6·1
12·4
14·7
19·9
21·7
23·5
25·3
33·3 60·6
66·0
70·8
76·0
82·8
88·8
86·6
89·5
111·5 3·5988
5·4472
10·2672
11·4025
14·2653
14·7343
16·2620
17·0775
20·7014 25·783
25·832
25·819 51·5
52·7
56·5
57·8
59·8
60·5
67·2
67·0
64·6 49·4
50·3
52·3
53·1
50·8
51·6
61·6
58·8
59·0 2·1
2·4
4·2
4·7
9·0
8·9
5·6
8·2
5·6 ·930
·925
·900
·855
·742
·730
·832
·778
·832
98·0
104·0
117·0
121·0
127·0
133·0
130·0
Thick cumulus
low on plains.
Sunrise yellow
red.
Cloudless.
Clouds rise.
E.—NOVEMBER 15TH, 1850.
Hour Act. Temp.
Act. Act.
reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. 9.53 to 10.06 a.m.
10.50 to 11.03 a.m.
11.31 to 11.44 a.m.
12.33 to 12.46 p.m.
1.07 to 1.21 p.m.
2.47 to 3.00 p.m.
3.48 to 4.00 p.m.
4.03 to 4.16 p.m. 25·8
26·1
28·5
30·9
29·1
21·1
16·7
16·2 78·0
80·5
84·0
91·5
90·5
75·0
73·0
75·0 17·5306
19·1835
20·2065
20·4267
20·4388
16·5635
13·4435
12·7170 25·854
25·844
25·808
25·803 63·0
64·0
65·3
65·8
67·0
67·2
62·0
61·5 55·3
52·8
51·9
51·2
49·6
56·6
50·8
50·5 8·7
11·2
13·4
14·6
17·4
10·6
11·2
11·0 ·772
·690
·638
·620
·560
·708
·690
·692 Sky cloudless.
Wind N.E.
_Silchar (Cachar). Elev. 116 feet, Lat. 24° 30′ N., Long. 93° E.
(approximate)_
NOVEMBER 26TH, 1850. _Watch slow 13′ 39″ mean time._
Hour Act. Temp.
Act. Act.
reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. 9.11 to 9.24 a.m.
9.34 to 9.41 a.m.
9.50 to 9.57 a.m.
10.07 to 10.14 a.m.
11.03 to 11.16 a.m.
Noon to 12.03 p.m.
12.58 to 1.11 p.m.
2.51 to 3.04 p.m.
3.55 to 4.08 p.m.
4.09 to 4.22 p.m.
4.23 to 4.36 p.m. 19·4
22·7
25·3
26·5
26·3
26·4
27·6
23·0
17·6
15·5
12·0 69·0
81·0
87·5
91·5
89·0
90·0
94·0
93·0
91·5
93·5
93·7 16·4706
16·5937
17·3558
17·5695
17·5251
17·8144
17·9676
15·0880
11·6688
11·0215
7·8360
29·999
29·967
29·892
29·881 66·3
68·7
70·3
73·2
74·5
76·8
78·5
79·5
79·4
78·5 63·5
61·5
62·7
60·3
61·7
60·3
62·1
57·0
62·1
62·1 2·8
7·2
7·6
12·9
12·8
16·5
16·4
22·5
17·3
16·4 ·860
·788
·780
·657
·658
·586
·588
·480
·570
·588 Dense fog till
7.30 a.m. Wind
north. Clear.
Wind N.E.
Light cirrhus low.
Streaks of
cirrhus aloft.
Sun sets in hazy cirrhus.
_Chittagong, Elev. 200 feet, Lat. 22° 20′ N., Long. 91° 55′ E._
A.—DECEMBER 31ST, 1850. _Watch slow 3′ 45″ mean time._
Hour Act. Temp.
Act. Act.
reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black
Bulb 7.39 to 7.52 a.m.
8.40 to 8.53 a.m.
9.04 to 9.08 a.m.
9.52 to 9.56 a.m.
10.02 to 10.06 a.m.
11.16 to 11.29 a.m.
11.52 to 11.56 a.m.
1.38 to 1.41 p.m.
1.47 to 1.51 p.m.
3.10 to 3.17 p.m.
3.18 to 3.25 p.m. 10·0
21·3
23·2
24·3
25·1
24·3
26·6
24·7
25·4
21·1
19·3 70·0
91·5
89·5
87·3
90·5
84·5
92·6
84·0
90·7
86·0
89·3 8·3700
14·1219
15·6136
16·7341
16·7668
17·1558
17·5028
17·5123
16·8418
14·6645
13·0468
29·874
29·923
29·892
29·831 57·0
59·5
63·3
64·5
65·7
68·5
69·5
71·7
71·0 55·7
57·2
59·7
61·3
60·4
58·6
59·2
61·8
60·5 1·3
2·3
3·6
3·2
5·3
9·9
10·3
9·9
10·5 ·960
·920
·890
·900
·840
·722
·710
·720
·710
127·0
142·0
148·0
150·0 Cloudless. Mountains
clear. Wind
N.N.E. Cool.
Wind N.W.
Wind S.W.
Clouds about
in patches.
B.—JANUARY 1, 1851. Watch slow 3′ 45″ mean time.
Hour Act. Temp.
Act. Act.
reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black
Bulb 7.34 to 7.41 a.m.
8.38 to 8.45 a.m.
9.44 to 9.51 a.m.
10.46 to 10.53 a.m.
11.50 to 11.57 a.m.
12.06 to 12.13 p.m.
12.58 to 1.02 p.m.
1.45 to 1.52 p.m.
3.15 to 3.22 p.m.
4.27 to 4.34 p.m.
4.36 to 4.43 p.m.
4.45 to 4.52 p.m.
4.56 to 5.09 p.m.
5.12 to 5.18 p.m. 10·0
16·0
19·5
21·0
21·5
24·1
23·9
21·4
18·1
10·2
9·8
8·5
5·6
3·8 69·4
70·0
74·7
78·2
81·2
88·0
87·2
84·5
82·5
82·0
84·0
85·0
85·0
84·0 8·4200
13·3920
15·3660
15·8550
15·6950
16·4603
16·4432
15·0870
13·0320
7·3746
6·9482
5·9670
3·9312
2·6942 29·948
29·891
29·850
29·798
29·778 55·4
58·9
63·2
66·7
69·8
70·3
71·0
71·3
71·3
70·0
67·5
68·7 54·0
57·7
61·7
62·4
58·3
56·0
56·7
57·5
57·1
59·5
62·7
62·2 1·4
1·2
1·5
4·3
11·5
14·3
14·3
13·8
14·2
10·5
4·8
6·5 ·953
·970
·960
·870
·688
·625
·625
·633
·625
·708
·855
·810
104·5
115·0
120·0
117·0
122·5
117·0 Mist rises and
drifts westward
till 7.30 a.m.
Wind N.W.,
clouds rise.
Sunset cloudless.
C.—JANUARY 2, 1851. Watch slow 3′ mean time.
Hour Act. Temp.
Act. Act.
reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black
Bulb 10.02 to 10.09
10.20 to 10.24
12.03 to 12.10 p.m.
12.22 to 12.25 p.m.
2.04 to 2.08 p.m.
2.10 to 2.14 p.m. 19·2
22·6
24·7
25·9
23·3
23·8 71·0
79·0
89·2
95·5
91·5
93·0 15·8592
16·9048
16·6972
18·6796
15·4479
15·6128
29·861
29·858 64·5
65·6
69·0
70·7
71·2 60·6
61·4
59·3
57·5
61·0 3·9
4·2
9·7
3·2
10·2 ·878
·872
·728
·650
·718 116·0
119·0
112·0 Low, dense fog
at sunrise,
clear at 9 a.m.
Hills hazy and
horizon grey.
L.
TABLE OF ELEVATIONS.
In the following tables I have given the elevations of 300 places,
chiefly computed from barometric data. For the computations such
observations alone were selected as were comparable with
contemporaneous ones taken at the Calcutta Observatory, or as could, by
interpolation, be reduced to these, with considerable accuracy: the
Calcutta temperatures have been assumed as those of the level of the
sea, and eighteen feet have been added for the height of the Calcutta
Observatory above the sea. I have introduced two standards of
comparison where attainable; namely, 1. A few trigonometrical data,
chiefly of positions around Dorjiling, measured by Lieutenant-Colonel
Waugh, the Surveyor-General, also a few measured by Mr. Muller and
myself, in which we can put full confidence: and, 2. A number of
elevations in Sikkim and East Nepal, computed by simultaneous barometer
observations, taken by Mr. Muller at Dorjiling. As the Dorjiling
barometer was in bad repair, I do not place so much confidence in these
comparisons as in those with Calcutta. The coincidence, however,
between the mean of all the elevations computed by each method is very
remarkable; the difference amounting to only thirty feet in
ninety-three elevations; the excess being in favour of those worked by
Dorjiling. As the Dorjiling observations were generally taken at night,
or early in the morning, when the temperature is below the mean of the
day, this excess in the resulting elevations would appear to prove,
that the temperature correction derived from assuming the Calcutta
observations to correspond with eighteen feet above the level of the
sea at Sikkim, has not practically given rise to much error.
I have not added the boiling-point observations, which afford a further
means of testing the accuracy of the barometric computations; and which
will be found in section J of this Appendix.
The elevation of Jillapahar is given as computed by observations taken
in different months, and at different hours of the day; from which
there will be seen, that owing to the low temperature of sunrise in the
one case, and of January and October in the others, the result for
these times is always lowest.
Most of the computations have been made by means of Oltmann’s tables,
as drawn up by Lieutenant-Colonel Boileau, and printed at the Magnetic
Observatory, Simla; very many were worked also by Bessell’s tables in
Taylor’s “Scientific Memoirs,” which, however, I found to give rather
too high a result on the averages; and I have therefore rejected most
of them, except in cases of great elevation and of remarkable humidity
or dryness, when the mean saturation point is an element that should
not be disregarded in the computation. To these the letter B is
prefixed. By far the majority of these elevations are not capable of
verification within a few feet; many of them being of villages, which
occupy several hundred feet of a hill slope: in such cases the
introduction of the refinement of the humidity correction was not worth
the while.
SERIES I.—_Elevations on the Grand Trunk-road. February, 1848._
No.
of
Obs. Name of Locality Elevation
Feet
1
2
3
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
3
1
3
3
1
1
2
4
1
3
4
4 Burdwan
Gyra
Fitcoree
Tofe Choney
Maddaobung
Paras-nath saddle
Paras-nath cast peak
Paras-nath flagstaff
Paras-nath lower limit of _Clematis_ and _Berberis_
Doomree
Highest point on grand trunk-road
Belcuppee
Hill 236th mile-stone
Burree
Hill 243rd mile-stone
Chorparun
Dunwah
Bahra
284th mile-stone
Sheergotty
Muddunpore
312th mile-stone
Naurungabad
Baroon (on Soane)
Dearee (on Soane) 93
630
860
912
1230
B.4231
4215
4428
3162
996
1446
1219
1361
1169
1339
1322
625
479
474
460
402
365
337
344
332
SERIES II.—_Elevations in the Soane Valley. March, 1848._
No.
of
Obs. Name of Locality Elevation
Feet
3
6
2
4
3
6
4
1
3
1
9
4
4
4
7 Tilotho
Akbarpore
Rotas palace
Tura
Soane-pore
Kosdera
Panchadurma
Bed of Soane above Panchadurma
Pepura
Bed of Soane river
Chahnchee
Hirrah
Kotah
Kunch
Sulkun 395
403
1489
453
462
445
492
482
587
400
499
531
541
561
684
SERIES III.—_Elevations on the Kymore Hills. March, 1848._
No.
of
Obs. Name of Locality Elevation
Feet
2
9
1
1
9 Roump
Shahgunj
Amoee
Goorawul
Mirzapore (on the Ganges) 1090
1102
818
905
362
SERIES IV.—_Elevations near Dorjiling. 1848 to 1850._
Number
of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation
Feet
9
110
104
99
93
37
————
Sum 452
=======
27
84
37
7
83
74
95
18
————
Sum 434
=======
103
16
38
25
2
2
7
1
12
2
5
8
4
4
1
13
13
2
2
13
1
4
8 Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson’s house)
sunrise
9.50 p.m.
noon
2.40 p.m.
4 p.m.
sunset
_Ditto by Monthly observations._
January
February
March
April
July
August
September
October
The Dale (Mr. Muller’s)
by trigonometry
Superintendent’s house
by trigonometry
Colinton (Mr. Muller’s)
Leebong
by trigonometry
Summit of Jillapahar
Smith’s hotel
Monastery hill below the Dale
The Dale by barometer
Monastery hill by trigonometry
Ging (measured from Dale)
Guard-house at Great Rungeet
Bed of Great Rungeet at cane-bridge
Guard-house at Little Rungeet
Sinchul top
by trigonometry
Saddle of road over shoulder of Sinchul
Senadah (Pacheem) bungalow
Pacheem village
Kursiong bungalow
Punkabaree
Rungniok village
Tonglo, summit
by trigonometry
Tonglo, Saddle below summit
Tonglo, Rocks on ascent of
Sourse of Balasun
Source of Balasun by Dorjiling
Goong ridge
7301
7443
7457
7477
7447
7447
—————
Mean 7429
=========
7400
7445
7517
7582
7412
7421
7454
7351
—————
Mean 7448
=========
B. 6957
6952
B. 6932
6932
B. 7179
B. 5993
[435]6021
B. 7896
6872
B. 214·1
6952
—————
7166
7165·3
=========
B. 5156
B. 1864
818
1672
8655
8607
7412
7258
3855
B. 4813
1815
B. 4565
B. 10·078
10·079·4
B. 10·008
B. 8148
7436
7451
7441
[435] To summit of chimney, which may be assumed to be 30 feet above
where the barometer was hung.
SERIES V.—_Elevations in East Nepal, October to December, 1848._
Number
of Obs. Name of Locality By
Calcutta
Barom. By
Dorjiling
Barom.
1
7
7
5
2
1
3
8
3
5
4
4
3
1
3
3
3
1
3
2
8
3
3
3
2
2
10
6
1
1
4
2
2
9
1
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
4
1
4
3
1
8
1
3
4
7
2
4
1
Source of Myong river
Myong valley, camp in
Myong valley
Purmiokzong
Shoulder of Nanki
Shepherd’s huts on do.
Summit of Nanki
Camp on Nanki
Jummanoo
Sulloobong
Bheti village
Sakkiazong village
Camp on ridge of mountain
Peak on Sakkiazong
Makarumbi
Pemmi river
Tambur river at junction with Pemmi
Camp on Tambur, Nov. 13
Camp on Tambur, Nov. 14
Chintam village
Mywa Guola
Tambur river, Nov. 18
Tambur river, Nov. 19
Taptiatok village
Loontoong village
Tambur river, Nov. 23
Wallanchoon village
Tuquoroma
Wallanchoon pass
Foot of pass-road
Yangma Guola
Base of great moraine
Top of moraine above ditto
Yangma village camp
Lake bed in valley
Upper ditto (Pabuk)
Yangma valley camp, Dec. 2
Kambachen pass
Camp below ditto
Kambachen village
Camp in valley
Choonjerma pass
Camp below ditto
Yalloong river-terrace
Camp side of valley
Yankutang village
Saddle of road south of Khabili
Khabang village
Spur of Sidingbah, crossed Nov. 10
Yangyading village
Sablakoo
Iwa river, Dec. 12
Iwa river, Dec. 13
Singaleh, camp on
Islumbo pass (feet)
4,798
4,345
3,801
4,507
7,216
8,999
9,994
9,315
4,320
5,244
4,683
5,804
8,315
9,356
5,444
2,149
1,289
1,418
1,600
3,404
2,079
2,515
3,113
4,207
5,615
8,066
10,384
12,889
B. 16,764
13,501
9,236
12,098
B. 679
B. 13,516
15,186
B. 16,038
10,997
B. 15,770
11,643
11,378
11,454
B. 15,259
13,289
10,449
10,080
5,530
5,746
5,495
6,057
4,082
4,735
3,747
6,134
9,263
10,388 (feet)
4,345
3,763
4,535
10,045
9,324
4,404
5,311
5,847
8,391
9,289
5,525
2,262
1,487
1,496
2,185
2,574
3,289
4,359
5,738
8,096
10,389
12,999
16,748
13,518
9,322
12,199
13,488
11,001
11,611
11,514
13,287
10,035
5,598
5,515
5,980
4,145
4,718
3,818
6,184
9,328
Number
of Obs. Name of Locality By
Calcutta
Barom. By
Dorjiling
Barom.
4
6
5
6
6
7
8
1
1
6
1
5
1
1
10
9
1
9
1
22
7
15
7
21
1
1
1
1
4
5
5
5
1
6
Kulhait valley, camp in
Lingcham village
Bed of Great Rungeet, December 20
Lingdam village, December 21
Nampok village
Bhomsong
Mainom top
Neon-gong Goompa
Pass from Teesta to Rungeet
Lingdam village
Great Rungeet below Tassiding
Tassiding temples
Sunnook, camp on
Bed of Ratong
Pemiongchi temple
Camp at Pemiongchi village
Tchonpong village
Bed of Rungbi river
Camp on Ratong river
Doobdi Goompa
Yoksun
Dumpook
Buckim
Mon Lepcha top
Jongri
Ratong below Mon Lepcha
Ratong below Yoksun
Catsuperri lake
Catsuperri temple
Tengling village
Rungbee river bed
Changachelling temple
Kulhait river
Saddle of Hee hill
Camp on Hee hill (feet)
6,406
4,892
1,805
5,552
4,354
1,556
Tr. 10,702
5,225
6,824
5,349
2,030
4,840
3,955
2,481
7,083
6,551
4,952
3,165
3,100
6,493
5,600
6,646
8,625
13,090
B. 13,170
7,069
3,729
6,068
6,493
5,295
3,230
6,805
3,075
7,289
6,609 (feet)
6,374
4,848
1,874
5,556
4,501
1,533
B. 10,613
5,401
4,018
6,616
5,003
3,242
6,451
5,635
6,710
8,693
13,045
13,184
7,217
3,851
6,009
6,476
5,219
3,350
6,850
3,243
6,744
SERIES VII.—_Elevations in the Sikkim Terai and Plains of India,
Gangetic Delta and Jheels._
Number
of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation
Feet
3
12
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
1
6
43
24
12
13
54
33
13
4
3
5 Siligoree Bungalow
Titalya
Sahibgunj (west of Titalya)
Bhatgong
Thakya-gunj
Bhojepore
Rummai
Rangamally
Belakoba
Mela-meli
Kishengunj
Mahanuddy river between Kishengunj and Maldah
Mahanuddy river between Maldah and Rampore Bauleah
Rampore (Mr. Bell’s)
Dacca (Mr. Atherton’s)
Jheels, Dacca to Pundua
Megna river (June 1st-6th
Soormah (June 9th)
Pundua (June 10th and 11th)
Pundua (Sept. 7th)
Pundua (Nov. 16th and 17th) 302
326
231
225
284
404
293
262
368
337
131
153
98
130
72
*– ·003
+ ·008
+ ·048
+ ·018
– ·016
– 0·66
* The observations marked thus * are the differences in inches between
the readings of my barometer at the station, and that at the Calcutta
observatory, which is 18 feet above the sea-level.
SERIES VIII.—_Elevations in Sikkim, May to December, 1849._
Number
of Obs. Name of Locality By
Calcutta
Barom. By
Dorjiling
Barom.
2
4
1
2
4
8
4
4
2
8
10
16
Mik, on Tendong
Namtchi, camp on spur
Tendong summit
Temi, Teesta valley
Nampok, Teesta valley
Lingmo, Teesta valley
Lingtam spur, Teesta valley
Gorh, Teesta valley
Bling-bong, Teesta valley
Lingo village, Teesta valley
Singtam, May 14 to 16
Singtam (higher on hill) Oct. 30 to Nov. 2 (feet)
3,912
5,608
B. 8,671
4,771
B. 5,138
B. 2,861
B. 4,743
B. 4,061
B. 2,657
B. 2,724
B. 4,435
B. 4,575 (feet)
Tr. 8,663
5,033
2,838
4,867
4,195
2,711
2,839
4,477
SERIES VIII.—_(Continued)_
Number
of Obs. Name of Locality By
Calcutta
Barom. By
Dorjiling
Barom.
5
2
7
27
37
4
4
3
8
1
1
33
53
1
4
74
47
1
1
2
43
20
30
1
3
2
5
2
6
2
2
56
1
1
1
1
1
1
Niong
Namgah
Chakoong
Choongtam, May
Choongtam, August
Dholep, Lachen
Dengha, Lachen
Latong, Lachen
Kampo Samdong
Chateng
Chateng, lower on spur
Lamteng village
Zemu Samdong
Snow bed across Zemu river
Camp on banks of Zemu
Junction of Thlonok and Zemu
Camp on banks of Zemu river
Zemu river, June 13
Zemu river, high up, June 13
Yeunga (Lachen valley)
Tallum Samdong
Tungu, July
Tungu, October
Palung plains
Sitong
Kongra Lama pass
Yeumtso (in Tibet)
Bhomtso (in Tibet)
Cholamoo lakes (in Tibet)
Donkia pass, October
Donkia pass, September
Momay Samdong
Donkia, September 13
Kinchinjhow, September 14
Sebolah pass
South shoulder of Donkia, September 20
Mountain north of Momay, September 17
West shoulder of Donkia mountain, September 26
_The following were measured trigonometrically:_
Forked onkia mountain
Kinchinjhow mountain
Tomo-chamo, east top of Kinchinjhow
Thlonok mount, Peak on
Chango-khang mountain
Tukcham mountain, from Dorjiling
Chomiomo mountain (feet)
4,229
4,371
5,245
5,247
6,120
6,337
6,471
7,315
8,819
8,493
8,900
9,026
9,828
10,223
10,864
12,064
12,422
13,281
10,196
11,540
12,779
12,799
15,697
15,372
15,745
16,808
18,590
16,900
18,589
18,387
15,362
16,876
17,495
17,604
18,257 (feet)
3,954
4,443
5,284
5,297
6,145
6,399
6,310
7,344
8,695
8,343
8,867
8,926
10,271
10,828
12,074
11,424
12,723
12,747
15,642
15,069
Measured
from
Momay
17,079
17,656
17,567
18,357
B. 17,394
B. 18,510
Tr. 20,870
Tr. 22,750
Tr. 21,000
Tr. 20,000
Tr. 20,600
Tr. 19,472
Tr. 22,700
SERIES VIII.—_(Continued)_
Number
of Obs. Name of Locality By
Calcutta
Barom. Measured
by
Trig., etc.
48
7
2
3
51
12
8
2
3
4
3
5
7
1
3
1
3
17
3
105
1
2
3
12
11
2
3
5
6 _The following were measured trigonometrically:_
Summit of Donkia (from Donkia pass and Bhomtso)
Tunkra Mountain, from Dorjiling
Yeumtong
Yeumtong, October
Snow bed above Yeumtong
Punying
Lachoong village, August
Lachoong village, October
Lacheepia
Tunkra pass
Rock on ascent to ditto
Keadom
Tukcham village
Rinkpo village
Laghep
Phieungoong
Barfonchen
Chola pass
Chumanako
Phadong
Tumloong, Nov. 3rd and 4th
Higher on hill, Nov. 16th to Dec. 9th
Yankoong
Tikbotang
Camp, Dec. 11th
Serriomsa
Dikkeeling
Singdong
Katong ghat, Teesta
Namten
Cheadam (feet)
11,933
11,951
B. 15,971
B. 11,299
B. 8,712
B. 8,705
B. 15,293
B. 16,083
B. 13,078
B. 6,609
B. 3,849
B. 6,008
B. 10,423
B. 12,422
B. 11,233
B. 14,925
B. 12,590
B. 5,946
B. 5,368
B. 5,976
B. 3,867
B. 3,763
B. 2,952
B. 2,820
B. 4,952
B. 2,116
B. 735
B. 4,483
B. 4,653 (feet)
Tr. 22,650
Tr. 18,250
By
Dorjiling
Barometer
11,839
By
Yeumtong
Barometer
16,000
By
Der. Bar.
8,474
15,231
13,144
SERIES IX.—_Khasia Mountains, June to November, 1850._
Number
of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation
Feet
36
167
102
25
63
1
9
1
32
6
9
63
6
10
35
12
9
3 Churra (Mr. Inglis’s)
Churra bungalow opposite church, August
Churra bungalow, Oct., Nov.
Kala-panee bungalow
Moflong bungalow
Chillong hill
Syong bungalow
Hill south of ditto
Myrung bungalow, July
Myrung bungalow, Sept.
Chela
Nunklow
Nonkreem
Mooshye
Pomrang
Amwee
Joowye
Nurtiung 4,069
4,193
4,258
5,302
6,062
6,662
5,725
6,050
5,647
5,709
80
4,688
5,601
4,863
5,143
4,105
4,387
4,178
SERIES X.—_Soormah, Silhet, Megna, Chittagong, etc._
Number
of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation
Feet
27
38
36
24
12
10
72
8
2
16
3
12
4
17
10 Silhet (Mr. Stainforth’s)
Soormah river, between Silhet and Megna
Silchar
Megna river
Noacolly (Dr. Baker’s)
Noacolly on voyage to Chittagong
Chittagong (Mr. Sconce’s)
Chittagong flagstaff-hill at south head of harbour
Seetakoond hill
Seetakoond bungalow
Hat-Hazaree
Hattiah
Sidhee
Chittagong to Megua
Eastern Sunderbunds 133
46
116
+ ·020*
– ·039
0†
191
151
1,136
– ·069*
– ·039
– ·049
– ·039
– ·014†
+ ·002
* Difference between barometer at station and Calcutta barometer.
† The observations were taken only when the boat was high and dry, and
above the mean level of the waters.
INDEX
A
_Abies, Brunoniana,_ i. 206, 209, 272, 274, 342, ii. 25, 32, 44, 108;
_Smithiana,_ ii. 25, 32, 45; _Webbiana,_ i. 191, 272, 307, 342, ii. 44,
108.
_Abrus precatorius_ (note), i. 16.
_Acacia Arabica,_ i. 60, 80; _Catechu,_ i. 31, 52, 393, 395; _Serissa,_
i. 193.
_Acarus,_ ii. 173.
_Aconitum,_ Himalayan, ii. 108; _palmatum,_ i. 168; _Napellus,_ i. 168;
_variegatum_ (note), ii. 107.
Acorns, abundance of, i. 373.
_Acorus Calamusa,_ i. 286.
Actinolites, ii. 146.
_Adamia cyanea,_ i. 112.
_Adenanthera pavonina,_ ii. 328.
_Ægle Marmelos,_ i. 25, 50, (note) i. 16.
Agates, i. 33, 91.
_Ailurua ochraceus,_ ii. 108.
Akshobya, image of, i. 322.
Alligator, i. 51, 54; droppings of in river banks, ii. 251.
Alluvium, Gangetic, i. 88, 379.
_Alsophila gigantea,_ i. 110, 142; (note), ii. 13; _spinulosa_ (note),
ii. 13.
Amber used in Sikkim, ii. 194.
_Ameletia Indica,_ i. 386.
American plants in Himalaya, ii. 39.
_Amherstia,_ ii. 245.
Amlah, Sikkim, ii. 192; examination by, ii. 211.
Amulet, Tibetan, i. 166.
Amwee, ii. 315.
_Andromeda,_ ii. 22, 39; _fastigiata,_ i. 343.
_Andropogon acicularis,_ i. 385; _muricatus,_ i. 42.
Animals at Tungu, ii. 92.
Antelope, ii. 132.
_Antilope Hodgsoni,_ ii. 157.
Ants’ hills, white, i. 20.
_Aponogeton,_ i. 62.
Apoplexy, symptoms of at great elevations, ii. 178.
Apple, crab, ii. 32; wild, i. 205; ii. 148.
_Aquilaria Agallocha,_ ii. 328.
_Aralia_ used for fodder, i. 359; pith yielding rice-paper, i. 359.
Ararat, Mount, ii. 3.
_Areca gracilis,_ ii. 10; (note) i. 143.
_Arenaria rupifraga,_ ii. 89.
_Argemone Mexicana,_ i. 30.
_Arisœma,_ i. 49.
_Aristolochia saccata,_ ii. 6.
Arrat, name of Lepchas, i. 127.
Arrow-root, i. 93.
_Artemisia,_ headache produced by, ii. 20; _Indica_ (note), ii. 20.
Arums, food prepared from, ii. 49; poisoning by, ii. 75.
Arun river, i. 224; ii. 124, 143; sources of, ii. 167.
_Asarum,_ ii. 48.
Assam valley, view of, ii. 290.
Ass, wild, ii. 172. (See _Equus Hemionus_ and Kiang).
_Astragalus,_ used for making paper, ii. 162; Tibetan (note), ii. 165.
Atmosphere, dry, i. 65; transparency of, ii. 127, 169.
Atmospheric vapours, strata of, i. 188, 310.
Attar of roses, i. 78.
_Aucuba,_ i. 126; ii. 39.
Aurora Borealis, i. 37; Appendix, 384.
B
Baghoda, i. 26.
Baikant-pore, i. 393.
Bails, or Thuggee stations, i. 68.
Baisarbatti terrace, i. 401.
Baker, Dr., ii. 339.
Balanites, i. 25.
_Balanophora,_ ii. 19, 47; cups made from, i. 132; knots caused by, i.
133.
Balasun river, i. 110, 402.
Bamboo, dwarf, i. 126; eatable grain of, i. 313; flowering of, i. 155,
158; kinds of in Khasia, ii. 268; kinds and uses of in Sikkim, i. 155,
158; planted, i. 386.
_Bambusa stricta,_ i. 30.
Bananas, wild, i. 20, 143; scarlet-fruited, ii. 319.
Ban, or Lepcha knife, i. 130.
Banyan tree, i. 18; of Calcutta gardens, ii. 246.
Barnes, Mr., i. 95; Mr. Charles, i. 114.
Barometer, accident to, ii. 139; observations on Jheela, ii, 258.
Baroon on Soane river, i. 35.
_Bassia butyracea,_ i. 151; _latifolia,_ i. 16.
Bath, hot, at Bhomsong, i. 305; at Momay, ii. 133; at Yeumtong, ii.
117.
Beadle, Lieut., i. 26.
_Beaumontia,_ i. 401.
Bee, alpine, ii. 68; boring, i. 374; leaf-cutting, i. 46.
Beejaghur, i. 56.
Bees’-nests, i. 201; ii. 16.
_Begonia,_ alpine, ii. 108.
Behar, hills of, i. 32.
Belcuppee, i. 28.
Bellows, Himalayan, ii. 82; of Khasia, ii. 310; of leaves, i. 53.
Benares, i. 71; observatory at, i. 74.
_Berberis Asiatica_ (note), i. 24; _concinna,_ ii. 198; _insignis,_ i.
364.
Betel-pepper, i. 99; ii. 327.
Bhaugulpore, i. 90; gardens at, i. 91.
Bhel fruit, i. 50.
Bhomsong, i. 297; ii. 8; temperature of soil at, i. 305.
Bhomtso, ii. 124, 164, 174; elevation, temperature etc., at, ii. 175.
Bhotan, called Dhurma country (note), i. 136; 366 (note).
Bhotanese (note), i. 136; ii. 232.
Bhotan Himalaya, i. 153; ii. 165, 298.
Bhoteeas, i. 205, 215.
Bhote (note), i. 136.
_Bignonia Indicta,_ i. 16.
Bijooas, or Lepcha priests, i. 135.
Bikh poison, i. 168; ii. 108.
Bind hills, i. 64.
Birds at Momay, ii. 131; of Khasia, ii. 305; of Terai, i. 399.
Black-rock of Colonel Waugh (note), ii. 18.
Blocks, granite, ii. 293, 310; split, i. 201; syenite, ii. 303.
Boat on Ganges, i. 70.
Boga-panee, ii. 287, 308.
Bombax, i. 26.
Boodhist banners, i. 144; monuments, i. 147; temple, i. 77; worship, i.
174, 324; worship introduced into Sikkim, i. 127.
_Borassus,_ i. 39.
Bore, or tidal-wave, ii. 343.
Bor-panee, ii. 301, 318.
_Borrera,_ ii. 165, 173.
Borr (_Pandanus),_ i. 300; ii. 9.
_Boswellia thurifera,_ i. 29, 39.
_Botrichium Virginicum,_ i. 293.
Boulders in river-beds, i. 288; of gneiss on Jongri, i. 353; on Mon
Lepcha, i. 342.
_Bowringia,_ ii. 313.
Bread, Tibetan, i. 297.
Breccia, modern formation of, i. 200.
Bridge, at Amwee, ii. 315; living, ii. 268; of canes, i. 149; ii. 21.
_Buceros,_ i. 187.
_Buchanania,_ i. 26.
_Bucklandia,_ ii. 185.
Buckwheat, cultivated at Jigatzi, ii. 171; wild, ii. 31.
_Bufo scabra,_ ii. 96.
Bugs, flying, i. 81.
Burdwan, i. 6; coal-fields, i. 8.
Burkutta river, i. 28.
Burrampooter, altered course of, ii. 253, 346; old bed of, ii. 256;
Tibetan, _see_ Yaru-tsampu; view of from Khasia, ii. 300, 301.
_Butea frondosa,_ i. 9, 52, 381, 392.
Butter, churning, ii. 77, 87; ornaments made of, ii. 88.
Butterflies, painted lady, ii. 33; at various elevations, ii. 26, 65,
98, 132; tropical, i. 152.
C
Cachar, ii. 326; rain-fall at, ii. 334.
_Cœsalpinia paniculata,_ i. 25.
Cajana, i. 13.
_Calami,_ species of in Himalaya, i. 143.
_Calamus,_ ii. 10.
Calcutta, journey to, ii. 242.
_Callitriche verna?_ (note), ii. 96.
_Calotropis,_ i. 30, 86; _C. arborea,_ i. 72; temperature of, i. 36.
_Caltha palustris_ (note), ii. 77; _scaposa_ (note), ii. 77.
Camels, i. 61; at Lhassa, ii. 172.
Campbell, Dr., joins me in Terai, i. 376; meet at Bhomsong, i. 297; at
Choongtam, ii. 146; seizure of, ii. 202; sent as Superintendent of
Dorjiling, i. 117; treatment of as prisoner, ii. 205.
Cane bridge at Choongtam, ii. 21; at Lachoong, ii. 101; over Great
Rungeet, i. 149.
Canoes of Teesta, i. 392, 396; of Tambur, i. 194; swamped, ii. 335.
_Capparis acuminata,_ i. 38.
_Cardamine hirsuta,_ i. 230.
_Cardiopteris,_ ii. 334.
_Carex Moorcroftii,_ ii. 155.
_Carissa carandas,_ i. 14, 31.
Carroway, ii. 66.
_Carthancus,_ i. 80.
_Caryota urens,_ i. 143.
Cascades of Khasia, ii. 270; of Mamloo, ii. 278.
_Cassia fistula,_ i. 393.
_Casuarina_ (note), ii. 346.
Catechu, collecting, i. 52.
_Cathcartia,_ ii. 198.
Catsuperri, i. 362; lake, i. 363; temples, i. 365.
Cave, Lieut., garden at Churra, ii. 284.
_Cedrela Toona,_ i. 144, 193; ii. 18.
_Cedrus Libami_ (note), i. 257.
Central India, hills of, i. 32.
_Cervus Wallichii,_ antlers of, ii. 214.
Chachoo river, ii. 84.
Chahuchee, i. 51.
Chait, description of, i. 324; (note), i. 158.
Chakoong, ii. 18, 188.
_Chamærops Khasiana,_ ii. 279.
Chameleon, i. 205.
Changachelling, i. 368.
Chango-khang, ii. 84, 133, 141.
Chattuc, ii. 262, 309, 337.
Chaulmoogra (_See_ Took), i. 151.
Cheadam, ii. 234.
Cheer-pine, i. 182.
Chela, ii. 306.
Chepanga, ii. 15.
Cherry, alpine wild, ii. 145.
Cheytoong, Lepcha boy, ii. 184.
Chillong hill, ii. 290.
Chinese plants in Khasia, ii. 318; in Sikkim, i. 126; ii. 39.
Chingtam, i. 196.
Chirring (red rose), ii. 63.
Chiru. _See_ Tchiru, ii. 157.
Chittagong, ii. 345; leave, ii. 353.
Chokli-bi (_Smilacina_), ii. 48.
Chola, i. 123; summit of pass, ii. 199; view of from Donkia, ii. 127.
Cholamoo lake, ii. 124, 157, 176.
Chomachoo river, i. 225; ii. 125.
Chomiomo, ii. 80, 94, 165.
Choombi, ii. 110.
Choongtam, ii. 21, 98, 145, 185; insects at, ii. 98; vegetation of, ii.
24.
Choonjerma pass, i. 264.
Chumulari, i. 125, 185; ii. 110; discussion on, ii. 166; view of from
Khasia, ii. 300.
Chunar, i. 71.
Chung (Limboos), i. 187.
Churra-poonji, ii. 272; rain-fall at, ii. 282; table-land of, ii. 277;
temperature of, ii. 284.
_Cicada,_ i. 107, 127; ii. 305; upper limit of, ii. 96.
_Cicer arietinum,_ i. 80.
_Cinnamomum,_ i. 162.
Cinnamon of Khasia, ii. 309.
_Cirrhopetalum_ (note), ii. 10.
Clay of Sikkim, i. 155; Appendix, 383.
_Clematis nutans_ (note), i. 24.
_Clerodendron,_ i. 387.
Climbers, bleeding of, ii. 350; of Sikkim, i. 163.
Coal, of Burdwan, i. 8; Churra, ii. 278, 285, 303; Terai, i. 403.
Cobra, mountain, ii. 20.
_Cochlospermum,_ i. 53.
Cocks, Sikkim, i. 314.
_Cœlogyne,_ i. 110; _Wallichii,_ i. 166; ii. 311.
Coffee, cultivation of, at Chittagong, ii. 347; at Bhaugulpore, i. 93.
_Coix,_ cultivation of, ii. 289.
Coles, i. 55, 91.
Colgong, i. 94.
Colvile, Sir J., i. 5.
Comb of Lepchas, ii. 194; of Mechis, i. 408.
Conch shells, in Boodhist temples, i. 174, 312; cut at Dacca, ii. 254.
Conduits of bamboo, i. 144.
_Confervæ_ of hot springs, i. 28; Appendix, 375.
Conglomerate, ii. 19, 165, 176, 177, 402, 403.
_Coniferæ,_ Himalayan, i. 256.
_Conocarpus latifolius_ (note), i. 16.
Cooch-Behar, i. 384.
Cooches, i. 384.
Cookies, ii. 330.
Corbett, Dr., i. 82.
Cornelians, i. 33.
Cornwallis, Lord, mausoleum of, i. 78.
Corpses, disposal of in Sikkim and Tibet, i. 287.
Cosi river, i. 96.
Cowage plant, i. 12.
Cows, Sikkim, i. 314; ii. 150.
Crab, fresh-water, ii. 7.
Cranes, i. 392; (note) ii. 161.
_Crawfurdia,_ ii. 145.
Crows, red-legged, ii. 37.
_Cruciferæ,_ rarity of in Himalaya, i. 113.
_Cryptogramma crispa,_ i. 262; ii. 68, 72.
Crystals in gneiss, ii. 138.
_Cupressus funebris,_ i. 315, 317, 336.
Cups, Tibetan, i. 132.
Currants, wild, i. 148.
Currents, ascending, i. 374.
Curruckpore hills, i. 87.
Cuttack forests, ii. 340.
_Cycas pectinata,_ i. 151, 382; ii. 30; (note), i. 143; trees in
Calcutta Garden, ii. 247.
Cyclops, figure resembling (note), ii. 195.
_Cynodon Dactylon,_ i. 385.
Cypress funereal, i. 315, 317, 336.
_Cypripedium,_ ii. 68, 322.
D
Dacca, ii. 254.
Dacoits, i. 65.
_Dalbergia Sissoo,_ i. 101.
Dallisary river, ii. 256.
Damooda valley, i. 7.
Dandelion, ii. 66.
_Daphne,_ paper from, ii. 162. _See_ Paper.
Date-palm, i. 34, 88; dwarf, ii. 300.
Datura seed, poisoning by, i. 65.
Davis, Mr. C. E., i. 41.
_Decaisnea,_ new edible fruit, ii. 198.
Deer, barking, i. 399.
_Delphinium glaciale,_ i. 269; ii. 95.
Demons, exorcisement of, ii. 114.
_Dendrobium densiflorum,_ ii. 19; _Farmeri,_ etc., ii. 323; _nobile,_
ii. 19; _Pierardi,_ i. 103.
_Dentaria_ (a pot-herb), ii. 47.
Denudation of Himalaya, i. 308; of Khasia, ii. 324.
Deodar (note), i. 256.
Dewan, Sikkim, i. 117; ii. 97; arrival at Tumloong, ii. 217;
conferences with, ii. 221, 225; dinner with, ii. 231; disgrace of, ii.
241; hostility to British, i. 117; house of, i. 304.
Dhal, i. 13.
Dhamersala, i. 222.
Dhob grass, i. 385.
Dhurma country, name for Bhotan, (note), i. 366; people (note), i. 136;
rajah, i. 136; seal of, i. 372.
Digarchi, ii. 125. _See_ Jigatzi. Dijong (name of Sikkim), i. 127.
_Dilivaria ilicifolia,_ ii. 347.
_Dillenia,_ i. 393, 395.
Dinapore, i. 82.
Dingcham, ii. 87, 169.
Dingpun, at Chola, ii. 200, 201; Tibetan, ii. 160; Tinli, ii. 204.
_Diospyros embryopteris,_ i. 392; fruit, ii. 64.
_Dipterocarpi,_ ii. 345; _D. turbinatus,_ ii. 348.
Diseases attributed in Tibet to elements, ii. 178.
Djigatzi, ii. 125. _See_ Jigatzi.
Dog, loss of, ii. 100; Tibetan, i. 204; wild, i. 43.
Do-mani stone, i. 294.
Donkia, i. 123; ii. 126; ascent of, ii. 178; forked, ii. 120; pass, ii.
123, 179; temperature of, ii. 129; tops of, ii. 137.
Doobdi temples, i. 336.
Dookpa, Boodhist sect (note), i. 366.
Doomree, i. 25.
Dorje, i. 173.
Dorjiling, i. 113; ceded to British, i. 116; climate, i. 119, 120;
elevation of, i. 115; leave, ii. 248; origin of, i. 115; prospects of,
ii. 248; threat of sacking, ii. 214; trade at, i. 118.
_Duabanga grandiflora,_ i. 401.
Dunkotah (East Nepal), i. 190.
Dunwah pass, i. 30.
Dust-storm, i. 51, 81.
Dye, yellow, ii. 41.
E
Eagle-wood, ii. 328.
Earthquake, Chittagong, ii. 349; Noacolly, ii. 342; Titalya, i. 376.
_Edgeworthia Gardneri,_ i. 205, 333; ii. 10, 162.
Efflorescence of nitrate of lime, i. 43; of soda, i. 13.
Eggs of water-fowl in Tibet, ii. 161.
Ek-powa Ghat, i. 59.
_Elæagnus,_ i. 205.
_Eleocharis palustris_ (note), ii. 96.
Elephants, at Teshoo Loombo, ii. 172; bogged, ii. 333; discomforts of
riding, i. 400; geologising with, i. 10; path of, i. 108; purchase of,
i. 381; wild, ii. 302.
_Eleusine coracana,_ i. 133.
_Enkianthus,_ i. 108.
_Ephedra,_ ii. 84, 155.
_Ephemera_ at 17,000 feet, ii. 141.
_Epipactis,_ ii. 66.
Equinoctial gales, ii. 144.
_Equus Hemionus,_ ii. 172.
_Eranoboas_ (note) i. 36, 90.
_Erigeron alpinus_ (note), ii. 164.
_Ervum lens,_ i. 13.
_Erythrina,_ ii. 18.
_Euphorbia ligulata,_ i. 46; _pentagona,_ i. 82; _neriifolia,_ i. 46,
82; _tereticaulis,_ i. 46.
European plants in Himalaya, ii. 38.
_Euryale ferox,_ ii. 255; seeds of, in peat, ii. 341.
F
Fair, i. 161; at Titalya, i. 118.
Falconer, Dr., house of, ii. 243.
_Falconeria,_ ii. 353.
Falkland Islands, quartz blocks of, (note), ii. 179.
Fan-Palm, ii. 279.
Fear, distressing symptoms of, ii. 220.
Felle, Mr., i. 55.
Felspar, concretions of, i. 406.
Fenny river, mouth of, ii. 343.
Ferns, eatable, i. 293; European, ii. 68, 72.
_Feronia elephantum,_ i. 25, 50, (note), i. 16.
_Festuca ovina,_ ii. 123, (note) ii. 164.
Fever, recurrence of at elevations, ii. 183.
_Ficus elastica,_ i. 102; _infectoria,_ i. 26.
Figs, i. 157.
Fire, grasses destroyed by, i. 385; in forests, i. 146.
Fire-wood, Sikkim, ii. 151.
Fish, dried, ii. 309; Tibet (note), ii. 183.
Fishing basket of Mechis, i. 404.
Flame, perpetual, ii. 352.
Flood, tradition of, i. 127; ii. 3.
Florican, i. 55, 381.
Forests of Sikkim, i. 165.
Fossil plants of coal, i. 8; of Khasia, ii. 325; of Terai, i. 403.
Frogs, Sikkim, i. 165.
Fruits of Sikkim, i. 159; ii. 182.
_Funaria hygrometrica,_ ii. 19.
Fungi, European, ii. 73.
G
Ganges, fall of, i. 71; scenery of, i. 79.
Gangetic delta, ii. 340; head of, ii. 252.
Gangtok Kajee, ii. 229.
Gardeners, native, i. 93.
Gardens, Bhaugulpore, i. 91; Burdwan, i. 6; Calcutta Botanic, i. 3, ii.
244; Lieutenants Raban and Cave’s, ii. 284; Sir Lawrence Peel’s, i. 2.
Garnets, amorphous, (note) ii. 123; sand of, i. 80, 371.
Garrows, ii. 272.
_Gaultheria,_ ii. 22, 182.
Gelookpa, Boodhist sect. (note) i. 366.
Geology of Choongtam, ii. 27; Khasia mountains, ii. 323; outer
Himalaya, i. 406, Paras-nath, i. 32.
_Geranium,_ ii. 19.
Ghassa mountains, (note) ii. 166.
Ghazeepore, i. 78.
Giantchi, ii. 168, (note) ii. 131.
Glaciers of Chango-khang, ii. 115; Donkia, ii. 136; Himalaya, ii. 57;
Kambachen, i. 260; Kinchinjhow, ii. 134, 180; Lachen Valley, ii. 78;
Yangma Valley, i. 246.
Glory, ornament resembling, ii. 86; round deities’ heads, ii. 195.
_Gnaphalium luteo-album,_ i. 80.
Gnarem Mountain, ii. 18.
Gneiss, characters of, (note) ii. 128; cleavage of, ii. 91; flexures
of, i. 406.
Gnow, (wild sheep), ii. 132.
Goa, (antelope), ii. 157.
Goats, poisoned by Rhododendrons, ii. 150; shawl-wool, ii. 88.
Godowns, opium, i. 83.
Goitre, i. 134.
Goliath beetles, ii. 98.
Goomchen, (tail-less rat), ii. 156.
Goong ridge, i. 180.
_Gordonia Wallichii,_ i. 102, 157.
Gorh, ii. 10; Lama of, ii. 11.
Goruck-nath, figure of, ii. 195, (note) i. 323.
Gossamer spiders, i. 81, _Goughia,_ ii. 33.
Gram, i. 13.
Grand trunk-road, i. 10, 11.
Granite, blocks of, ii. 310; cleavage planes of (note), i. 345; of
Kinchinjhow (note), ii. 287, (note), ii. 128; phenomena of, i. 308.
Grant, Dr., i. 90; Mr. J. W., report on Dorjiling, i. 116.
Grapes, cultivation of, i. 92; wild in Sikkim, ii. 187.
Grasses, absence of on outer Himalaya, i. 113; gigantic, i. 385.
Gravel terraces and beds in Terai, i. 378, 380, 382, 401.
Great Rungeet river, cross, i. 287; excursion to, i. 142.
Greenstone of Khasia, ii. 287.
Griffith, Dr., i. 3; (note) ii. 40, 244.
_Grislea tomentosa,_ (note) i. 16.
Grouse, Himalayan, ii. 113.
Grove, sacred in Khasia, ii. 319.
_Guatteria longifolia,_ i. 82.
Gubroo, i. 345.
Guitar, Tibetan, i. 304.
Gum arabic, i. 60; of _Cochlospermum,_ i. 53; of _Olibanum,_ i. 29.
Gunpowder, manufacture of, i. 9.
Guobah of Wallanchoon, i. 217, 230.
Gurjun trees, ii. 345, 348.
_Gyrophora,_ ii. 130.
H
Hailstorm, i. 405.
Halo, i. 69; seen from Donkia, ii. 129.
_Hamamelis chinensis,_ ii. 318.
Hamilton, Mr. C., i. 65.
_Hardwickia binata,_ i. 50, 54.
Hares, Terai, i. 399; Tibetan, ii. 157.
Harrum-mo, (wild tribe), ii. 14.
Hattiah island, removal of land from, ii. 353.
Haze on plains, i. 374, 375.
Hee hill, i. 371.
_Helicteres Asoca_ (note), i. 16.
_Helwingia,_ i. 126.
Herbert, Major, report on Dorjiling, i. 116.
_Hierochlœ,_ ii. 115.
Himalaya, distant view of, i. 96; vegetation and scenery of outer, i.
108; view of from Khasia, ii. 287, 289, 297.
_Hippophæ,_ ii. 43.
_Hodgsonia,_ i. 395; ii. 7; _heteroclita,_ ii. 350.
Hodgson, Mr., i. 122; join in Terai, i. 376; view from house, i. 123.
_Holigarna,_ varnish from, ii. 330.
Hollyhock, ii. 105.
Honey poisoned by Rhododendron flowers, i. 201; preservation of bodies
in, ii. 276; seekers, ii. 16.
Hooli festival, i. 73, 389.
Hopkins, Mr., on elevation of mountains, i. 326.
Hornbills, i. 187.
Hornets, ii. 26.
Horse-chestnut, Indian, i. 394.
Horse, wild, ii. 172.
Hot-springs, boy passes night in, ii. 184; of Momay, ii. 133, 180;
Seetakoond, i. 88; Soorujkoond, i. 27; Yeumtong, ii. 116.
House, Lama’s, i. 317; Tibetan, at Yangma, i. 242; Wallanchoon, i. 211.
_Houttynia,_ ii. 7.
_Hydnocarpus,_ ii. 7.
_Hydropeltis_ (note), ii. 318.
I
Ice, accumulation of, ii. 47; action of, i. 353 (note), ii. 121;
transport of plants in, ii. 247.
_Imperata cylindrica,_ i. 385.
India-rubber tree, i. 102; ii. 13.
Indo-Chinese races, i. 140.
_Infusoria_ at 17,000 feet, ii. 123.
Inglis, Mr. H., ii. 265.
Insects at 4000 feet, ii. 18; Choongtam (5000 feet), ii. 26; Dorjiling
(note), ii. 98; Lamteng (8000 feet), ii. 37; Momay (15,300 feet), ii.
132; Tallum (12,000 feet), ii. 68; Tunga (13,000 feet), ii. 93; Zemu
river (12,000 feet) ii. 59; Zemu Samdong (9000 feet), ii. 65.
Iron forges, chime of hammers, ii. 296; sand, ii. 310; smelting of, in
Khasia, ii. 310; stone, i. 401.
Irvine, Dr., i. 82.
Islumbo pass, i. 280.
Ivy, ii. 32.
J
Jaws, i. 18, 90.
Japanese plants in Sikkim, i. 126; ii. 39.
Jarool (_Lagerstrœmia_), ii. 327.
Jasper rocks, i. 50.
Jatamansi, i. 217.
Jeelpigoree, i. 384; rajah of, i. 389.
Jerked meat, i. 214; ii. 183.
Jews’ harp, Tibetan, i. 338; ii. 219.
Jhansi-jeung, _see_ Giantchi, ii. 168.
Jheels, ii. 256, 309; brown waters of, ii. 263.
Jigatzi (note), ii. 125, 171; temperature of, ii. 171.
Job’s tears, cultivation of, ii. 289.
Jongri, i. 349.
Joowye, ii. 316.
Jos, image of, at Yangma, i. 236.
Jummul river, ii. 253.
_Juncus bufonius,_ i. 80, 230.
Jung Bahadoor, ii. 239, 243.
Juniper, black, sketch of, ii. 55.
_Juniperus recurva,_ ii. 28, 45.
Junnoo mountain, i. 123, 258, 264.
Jyntea hills, ii. 314.
K
_Kadsura,_ ii. 6.
Kajee, i. 182.
Kala-panee, ii. 285.
Kambachen, or Nango pass, i. 250; top of, i. 253; village, i. 257.
Kambajong, ii. 125.
Kanglachem pass, i. 246.
Kanglanamo pass, i. 271, 341, 350.
Katior-pot (_Hodgsonia_), ii. 7.
Katong-ghat, ii. 233.
Kaysing Mendong (note), i. 286, 332.
Keadom, ii. 101.
Kenroop-bi (_Dentaria_), ii. 47.
Khabili valley, i. 278.
Khamba mountains, ii. 167.
Khasia, climate of, ii. 282; geology of, ii. 323; leave, ii. 323;
people of, ii. 273.
Khawa river, i. 193.
Khutrow (_Abies Smithiana_), ii. 25.
Kiang, ii. 172.
Kiang-lah mountains, ii. 124, 167.
Kidnapping, i. 341.
Kinchinjhow, ii. 41, 80, 84, 140; glacier of, ii. 134, 180.
Kinchinjunga, i. 344; circuit of, i. 381; view of from Bhomtso, ii.
165; from Choongtam, ii. 14, 188; from Donkia pass, ii. 126; from
Dorjiling, i. 123; from Sebolah, ii. 142; from Thlonok, ii. 50.
Kishengunj, i. 98; ii. 249.
Kollong rock, ii. 293.
Kongra Lama, ii. 155; pass, ii. 80.
Kosturah (musk-deer), i. 269.
Kubra, i. 123, 272.
Kulhait river, i. 281, 370; valley, i. 282.
Kumpa Lepchas i. 137; Rong, i. 137.
Kunker, i. 12, 29, 50, 89, 94.
Kursiong, i. 109, 110, 405.
Kurziuk, i. 284.
Kuskus, i. 42.
Kymore hills, geology of, i. 32; sandstone of, i. 39.
L
Lac, i. 9.
Lacheepia, ii. 112.
Lachen-Lachoong river, ii. 14, 186.
Lachen Phipun, ii. 22, 43, 149; conduct of, ii. 61; tent of, ii. 78.
Lachen river, ii. 30; length of, and inclination of bed, ii. 176.
Lachoong Phipun, ii. 105; valley, headstreams of, ii. 120; village, ii.
103; revisited, ii. 183.
_Lagerstrœmia grandiflora,_ i. 401. _Reginæ,_ ii. 327.
Laghep, ii. 197.
_Lagomys badius,_ ii. 156.
_Lagopus Tibetanus,_ i. 93.
Lailang-kot, ii. 286.
Lake-beds in Yangma valley, i. 232, 234, 238, 244.
Lakes caused by moraines, ii. 119.
Lamas, arrival of at Tumloong, ii. 224; dance of, i. 228; music of, i.
313; ii. 218; Pemiongchi, ii. 225; of Sikkim, i. 290; of Simonbong, i.
174; worship of, i. 365; ii. 178.
Lamteng, ii. 34, 96, 148.
Landslips, ii. 16, 20, 97, 115.
Larch Himalayan, i. 255; sketch of, ii. 55.
_Larix Griffithii,_ i. 255; ii. 44.
Lassoo Kajee, ii. 2.
Laurels, i. 162.
Lautour, Mr., ii. 345.
Leaf-insect, ii. 305.
Lebanon, Cedar of, i. 256.
_Lecidea geographica,_ i. 221, 352; ii. 130; _oreina,_ ii. 179.
Leebong, i. 143.
Leeches, i. 107, 167; ii. 17; upper limit of, ii. 54.
_Leguminosæ,_ absence of in Himalaya, i. 112.
Lelyp, i. 205.
_Lemma minor,_ i. 306.
Lemon-bushes, wild, ii. 233.
Lepchas, i. 127; diseases of, i. 134; dress and ornaments of, i. 130;
ii. 194; food of, i. 132; music of, i. 133; peaceable character of, i.
128, 136.
_Lepus hispidus,_ i. 399; _oiostolus,_ ii. 158.
_Leucas,_ a weed in fields, i. 383.
_Leuculia gratissima,_ i. 193, 276; _Pinceana,_ ii. 286.
_Leycesteria,_ i. 206.
Lhassa (note), ii. 168; notices of, i. 299; ii. 27, 172.
Lichens, Arctic, i. 352; ii. 130, 165, 179.
_Licuala peltata_ (note), i. 143.
Lignite, i. 403.
Liklo mountain, ii. 50.
_Lilium giganteum_ (note), ii. 33.
Little Rungeet, cross, i. 157, 175; guardhouse at, i. 371; source of,
i. 181.
Limboos, i. 137; language of, i. 138.
Lime, deposit of, i. 407; ii. 97; nitrate of, i. 43.
Limestone, at Rotas, i. 40; nummulite, ii. 266, 346; of Churra, ii.
278; spheres of, i. 55; Tibetan, ii. 177.
Lime-tuff, impression of leaves on, i. 44.
_Limosella aquatica,_ i. 230.
_Linaria ramosissima,_ i. 42.
Lingcham, i. 281, 313; Kajee of, i. 282, 284, 371.
Lingo cane-bridge, ii. 12.
_Linum trigynum_ (note), i. 16.
Lister, Colonel, ii. 329.
Lizard, i. 37; ticks on, i. 37.
Lohar-ghur, i. 402.
Luminous wood, ii. 151.
Lushington, Mr., sent to Dorjiling, ii. 227.
_Lycopodium clavatum,_ ii. 19.
_Lyellia crispa,_ ii. 19.
_Lymnæa Hookeri,_ ii. 156.
M
Machoo valley, ii. 109.
Maddaobund, i. 18.
_Magnolia, Campbellii,_ i. 125, 166; _excelsa,_ i. 125; distribution of
(note), i. 166.
Magras, aborigines of Sikkim, i. 139.
Mahaldaram, i. 111.
Mahanuddy river, i. 98, 375; ii. 250.
Mahaser, a kind of carp, i. 398.
Mahowa, i. 16, 63.
Maidan (term as applied to Tibet), ii. 170.
Mainom mountain camp on, i. 307; summit of, i. 310.
Maitrya, the coming Boodh, i. 357.
Maize, hermaphrodite, i. 157; roasted, ii. 78.
Malayan plants in Himalaya, ii. 39.
Maldah, ii. 250.
Mamloo, village and waterfalls of, ii. 278.
Mango, blossoming, i. 61.
Mani, or praying-cylinder, i. 135, 172, 211; turned by water, i. 206.
_Mantis_ of Khasia, ii. 305.
_Marlea,_ ii. 33.
Marmot, i. 93; head and feet of, ii. 106.
Martins’ nest, spiders in, i. 46.
May-fly at 17,000 feet, ii. 141.
M’Lelland, Dr., i. 3.
Mealum-ma (nettle), ii. 189, 336.
Mechi fisherman, i. 404; river, i. 383; tribe, i. 101, 140.
_Meconopsis,_ i. 81; ii. 281; _Nepalensis,_ ii. 53.
Meepo, i. 198; house of, ii. 194; joined by, ii. 11; wife of, ii. 193.
Megna, altered course of, ii. 341; navigation of, ii. 338.
_Melastoma,_ ii. 18.
Mendicant, Tibetan, ii. 189.
Mendong, i. 211, 332; Kaysing (note), i. 286.
_Menziesia,_ ii. 113.
_Mesua ferrea,_ ii. 328.
Midsummer, weather at, ii. 59.
Mirzapore, i. 64.
Moflong, ii. 288.
Momay Samdong, arrival at, ii. 118; climate of, ii. 143; second visit
to, ii. 180.
Monastic establishments of Sikkim, i. 367.
Monghyr, i. 87.
Monkeys, i. 278; ii. 37.
Mon Lepcha, i. 342.
_Monotropa,_ ii. 19.
Monuments of Khasia, ii. 319.
Moormis, i. 139.
Mooshye, ii. 314.
Moosmai, ii. 268.
Moraines, ancient, at Lachoong, ii. 104; at Tallum, ii. 67; at Yangma,
i. 231, 246; extensive, ii. 118; indicating changes of climate, i. 380.
Morung of Nepal, i. 378, 382.
Mountains, deceptive appearance of, ii. 127.
Moss of puff-ball, ii. 13.
Mudar (_Calotropis_), i. 86.
Muddunpore, i. 35.
Mugs at Chittagong, ii. 345.
Mulberry, wild, i. 151.
Mules, Tibetan (note), ii. 228.
Mungeesa Peak, i. 55.
Munnipore dance, ii. 331; frontier, ii. 334; (note), ii. 329.
_Murraya exotica,_ i. 44.
Murwa beer, i. 133, 175, 285, 291; grain, i. 133.
Mushroom, eatable, ii. 47.
Musk-deer, i. 209; ii. 37.
Muslin, Dacca, ii. 254.
Mutton, dried saddles of, ii. 183.
Myong valley (East Nepal), i. 181.
Myrung, ii. 292.
Mywa Guola, i. 137; sunk thermometer at, i. 198.
N
Nagas, ii. 332.
Nageesa (_Mesua ferrea_), ii. 320.
Namten, ii. 223.
Nango mountain i. 236; or Kambachen pass, i. 250.
Nanki mountain, i. 183.
Napleton Major, i. 92.
_Nardostachys Jatamansi,_ i. 217; (note), ii. 164.
_Nauclea cordifolia,_ i. 26; _parvifolia,_ i. 26.
Neongong temple, i. 311.
Nepal, East, journey to, i. 178.
Nepalese Himalaya, i. 125.
Nepenthes, ii. 315.
Nettles, i. 157; gigantic, i. 182; ii. 188.
Nightingales, i. 332.
Nimbus of the ancients (note), ii. 195.
Ningma, Boodhist sect (note), i. 366.
_Nipa fruticans,_ i. 1; ii. 355.
Nishung, or Moormis, i. 139.
Noacolly, ii. 339; extension of land at, ii. 341.
Nonkreem, ii. 310.
Nummulites of Khaaia limestone, ii. 325.
Nunklow, ii. 300.
Nunnery at Tumloong, ii. 191.
Nursing, i. 124, 347.
Nurtiung, ii. 318.
Nut, Himalayan, ii. 114.
Nutmegs, wild, ii. 353.
_Nymphæa pygmæa,_ ii. 312.
O
Oaks, i. 109; distribution of in India (note), ii. 336; Sikkim, i. 157;
upper limit of, ii. 114.
Observatory at Benares, i. 74.
Oil of _Bassia butyracea,_ i. 151; of _B. latifolia,_ i. 16; Kuskus, i.
42; mustard, linseed, and rape, i. 13; uggur, ii. 328; wood, ii. 348.
_Olax scandens,_ i. 31.
_Olibanum,_ Indian, i. 29.
Olivine (note), ii. 123.
Omerkuntuk, i. 32.
Onglau (mushroom), ii. 47.
Opium, East Indian, cultivation and manufacture of, i. 83; quality of,
i. 85.
_Opuntia,_ i. 205.
_Orchideæ,_ growth of in Khasia, ii. 321; of Khasia, ii. 281.
_Orobanche,_ Himalayan, i. 262; _Indica,_ i. 16.
Ortolan, i. 98.
Otters, i. 198.
_Ovis Ammon,_ i. 244; ii. 132; skulls of, i. 249.
_Oxalis sensitiva,_ i. 102.
_Oxytropis Chiliophylla_ (note), ii. 164.
P
Pacheem, i. 111; vegetation of, i. 112.
Painom river, ii. 167.
Palibothra, i. 90.
Palms, distribution of in Sikkim, i. 143; fan, i. 29; of Khasia, ii.
267.
Palung plains, ii. 84, 152; view of from Sebolah, ii. 142.
_Pandanus,_ i. 300; ii. 9.
Papaw, ii. 350.
Paper, manufactory at Dunkotah, i. 190; of _Astragalus,_ ii. 162; of
_Daphne_ and _Edgeworthia,_ i. 205, 303; ii. 162; of Tibet, ii. 162.
_Papilio Machaon,_ ii. 65; (note), ii. 68.
Paras-nath, i. 12, 32; geology of, i. 32; summit of, i. 21.
_Paris,_ ii. 18.
_Parochetus communis,_ ii. 50.
Patchouli plant, ii. 314.
Patna, i. 82.
Pawn, i. 99.
Peaches, Sikkim, i. 158; cultivation of, ii. 185.
Peacock wild, i. 30.
Peat at Calcutta, ii. 341.
Pea-violet, ii. 309.
Peel, Sir L., garden of, i. 2.
Peepsa, i. 157.
Pelicans, mode of feeding, i. 80.
Pemberton, Capt., treatment of his embassy in Bhotan (note), ii. 202.
Pemiongchi temple, i. 327.
Pemmi river (East Nepal), i. 192.
Pepper, Betel, i. 99.
Perry Mr., i. 98.
Peuka-thlo, ii. 81.
Phadong Goompa, ii. 192; confinement at, ii. 209.
Phari, ii. 110.
Pheasant (Kalidge), i. 255; horned, ii. 37.
Phedangbos (Limboo priests), i. 138.
Phenzong Goompa, ii. 192.
Phieungoong, i. 332; ii. 198.
Phipun, Lachen, ii. 22, 149; of Lachoong, ii. 105.
_Phœnix acaulis,_ i. 145; (note), i. 143, 400; dwarf, i. 22, 382;
_paludosa,_ i. 1; ii. 355; _sylvestris,_ i. 88.
Phosphorescent wood, ii. 151.
_Photinia,_ ii. 22.
Phud (Tibet mendicant), ii. 186.
_Phyllanthus emblica,_ i. 273; (note), i. 16.
_Picrorhiza,_ i. 272.
Pigeons, ii. 37.
Pines, gigantic, ii. 108; Himalayan, i. 256; ii. 44, 198; rarity of in
Sikkim, i. 169.
_Pinguicula,_ ii. 40.
_Pinus excelsa,_ ii. 45, 105; _Khasiana,_ ii. 282, 288, 301;
_longifolia,_ i. 145, 182, 278, 280; ii. 3, 45.
_Piptanthus Nepalensis,_ ii. 5.
Pitcher-plant, ii. 315.
_Plantago_ leaves, used to dress wounds, ii. 75.
Plantain, scarlet-fruited, ii. 309; wild, i. 143.
Plants, English, on Soane river, i. 45; English, on Ganges, i. 80;
temperature of, i. 36; of English genera in Terai (note), i. 398.
_Plectocomia,_ i. 143.
Plumbago, i. 407; ii. 46.
_Poa annua,_ i. 118, 221; _laxa,_ ii. 123.
Poa (fibre of _Bœmeria_), i. 157.
_Podocarpus neriifolia_ (note), i. 256.
_Podostemon_ (note), ii. 314.
Poisoners, i. 65.
Poisoning of goats by rhododendrons, ii. 150; of Bhoteeas by
arum-roots, ii. 75.
_Polygonum cymosum,_ ii. 31.
_Polypodium proliferum,_ i. 50.
Pomrang, ii. 313.
Pony, Tibetan, i. 118; ii. 75; (note), ii. 131.
Poppy, cultivation of, i. 31; ii. 352.
Porcupine, i. 205.
_Potamogeton natans,_ i. 306.
Potatos, culture of in East Nepal, i. 259; Khasia, ii. 277; Sikkim, i.
158.
_Pothos,_ ii. 18.
Praong (bamboo), i. 158, 313.
_Primula petiolaris,_ i. 306; _Sikkimensis,_ ii. 77.
_Prinsepia_ (note), ii. 102, 291.
_Procapra picticaudata,_ ii. 157.
_Prunella,_ ii. 132; _vulgaris,_ ii. 66.
_Prunus,_ used for fodder, i. 359.
_Pteris aquilina,_ ii. 19; (note), ii. 53.
Pullop-bi (_Polygonum_), ii. 31.
Pulse accelerated at great elevations, ii. 131, 142.
Pundim mountain, i. 345; cliff of, i. 346.
Pundua, ii. 264.
Punkabaree, i. 102, 374, 403.
Purnea, i. 97.
_Pyrola,_ ii. 43.
Q
Quartz-beds folded, i. 406; blocks in Falkland Islands (note), ii. 179.
_Quercus semecarpifolia,_ i. 187.
Quoits, i. 338.
R
Raban, Lieut., ii. 333; garden of at Churra, ii. 84.
Radiation, powerful in valleys, i. 209.
Rageu (deer), ii. 98.
Rain-fall at Churra, ii. 282; at Noacolly, ii. 340; diminution of at
Rotas, i. 43; in Sikkim (Appendix), 412; Silchar, ii. 334.
Rajah, Sikkim, audience of, i. 302; poverty of, i. 303; (note), ii.
216; presents from, ii. 64; punishment of, ii. 246; residence of, ii.
191, 217.
Raj-ghat i. 44.
Rajmahal hills, i. 95.
Raklang pass, i. 292.
Ramchoo lake (of Turner), ii. 143, 167.
Rampore Bauleah, ii. 251.
Ranee of Sikkim, presents from, ii. 227.
Rangamally, i. 393.
_Ranunculus aquatilis,_ ii. 156; _hyperboreus_ (note), ii. 112;
_sceleratus,_ i. 45, 80.
Ratong river, i. 358.
Rat, tail-less, ii. 156.
Red snow, absence of in Himalaya, ii. 117.
Release from confinement, ii. 237.
Reptiles of Khasia, ii. 305; of Sikkim, ii. 25.
_Rhododendrons,_ i. 166, 167; alpine, i. 220; ii. 58; _anthopogon,_ i.
220, 349; _arboreum,_ i. 126, 200, 274, 275, 276; ii. 125; _argenteum,_
i. 116, 358; ii. 6; _Aucklandii,_ ii. 25; _barbatum,_ i. 166, 274;
_campylocarpum,_ i. 261; _Dalhousiæ,_ i. 126, 162; ii. 25; distribution
of at Chola (note), ii. 197; _Edgeworthii,_ ii. 25; _Falconeri,_ i.
272, 274, 307; flowering of at different elevations, ii. 181;
_formosum,_ ii. 301; _Hodgsoni,_ i. 250, 274; leaves curled by cold,
ii. 199; _nivale,_ ii. 89, 155; of Churra, ii. 282; poisoning of goats
by, ii. 150; _setosum,_ i. 220, 349; superb at Choongtam, ii. 186.
Rhubarb, gigantic, ii. 58; used as tobacco, ii. 152.
Rice-paper plant (note), i. 359.
Rice, Sikkim, i. 155; upper limit of cultivation, ii. 105.
Ringpo, ii. 196.
Ripple-mark on sandstone, i. 43, 63.
Rivers, diurnal rise and fall of, ii. 69; of West Bengal, i. 33;
temperature of, ii. 60; velocity of, ii. 99.
Rocks, absence of scratched in Sikkim, ii. 120; falling, ii. 57;
moutonnéed, ii. 136; moved by frosts, etc., ii. 179; retention of heat
by, i. 222; strike of in Tibet, ii. 177.
Rong (name of Lepchas), i. 127.
_Rosa involucrata,_ ii. 250; _macrophylla,_ ii. 43; _sericea,_ i. 168.
Rose Gangetic, (_Rosa involucrata_), ii. 255; gardens, i. 78;
large-flowered, ii. 43.
Rotas-ghur, i. 40; palace, i. 42.
_Rottlera tinctoria,_ i. 315.
Rummai, i. 394.
Ryott valley, ii. 190.
S
Saddle, Tibetan, i. 296.
Sakkya, invocation of, i. 229; Sing, i. 321; Thoba, i. 331.
Sakkyazong, i. 186, ii. 66.
Sal, i. 21.
_Salix tetrasperma,_ i. 400; _Babylonica,_ ii. 32.
_Salmonidæ,_ distribution of in Asia, (note) ii. 183.
Salt, country in Tibet, ii. 124; monopoly of by Indian Government, ii.
339.
_Salvinia,_ ii. 338.
Sandal-wood, red, ii. 328.
Sandstone of Kala-panee, ii. 286; of Khasia, ii. 267; of Kymore hills,
i. 39; of Terai, i. 379, 402; slabs of, i. 60.
Sara (crane) breeding in Tibet (note), ii. 161.
Sar-nath, i. 77.
Satpura range, i. 32.
_Satyrium Nepalense_ (note), ii. 102.
_Saussurea,_ bladder-headed, ii. 109; _gossypina,_ i. 225.
_Saxifraga,_ arctic, i. 81; _ciliaris,_ ii. 280; (note) ii. 100.
_Scirpus triquetra_ (note), ii. 96.
_Scitamineæ,_ ii. 18.
Sconce, Mr., ii. 345.
Scorpions, i. 53.
Scratched rocks, absence of in Sikkim, ii. 120.
Seal of Bhotan Rajah, i. 372.
Seasons of vegetation in Sikkim, ii. 182.
Sebolah pass, ii. 141.
Seetakoond bungalow and hill, ii. 352; hot springs of, i. 88; perpetual
flame at, ii. 352.
Sepoys, Lepcha and Tibetan, ii. 235.
Shahgunj, i. 60.
Shales, carbonaceous in Terai, i. 403.
Sheep, breeding of, ii. 150; feeding on rhododendron leaves, i. 261;
grazed at 16,000 feet, ii. 89; at 18,000 feet, ii. 170; Tibetan, i.
272; wild, i. 243, ii. 132.
Sheergotty, i. 31.
Shell-lac, i. 9.
Shells, ii. 7; alpine, ii. 156.
Shepherd’s purse, i. 221.
Shigatzi (_see_ Jigatzi).
Shooting, prejudice against, ii. 40.
Showa (stag) antlers of, ii. 214.
Shrubs, northern limits of, ii. 118.
Siberian plants in Himalaya, ii, 38, 66, 63, 74.
Sidingbah (note), i. 274, 276.
Sikkim, climate of, i. 160; Rajah, i. 116, 298; vegetation, i. 168;
Dewan, i. 298.
Silchar, ii. 328.
Silhet, ii. 326, 335; leave, ii. 337.
Siligoree, i. 375, 399.
Silok-foke, Lama of, ii. 4.
Simonbong temple, i. 172.
_Simulium,_ i. 157.
Sinchul, ascent of, i. 124, 125; plants of, i. 125.
Singdong, ii. 223.
Singtam Soubah, ii. 15; at Chola, ii. 201; dismissal of, ii. 210;
illness of, ii. 72; joined by, ii. 64.
Singtam village, ii. 14.
Sissoo, i. 395.
Sitong, ii. 153.
_Skimmia,_ i. 126; _laureola,_ i. 167.
Sleeman, Major, reports on Thuggee, i. 67.
Slopes, inclination of in Sikkim, i. 327.
_Smilacina_ (a pot-herb), ii. 48.
Snake-king, image of, i. 369, (note) i. 328.
Snakes, ii. 25, 305.
Snow, perpetual, ii. 116, 128, 169; phenomena of (note), i. 252;
shades, i. 357; storms, i. 355.
Snowy Himalaya, views of from Tonglo i. 184; very deceptive appearance
of, i. 124.
Soane, i. 35; cross, i. 38, 45, 53; elevation of bed, i. 46; mouth of,
i. 82; pebbles, i. 33, 91; plants in bed of, i. 45.
Soda, sesqui-carbonate of, i. 13; effloresced, ii. 157.
Soil, temperature of, i. 35, 36, 45, 158, 170, 186, 219, 247; at
Bhomsong, i. 305.
Songboom, i. 361.
Soormah river, ii. 261; basin of, ii. 256.
Soorujkoond, hot-springs of, i. 27.
Sound, produced by boulders in rivers, ii. 48; transmission of, i. 253.
_Sparganium ramosum_ (note), ii. 96.
_Sphærostema,_ ii. 33.
_Sphynx atropos,_ i. 46.
Spiders in martins’ nests, i. 46.
_Spondias mangifera,_ i. 82.
Squirrels, i. 46.
Stainforth, Mr., house at Pomrang, ii. 313; at Silhet, ii. 335.
_Sterculia fœtida,_ i. 39.
Stick lac, i. 9.
Sticks, warming (note), ii. 154.
_Stipa,_ ii. 132.
_Stauntonia,_ i. 112.
Strawberry of the plains, i. 395; alpine, ii. 108.
_Struthiopteris,_ ii. 68.
_Strychnos potatorum,_ i. 50.
_Stylidium,_ ii. 336.
_Styloceras ratna,_ i. 399.
Sulkun, i. 56.
Sultangunj, rocks of, i. 90.
Sundeep island, deposit of silt on, ii. 342.
Sunderbunds, ii. 354; compared with Jheels, ii. 260; vegetation of, ii.
340.
_Sunipia_ (note), ii. 10.
Sunnook, i. 317.
Sunrise, false, i. 63.
Sunset, false, i. 63; in Tibet, ii. 173.
Suspension bridge, iron, i. 199.
Syenite, blocks of, ii. 302.
_Symplocos,_ dye from, ii. 41.
Syong, ii. 291.
T
Taktoong river, ii. 32.
_Talauma Hodgsoni,_ i. 162.
Taldangah, i. 12.
Tallum Samdong, ii. 67, 96.
Tamarind tree, i. 17.
Tamarisk, i. 392.
Tambur river, i. 194; elevation and slope of bed, i. 200.
Tanks, plants in, i. 62; movements of water in, ii. 342.
Taptiatok (E. Nepal), i. 204.
Tassichooding temples, i. 257.
Tassiding, i. 289, 315; temples, i. 319; foundation, i. 325.
Tchebu Lama, i. 302; ii. 5, 193; house and chapel of, ii. 194.
Tchiru (antelope), ii. 157.
Tchuka (rhubarb), ii. 58.
Tea, buttered, ii. 78; brick, i. 297; made of _Photinia,_ etc., ii. 22;
Tibetan, ii. 78.
Teal, English, ii. 158.
Tea-plants, i. 5; cultivation of in Sikkim, i. 144; cut by hail at
Dorjiling, i. 408; at Myrung, ii. 92; Chittagong, ii. 347.
Teelas, ii. 262, 327.
Teesta river, at Bhomsong, i. 297; exit from mountains, i. 396; in
plains, i. 392; junction with Great Rungeet, i. 154; signification of,
i. 398; temperature of, i. 397; ii. 60.
Teeta (febrifuge), i. 272.
Temples of Catsuperri, i. 365; Changachelling, i. 368; Choongtam, ii.
21; Doobdi, i. 366; Neongong, i. 311; Pemiongchi, i. 327; Phadong, ii.
192; Simonbong, i. 172; Tassichooding, i. 257; Tassiding, i. 319;
Wallanchoon, i. 228; Yangma, i. 235; various, i. 313; mode of building,
i. 311; worship in, i. 312, 365; ii. 178.
Tendong, i. 127; ii. 3; summit of, ii. 6.
Terai, i. 100, 104; definition of, i. 377; excursion to, i. 373;
meteorology of, i. 384; of Khasia, ii. 266; seizure of, ii. 240;
vegetation of, i. 101.
Terraces, at Baisarbatti, i. 401; junction of Zemu and Thlonok, ii. 53;
Momay, ii. 119; Yalloong, i. 270; Yangma, i. 234, 242.
Terya, ii. 226.
Teshoo Loombo (note), ii. 171.
_Tetrao-perdrix nivicola,_ ii. 113.
_Thalictrum,_ i. 19; _alpinum,_ ii. 115; _glyphocarpum_ (note), i. 24.
Thermometer, black bulb, i. 15; boiling-point, ii. 113, 153, Appendix,
453; lost, ii. 184; minimum left on Donkia pass, ii. 129; sunk, i. 198;
Appendix, 441, 451.
Thigh-bone, trumpet of, i. 173, 314.
_Thlaspi arvense,_ ii. 68.
Thlonok river, ii. 47.
Thomson, Dr., joined by, ii. 238.
Thugs, river, i. 67; suppression of, i. 65.
Tibet, animals of, ii. 93, 157, 173; enter, ii. 155; inhospitality of
climate, i. 299; snow-line, elevation of in, ii. 128, 175.
Tibetans, i. 262; blackening faces of women, ii. 172; camp of, ii. 85;
charm-box, i. 270; child’s coral, ii. 87; churns, ii. 77; cups, i. 212;
diet, i. 212; Dingpun, ii. 160; dogs, i. 204; drunk, i. 230; guitar, i.
304; headdresses, ii. 86; hospitality, ii. 94; household, i. 212;
houses, ii. 67; pipe, i. 212; salute, i. 203; sepoys, ii. 160, 200,
235; tea, i. 212; ii. 78; tents, ii. 77.
Ticks, i. 166, 279; ii. 79.
Tidal-wave, ii. 343.
Tide in Bay of Bengal, ii. 340; in Sunderbunds, ii. 354.
Tiger hunt, i. 56.
Tikbotang, ii. 228.
Tingri, ii. 169.
Titalya, i. 100, 376.
Toad, Javanese, ii. 96.
Tobacco, Chinese, ii. 232; made from rhubarb, ii. 152.
Toddy-palm, i. 34, 39, 88.
Tofe Choney, i. 16.
Tomo-chamo mountain, ii. 122.
Tong (arum-roots prepared for food), ii. 49; collection and preparation
of, ii. 65.
Tonglo, i. 158; camp on, i. 183; elevation of, i. 171; excursion to, i.
155; summit of, i. 167; temperature of, i. 170; vegetation of, i. 167.
Took (_Hydnocarpus_), ii. 7. (_See_ Chaulmoogra).
Toon (_Cedrela_), i. 193, 312.
Tourmalines, i. 224; ii. 27.
Toys, children’s in Sikkim, i. 338.
Travelling equipment, i. 179.
Tree-fern, i. 110; ii. 13; in Silhek, ii. 336.
Trees, burnt, i. 151; limits of in Sikkim, ii. 75.
_Trichomanes_, i. 358.
Tripe de roche, ii. 130.
Tsang, province of Tibet, ii. 168.
Tukcham mountain, ii. 33.
Tuk-vor, i. 371.
Tumloong, ii. ; confinement at, ii. 213; dismissal from, ii. 228;
meteorology of, ii. 218.
Tungu, ii. 73, 148, 149; meteorology of, ii. 95.
Tunkola, i. 123.
Tunkra mountain, ii. 102; pass, ii. 109; plants of, ii. 112.
Tuquoroma, i. 222.
Turner, Captain, route to Jigatzi (note), ii. 125.
Turnips, alpine cultivation of, ii. 88.
U
Uggur oil (_Aquilaria_), ii. 328.
Unicorn of MM. Huc and Gabet, ii. 158.
_Urceola elastica_ ii. 351.
_Urtica crenulata_, ii. 188, 336; _heterophylla_, i. 182.
_Urticeæ_, i. 157.
_Usnea_, ii. 10.
V
_Vacciniæ_, rarity of in upper Himalaya (note), ii. 145.
_Vaccinium_, ii. 22; _serpens_, i. 162.
Vakeel sent to Dorjiling, ii. 2.
_Valeriana Jatamansi_, i. 217.
_Vanda cœrulea_, ii. 319, 321; _Roxburghia_, i. 28.
Varnish, black of Munnipore, ii. 330.
_Valeria robusta_, i. 21.
Vegetation, of Chittagong, ii. 346; of Himalaya, ii. 38; of Jheels, ii.
257; of Khasia, ii 281; of Terai, i. 101; progress of at different
elevations, ii. 145, 181; tropical at the base of Kinchinjunga, i. 341;
zones of at Dorjiling, i. 142; zones of in Sikkim, i. 348.
_Veronica Anagallis_, i. 80.
_Vespa magnifica_, ii. 29.
_Villarsia cristata_, i. 62; Indica, i. 62.
Vindhya hills, i. 32.
_Vitex Agnus-castus_, i. 374.
_Vitis Indica_, ii. 187.
W
Wallanchoon, i. 227; climate of, i. 218; houses at, i. 211; pass, i.
224; plants on pass, i. 225; village, i. 209.
_Wallichia_ palm, ii. 18.
Wallich, Dr., i. 4.
Walloong, i. 209, 215.
Walnuts, Sikkim, i. 334, 338.
Ward, Lieut, i. 65.
Water-plants, i. 62.
Well, old, i. 41.
_Wightia_, grasping roots of, i. 165.
Willow, ii. 32; of Terai, i. 400; weeping, i. 365.
Winds, hot, i. 15; of Tibet, ii. 159, 163; of Sikkim, Appendix, 403.
Woodcock of Chittagong, ii. 350: at Barfonchen, ii. 199; at Neongong,
i. 306.
Wood-oil (_Dipterocarpus_), ii. 348.
_Woodsia_, ii. 130.
Worm of Sikkim, ii. 26.
Y
Yak, i. 212: breeding, ii. 150; flock of, ii. 150; wild, i. 214.
Yalloong ridge, i. 273; valley, i. 267.
Yamroop, i. 277.
Yangma, cultivation at, i. 238; geology of, i. 248; Guola, i. 229;
houses at, i. 241; temperature at, i. 247; temples, i. 235; village, i.
238.
Yangyading, i. 277.
Yankoong village, ii. 228.
Yankutang, i. 275.
Yaru-tsampu river, i. 299; ii. 124; (note), ii. 171.
Yelpote (_Bassia_), i. 151.
Yeumtong, ii. 115; second visit to, 181.
Yeumtso, ii, 159; elevation of, ii. 174; lake, ii. 163; temperature of
soil at, ii. 174.
Yew, i. 168, 191, 274, 280; ii. 45; distribution of, ii. 2525; in
Khasia, ii. 282.
Yoksun, i. 335; lake, i. 360.
Z
Zemindars of Bengal, i. 388.
Zemu river, camp on, ii. 56; Samdong, ii. 43, 148.
_Zannichellia_, i. 45; _palustris_, ii. 156.
Zobo, ii. 213.
Zodiacal light, i. 63.