_Scarf_ (Vol. ii, p. 126.).--The custom of the Church for many
centuries, which is the authority for the wearing of the scarf, or
stole, sanctions the use of it by all orders of the clergy now existing
in the Church of England, but with certain distinctions in the manner of
wearing it. By deacons it is worn, as in ancient times, over the left
shoulder only, hanging down before and behind; by priests, over both
shoulders, hanging down in front only, and was formerly crossed on the
breast and passed through the girdle at the waist; bishops have always
worn it over both shoulders, and not crossed. It was once considered in
some sort as a mark of authority, and as peculiarly appropriate to
preachers; thus the sub-deacon wore no stole, because he had no
authority to preach the Gospel in public. So in the Roman Catholic
Church at the present day, when a number of clergymen are assembled
together, except on a few extraordinary occasions, no person wears the
stole but the presiding or principal clergyman, and the person who
preaches or officiates. The stole was originally a linen handkerchief
used for wiping the face, but being afterwards made of embroidered silk
and other rich materials, it was retained as a decoration. Previous to
the Reformation, the stole was one of the vestments used in the
celebration of the Holy Eucharist, and consequently, in preaching also,
but not at vespers or the ordinary services. The authorities for these
statements are Paley's _Gothic Architecture_, the Oxford _Manual for
Brasses, Popular Tracts illustrating the Prayer-book_, No. 2., and _An
Explanation of the Construction, &c., of a Catholic Church_.
Arun.
_Smoke-money_ (Vol. ii., p. 120.).--It may _contribute_ to answering
B.'s Query, to know that smoke-pennies are also yearly levied from most
of the inhabitants of the New Forest, and understood by them to be an
indication for their right of cutting peat in the waste of the forest.
Lambda.
_Common, Mutual, Reciprocal._--1. What is equally related to A., B.,
(C., &c.), is _common_ to them.
2. What A. and B. entertain, feel, do, &c. towards one another, is said
to be _mutual_.
3. What A. entertains, feels, does, &c. to B. in return for the same
entertained, felt, done, &c. by B. towards him, is said to be
_reciprocal_. Thus: