THE CRISIS OF THE FIRST BATTLE OF YPRES.
On Saturday, 31st October, came the crisis of the fierce and
long-continued struggle. Day by day the enemy's attacks had been growing
stronger and stronger. Across the lines the British could hear the
Germans singing patriotic songs, as though they were working themselves
up to a berserk rage.[77] An order taken from a prisoner showed that the
Kaiser had ordered the British line to be smashed at all costs. "Before
the sun was high on that morning," writes an American correspondent, "a
British aviator volplaned down to his own lines with a wing damaged by
shrapnel. He dropped from his seat pale and shaken. 'A close call?' they
asked. 'It isn't that,' he replied; 'it's what I have seen--three corps,
I tell you, against our First!' So he jerked out his story. He had seen
the roads and ridges like ant-hills and ant-runs with men; he had seen
new batteries going into position; he had seen, far away, the crawling
gray serpents, which were still more German regiments going to their
slaughter. 'And we're so thin from up there,' he said, 'and they're so
many.'"[78]
[Illustration: The French and British Commanders in the Field--General
Joffre and General Sir John French.
(_By permission of The Sphere._)]
The little map on page 131 will show you the British position against
which the Germans were now about to hurl themselves in vast strength.
You see that the 1st Division held the village of Gheluvelt, and lay to
the right and left of the main road from Ypres to Menin. On the left of
the 1st Division lay the 2nd Division, extending the line as far north
as Zonnebeke. The South Wales Borderers, who were on the extreme left of
the 1st Division, were posted in the sunken part of the road between
Gheluvelt and Reutel. The 2nd Worcesters, who belonged to the 2nd
Division, were stationed in the wood which you will see to the
south-west of Zonnebeke. On the right of the 1st Division, continuing
the line up to the canal from Ypres to the Lys, lay the 7th Division.
[Illustration]
At daybreak on the 31st, von Beimling, with at least 100,000 Bavarians,
attacked the centre of the British line. A heavy fire was directed
against Gheluvelt, and when the way was thus prepared, the infantry
dashed upon the place, but were repulsed. Again and again the Bavarians
advanced, but nowhere could they make headway. The big guns reduced
Gheluvelt to a heap of blazing ruins; but the British could not be
shifted from them. The trenches of the Welsh were searched from end to
end by German shells; but still they stuck to them. Every spot in front,
and even the wood in the rear where the Worcesters were posted, was
raked by the murderous German fire. But every time the enemy pushed
forward they were beaten back.
Having thus failed to pierce the British line at Gheluvelt, the
Bavarians were ordered to fling themselves against the British to the
south of the Menin-Ypres road--that is, against the 1st Queen's (Surrey)
and the 2nd Royal Scots Fusiliers, the latter unit being the flank
regiment of the 7th Division. Advancing in force, they got between the
village of Gheluvelt and the Surreys on their left flank, and then, with
their great numbers, were able to get round to the right flank of that
regiment, which was almost surrounded and cut off. Only some seventy of
the Surreys fought their way back into the woods in their rear. The
British line was broken at last.
What the Germans had now to do was to enlarge the breach. The retreat of
the Surreys had laid open the flank of the Royal Scots Fusiliers, and
the Bavarians tried to deal with them as they had dealt with the
Surreys. Again they were successful, and the Scots were surrounded and
cut off from their division. They would neither surrender nor give way,
and only a remnant fought their way out, and followed the Surreys
towards Ypres. Their brigadier, in describing the fighting, said, "I
think it was perfectly splendid. Mind you, it was not a case of 'hands
up,' or any nonsense of that sort; it was a fight to a finish. Why, even
a German general came up to the colonel afterwards and congratulated
him, and said he could not understand how his men had held out so long."
The Royal Scots Fusiliers had suffered terribly. They had landed in
Flanders over a thousand strong; they now numbered seventy men,
commanded by a junior lieutenant.
Thus the British line was successfully broken. The 1st Division could
not maintain its ground, and as it retired the 1st Coldstreams were
almost wiped out. Against the exposed flank of the 7th Division a strong
infantry attack was now launched. It seemed as if nothing could stay the
German advance, and that the British were bound to be overwhelmed with
disaster. Enemy aeroplanes discovered Sir Douglas Haig's headquarters,
and a shell burst in the house. Haig himself was at Hooge, on the
Menin-Ypres road, at the time, and so escaped; but the general of the
1st Division was wounded, and six of the staff officers were killed.
A day's march away from Ypres is the ford where, two thousand years ago,
Cæsar was in dire peril of being overwhelmed by the Nervii.[79] In that
battle he snatched a shield from a soldier, and, plunging into the fray,
rallied the Roman army, and turned defeat into victory. It was now Sir
John French's part to play the part of Cæsar. He jumped into his motor
car and sped towards the 1st Division. He found Sir Douglas Haig riding
up and down trying to learn what had happened, and to settle what was to
be done. As commander-in-chief and general greeted each other,
orderlies, one after the other, rode up with the news that the British
line was broken, that regiments were in retreat, that Gheluvelt had at
last been taken, and that the Germans were advancing in overwhelming
force. It was the most critical moment of the great battle.
The 7th Division was now ordered to retreat, and this exposed the left
flank of the French division on their right. It was under the command of
General Moussy, who was struggling hard to keep his line intact. He had
come to the assistance of the British at the very moment when all seemed
lost, just as the French had come to the aid of the British at
Inkerman[80] sixty years before. He was now terribly assailed, and again
and again it seemed that his line must be staved in. At one point the
Germans nearly broke through, and without reinforcements they could not
be held back. Immediately the general sent off a corporal of his escort
to scour the country, and to bring up every man that he could lay hold
of. The corporal dismounted the sixty-five men of the general's escort,
and called on lorry drivers, motor men, servants, cooks, anybody and
everybody he saw to join him. With this motley array, many of them
unarmed, he hurried to the trenches, and in a few minutes his scratch
force was making a bayonet charge, practically without bayonets. The
Germans thought that reinforcements had arrived, and therefore retired.
This incident will remind you of the turning-point in the Battle of
Bannockburn,[81] six hundred years before. While the English were
struggling to break the Scottish line, they thought they saw a new army
approaching. What they really saw was a band of camp followers and
servants who had made banners of sheets and blankets tied to sticks and
tent poles. They had formed themselves into ranks, and were now marching
down a hill towards the battle. At this sight the English broke and
fled. When General Moussy's corporal came up with his scratch regiment
of 250 men the old incident of Bannockburn was repeated.
The Germans were now not only pressing hard from the north of Gheluvelt
to the canal, but were making headway against Allenby's cavalry, who
were holding the whole line from Klein Zillebeke to the south of
Messines.[82] Allenby's sole reinforcement consisted of exhausted
Indians who had been sent up from the Second Corps. You will learn later
how at this juncture Sepoy Khudadad,[83] of the 129th Baluchis,[84] won
the Victoria Cross for his magnificent steadfastness in working his gun
till every man of his detachment had been killed.[85]
So terrible was the pressure round Hollebeke that Kavanagh's cavalry,
who had been on the Menin road behind the 1st Division, were now hurried
south to hold the line at this point. Even with this assistance
Allenby's men were almost at their last gasp. Two nearly fresh German
corps were attacking them, and hours must elapse before other
reinforcements could arrive.
[Illustration: The Scratch Force that saved de Moussy's Line.
_Photo, Daily Mirror._]
Now came the most critical hour of this most critical battle. Between
two and three o'clock on the 31st the whole issue of the campaign in the
West trembled in the balance. Just when the outlook seemed darkest, and
all hope of saving the day seemed to have vanished, an orderly galloped
up to Sir John French with the startling news that the German advance
had stopped. Then came another piece of good news: the 1st Division was
re-forming its line, and Gheluvelt had been retaken! What had happened?
I will compile my account from a narrative issued by the Worcestershire
County Council:--
"Although the line of the 1st Division had been broken, the whole of it
had not fallen back. The Surreys and the Scots had been practically
wiped out, but the dauntless Welsh still stood firm. Posted in the
hollow road to the east of Gheluvelt, where they were slightly sheltered
from the German fire, the Welsh still held their ground, thus forming a
pivot upon which, if reinforcements were forthcoming, the line could be
re-formed and the position linked up.
"Holding back by their fire the mass of Germans with whom they were
still engaged, the Welsh were covering the flank of the 2nd Division and
checking the German advance. If they could hold on and keep the flank
covered until help arrived, the 1st Division could re-form and the gap
could be filled up. The position was critical, and a very severe trial
for the Welsh; but they belonged to a regiment which bore on its colours
the word "Talavera,"[86] and where, as here, the British line had been
broken, but the steadiness of a single regiment had saved the day. The
Welsh had been told to hold the post to the last. They had done so.
"When von Beimling advanced in the morning, hurling on them attack after
attack, the Welsh held the road against him. When the Germans surrounded
the Surreys and drove off the Scots, still the Welsh held on, firing,
steadily firing, keeping back the Bavarians. When the Germans carried
Gheluvelt and the British line gave way, the Welsh remained firing and
held their ground against all comers, so delaying the German advance.
Now at last, when orders had been given to begin the retreat, the Welsh
still remained where they had been originally stationed, just as if the
line were still intact, and no retreat had been ordered. Could help be
sent to them so as to enable them to reap the reward of their heroic
constancy?
"Stationed in a corner of a wood about a mile from Gheluvelt, towards
Ypres, near the Menin-Ypres road, was a body of some 600 men, four
companies of the 2nd battalion of a regiment that the Duke of Wellington
once described in a letter as 'the best regiment in his army' (the
Worcesters, whose famous and well-deserved motto is 'Firm'). To them
now, more than a century later, was given the opportunity for Sir John
French to say whether he concurred or not in Wellington's high opinion.
They were ordered 'to advance without delay, and to deliver a
counter-attack with the utmost vigour.'
"No one who knew the regiment doubted for an instant that they would do
it. Every one was doubtful whether they could do it with success. They
were only four companies; the Germans were legion. But whether they were
to be successful or unsuccessful, their plain duty was to attack the
Germans, however many, with their handful of men, however few. The Welsh
had to be supported; the Germans had to be repulsed. Everything depended
on their advance.
"On receipt of his orders Major Hankey, who was in command of the
battalion, sent Lieutenant Haskett Smith with six scouts to reconnoitre
the ground, and cut any wire entanglements that would delay the advance.
The A company, under Captain Wainman, was sent forward to occupy and
hold a trench between the wood and the village. Not the least of the
exploits of the Worcesters on that day was the advance of A company to
occupy and hold this trench. It was in effect asking an English company
to advance, and, as it proved, to advance successfully, against the
whole German force at that point. The trench was occupied, and not
merely occupied, but held.
"Some 600 yards in front of the battalion was a small wood forming some
sort of cover. Here B, C, and D companies deployed for the attack, in
two lines. The Worcesters set out on their terrible task. For about half
a mile they had to advance under a very heavy fire of shrapnel. Over
part of the ground they could rush from one bit of cover to another, but
at one place for about 200 yards there was no cover at all. Here they
had not only the shrapnel on their front, but on their right flank the
Bavarians pouring in a hail of bullets from rifles and machine guns. It
looked as if no one could pass through that fire unhurt. The Germans
were constantly bringing up reinforcements with fresh ammunition.
"It appeared that the Worcesters were going to certain death. The
appearance was not deceptive, for in crossing the 200 yards without
cover the three companies had no fewer than 100 casualties. Even this
did not cause the Worcesters to flinch. They pressed onward, reached the
road, and formed up on the left of the Welsh. In front of them, at a
distance of some 300 yards, was a small wood filled with Bavarians. On
these the Worcesters opened fire with such success that the enemy
gradually retreated.
"But although the Worcesters had gained the road, supported the Welsh,
and thus had enabled the 1st Division to re-form its line, their
position was far from safe. Their right flank was open to the enemy,
who, from the cover of the ruins of the village, was able, without much
loss to himself, to pour in a continuous rifle fire. From time to time
parties of Germans from the village got round the Worcesters' right
flank. They became so troublesome that the Worcesters stormed the house
nearest to their trench, and made it into a bastion for their defence,
so that the German flank attacks ceased. The effect of this charge was
to change the entire position. The Worcesters were now able to threaten
the right flank of the Germans, who, on perceiving this, at once
desisted from any further advance. Their offensive died away."
The narrative then goes on to tell how those units of the 1st Division,
which had retreated were brought back to the original line, how the
cavalry cleared the Germans out of the woods, surprising and killing a
good many of them, and how as it grew dark the Germans fell back. At
last by 10 p.m. the British line as held on the morning of 31st October
was re-formed. Thus a terrible disaster was averted by the cool courage
and the devotion of the Welsh and the Worcesters. The crisis had passed;
the fighting was not yet over, but the battle had been won.
The Worcesters had lost heavily, but they had covered themselves with
glory, and the whole army united to do them honour. A month later Sir
John French paraded all that was left of the battalion that retook
Gheluvelt, and told them that though they bore on their colours the
names of many famous victories, they had added lustre to their former
reputation by their splendid bravery that day.
* * * * *
Next day (1st November) French reinforcements were hurried up, but
before they could arrive the Germans had made two attacks--the one
against Klein Zillebeke, the other against Allenby's cavalry around
Messines. The first attack was driven back, but the second was
successful, and Hollebeke and Messines were both seized by the enemy.
The Germans swarmed across the low ridges, and their artillery found gun
positions from which Ypres and Messines could be shelled. The village
was speedily levelled with the ground, and all attempts to retake the
ruins failed. Allenby had in reserve four battalions from the Second
Corps to the west of Messines, and he now called them into the firing
line. Amongst them were the London Scottish, the first of all infantry
Territorial regiments to go to the front. They were now about to undergo
their baptism of fire.
The London Scottish in civil life are clerks, young lawyers, doctors,
architects, engineers, and literary men. They are a kilted regiment,
clad in sober gray with blue facings, and in times of peace are
remarkable for their smart uniform and their excellent drill. They were
now to prove that citizen soldiers in the hour of their country's need
can fight as valiantly and bear themselves as heroically as their
comrades of the regular army.
The accounts of the fighting in which the London Scottish were engaged
differ widely, but I think you will get a good idea of what actually
happened from the following description by a dispatch rider:--
"I was talking to some London Scottish; they had had a terrible
time. They were only supposed to be in support, and had no
machine guns with them, when news came of a highly critical
situation, and they were led up to the trenches under shell and
rifle fire over open ground--a thing very seldom undertaken even
by Regulars. They made a perfect advance as if they were on
parade, and then later on came an awful attack. The Germans came
on in masses, with bands playing, and, as I heard later, the
Kaiser in person looking on (from a safe distance); and the
Scots mowed them down and down till their ammunition gave out,
when they leaped out of the trenches and went for the enemy with
the bayonet. They were driven back into the trenches by force of
numbers, and a desperate fight took place. Their medical officer
was actually bayoneted in front of their eyes while bending down
attending to two wounded men. It was bright moonlight, and he
had a white badge and red cross on his arm, and even a blue
tunic on, and was, of course, without arms of any sort. The
Germans behaved like inhuman fiends; every wounded man they
bayoneted at once, and when the Scots saw this foul work they
gave the order, 'No prisoners.' They drove the Germans back
eventually, giving no quarter, and getting none."[87]
While the London Scots were proving their mettle, the Germans broke
through the line of the 1st Cavalry Division, and captured a village
about 1½ miles north of Messines, on the Ypres-Armentières road. Next
day, however, this village was retaken, though Messines still remained
in German hands. There was also heavy fighting that day at Le Gheir,
south of Messines, and in the course of it Drummer Bent of the East
Lancashires won the Victoria Cross,[88] as you shall hear later.
[Illustration: The Charge of the London Scottish at Messines, November
1, 1914.
(_From the picture by Dudley Tennant._)]
For five days afterwards the battle resolved itself into an artillery
duel, and our weary men had a breathing space. Reserves were brought up
from the Second Corps, and two Territorial battalions and two Yeomanry
regiments were put into the firing line. On 6th November the Germans
made a sudden attack on the Klein Zillebeke position, and drove in the
French, who were holding the right towards the canal. This left the 4th
Cavalry Brigade unsupported; but the Household Brigade,[89] under
General Kavanagh, came to the rescue, and the French were able to
recapture their trenches. Once more, however, the French were driven
back, and to stem the rush Kavanagh doubled a couple of dismounted
squadrons across the road. There was a moment of wild confusion, in
which British, French, and Germans were mingled together in the village
street. When the confusion was at its height Major Dawnay of the 2nd
Life Guards led his men to the charge, and the village was cleared with
great loss to the enemy. Unhappily, Major Dawnay was killed by a
shrapnel shell, but not until the British position was saved.
You are accustomed to think of the 2nd Life Guards in all the glory of
their peace uniform, in their steel helmets with horse-hair plumes,
their gleaming breastplates, their white buckskin breeches and gloves,
and their long knee-boots. Very different was the picture which they
presented in the village street on that fierce day, their drab khaki
uniforms splashed with mud and blood, their horses far in the rear, and
they, on foot, lunging fiercely at the oncoming Germans with the
bayonet. There is no pomp or glamour of gold lace, nodding plumes, and
burnished steel on the modern battlefield.
Kavanagh's Brigade stemmed the torrent and held its trenches far into
the night, until the 4th Brigade had strengthened its position. Next
morning (7th November) our men made a counter-attack; but though German
trenches were brilliantly captured, they could not be retained. It was
during this attack that Captain J. F. Vallentin of the South Staffords
won the Victoria Cross.[90]
Once more there was a lull. Nothing worthy of mention happened on the
8th, 9th, and 10th, but on the 11th the storm broke out again in all
its fury.
You will remember that at Waterloo, when the cannon of the advancing
Prussians were heard in the distance, and Napoleon saw defeat staring
him in the face, he staked all on a charge of his Old Guard--the Guard
that "dies but never surrenders." Six thousand of these men, the very
flower and pride of his army, were hurled at the long-tried British. As
they rushed up the slope, the British Guards, who had been lying down
behind the top of the ridge, sprang to their feet and poured a volley
into the enemy. The advancing columns wavered, and our men, charging
with the bayonet, thrust them down the hill in utter confusion.
The Kaiser was now about to follow the example of Napoleon and make one
mighty effort to snatch victory out of defeat by launching his famous
Prussian Guards against the stubborn foe. The Prussian Guards are the
very apple of the Kaiser's eye; they are all picked men, over six feet
in height, of wonderful discipline and unquenchable courage, and they
count it the highest honour that life holds to be selected from the
ordinary regiments for service as the bodyguard of the Emperor. If
living men could "hack their way through," these were the men to do it.
True, the Guards had not yet covered themselves with glory. They had
suffered heavily at Charleroi[91] and Guise;[92] they had been badly
beaten in the marshes of the Gond,[93] and had lost many of their
numbers at Rheims;[94] but now, under the eye of the Kaiser himself,
they were to sweep all before them and succeed where their comrades of
the line had failed. Thirteen battalions of them were brought up from
the Arras district with great speed and secrecy, and on Wednesday, 11th
November, they were thrust against the point of the salient to the north
and south of the Ypres-Menin road. The day opened with the most furious
artillery attack known up to that time. The British trenches were
continuously assailed with lyddite[95] and shrapnel; but our gallant men
hung on, wondering how long they could exist in that tornado of spouting
earth and flying shard.
For eight hours the terrific cannonade continued. About seven in the
evening, when the sky was dark and rain was falling, British aeroplanes
appeared overhead and began to sweep the plain with their searchlights.
In their glare our men saw to their amazement the Prussian Guards
advancing towards their trenches with the high, prancing step of a
Potsdam parade--the officers with their swords at the "Carry," and the
lines of men as steady as a rock. On they marched, with flags flying and
drums beating, but never a rifle snapped from the British trenches.
Already the Guards felt the thrill of approaching victory; to them it
seemed that the Allied line had been destroyed by the terrible
cannonade. In a few short hours they would be in Ypres; a few days more
and they would gaze across the narrow seas to the white cliffs of that
hated land which they had sworn to subdue.
They were eighty yards from the British trenches now, and their pace
quickened. Suddenly they were caught in a whirlwind of fire; shrapnel
hissed among them, machine guns clacked viciously, and French and
British rifles spat death at them from front and flank. They went down
in hundreds, but the gaps were filled up, and the line moved on
unbroken. Battalions melted into companies, companies into platoons, and
platoons into files, but still they were unchecked. Again and again they
re-formed, only to see their ranks shattered once more; nevertheless
their advance was not stayed.
So fixed was their resolution and so strong was the force of their
assault that the Allied line was broken in three places. Our first-line
trenches were swamped with the gray flood, some of which poured into the
tangle of woods behind, where a wild, desperate battle raged amidst the
trees for two days. Furiously counter-attacked, and enfiladed by
machine-gun fire, the Guards were finally driven back to the two short
sections of trench which they had won. Even here they were not secure.
The "Fighting Fifth"[96] held a salient between them, and took merciless
toll of them while fresh attacks were being prepared.
On the hundredth day of the war the Prussian Guard came, it saw, it was
conquered. At nightfall the larger part of it lay dead in the wood--in
some places eight ranks deep. The mighty effort of the Kaiser had
failed; the flower of his army had been flung away, yet Ypres was as far
off as ever.
On the 12th and the following days there were further assaults, during
one of which Lieutenant Dimmer of the King's Royal Rifles won the
Victoria Cross for heroic fighting, which will be detailed later.[97]
All the German efforts were fruitless, and on the 17th, when French
reinforcements gave the sorely-tried British a respite, the enemy began
to vent his baffled rage on the famous old Cloth Hall of Ypres. So far
it had been spared in order that from its ancient walls the Kaiser might
announce to the world that Belgium was his. Now that the Guard had
failed, and Ypres still defied him, he spitefully ordered his artillery
to batter down the historic building which seemed to mock at his
discomfiture.
The story of one other German failure must be told to round off this
account of the First Battle of Ypres. While the Prussian Guard was
making its vain effort, the left wing of the Würtemberg army was
attacking the extreme left of the salient between Zonnebeke and
Bixschoote. This portion of the line was held by Zouaves, French
Territorials, and cavalry. Against them was flung an overwhelming force
of Germans, including the left wing of the Würtemberg army. Around
Bixschoote the fight raged with such fierceness that the place was
choked with dead. Had it been captured the enemy would have carried
Ypres from the north. The Zouaves, always famous as dashing fighters,
excelled themselves in the defence of Bixschoote, and at no point of the
Allied front did the enemy lose more heavily. For nearly a month the
Zouaves held the pass until the weather broke and the high winds and
snow blizzards of winter set in. So the storm of battle died away in a
tempest of nature's making.
[Footnote 77: In olden days Norse warriors, or _berserks_, worked
themselves up before a battle into a fierce madness, known as the
"berserk rage."]
[Footnote 78: Quoted from Mr. Will Irwin's account of the battle in the
_Daily Mail_.]
[Footnote 79: In Shakespeare's _Julius Cæsar_, Act iii., Scene 2, Mark
Antony, in the course of his speech over the dead body of Cæsar, says,
"That day he overcame the Nervii." They were a tribe of Belgic Gauls
holding territory from the Sambre to the North Sea. Cæsar overcame them
B.C. 57.]
[Footnote 80: Fought during the Crimean War on November 5, 1854.]
[Footnote 81: Fought 1½ miles south of Stirling on June 24, 1314. The
bore-stone in which it is said Bruce's banner was fixed still exists on
Brock's Brae.]
[Footnote 82: _Mes-seen´_, between four and five miles south of Ypres.]
[Footnote 83: The name is equivalent to our Theodore, "gift of God."]
[Footnote 84: So called because recruited from Baluchistan, a British
territory between Afghanistan and the Arabian Sea.]
[Footnote 85: See page 165.]
[Footnote 86: Forty miles west by north of Toledo, Spain; scene of the
famous battle (July 28, 1809) in which Wellington defeated Joseph
Bonaparte.]
[Footnote 87: See also the account given on pp. 161-3.]
[Footnote 88: See p. 165.]
[Footnote 89: So called because they form the sovereign's escort. The
Household Cavalry consist of three regiments--1st and 2nd Life Guards,
and the Royal Horse Guards (The Blues).]
[Footnote 90: See p. 167.]
[Footnote 91: See Vol. II., pp. 23-25.]
[Footnote 92: See Vol. II., pp. 117, 118, 139.]
[Footnote 93: See Vol. II., pp. 213, 214.]
[Footnote 94: See Vol. II., pp. 282 ff.]
[Footnote 95: A high explosive, consisting of picric acid, used as a
bursting charge for shells.]
[Footnote 96: Northumberland Fusiliers.]
[Footnote 97: See p. 167.]