CONCLUSION
The end of our period--Science not stagnant during
it--Nor a mere handmaid of religion--The belief in
occult virtue--Dominance of astrology--Definition of
magic--Difficulty of reducing magic to one principle--Human
fondness for the fallacious--Utility is not magic’s
strongest appeal--The spirit of magic is not the scientific
spirit--Magic and experimental science--Science is a gradual
evolution, not a modern creation--Its medieval stage of
development--Does magic survive in modern learning?--Or in
other sides of present life?--Importance of the history of
experimental science--Prominence of magic in the history
of science--How the human mind works--Indestructibility of
thought.
[Sidenote: The end of our period.]
Our survey of some thirteen centuries of thought draws to a close.
As has been said in discussing Peter of Abano, the period of the
medieval revival of learning, as of other phases of civilization,
seems to have spent its force by the close of the first quarter of the
fourteenth century. On the other hand, the works which we have studied
were reproduced again and again in manuscript form in the fourteenth
and fifteenth centuries and then in printed form in the fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries, as has been pointed out in many instances.
Some topics, like that of experimental books, we have traced on as
late as into the seventeenth century. In short, the conceptions whose
prevalence we have depicted in some detail for thirteen centuries of
thought continued to have weight for a long time thereafter. On the
occult and magical side, moreover, later writers like Henry Cornelius
Agrippa, Trithemius, or Cardan were to add little or nothing to
what had been often repeated before. In the field of experimental
science, on the other hand, a period of greater progress came later.
Gradually, too,--very gradually it would seem until almost our own
time--scepticism was to come to prevail among scientists as to the
possibility of magic in any of its forms in the world of nature. A
great task still awaits him who shall trace the slow rise of effective
scepticism through such writings against astrology as those of
Nicholas Oresme in the fourteenth, and Pico della Mirandola, who at
the same time believed in magic, in the fifteenth century, and in such
criticisms of pseudo-science in general as Sir Thomas Browne’s _History
of Vulgar Errors_ in the seventeenth century;[3011] and likewise the
gradual dislodgment of the conception of occult virtue and influence by
that of natural law through the disclosure of many of nature’s former
secrets by scientific instruments and research.
[Sidenote: Science not stagnant during it.]
However, the disclosure of such secrets had already begun when the
period of our investigation opened and it continued during our period
of thirteen centuries, which was no such age of retrogression or
stagnation as it has formerly been depicted. The ideas and discoveries
of Hellenic, not to say oriental, science persisted and were preserved
by medieval men to a greater extent than has been generally recognized;
and to them the medieval men added questions, observations, and even
discoveries of their own. Not only did curiosity concerning nature’s
secrets continue, but the authority of the ancients was often received
with scepticism; and a marked tendency runs through our period to
rely upon rationalism and experimental method. I have exposed the
_Physiologus_ myth, the _Florilegia_ myth, the legend of Roger Bacon as
a lone herald of modern experimental science, the notion that Vincent
of Beauvais adequately sums up all medieval science, and a number of
other modern “vulgar errors” concerning medieval learning. I have shown
that medieval men were wider readers than has often been thought, that
the scholastics presented their material in a more systematic way than
classical writers, that the Latin of the thirteenth century has a
clearer style and shows more direct thinking than the vernaculars of
the fifteenth century. Should we, moreover, go on to examine in detail
the writings of the early modern centuries, I suspect that we would
find them repeating the medieval authors just as these had repeated
the classical authorities. Gesner, for instance, in his _History of
Animals_, 1551-1587, copied Albertus Magnus as well as Aristotle. And
of the scientific notions with which the men of the sixteenth century
have been credited by their admirers many might be found on closer
scrutiny and comparison to date back to classical or medieval authors.
[Sidenote: Nor a mere handmaid of religion.]
Nor can I agree that natural science in the middle ages, as has been
said of medieval philosophy, was a mere handmaid of religion. Friar
Bacon pointed out, it is true, how experimental science might serve
the Church, but he also wished the Church to advance the study of
science. And in many ways the Church did so, while its opposition
to scientific research at that time has been grossly exaggerated.
It is true that the Biblical and Christian conception of a created
universe was generally accepted, but the Aristotelian and astrological
conception of the heavenly bodies as eternal and incorruptible was
scarcely less influential, and many writers held both conceptions,
however inconsistent this may seem to us. We have met with some extreme
instances of the religious point of view affecting the attitude
toward nature, notably the idea that human sin affects or even upsets
the course of nature; but we have also seen that the moralizing and
allegorizing supposed to characterize medieval nature-study have been
greatly over-estimated. For ancient pagans like Pliny and Seneca the
study of nature seems to have taken the place of religion in large
measure, but the introduction of Christianity did not result in the
discontinuance or estoppal of the study of nature, nor in its reduction
to a state of servitude. Medieval science was somewhat under the wing
of the Church, as were so many other activities now purely secular, but
science even in the middle ages was learning to use its own wings. Both
in Mohammedan and Christian society profane learning in general and
science in particular made progress, and the remains of Arabic science
would be much scantier than they are, were it not for the fact that
many works are preserved solely in Latin translations.
[Sidenote: The belief in occult virtue.]
But many secrets of nature still remained undiscovered in our period,
and hence it is not surprising that the conception of occult virtue
in nature, of occult influence exerted by animals, herbs, and gems,
or by stars and spirits, still prevailed to such an extent among
men of the highest scientific attainments then possible. How potent
this conception was, has been shown by the continued use of amulets,
of ligatures and suspensions, by the general belief in fascination,
physiognomy, number mysticism, and divination from dreams. Some still
countenanced the occult force of words, figures, characters, and
images, or of this and that rite, ceremonial, and form. Especially
surprising is the prevalence of lot-casting under the pseudo-scientific
form of geomancy. But others had begun to doubt the efficacy of
some or most of these things. Animism had pretty much had its day;
necromancy and the notory art received relatively little attention,
although the Church appears to have rather encouraged them by insisting
upon the existence and power of evil spirits. But even the fathers
and theologians made the point that demons work their marvels largely
through their superior knowledge of natural forces. Much more in
science and medicine have we seen the notion of spiritual force
displaced by that of occult natural virtue, and use made of natural
substances rather than of incantations. Some of our authors would
explain the results achieved by incantations entirely by the force
of suggestion. Of the later witchcraft delusion which overpowered
the learned as well as the populace we have found relatively few
harbingers. The discussion of sorcery and witchcraft has been less in
our medieval than in our ancient authors, and less among our scientists
than among our theologians. The subject has been broached chiefly in
connection with formal definitions of magic arts or the practical
problem of impotency after marriage.
[Sidenote: Dominance of astrology.]
We have also repeatedly seen magic itself becoming more scientific or
pseudo-scientific in method and appearance. This is well illustrated by
the fact that in our authors of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
astrology is the most widespread, as it is the most pseudo-scientific
of any variety of the magic arts. Indeed, it has ceased to be merely
one method of divination and claims to study and disclose the universal
law of nature in the rule of the stars, by which every fact in nature
and every occult influence in magic may be explained. If this doctrine
were true, all other sciences and magic arts would be reduced to
branches of the supreme science and art of astronomy or astrology. But
it is not true, and hence I prefer to classify astrology as a magic art
along with other arts of divination. And this brings us back to the
question of the definition of magic.
[Sidenote: Definition of magic.]
The results of this investigation seem to me to have justified the
selection of the word, “magic,” as a generic term to include all
superstitious arts and occult sciences, and to designate a great
primary division or phase of human thought and activity. Magic is
subordinate to no other superstition or occult art; they are more often
regarded as subdivisions of it. The attempts of some of our authors to
distinguish between magic and astrology, or magic and divination, or
good and bad magic, or natural magic and sorcery, or witchcraft and
counter-magic, have all been exceedingly illogical and unconvincing.
Magic appears, in our period at least, as a way of looking at the world
which is reflected in a human art or group of arts employing varied
materials in varied rites, often fantastic, to work a great variety of
marvelous results, which offer man a release from his physical, social,
and intellectual limitations, not by the imaginative and sentimental
methods of music, melodrama, fiction, and romance, or by religious
experience or asceticism, but by operations supposed to be efficacious
here in the world of external reality. Some writers, chiefly
theologians, lay great stress on resort to spirits in magic, some
upon the influence of the heavens, some on both these forces, which
yet others almost identify; but, except as theological dogma insists
upon the demoniacal character of magic, or as astrological doctrine
insists on the rule of the stars, it cannot be said that spirits or
stars are thought of as always necessary in magic. The _sine qua non_
seems to be a human operator, materials, rites, and an aim that borders
on the impossible, either in itself, such as predicting the future or
curing incurable diseases or becoming invisible, or in relation to the
apparently inadequate means employed.
[Sidenote: Difficulty of reducing magic to one principle.]
In our authors it has been difficult to account for the particular
occult properties attributed to things and acts, or to detect any
one underlying principle, such as sympathy, symbolism, imitation,
contagion, resemblance, or association, guiding the selection of
materials and rites for magic. This is either because there never was
such a principle, and magic from the start was empirical and complex,
or because we deal with a late stage in its development, when the
superstitions of different peoples have coalesced, when the peculiar
customs of folk-lore have become confused with those of science and
religion, after the primitive methods of magic have been artificially
over-elaborated, and after many usages have become gradually corrupted
and their original meaning has been forgotten. Whether magic is good or
evil, true or false, is with our authors a matter of opinion, in which
the majority hold it to be true but evil. Every shade of opinion is
represented, however; but furthermore few can avoid a wholesome feeling
that there is something false about magic somewhere. This sounds the
signal, as it were, for magic’s doom.
[Sidenote: Human fondness for the fallacious.]
However, I suspect that it is not so much that magic has been shown
to be false, as it is that men have come to set a greater value upon
truth, that accounts for magic’s decline. As I survey the practice
and “beliefs” of primitive and savage tribes or the columns of modern
newspapers and much of modern literature, I become convinced that men
have a natural tendency to assert, and craving to hear the sensational,
exaggerated, and impossible, and to fly in the face both of reason and
experience. People take pleasure in affirming the extravagant and in
believing the incredible, in saying that they have seen or done what no
one else has seen or done. Cows, for instance, seldom or never burst,
as everyone knows perfectly well, primitive man probably better than
civilized; that is what makes it interesting to mention circumstances
under which they will burst. “Lord, I believe, help Thou my unbelief,”
is a good picture of the mental attitude supporting much of magic,
which may be not so much a matter of belief as of make-believe.
[Sidenote: Utility is not magic’s strongest appeal.]
To turn from “belief” to practice, I suspect that much magic is
done from want of anything better or else to do, rather than from
complete conviction of its efficacy. When Pamphile in the pages of
Apuleius anointed herself from top to toe in order to turn into an
owl, it was because this was the best way of which she could think
to enable herself to fly far, far away. But had an airplane been at
hand, I fancy she would have had more confidence in it for purposes
of flight. Inventions in artificial lighting have probably done more
than sermons, arguments, and laws to dispel the works of darkness with
which magicians whiled away the night-time. Had electric light been
invented in Pamphile’s age, she would probably have spent her evenings
in jazz or at a movie. It was probably not during the hunting season
that cave-men drew their magic pictures of wild boars and bulls. The
telepathy practiced by savages in war and hunting[3012] is perhaps less
from firm faith in its potency than because the women left at home want
to do something and to share somehow in the crucial operations, and
furthermore are expected “to do their bit” by the men in the field.
Perhaps such telepathic magic had almost as great actual efficacy
toward its end as some of the desperate expedients, prompted more by
patriotic emotion than discreet calculation, which were adopted to
help “win the war” or to “maintain morale” by those who stayed at home
during the recent great conflict. I should doubt if most men ever
believed that rain falls only as a result of magic. It seems more
likely that they are aware that the rain will come some time, and hence
are ready to do almost anything which may hurry it up or relieve their
own feelings and inaction in the meantime. As no modern scientist has
brought to their attention any more efficacious method of altering the
weather, they continue their time-honored rite regardless of our jeers.
It does as well as any. But where some prehistoric genius introduced
artificial irrigation, rainmaking magic probably promptly declined in
popularity.
[Sidenote: The spirit of magic is not the scientific spirit.]
In the case of rain-making there is evidently much truth in Sir James
Frazer’s statement that “the fallacy of magic is not easy to detect,
because nature herself generally produces sooner or later the effects
which the magician fancies he produces by his art.”[3013] But the
dictum cannot be stretched to cover magic in general. In some cases
the fallacy of magic is all too evident, but men love it, or there
is as yet no truth discovered to take its place. Rational scepticism
is needed to dispel the former; repeated experiment, to arrive at the
latter. Believers in and practitioners of magic probably at no time in
its history either even flattered themselves on so sound a basis of
theory, or were so severely practical in their aims and methods, as not
to delight in the marvelous and incredible and impossible for their own
sake. Rather in providing or attempting to provide for practical wants
and emergencies, considerations of credibility and possibility often
were apt to be cast to the winds. Thus the spirit of magic is different
from the scientific spirit.
[Sidenote: Magic and experimental science.]
Yet our material has conclusively shown that the history of magic
is bound up with the history of science as well as with folk-lore,
primitive culture, and the history of religion. Sometimes our authors
have spoken of natural magic, but I rather wonder whether there could
well be any other kind, since man must always reckon with his natural
environment. It is not without reason that the Magi stand out in
Pliny’s pages not as mere sorcerers or enchanters but as those who have
gone farthest and in most detail--too curiously, in his opinion--into
the study of nature. It is not without reason that we have found
experimentation and magic so constantly associated throughout our
period. After all it is not surprising that magic, which was both
curious and tried to accomplish things, should investigate nature and
should experiment. It is even possible that magicians were the first to
experiment, or shared that province with the first inventors and the
useful arts, and that natural science, originally philosophical and
speculative, took over experimental method in a crude form, as well
as the conception of occult virtue, from magic. As Sir James Frazer
has said, “Here is a body of men relieved, at least in the higher
stages of savagery, from the need of earning their livelihood by hard
manual toil, and allowed, nay, expected and encouraged, to prosecute
researches into the secret ways of nature.”[3014] It is therefore
perhaps not surprising that men like Galen, Apuleius, Apollonius,
and Dunstan were accused of magic by their contemporaries; that men
like Gerbert, Michael Scot, and Albertus Magnus were represented as
magicians in later, if not contemporary legend; that _Lithica_ and
Roger Bacon tell us of the danger of sages being accused of magic; that
the _Book of Enoch_, Cyprian, Firmicus, and Picatrix confuse magic with
other arts and sciences; and that no one of our authors, try as he may,
succeeds in keeping magic entirely out of science or science entirely
out of magic.
[Sidenote: Science is a gradual evolution, not a modern creation.]
Be that as it may, if the anthropologists are correct in asserting
that magic forms a great part of the life and thought of early man and
of all primitive peoples, it is evident that only gradually would the
science and thought of civilized peoples free themselves from the old
habits and instincts. Modern science cannot exempt itself from its own
theory of evolution as Julius Firmicus exempted the Roman emperor from
the rule of the stars. Science did not come down from above nor invade
from without. It grew up in the very midst of superstition and mental
anarchy, just as the states of modern Europe had their beginnings in
feudal society. As the kings in the middle ages had to govern under
feudal limitations and even by feudal means, so science for a long
time not merely was opposed by the unscientific attitude, but was
itself tinged by fantastic theories and false data. It is scarcely a
paradox to say that during our Roman and medieval period the laws of
magic were better defined and understood than those of science. Yet the
scientific attitude, like the spirit of nationality, was at work in
the seeming chaos; gradually it shook itself free from error, and, by
the increasing application of truly scientific methods, won a similar
triumph to that which the sovereign political power gained by its
gradual development of governmental institutions.
[Sidenote: Its medieval stage of development.]
This was the process going on in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
When men still believed in demons and witches and divination from
dreams, it is not surprising that they believed also in natural magic.
Only a small part of nature’s secrets were revealed to them; of the
rest they felt that almost anything might turn out to be true. It was
a time when “one vast realm of wonder spreads around.” They had to
struggle against a huge burden of error and superstition which Greece
and Rome and the Arabs handed down to them; yet they must try to
assimilate what was of value in Aristotle, Galen, Pliny, Ptolemy, and
the rest. Crude naïve beginners they were in many respects. Yet they
show an interest in nature and its problems; they are drawing the line
between science and religion; they make some progress in mathematics,
geography, physics and chemistry; they not only talk about experimental
method, they actually make some inventions and discoveries of use in
the future advance of science. Moreover, they themselves feel that
they are making progress. They do not hesitate to disagree with their
ancient authorities, when they know something better. Roger Bacon
affirms that many scientific facts and truths are known in his time of
which Plato and Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen, were ignorant. The
ancients, says Peter of Spain in effect, were philosophers, but we are
experimenters. Magic still lingers but the march of modern science has
begun.
[Sidenote: Does magic survive in modern learning?]
Are there other sides of our life and thought to-day where magic still
lingers and no such march as that of modern natural and experimental
science has been begun or progressed so far? We fear that there are.
One can well imagine that a future age may regard much of the learning
even of our time as almost as futile, superstitious, fantastic in
method, and irrelevant to the ends sought, as were primitive man’s
methods of producing rain, Egyptian amulets to cure disease, or
medieval blood-letting according to the phases of the moon. Ptolemy
believed in astrology, but how many archaeologists and philologists and
students of early religion and mythology and folk-lore there are who
fail to observe his great law that one should always adopt the simplest
possible hypothesis consistent with the observed facts! How some
ransack the latest and remotest sources for some one brief annotation
by a scholiast that may support some ingenious theory concerning the
earliest origins of a language, a cult, or a deity,--which theory too
often has only this to recommend it, that no one has ever thought of
it before! How to prove a point concerning some single country and
restricted period they bring together word-forms, coins, fragments of
vases, customs, and folk-tales from the most outlandish regions and
widely separated eras, and pile up a huge collection of most erudite
looking footnotes, full of abbreviated formulae denoting German
periodicals which have all the appearance of the unintelligible jargon
of some ancient incantation! As one reflects upon the respect and
admiration with which such “scholarship” and “research” is regarded
by many in our own time, can one wonder that in the middle ages and
antiquity the pharmacist who added to his compound herb after herb from
India and other romantic lands, or part after part from the carcasses
of fabulous animals, in a frantic effort to improve upon a remedy that
was wrong to start with,--can one wonder if he was hailed in his day
as a discoverer and public benefactor, if his compound was copied in
book after book and century after century, and, while he perhaps had
devised it against some one ailment, if it came in time to be regarded
as a panacea for all ills? How many historical generalizations, which
originated in superficial association of ideas on no sounder a basis
than that supposed by some to lie behind magic, are not only still
current, but are glibly and unquestioningly assumed as themselves
a basis for what might otherwise be considered truly scientific
investigation of more detailed and less important points!
[Sidenote: Or in other sides of present life?]
We might carry our comparison from the world of scholarship, which at
least displays industry and ingenuity in its superstitions, to the
cruder and lazier conceptions and assumptions of social and civil life.
Often enough has the connection of religion with magic been pointed
out, but what side of life is there that is free from it? If not
sheer intolerance, what else than survivals or revivals of ritual are
all those conventions of dress and etiquette which are supposed to
distinguish ladies and gentlemen from their fellow human beings? “Good
form” is one of the last lines of trenches by which stupidity endeavors
to hold its conquest or inheritance or--shall we say?--native soil of
respectability. And how much we are forced to hear of literary or of
social charm! Is such charm any less fleeting and fallacious than the
magic charm from which it takes its name? Does it advance truth or
retard civilization? Is not the man without it, who has to be twice as
efficient in order to secure the same position as the man with it, the
true builder? Does such personal charm add any more to its possessor’s
real value to society than the incantation of the ancient artisan did
to his industrial process? We believe that it does, but so did he.
Or who can marvel at past belief in the magic power of words, who
hears statesmen speak and millions shout of Militarism, Unconditional
Surrender, Nationality, Democracy, Prohibition, Socialism, and
Bolsheviki? What fears, what hopes, what passions, what prejudices,
what sacrifices these words elicit! And how little agreement there is
as to their meaning! If our illustrations are somewhat frivolous and
superficial, let us measure the amount of magic in present civilization
by Plotinus’ standard. He who yields to the charms of love and family
affection or seeks political power or aught else than Truth and true
beauty, or even he who searches for beauty in inferior things; he who
is deceived by appearances, he who follows irrational inclinations,
is as truly bewitched as if he were the victim of magic and _goetia_
so-called. The life of reason is alone free from magic. Measuring
our age by such a standard, we shall be tempted to cry out, Magic of
magics, all is magic! What else is there to write about?
[Sidenote: Importance of the history of experimental science.]
At least one thing, and that is experimental science. “It always is
making acquisitions and never grows less; it ever elevates and never
degenerates; it is always clear and never conceals itself.” Of its
relations to magic through some thirteen centuries of thought I have
deemed it worth while to attempt a somewhat detailed picture in the
foregoing pages, presenting not only a survey of occult science but
of the lives and writings of some pioneers, now too forgotten, in
science’s earlier and less successful days. Originally magic alone was
the object of my investigation, and experimental science an unexpected
by-product which forced its importance during our period increasingly
upon the attention. For this reason, while the magic of the learned
has perhaps been treated here about as fully as it deserves, a
complete and thorough history of experimental science through these
thirteen centuries has not been attempted, and much new material in
all probability still awaits discovery in the period of which we have
treated. And while I have not yet had time to do much reading in
works of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, I suspect that while
the writers on occult subjects have little or nothing new to say,
experimentation probably continued its evolution and that there may
even be disclosed in obscure writers of that time germs of some of the
discoveries usually ascribed to later and greater names.
[Sidenote: Prominence of magic in the history of science.]
On the other hand, I have found little to suggest that medieval men
themselves purposely concealed scientific discoveries which they
had made, although it is true that some of them believed that the
ancients had done this, and although some of them pretended to do so
themselves. Above all I have demonstrated that when ancient or medieval
authors are apparently superstitious, they are really so, and that
it is far-fetched to attempt to explain such passages as cryptograms
or allegories or flights of poetical imagination or interpolations
or signs of spurious authorship. Our authors do not intentionally
employ occult science to hide truths of natural science or inventions
in applied science. Rather it is characteristic of magic and occult
science to make a pretense of hidden truth and of marvel-working which
they cannot substantiate. And the fact concerning our authors has been
that they cannot yet consistently discriminate between occult science
and natural science, between magic and applied science.
[Sidenote: How the human mind works.]
If this investigation has shed some light on the biographies and
bibliography of past scholars and scientists, on the textual history
and criticism of particular works or the general condition of the
manuscript material, perhaps it has also supplied data that may prove
of value to philosophers and psychologists in determining the laws of
human thought and our intellectual processes. Instead, say, of giving
a so-called intelligence test to some hundreds of immature school
children to discover which ones are well-nigh imbecile or idiotic,
I have set forth for comparison the mature, carefully considered
thoughts on certain topics of a number of the world’s intellectual
leaders through centuries. We have seen the same old ideas continually
recurring,[3015] new ideas appearing with exceeding slowness, men of
the same given period holding a common stock of notions and being for
the most part in remarkable agreement. Even the most intellectual
men seem to have a limited number of ideas, just as humanity has a
limited number of domesticated animals. Not only is man unable by
taking thought to add one cubit to his stature, he usually equally
fails to add one new idea to humanity’s small collection. Often men
seem to be repeating the ideas like parrots. And this is not merely
patristic, or scholastic; it is everlastingly human. Yet it has been
evident that some of our authors were more original, resourceful,
ingenious, inquisitive than others. There is curiosity, occasionally
a new question is asked, an old thought put in a novel way, or a new
experiment tried.
[Sidenote: Indestructibility of thought.]
As I have pursued this investigation, my wonder has grown at the number
of learned men of whom memory has been preserved from a distant past
even to our day, at the voluminousness of their extant writings, at
the many small details of their daily life which are known to us.
Sometimes their respective lives and thoughts intertwine and cross and
coincide so that a learned world and society seems to stand out entire.
Moreover, what might be found out concerning them by exhausting the
manuscript material would doubtless be much greater than scholars have
as yet established. At any rate the records are abundant, more so than
for any other phase of human life except perhaps art; they permit of
detailed examination; no severed fragments or dead bones, they throb
with life. Some species may lay more eggs, or multiply more rapidly,
but manuscripts survive. Neckam’s book has withstood the worms better
than its master, but he, too, still lives in and through it and his
other books. If matter is indestructible and energy is conserved, may
we not paraphrase Adelard of Bath and say in closing: “And certainly in
my judgment nothing in this world of thought ever perishes utterly, or
is less to-day than when it was created. If any concept is dissolved
from one union, it does not perish but is joined to some other group.”
Magic and experiment yesterday; science and experiment to-day. Long
live Thought! and may it some day regroup itself into Truth!
FOOTNOTES:
[3011] On Nicolas Oresme, Bishop of Lisieux, see Francis Meunier,
_Essai sur la vie et les ouvrages de Nicole Oresme_, Paris, 1857,
where many treatises by him against astrology are listed, and Charles
Jourdain (1888), pp. 559-587, _Nicholas Oresme et les astrologues de la
cour de Charles V_.
In Sloane 2156, 15th century, fols. 209v-224, I have read a
treatise by Oresme which Jourdain does not mention, namely, _Contra
conjunctionistas de futurorum eventibus_, copied in 1430. In BN 10271,
fols. 63-153, is a defense of astrology against Oresme’s criticisms by
John Lauratius de Fundis, writing at Bologna in 1451.
For Pico’s twelve books against astrology, his twenty-six conclusions
concerning magic, and his _Apology_, in which he again defends natural
magic, see his works as published at Venice in 1519 or 1557. He accepts
the church’s condemnation of magic as usually practiced, but upholds
natural magic. A preliminary paragraph of praise in these printed
editions credits Pico with having destroyed astrology root and branch,
whereas after previous attacks it had sprung up again, but this is
exaggerated praise in view of the later favorable attitude toward
astrology of such distinguished astronomers as Kepler and Tycho Brahe,
or rather, it shows that the “astrology” attacked by Pico did not
comprise everything that we should classify under that head. Pico’s
attack, such as it was, was countered by Lucius Bellantius in a defense
of astrology published in 1502: _Defensio astrologiae contra Ioannem
Picum Mirandulam Lucii Bellantii Senensis Mathematici ac Physici Liber
de Astrologica Veritate et in Disputationes Ioannis Pici Adversus
Astrologos Responsiones.... Venetiis per Bernardinum Venetum de
Vitalibus Anno a natali Christiano Mcccccii._
I have read Browne’s _Pseudodoxia Epidemica_, which was finished in
1646, in an edition of 1650.
[3012] J. G. Frazer (1911), I, 119-26.
[3013] J. G. Frazer (1911), I, 242.
[3014] J. G. Frazer (1911), I, 246-7.
[3015] Sometimes I have called attention to such parallel passages in
the text, but an examination of the index will reveal others.
GENERAL INDEX
Abbreviations, 937
Abraham the patriarch, and astrology, 91, 449, 831;
oak-tree of, 387
Abscess, 561, 565
Accusation of magic, against Roger Bacon, 31, 628-9, 676-7, 680;
Albertus Magnus, 549;
Trithemius, 550;
philosophers and scientists, 660, 676-7;
Hubert de Burgh, 675;
Arnald of Villanova, 843;
Bernard Délicieux, 860-1;
Abano, 882, 888-90, 945-6, 978
_Achates_, a gem, 143, 364, 420
Achilles, 908
Acorn, 850
Adam, first man, 135-6, 154, 197, 201, 241, 292, 325, 327, 475
Adamant, mill worked by, 243;
magnetic force of, 387, 566, 573, 817;
breakable only by blood of goat, 546, 657
Adfar, 214, 216
Adultery, 728
Aerimancy or Aeromancy, 87, 320, 701-2
Agate, 331, 364, 469, 854
Agent, and patient, 738
Ages of man, 154, 834, 895;
golden age, 896
_Agnus Dei_, 352
Agriculture, 6, 80, 82, 177, 470
_Agrimonia_, an herb, 142
Air, 420, 504, 579, 768, 790, 886-7;
seven regions of, 324, 392-3
Alchemy, chaps, xlv, lxv, 80, 90, 177, 251, 433, 817;
Adelard and, 22-3;
Pseudo-Aristotle, 249, 251, 277;
Michael Scot, 319-20, 327, 333-7;
Franciscans, 335;
Grosseteste, 447, 452-3;
Vincent, 471;
Albertus Magnus, 545, 557, 562, 567-73, 588;
Aquinas, 607;
Roger Bacon, 626, 639, 651, 658, 679;
Arnald, 851, 855;
Lull, 867-8;
Abano, 906-7
Alcohol, 219, 501, 760, 766, 782, 784ff., 797
Alexander the Great, 301, 64 653-4, 786, 896-7, 908;
and see other index
Alexander IV, pope, 525
Alexandria, 74, 83, 214, 264, 322, 761, 794
Algebra, 89, 237
Alive, animal from which part taken, to remain, 781
Allegorical interpretation, of Bible, 11, 134, 207-8, 631, 648;
of nature, 131, 192, 376, 847;
in alchemy, 27, 217;
in zoology, 386, 434;
images, 899;
and see Personification, Symbolism
Alleluia year, 831
_Alliataiu_, a fish, 781
Almohades, 206
Aloes, 698, 817
Alphabetical order, 294ff., 302, 406, 420, 536, 877
Alps, 46, 133, 156
Alsace, 425
Altar, experiments and physicians of, 481, 752, 756
Alum, 335
Alvarotto, Jacopo, 946
America, discovery of, 645, 865
Ammonia, 573, 752
Amorites, 322
Amulet, 147, 209, 264, 276, 433, 769;
and see Ligatures and Suspensions
Amusements, 808
Anaesthetics, 860, 887
Anatomy, 130, 376, 537
_Androsimon_, 276
_Anena_(?), 790
Anglo-Saxon, 67
Animals, 31, 56-7, 231, 727;
intelligence, jealousy, remedies discovered by, 11, 35, 146, 200,
266, 423, 433, 473, 508-9, 563, 653, 908;
use of parts of, 496, 498, 761, 764, 781, 817;
and see names of individual animals
Anselm, “friend,” 784
Ant, 243
Ant-hill, 147
Anthony, St. 380;
church of, in Padua, 945-6
Antichrist, 138, 248, 460, 672, 674, 743, 842, 844, 954, 960
Antidote, 384, 858;
and see Poison, and, in other index, _Antidotarium_ under various
medical authors
Antioch, 46, 245, 270
Antipathy, 144, 349, 732
Antipodes, 199, 332, 538, 885-6
Ape, 384, 780;
eaten by sick lion, 563
_Aplanon_, 41
Apollo, 646, 908
Apoplexy, 887
Apothecary, 835, 872
Apparition, 345, 358, 381, 470, 528, 559, 603, 912;
and see Spirit
Apple, 244, 506, 789
Applied science, 81, 190, 275, 601;
Roger Bacon and, 651, 663
Apulia, 156, 426
_Aqua ardens_, see Alcohol
Arabic language and learning, 24-8, 206, 211, 310-2, 349, 449, 499,
582, 589, 640, 643-4, 647, 762, 778, 863, 888, 972
Archaeology, 279
Architecture, 82
_Argenteus_, 226
_Ariolus_, 553
_Aristologia_, an herb, 794, 908
Arithmetic, 70, 449, 790, 904
Armenia and Armenian, 239, 262, 863
Arms and armor, 82
Aromatics, 350;
and see Spice, Unguent
Arrow, 344, 561
Arsenic, 471, 573, 797
Art, stars and, 587, 610, 673, 857
Art, Universal, of Lull, 863, 865-7, 871-2
Artemisia, 565
Artery, 298, 887
Artisan, 326, 536, 544, 651;
and see Gild
Asbestos, 242
Asclepius, 290, 902
Ascoli, 956, 958, 967
Ash, reduced to, 386, 413, 433, 562, 767, 793
Ass, 57, 145, 345, 384, 482, 767, 781, 817
_Assidios_, 240-1
Astrolabe, 21-2, 45, 68, 112, 116, 865
_Astrologia_, medieval meaning of, 11, 81, 829, 890
Astrological medicine, 6, 72, 92, 323-4, 498-9, 513, 670-1, 767,
851,
855-6, 871-2, 890, 893ff., 957
Astrology, chaps, xxxviii, xxxix, xlii, li, lxii, lxvii, lxx, lxxi;
also discussed by, Abelard, 5-7;
Hugh of St. Victor, 11-13;
Adelard, 40-2;
William of Conches, 55-8, 61;
Hildegard, 143, 148-54;
John of Salisbury, 164-6;
Neckam, 202-3;
Maimonides, 211-2;
_Kiranides_,233-4;
Pseudo-Aristotle, 253-9, 274-8;
Pseudo-Solomon, 283;
_Sworn-Book_, 287;
William of Auvergne, 366-71;
Thomas of Cantimpré, 393;
Bartholomew, 416-9, 423;
Grosseteste, 445-7, 451-2;
Vincent, 467-9;
Albert, 535, 577-92;
Aquinas, 608-15;
Bacon, 638-9, 655, 658-9, 664, 668-77;
Pseudo-Albert, 730, 739, 742, 744;
Sloane MSS, 805-8;
Arnald, 855-8;
Lull, 868-72;
relation to magic, 148, 343, 556, 558, 674, 816, 857, 892;
to other divination, 148, 298ff., 892;
to alchemy, 588;
writings against, 970;
dominance of, 973
_Astronomia_, medieval meaning of, 11, 81, 319, 577, 669, 790, 829,
890
Astronomy, of twelfth century, 70-1, 83, 198;
history of, 320-1;
defense of, 696-7;
of Dante, 826;
of Abano, 890;
of Sacrobosco, 964
Athens, 284, 332, 428, 639, 755
Atlantis, 895
Atlas, the giant, and astronomy, 322, 646
Atom, Atomic theory, etc., 61, 462, 648, 906
Augury, 149, 319, 329, 365, 576-7, 601
Augustinian Order, 8, 189, 882
Authority and Authorities, attitude to, and citation of, Abelard, 6;
Adelard, 28-9;
Athelardus, 42-3;
William of Conches, 60;
Pedro Alfonso, 71;
John of Spain, 78;
Robert Kilwardby, 82;
Daniel of Morley, 172-5;
Neckam, 193-6, 199;
Cantimpré, 373, 377-80;
Bartholomew, 403-5, 422-3, 432;
Arnold of Saxony, 430-2;
Grosseteste’s _Summa_, 448-51;
Vincent, 461-6;
Peter of Spain, 494-6, 502;
Albert, 536, 541-2;
Aquinas, 609;
_De fato_, 613;
Bacon, 633-6, 647, 657, 683;
Pseudo-Albert, 727, 731-4;
Picatrix, 815-6;
Bonatti, 826-7;
Abano, 885, 910;
miscellaneous, 241, 481, 677, 710, 732
_Ave Maria_, 117, 296, 952
Averroism, 709, 863-4, 887-8
Azure, 573
Babylon and Babylonia, 240, 257, 357, 359
Balaam, 318
_Balagius_, a gem, 469
Baldness, 31, 561
Balearic Isles, 863
Ballot, 931
Balsam, 239, 698
Baptism, 198, 391
Barber, 426
_Barbo_, a fish, 144
Barcelona, 83, 207, 845, 862, 930
Barley, 234
Barnacle bird, 200, 464
Basilisk, 202, 347, 361, 433, 562, 901, 905;
and cock, 201, 562
Bat, 195, 288, 498, 736, 795, 817, 850
Bath, 224, 227, 480, 500, 787;
Turkish, 273, 902
Bean, 850
Bear, 145, 767
Beard, 834
Beast, number of the, 672
Beasts, wild, 16, 232
Beatitudes, 325
Beaver, castration of, 199, 380, 433, 513, 540, 657
Becket, Thomas, St., chap. xli
Bed, taking a thing to, 142-3
Bee, 224, 744, 780
Beef, 147
Beet-juice, 563
Beetle, 790, 956
Belt, see Girdle
Benedict XI, pope, 844, 860
Benvenuto of Abano, 942-3
Berkeley, Lord, 806
Betony, 555-6
Bezoar, animal, 210, 909;
mineral, 909-10
Bibliographies, medieval, 88, 353-4, 403, 405, 408, 612, 693, 696,
867;
Dominican, 374, 395, 571, 599, 612, 694-5, 724, 741
Bird, 118, 145, 224, 265, 327, 507;
edible, 147;
of prey, 484, 504;
to catch, 803;
prediction by, 160;
nest, 365, 420, 473
_Bisemum_, 140
Bishop, Richard, 50, 156
Bitumen, 793
Black, color used, 484, 497, 574, 780
Black Art, 319;
and see Necromancy
Black Death, 406
Black, Joseph, 36
Blanche of Castile, 339
Bleeding, 275, 324, 412, 476, 480, 804, 856, 887, 894
Blind and Blindness, 365, 860
Blood, human, 137, 299, 319, 504, 834;
use of, 144, 227, 320, 332, 817, 886, 909;
of animals, used, 147, 226, 232, 288, 321, 332, 386, 421-2, 433,
484, 496-8, 507, 546, 561, 563, 736, 781
Blotches, 561
Boar, 202
Bohel, a spirit, 289
Bologna, and university of, 525, 638, 795, 801, 827, 863, 879, 950,
952, 955, 967
Bonacossi, Bordelone, 877
Bones, used, 143, 496, 819, 899;
discussed, 886
Boniface VIII, pope, 844, 857, 937-8
Book and Books, Neckam’s, 203-4, 984;
trade in, 405;
of magic, 279, 284, 660, 662, 696, 701, 704, 731, 861
Botany, 532
Bottle, 321
Bow, magic, 344
Box, 231, 264, 835
Boxwood, 506
Boy and Boys, story of two, 275;
medieval, 410;
virtue of parts of, 336;
used in divination and other magic, 365, 586-7, 818
Brabant, 427
Brahmans, 378
Brain, physiology of, 39, 48, 298-9, 408, 500, 857, 860, 886;
poison in, 907;
of animals, used, 393, 496, 555, 561, 764, 786, 817
Bramble bush, 851
Bread, wheaten loaf, 141
Breastplate of high priest, 389, 399
Bridge, 655
Brindisi, 426
Britain, British Isles, and Britons, 364, 428
Brittany, 428
Bronze, 279
Brooch, 769
Building materials, 427
Bull, tamed by figtree, 202
Bungay, Friar, 680
Burgundy, 424
Burial, for purposes of magic, 145, 370, 483, 736, 802
Burned, in effigy, 946;
bones, 943-4;
at stake, 949, 952
Burning glass, 442, 455-6, 651, 789
Business courses, 82
Butter, 142, 434, 505, 817, 908
Byzantine, 38, 238, 300, 390
Cabbage, 496-7
Caesar, Julius, 668
Cairo, 190, 206, 734
Calendar, Christian, 92;
reform, 444, 631, 644
Caliph, 390, 734
Calixtus II, pope, 239, 241
Camel, 362, 383, 710, 788, 902;
humps of, 145
_Camelea_ or _Cameleon_, an herb, 472
Camphor, 142, 786
Can Grande, 933
Candelabrum, 699
Candle, magic, 231, 280, 345, 561, 736-7, 782, 786ff., 793, 800
Candlestick, seven-branched, 370
Canonization, 127-8, 612
Cap, 145
Carbuncle, 236, 565
Carnelian, 388
Cask, 263
Casket, 224, 227, 860
Castle, 832, 838, 843-4;
magic, 346
Castration, 506;
and see Beaver
Casziel (or Cassiel), a spirit, 289, 900
Cat, 781, 964
Catalan, chap. lxviii, 862, 867, 873
Cataract, 563
Cauldron, 279
Cauterization, 856
Censorship, 805, 851, 950
Ceremonial, in magic and medicine, 141ff., 344, 482-3, 496, 801,
818-9, 904
Ceruse, 573
Chaldean, 92, 162, 208, 270, 286, 298, 349, 423, 449, 863
Cham, see Ham
Chance, experience, 499, 854;
and fate, 212, 830-1
Channel, English, 190
Characters, 227, 279, 351, 552, 556, 603, 608, 622, 659, 661, 663,
669, 731-2, 802, 820, 848-50
Charcoal, 689, 737
Chariot, scythe-bearing, 654
Charlemagne, 241
Charles V, king of France, 256, 405, 695, 801
Charles of Anjou, king of Naples, 460, 757, 795
Charles of Calabria, duke of Florence, 953, 967
Chartres, 52, 100, 155
Chastity, 242, 364, 388, 470, 817;
and see Virgin
Cheese, 434, 507
_Chelidonia_, see Swallow-wort
_Chelidonius_, 420-1
Chemical and Chemistry, chap. lxv, 38, 484, 500, 566, 573, 906
Chess, 835
Chestnut, 786
Chick, to make dance, 736
Chicken meat, 502-3
Child-birth, 135, 144, 316, 329, 376, 470, 482, 493, 586, 767, 851;
formation of foetus, 418, 469, 484, 700, 744, 876, 957;
born after eight months, dies, 329, 904;
monstrous birth, 745
Chimaera, 138, 537
Chinese dictionary, 448
Chiromancy, 166-7, 266, 329, 331, 575, 606, 701-2, 804, 890
Christ, 299, 327, 965;
birth of, and astrology, 105, 148ff., 371, 452, 579, 590-1, 672-3,
676, 703, 896-7, 953-4, 960-1;
and astrological elections, 831;
effect of birth of on magic, 236, 607;
power of name of, 483;
child, 611
Christian and Christianity, 216, 244, 649, 672, 678, 891, 896;
and see Magic, Religion, Theology
Chronology, 92, 648, 897-8
Church fathers, 174, 589, 635, 848-9
Churl and Bird, tale of, 73
Cicada, 541
Cinnamon, 472
Cipher, 335, 688, 788
Circe, 719
Circle, magic, 227, 288, 321, 343, 345, 664, 669, 912;
in Lull’s Art, 865-6
Circumcision, 834
Cistercian, 458
Cithara, 44-5
Citron, 544
City, fortune of, predicted, 331, 832, 838, 954-5
_Claretum_, a drink, 434
Classical heritage, 51, 157, 191
Classification of the sciences, 10-11, 79-82, 475, 630, 681
Clement IV, pope, 256, 458, 597, 622-8
Clement V, pope, 207, 842-6, 938
Clergy, interest of, in divination, 121, 170, 832, 836;
as translators, 230;
attacked, 306, 844;
regular, 628, 759
Cloak, virtue of, 35, 160
Clock, see Time
Clothing, 82, 352, 391, 428, 818;
incombustible, 242;
and see the names of individual garments
Coal, 420;
soot, 793
Cock, 201, 383, 498, 781, 819, 850;
cock-crow, 263
Cold, the disease, 761
Colic, 887
Cologne, 523, 525-6, 544-5, 595ff., 638
Color and Colors, discussed, 42, 434, 793, 804;
making of, and experiments with, 787-8, 799-800, 806;
in magic, 288, 729
Combustible compounds, see Candle
Comet, 7, 58, 320, 371, 446-8, 452-3, 459, 469, 524, 583, 701, 961
Commune, 932, 941ff.
Compass, mariner’s, 31, 190, 199, 324, 387-8, 430, 621, 864
Compass, points of, observed, 140, 287, 343, 801, 819, 837, 964
Complexion, meaning physical constitution, 670, 886, 894, 896
Compostela, 488, 499
_Compotus_ or _Computus_, 444, 644, 804
Compounds, medicinal, magical, etc., 480-2, 504, 508, 755, 769, 805,
817, 854
Conception, to aid, 730;
to prevent, 470, 736, 744, 763;
and the stars, 152, 316, 328-9, 876
Confederate, used in magic, 661, 669
Confessional, 742, 835
Conjunction, astrological, 146, 255, 583, 672, 872, 888, 896-7, 956,
960
Conjuration, see Incantation, and Spirit, invocation of
Consecration, of bells, books, gems, spirits, etc., chap. xlix, 243,
321, 353, 470, 556, 567
Constantine the Great, emperor, 729
Constantinople, 190, 230, 313, 638, 877
Constantius of Abano, 876
Constipation, 768
Consumption, 887
Contingent event, 12, 516, 559, 605
Contrary, cure by, 887
Cooking recipes, 799, 802
Copper, 545
_Copprea_, 143
Coptic, 214
Copyists, use of, and mistakes and frauds by, 171, 225, 297, 301,
427-8, 458, 464, 625-7, 742, 779, 909, 938
Coral, 470, 853-4
Cordova, 22, 205, 310
Cormorant, 473
_Cornu cerastis_, 242
Corpse, 32, 39, 192, 482, 496, 556, 762, 767, 782, 851;
and see Necromancy, Resurrection
Cotton, 561, 819
Cow, 57-8, 412, 729, 778, 780, 854
Crab, 362, 413
Crane, 144
Crape, 737
Creation, 58-61, 175, 181, 288, 317, 439, 461, 869, 962
Credulity and Scepticism, of Pedro Alfonso, 72;
John of Salisbury, 157;
Neckam, 199-200;
Maimonides, 208;
Michael Scot, 315;
of medical men concerning spirits, 359, 369, 889;
Cantimpré, 380-1;
Bartholomew, 433;
Vincent, 464-6;
Albert, 464, 539, 543-6, 562, 566;
Frederick II, 465;
William of Auvergne, 349, 358, 360-3;
Gilbert of England, 480-1;
Aristotle, 576;
Bacon, 656-7;
Pseudo-Albert, 731, 734;
Abano, 889, 903;
other medieval, 116, 234, 238, 276, 513, 795, 804, 806, 856-7,
969-70;
modern, 236
Critical days, 893
Criticism dreaded, 159, 634ff., 640, 643
Cross, sign of, 141, 143, 288, 321, 381, 467, 470, 483, 528, 608,
848, 850;
wood of, 549;
in form of, 860;
magic, 790
Crow, 193, 413, 496, 729, 791;
white, 793
Crusades, 239, 525, 845, 863
Crystal, 800, 808, 889
Cucumber, 834
Cummin seed, 148
Cyme, 231
Dacdel, a spirit, 289
Daily life, medieval, 406
Danube, 525, 541
Darius, 896
Date, of life or works of, Adelard, chap. xxxvi, app. i;
William of Conches, 50-2;
John of Spain, 74ff.;
Hildegard, 127-8;
Michael Scot, 310-11;
Sacrobosco, 332;
Cantimpré and Bartholomew, 373-4, 402-3;
Grosseteste, 438;
Witelo, 456;
Vincent, 458-61;
Gilbert of England, 478;
John of St. Amand, 510;
Albert and Aquinas, 461, 522ff., 594ff.;
Roger Bacon, 619ff., 628-30;
Picatrix, 813;
Abano, 876, 880, 933-5;
of introduction of Aristotle, 194-5, 312-3, 708;
of _Sompniale dilucidarium Pharaonis_, 296;
of _Speculum astronomiae_, 707-9
Day and Days, observance of, 42, 116, 150, 283, 296, 301, 319, 420;
length of, 185
Deafness, 145-6
Death, time of, 887
Decans, 118, 221
Deer (including Doeskin, Roebuck, Stag), 144, 148, 210, 496, 508
Degree, medical, 504
Delphic oracle, 167
Desert, spirits in, 43, 344, 357;
writings in, 43, 399-400
Design, argument from, 30
Desire, as a factor in magic, 665
Devil, 6, 134, 138, 208, 284, 318;
and see Spirit
Dew, 144, 324
_Diacodos_, a stone, 556
_Diadochos_, a stone, 556
Diagram, 116, 249, 282-3, 323, 627, 648, 790-1, 865, 867
Dialectic, 24, 29, 70, 88, 734, 789
Dialogue, 23, 50
Diarrhoea, 513, 793
Dice, 158
Dictionary, 448, 458
Diet, 82, 201, 273, 300, 383, 480, 500, 546, 560, 818, 887
Digestion, 145, 880;
effect on dreams, 330
Dinner, 411, 833, 887
_Dioptra_, 112
Diplomacy, 843
Direction, observed, 231, 698;
and see Compass, points of
Disc, 279
Disease, 126, 480;
magic transfer of, 499, 852;
and see Spirit, Woman
Dispensation, 311-12
Divination, chap. xxxix, 72, 286, 835, 902;
and magic, 319, 559;
by demons, 358, 407;
natural, 154, 168, 212, 349, 605;
by opening Psalter, 295-6;
by eating parts of animals, 497-8, 658;
by polished surfaces, 158-9, 168, 320, 354, 364-5, 964;
by shoulder blades, 86;
by lots, numbers, names, 277, 319;
from clouds, 320;
from Kalends, 326;
forbidden varieties of, 814, 848;
other varieties, 14, 81, 158;
and see Dream, Liver, Moon, Sieve, Thunder; also Aerimancy, Augury
Chiromancy, Geomancy, Hydromancy, Lot-casting, Pyromancy, etc.
Divining-rod, 557
Dog, 348, 385, 762;
to keep from barking, 729, 821;
to cause to follow you, 787;
use of parts of, 209, 332, 496-7, 500, 562-4, 574, 736, 788, 803;
mad, 210, 413, 563, 762
Dog-days, 252, 484, 856
Dolphin, 423, 505, 768
Domestic science, 409, 503ff.
Dominicans, 305, 339, 374, 453, 525, 594ff., 629, 832-3, 843-4, 945;
and see Bibliographies
Door, used in magic, 603;
affected by magic, 287, 558, 729, 744
Dove, 15, 321, 507, 539
Dragon, 236, 262ff., 352, 380, 737;
use of, 242;
combat with elephant, 562;
flying, 242, 433, 562, 657-8, 668;
the constellation, 418, 967
Dreams, and interpretation of, chap. l, 40, 272, 276, 487, 605, 708,
710, 728, 902;
Hildegard on, 154;
John of Salisbury, 161-4;
Michael Scot, 319, 326, 330;
Bartholomew, 412;
Vincent, 467;
Albert, 558-9, 575-7;
Arnald, 845, 847;
Cecco, 955-6, 958
Dreaming-places, 290
Dromedary, 318
Dropsy, 470, 473, 485, 588
Drugs, 766, 769, 817
Drum, 603, 819
Duck, 147, 909
Dung, 209, 232, 496, 561, 728, 850, 909
Dyes, 573, 787, 806
Eagle, 195, 242, 301, 364, 420, 473, 487, 541, 544, 761, 854
Ear, 505
Earache, 761
Earth, sphericity of the, 35, 439-40, 864;
virtue of, 140, 142, 147-8, 801-2;
not allowing things to touch the ground, 421
Earthquake, 294
Ear-wax, 561, 736, 817
Earwig, 761
Eccentric, of planet, 176, 444, 446, 672
Ecclesiastical elections, 606;
offices, 833
Echeneis or Echinus, 361, 379
Echo, 789
Eclipse, 68, 151, 223, 294, 325, 603, 804, 897;
during Christ’s passion, 160, 371, 961
Economics, 11, 426
Eden, Garden of, see Paradise
Editions, especially early printed, William of Conches, 53, 63;
Daniel Morley, 172-3;
Neckam, 189, 191;
Morienus, 215;
Prester John, 239;
Pseudo-Aristotle, 248, 267-8;
Artemidorus, 290-1;
Dream-Books of Daniel and Joseph, 294;
_Morale Sompnium Pharaonis_, 296;
Michael Scot, 307-8, 333;
William of Auvergne, 338;
Bartholomew, 401-3;
Vincent, 457;
_Thesaurus pauperum_, 490-1;
John of St. Amand, 510;
Aquinas, 594, 598;
Bacon, 617-8, 679;
Pseudo-Albert, 571, 721, 735, 737, 739;
Bonatti, 826;
Arnald, 846, 853;
Lull, 862;
Abano, 875, 882, 917-26, 935;
Abraham Aben Ezra, 927-8
Education, as experienced or discussed by, Hugh of St. Victor, 8-10;
Adelard, 20-24;
William of Conches, 50-55, 61;
Gerard of Cremona, 87-9;
John of Salisbury, 155ff.;
Daniel Morley, 172-4;
Neckam, 188-90;
Cantimpré, 374;
Bartholomew, 403;
Grosseteste, 437-8;
Vincent, 458;
Gilbert, 481;
Peter of Spain, 488-90;
Albert, 522-6;
Aquinas, 595-8, 601-2;
Bacon, 619-21, 627, 630ff., 640-2;
Peckham, 629;
Arnald, 843, 847;
Lull, 863;
Abano, 876-7, 879;
Cecco, 950, 952, 954
Edward I, king of England, 309, 483, 909
Eel, 541
Egg, 886-7
Egypt, 42, 83, 162, 174, 190, 216, 293, 300, 349, 449, 755, 831
Egyptian Days, 420, 469, 484, 856
Elder tree, 563
Elections, astrological, 148, 183-4, 186, 255, 325, 390, 587, 673-4,
700, 831, 833-4;
and see Ecclesiastical
Electricity, 906
Elements, 41-2, 56-7, 131, 136, 175-6, 242, 253, 275, 332, 334, 341,
360, 394, 420, 447, 462, 480, 564, 580, 594, 830, 836, 871,
886, 906;
not found pure, 34, 53, 175, 231;
harmony of, 671
Elephant, 403, 562, 646
Elijah, 801
Elysium, 12
_Ematites_, a gem, 908
Embassies, 238, 293, 843
Emerald, 143, 210, 236, 239, 363, 546-7, 553, 853, 908, 937
Empiricism, 209-10, 362, 482, 538, 657
Encyclopedias, medieval, chaps. liii, liv, lvi, 193, 315;
modern, 382-5
Endor, witch of, 167
England and English, chaps. xxxvi, xli, xlii, xliii, liv, 156, 375,
428, 619-20, 788, 799-800, 802-3, 811
_Ephialtes_, 360
Epicurean, 61, 165, 582
Epidaurus, 290
Epilepsy, 143, 145-7, 151, 209, 349, 413, 470, 496-7, 515, 847-8,
904
Epitaph, 522, 913, 934
Error, causes of, 630-1, 636, 681
Errors, lists of condemned, 355, 571, 694, 707-12, 869-71, 882-3
Esau, see Jacob and
Eschinus, see Echineis
Esculapides, 269
Ethics, 630-1
Ethiopia and Ethiopic, 433, 562, 592, 656-7
Etruscan, 11
Etymology, 192, 315, 481, 572
Eucharist, 549, 649, 903
Eugenics, 151, 587
Eugenius III, pope, 126
Eunuch, 737
Euphrates, 265
Evangelists, four, 160
Eve, first woman, 60, 474-5
Excrement, human, 484
Exercise, physical, 409, 887
Exorcism, 168, 227, 320, 352, 359, 365, 439, 699, 892, 912
Experience, Experimental method, etc., chaps. lxiii, lxiv, lxv;
and magic, 8, 227-8, 292, 343, 345, 347, 353, 546-9, 561, 658-9,
701, 707, 738, 820, 899, 977, 982;
and divination, 115, 118, 161, 168, 301, 320;
in 12th century astronomy and astrology, 67-71, 77-8, 87, 183-5;
medical, 15, 412;
in alchemy, 336;
of India, 237;
with worms, 386;
at Paris, 657;
of Adelard, 38-40;
Neckam, 192, 196-7, 200, 202;
Maimonides, 209-10;
_Kiranides_, 229;
Pseudo-Aristotle, 247, 249, 251, 257, 277;
Michael Scot, 316, 321, 329;
William of Auvergne, 341, 343, 345, 355, 360-4;
Bartholomew, 433;
Grosseteste, 439ff., 451;
Witelo, 454-5;
Peter of Spain, 494-5, 498-500, 507-10;
John of St. Amand, 510-13;
Albertus Magnus, 532, 534, 536, 538-48, 564, 566-72, 576;
Roger Bacon, 306, 335, 647-59, 662, 664, 666, 681, 683;
Arnald, 853-6, 859-60;
Bernard Gordon, 856-7;
Lull, 864;
Abano, 884, 893, 899, 906, 912
Eye, structure of, 498;
complaints and cures, 144, 363, 421, 469-70, 472, 484, 498, 506-7,
762, 766, 855, 860
Eyebrow, 144, 153, 498
Eye-glasses, 859
Eyelash, 144
Ezzelino, 827
Faith, requisite in magic, 160, 665, 817;
in medicine, 887;
and Reason, see Religion and science
Falcon and Falconry, 464, 562
Fame, love of, 273
Fascination, 169, 202, 248, 385, 553, 558, 574, 607-8, 614, 662,
664-5, 710, 900-2
Fasting, 143, 211, 227, 242, 413, 561, 604, 818, 909
Fat, 384, 504, 560, 909
Fate, 165, 462, 589-92, 613-5, 712, 866
Faun, 358
Feather, 144
Fee, physician’s, 881
Fennel, 508, 563
Ferdinand the Catholic, 864
Ferrara, 955, 965
Feudal, 30, 241, 424, 427, 634
Fever, 143-4, 151, 470, 504, 588, 886-7
Fig tree, 816
_Filcrum coarton_, a gem, 262
Finger and Fingers, middle, 140;
two, 231;
crossed, 790
Finland, magic of, 429
Fir tree, 139, 142-3, 200
Fire, the element, 41, 394, 420, 506, 817;
marvelous, 252;
use of, 144;
at Rome in 192 A. D., 752;
universal, 57;
ordeal of, 818
Fireworks, 736-7, 791, 804, 807
Fish, 135, 143-4, 263, 327, 360, 423, 466, 504-8, 851
Flea, 147, 737
Flood, 57, 136, 222, 452, 582, 745, 897
Florence, 825, 952-4, 967-8
Floron, a spirit, 965
Flowers of St. John, 536-7
Fly and Flies, 484, 736-7, 763, 959
Flying machine, 654-5
_Foca_, 232
Foliot, Gilbert, 181
Folk-lore, 380, 815
Foot, 729
Footprint, 332
Forlì, 825ff.
Form, 420;
specific, 565, 567, 854, 906;
and see Good
Fountain, 349;
marvelous, 180, 244;
of youth, 219, 242, 798
Fox, 194, 209, 500
France, 70, 376, 427, 453
Francesco of Mantua, 879
Francis, St., 862
Franciscans, 305, 335, 403, 415, 418, 617, 620, 626-9, 642, 675,
682,
712, 796, 863, 945
Franciscus de Fullano, 836
Frankincense, 556
Frederick I, Barbarossa, 240, 271
Frederick II, emperor, see other index
Frederick of Sicily, 845
Frenzy, 412, 761
Freudian theory, 468
Friars, 305, 373, 501, 830, 958
Frog, 347, 359, 482, 497, 545, 762, 781, 854
Fruit, 505-6, 887
Fumigation, 135, 224ff., 288, 482, 560, 698, 766, 780-1, 817, 850-1,
854, 892, 912
Fungi, 506
Furnace, 572
Gabriel, angel, 900
_Galerites_, 729
Gall, 484, 496, 504, 561, 767, 781, 807, 850, 909
Ganges, 236
Gascony, 426
Gaul, 4, 20, 24, 28, 50, 87, 156, 375, 386
Gems, Hildegard on, 142-3;
Neckam, 202;
of India, 236, 242ff.;
Pseudo-Aristotle, 252, 261ff., 275-6;
William of Auvergne, 363;
Thomas of Cantimpré, 387ff.;
Bartholomew and Arnold of Saxony, 430-2;
Vincent, 469-70;
Albert, 566-7, 727;
Abano, 908;
found in animals, 210, 386, 421, 544;
used by animals, 473
Generation, of various animals, 144, 359, 382, 386,
and corruption, 417, 446, 670, 894;
spontaneous, 137, 347, 465, 543, 728, 736-7, 744;
human, 328-9, 886, 894, 910-1;
magic, 353, 780
Genethlialogy, 451, 585
Genius, a kind of spirit, 104
Genoa, 638, 885
Gentian, 413
Gentiles, 174, 299, 462
Geocentric theory, 176
Geoffrey Plantagenet, 51
Geography, of Bartholomew, 406, 424-9;
Bacon, 645, 648;
other medieval, 396
Geomancy, chap. xxxix, 90, 237, 294, 319, 331, 445, 588, 606, 701-2,
707, 712, 835-8, 865, 869, 890, 912
Geometry, 83, 88, 299, 456, 485, 641, 648, 651, 790, 885
Geranium, 140
German language, 128, 540-1;
scholarship, 518-9
Germany, 375, 403, 405, 525, 558, 740
_Gesha_, a gem, 261
Gesticulation, 209
Gild, 651, 879;
and see Artisan
Girdle, 143-8, 265-6
Girl, magic power, 146;
medieval, 411;
who ate spiders, 544;
and see Virgin
Glass, mirror, 190, 199;
chapel, 244;
cask, cave, or submarine, 263;
vessels, 321, 372, 387;
spheres and tigress, 543;
perspective-, 680;
lantern, 785
Glaucus of Beneventum, 761
Gloss and Glossator, 327, 764
Glow-worm, 737, 786
Glue, 788
Gnostic, 857, 867
Goat, 385, 546, 854
Goat-milker, 473
God and gods, celestial, 530;
terrestrial, 350;
factitious, 350;
name of, 224, 352, 391, 407, 873;
Adelard avoids discussion of, 41;
Lull on, 865, 872;
miscellaneous, 893;
and stars, see Star and Astrology;
and nature, see Religion and Science
Gold, 202, 224, 236, 817, 855, 858, 899, 908;
potable, 806, 854
“Good form,” 981
Goose, 147, 505, 793
Gothic cathedrals, 536
Gout, 482, 807, 847, 887
Grammar, 52, 72, 129, 156, 325, 439, 644, 648, 788
Gravitation, force of, 35-6
Greece, 20, 184, 546
Greek, 178, 241, 437, 640-1, 644-5
Greek fire, 31, 736, 784ff.
Green, 35
Gregory VIII, pope, 76
Gregory IX, pope, 231-2
Gregory X, pope, 490
Gregory XI, pope, 864
Griffin, 236, 420, 541, 546
Gualfridinus, 957
Guido of Montefeltro, 828
Guido of Valencia, bishop of Tripoli, 270
Gunpowder, 31, 688-91, 736, 786, 793;
noiseless, 807
Gurkhan of Kara Khitai, 240
Guy de Foulques, 622;
and see Clement IV
Gymnosophists, 378
Gypsum, 910
Hadrian, emperor, 860
Hair, 331, 483, 496, 563, 744, 834;
tonic, 565, 793
Ham, son of Noah, first magician, 321, 449, 911
Hand, 31;
clapping, 819
Hardewin the Teuton, 156
Hare, 736, 817
Harlot, 348
Harpy, 541
_Haruspex_, 166, 319, 553
Hawk, 15, 200
Hazel rod, 361, 512, 659, 662, 690
Head, magic, speaking, etc., 680, 825
Headache, 144, 146, 412, 761
Hearsay, 381, 542
Heart, physiology of, 298-9, 513, 907;
use of, 144-7, 232, 362, 384, 422, 497-8, 555, 574, 729, 767, 851;
disease, 508, 880
Heat and Hot, 142, 817
Heaven and Heavens, one or many? 131ff., 176-7, 275, 322, 332,
414-6,
581;
animated? 287, 333, 367;
empyrean, 355-6, 414-5;
revolution of eighth sphere, 871, 895-6;
and see Stars, Music of Spheres, Waters above firmament
Hebrew and Hebrews, 67, 120, 174, 192, chap. xliv, 261, 268, 272,
286, 312, 363, 437, 495, 640-1, 644-5, 778, 780, 824, 863,
877-8, 926, 930, 937
Hecate, 279
Hedge-hog, 762
Heliotrope, an herb, 724, 728;
a gem, 361, 363, 429, 470, 961
Hellenistic, 678
_Helun_, a beast, 148
Hemorrhage, 469, 853
Hemorrhoids, 432
Hen, 484
Henry VII, emperor, 933
Henry I, king of England, 23, 48, 69, 72
Henry II, king of England, 21, 49, 51, 65, 156, 160
Henry III, king of England, 619, 675
Henry VII, king of England, 181, 827
Henry of Eastry, 25
Herbs, Hildegard on, 141-2;
_Kiranides_, 231, 233-4;
Pseudo-Aristotle, 275-6;
William of Auvergne, 362;
Vincent, 472-3;
Albert, 555-6, 564-6, 727;
in sculpture, 536-7;
miscellaneous, 505, 656, 851;
plucking of, 140-1, 160, 209, 234, 466, 472, 482, 556, 608, 728
Heredity, 910, 956
Heresy, 127, 239, 531, 831, 944;
and see Errors, Inquisition
Hermaphrodite, 109, 329, 376
Heron, 144-5, 513
Herring fisheries, 386
Hippocratic school, 769;
for Hippocrates see other index
History, Hugh of St. Victor on, 11;
Bacon on, 646-7;
modern critical, 685,
uncritical, 980;
ages of, 475;
and astrology, 42, 647, 897,
and see Conjunctions;
of astronomy, 321-2;
of science, 533-4, 681;
of magic, 647, 659-60
Hole, 482
Holm oak, 135
Holy Ghost, 152, 367
Holy salt, 353
Holy wafer, 903
Holy water, 353, 850
Homeopathy, 907
Honey, 324, 393, 434, 506, 565, 795, 817
Honorius III, pope, 311
Honorius IV, pope, 881, 935
Hoopoe, 288, 362, 421-2, 497, 555, 729, 763
Horaeus, 52
Horn and Horns, used, 496, 854;
magic, 264;
why men don’t have, 30
Horoscope, 14, 107, 672, 956
Horse, 262, 359, 390;
meat, 506;
wild, 904
Hour, observance of, 201-3, 293, 300, 327, 344, 670-1, 819, 855;
length of, 185
House, astrological, 5, 486, 871-2;
marvelous, 782
Howard, Thomas, Earl of Arundel, 172
Howard, William, Lord, 172
Hubert de Burgh, 675
Hubert Walter, 478
Hugo Eterianus, 292
Human body, physiology of, 57, 152, 192, 311, 499-500, 886;
virtue of, 734, 907;
use of parts of, 142-3, 474, 480, 496, 816-7;
is human flesh nutritious?, 503;
how poisoned?, 907
Humanism of twelfth century, 51, 191
Humors, 150-2, 762
Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, 121
Hundred Years War, 406
Hunting, 157
Hydromancy, 86, 320, 701-2
Hyena, 199, 544
Hygiene, 886
Hyperborean, 440
Hypnotism, 346, 467, 901
Hyssop, 227
Ice, 148, 818
Idolatry, 343-4, 698, 702
Idols, of Lucretius, 667;
of Francis Bacon, 681
Illuminated manuscripts, 15, 111-2, 117-8, 121, 263, 286, 322, 761,
788, 827
Illumination of mind and soul, 362, 865
Image, engraved and astrological, 158, 164-5, 177, 220, 223ff.,
231-2, 251, 257-8, 275-6, 280, 287ff., 327, 351, 370, 388ff.,
399-400, 469-70, 549, 579, 588, 603, 615, 658, 673-4, 676,
731,
802, 815ff.;
Albert on, 567;
Aquinas, 610-1;
_Speculum astronomiae_, 696, 698ff.;
Bonatti, 835;
Arnald, 857-9;
Abano, 898-900, 908;
Cecco, 958-9;
wax, 814, 818, 835;
other magic, 264, 349, 806
Imagination, power of, 608, 614, 911
Impotence, 605, 821, 850, 853
Incantation, chap. lxvi, 141ff., 160, 232, 237, 242-3, 258, 275-6,
320;
in Vincent, 466, 470;
in 13th century medicine, 482-3, 498, 851-2, 858;
Albert, 563, 574;
Aquinas on, 608;
Bacon, 621, 652, 661-5, 669;
Abano, 889-90, 900, 902-4;
Cecco, 953;
in books of experiments, 731, 780, 788, 802-3, 807;
experiments that work as well without, 361, 513, 662;
and see Notory Art; Words, power of
Incense, 817, 820
Incubus, 299, 353, 358, 897, 960
India, chap. xlviii, 92, 224, 236-7, 293, 300, 325, 336, 346-7, 433,
588, 645-6, 656, 786, 885, 894, 898-9
_Indicum_, 434
Infancy and Infant, 32, 332, 834, 957;
and see Child-birth
Ink, 288, 788, 800, 806;
invisible, 467;
and see Writing
Innocent IV, pope, 309, 459, 943
Innocent V, pope, 525
Innocent VIII, pope, 743
Inoculation, 907
Inquisition, 206-7, 368;
Bacon and, 31, 688-9;
Arnald and, 843, 846;
Spanish, 851;
Délicieux and, 860-1;
Lull, 864;
Abano, 875, 881, 934, 938-47;
Cecco, chap. lxxi
Insanity, 142-3
Insect, 537
Insomnia, of Rasis, 754, 766
Instruments, scientific, 29-30, 454, 627, 652-3, 884;
musical, see Music
Intellect, active, 631, 633;
unity of, 633
Intent, as a factor in magic, 665
Interpolations, 240, 461-6, 492, 722
Interrogations, astrological, 183-6, 255, 326, 370, 390, 579, 701,
711, 832-3, 893;
of geomancy, 838
Intestines, 470, 899
Inventions, church and, 30-1;
Roger Bacon and, 651, 654-5, 682-3;
Francis Bacon and, 681;
magic and, 975-6
Invisible, to become, 232, 287, 363, 387, 470, 603, 729, 800, 961;
and see Writing
Ionicon, 322
Ireland and Irish, 190, 236, 408
Iron, use of, 232, 793;
taboo of, 386, 496, 819;
oriental, 392
Irrigation, 249, 601
Israelites, 389
Italy and Italian, chaps, lxvii, lxx, lxxi, 824, 925
Jacinth, 141
Jacob and Esau, 469, 591
Jacob of Brescia, 952
Jacob of Padua, 941
James II, king of Aragon, 843-6
Jasper, 135, 331, 364, 389, 470
Jaundice, 482, 561
Jealousy, 54, 248, 769, 910, 967
Jerusalem, 160, 216, 239
Jew and Jewish, chap. xliv, 42, 195, 278, 288, 290, 299, 314, 389
Joachimite ideas, 842
John the Baptist, feast of, 483, 537
John XXII, pope, 713, 881, 935-8
John XXIII, pope, 644
John, bishop of Norwich, 174
John, patriarch of India, 239
John Orbelian, 240
John Venibene, 956
John of Vicenza, 831-2
John, see Prester, and other index
Joints, of fingers and toes, 324;
pains in, 752
Joseph’s divining cup, 159
Judges in schemes of divination, 113ff.
Juggler, 789
Julian, father of Peter of Spain, 488
Julius Caesar, 896
Juno, used for planet Venus, 109
Jupiter, the planet, 418, 583, 672, 834-5
Jusquiam, an herb, 496, 556, 725, 733
Kathariel, spirit of Saturn, 323
Katherine, St., 327
King and Kingship, discussed, 268, 272-3, 909;
as patron of learning, 189;
predictions for, 296, 302, 583-4, 672, 895-6
Knife, 111, 789
Knot, in magic and divination, 429, 819
Laboratory, 216, 538, 572, 653
Ladder of Hermes, 481
Lamp, experiment with, 737, 782;
marvelous, 786
Land and water on earth’s surface, 645
Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, 311-2
Language and Languages, 728;
scientific study of, 81, 192, 630, 640, 644-7, 863;
of animals or birds, 730, 782
Lantern, 785
Laon, 47
Lar, 357
Lateran Council, Second, 31;
Fourth, 465
Latin, learning, 70-1, 174, 375, 644, 677;
and see Education, Scholasticism, Style, Textual criticism,
Translation
Laudanum, 324-5
Laurel, 506, 728, 816
Law, canon, 158, 189, 329-30, 631, 668, 931;
Mosaic, 162, 208, 212, 345, 371, 386;
Roman, 172-3, 179, 189, 193, 634, 636, 647, 896, 931;
miscellaneous, 273, 733, 834;
and see Inquisition, Legislation, Trial
Laxative, 275, 504, 565
Lead, 224, 392, 802, 817, 857;
pencil, 173
Leather, 860
Left hand, etc., used or preferred, 231-2, 329, 482, 736, 762-3,
854, 887
Legislation, concerning magic, 284, 660, 814
Lemon pips, 210
Lens, magnifying, 440-1, 456, 668
Lent, 465
Leopard, 145, 817, 909
Leprosy, 147, 331, 413, 573, 791
Lettuce, 564
Levitation, 359, 821, 904
Liberal arts, seven, 8, 23, 72, 190, 449, 788ff., 889;
and see Quadrivium
Libraries, medieval, 62, 462, 627, 677, 845
Ligatures and suspensions, 14, 140, 142-3, 160, 209, 433, 470, 482,
494, 496, 498, 561, 573, 608, 736, 762-3, 769, 779, 793,
853-4,
902
Light, 332, 344, 456, 591-2, 899
Lightning, 564
Like loves like, 732
Lily, 728
Lincoln cathedral, 536
Linen, 391, 763
Liniment, 780
Lion, 57, 145, 361, 631, 732, 762;
Thomas of Cantimpré on, 381-5;
use of parts of, 243, 433, 560, 732-3;
figure of, 857-8, 899
Lioness, amours of, 384, 563
Liturgy, 292, 801
Liver, disease, 565;
divination, 299, 486;
use of, 135, 145, 148, 393, 484, 496-7, 561, 764
Livonia, 403
Lizard, 484, 786
Locusts, to avert, 854
Logic, 4, 155-7, 247, 489, 648, 865, 886;
magic, 144-7
Longevity, 655, 658, 894, 899;
predictable, 149, 701;
and see Fountain of youth
Loosing bonds, 729, 737
Lord’s Prayer, 116, 120, 296, 467, 482, 608, 801, 848, 851-2, 952
Lorraine, 427
Lot-casting, 111ff., 320, 606-7, 662, 707;
and see Geomancy, and in other index _Sortes sanctorum_
Louis IX, St., king of France, 448, 458-9
Louis of Bavaria, emperor, 954
Love, 349, 731, 958;
charms and potions, 291, 555, 731, 736-7, 802, 808
Lunacy, 145, 907
Lung, 143, 145, 412, 565
Lynx, 200
Lyons, Council of, 526
Machinery, 654-5
Magi, who came to Christ child, 6, 111, 239, 318, 483, 497, 553,
591,
611-2, 614, 904, 961;
of Persia and east, 291;
Prester John and, 239;
Michael Scot on, 318
Magic, chaps, lxiii, lxv, lxvi;
discussed by Hugh of St. Victor, 13-5;
Hildegard, 138-9;
John of Salisbury, 157;
Maimonides, 208-9;
Michael Scot, 318-21;
William of Auvergne, 341-9, 353-4;
Albert, 548-60, 704-6;
Aquinas, 602-5;
Bacon, 659-63, 704-6;
Cecco, 963-4;
Pico della Mirandola, 970;
as an art, 605;
use or abuse of nature, 139;
materials employed, 138-9, 227, 603;
personal requirements of magician, 209, 604-5, 733, 817-8;
relation to science and medicine, 8, 79-80, 138-9, 559-60, 604-5,
663, 666, 816, 848, 977, 982;
reality of, 319-20, 603;
fraud and illusion of, 14, 343, 345, 349, 358, 585, 660-1, 669,
821, 975;
evil, 319-20, 604, 713;
good or natural, 237, 339, 343, 346-7, 550, 554, 970;
immunity from, 352-3, 553, 731;
marvelous results of, 603, 821;
history of, 647, 659-60, 911;
final definition, 973ff.;
of the present, 979-81;
and see Accusation, Legislation, _Maleficium_, Necromancy,
Sorcery,
Witchcraft, etc.
Magna Graecia, 46
Magnet, 48, 143, 261, 316, 359, 361, 388, 482, 524, 556, 566, 607,
734, 769, 791, 854, 907;
magnetic poles, 907
_Magnus annus_, 203, 370, 418, 589, 710, 744, 895
Majorca, 862-64
_Maleficium_, 14, 158, 320, 347, 551, 604, 901;
personified, 138-9
Mallow plant, 140
Mandragora, 135, 139, 142, 817
Manfred, king of Sicily, 221, 254, 757, 930, 965
Mani and Manicheism, 60, 611, 672
Mania, 408, 858
Manna, 243, 324-5, 393
Mansions of sun or moon, 113ff., 183, 223, 699, 820
_Mantike_, 14
Manuel Comnenus, emperor, 230, 240, 292
Manuscripts, are discussed too frequently in notes and text to
index;
for individual MSS see Index of Manuscripts;
for Illuminated MSS see Illumination
Maps, 426
Marble, 386, 737
Marduch, 298
Maria or Marietta, Abano’s housekeeper, 940, 946
_Maria_, a star, 387
Mariner’s compass, see Compass
Marriage, 605, 850
Mars, the planet, 418, 583
Marseilles, 91-3, 181, 206, 486-7, 638, 844
Marsilius de Carrara, 943
Martin IV, pope, 828
Martin de Oliviera, 937
Martyr and Martyrdom, 333, 682, 863, 949
Marvels, chap. lxiii;
of Toledo, 174;
of Prester John, 241ff.;
and experience, 655, 734;
of art and nature, 663-8, 733-4, 737-8;
cures, 768-9
Mary, the Virgin, 355, 549, 672
Mass, sacrament of, 800, 851
_Matesis_, see _Mathesis_
_Mathematica_, 14
Mathematical method, 647-9, 682
Mathematics, 438, 630, 803, 813;
teaching of, 641
_Mathematicus_, 11, 148, 309, 418, 445, 553, 580, 669
_Mathesis_, 11, 158, 319, 580, 669
Matilda, wife of Henry I of England, 45
Matter, 181, 368, 420, 581, 633, 699;
eternity or indestructibility of, 36, 208
Mead, 434
Meal, 148, 506
Measurement, 653
Meat, cooked made to appear raw, 787
Mechanical devices, 654, 661, 669, 865
Medicine, chaps. lvii, lviii, lxiv, lxviii, lxx, 289, 533-6, 542,
802, 804, 807, 828;
of Hildegard, 126, 130;
_Secret of Secrets_, 273;
Michael Scot, 331;
Bartholomew, 412-3;
Lull, 866-7, 872;
theological attitude toward, 15, 168, 364, 369;
and see Astrological, History of, etc.
Melancholy, 137, 145, 408, 506, 850, 907
Melon, 834
Memory, 34, 584
Menstrual fluid, 329, 332, 470
_Mephus_, a tree, 781
Mercenaries, English companies of, 802
Merchant, 273, 349
Mercury, metal, 471, 573,
and see Quicksilver;
planet, 234, 325, 672, 955
Merlin, 190, 331, 954, 960
Mermaid, 544
_Meropis_, an herb, 555
Metals and Metallurgy, 32, 217, 392, 459, 572, 788, 806;
and see Planets and, Alchemy
Meteor, 562
Methodism, in medicine, 499
Michael, the angel, 288, 900
Michael, bishop of Tarazona, 86-7, 257
Microcosm, 153, 174, 325, 377, 446, 577, 586
Microscope, 112, 441
Middle ages, influence in, of early Christian literature, 53, 157;
Adelard, 43;
William of Conches, 61-2;
Daniel of Morley, 180-1;
and see Classical Heritage
Midnight, 140, 144
Milk, cow’s, 434, 728-9, 793, 887;
woman’s, 32, 505, 563, 744;
other, 496, 505, 737
Mill, 351, 787
Millionaires, 349
Mind, occult virtue of, 557, 731, 849, 902
Mining, 545
Mineralogy, 261, 545, 573
_Minium_, 434, 573
Miracle, 552, 631;
of apostle Thomas, 238-9;
John of Vicenza, 831;
distinguished from magic, 148, 160-1, 602-3;
denied, 944
Mirror, 177, 190, 199, 262, 442;
comic and magic, 243, 287, 789, 806, 817;
and see Divination by polished surfaces, Optics
_Miserere_, 296
Missionary, 863
Mob, see Populace
Modern, 25-6, 58, 86-7, 91, 210, 413, 450-1, 464, 495, 548, 729
Modesty or lack of, in writers, 406, 499, 643, 761, 764
Mohammed and Mohammedanism, 20, 42, 672, 863, 897-8
Mole, 147, 288, 336, 341, 545, 737, 793
Monasticism, 14, 189ff., 299, 363, 381, 437, 487, 490, 634, 758,
761,
806, 838
Monster, 264, 358, 433, 537;
and see Chimaera
Monstrous races, 241, 376
Monte Cassino, 595-6
Monteus, “friend,” 759-60
Montfort, Simon de, 448, 622
Month, specified, 856
Montheus, see Monteus
Montpellier, 190, 200, 336, 525, 843, 845, 852-3, 863, 881, 935
Moon, controls generation and corruption, 145, 150-1, 164, 326, 329,
393;
observance of, 113, 116, 143, 148, 152-3, 209, 234, 319, 323, 325,
467, 569, 588, 671, 795, 856;
relation to other planets and to signs, 484-5, 804;
man in, 192;
addressed, 819;
and see Bleeding, Mansions of
Moonbeam, 72, 202
Moon-tree, 389
_Morea_, 231
Morphea, a disease, 471
Moth, 560
Mouse, 146, 393, 817, 909
Mountain, 236, 424
Mouth, holding in, 143
Moving picture, 384
Murder, 482
Muscle, 158, 565
Music, 790;
divisions of, 37;
and astrology, 40;
and medicine, 445, 887;
instruments, 45, 363, 435;
of the spheres, 203, 325
Myrtle, 506
Mysticism, 9, 272, 764
Mythology, 57, 191
Nahe river, 126, 132
Nail, metal, 148, 209
Nail parings, 483, 834
Names, see Christ, God, Place, and Words, power of
Naples, 284, 314, 596-7, 757, 843, 959
Napoleon, 785
Narce, 780
Narcotic, 559;
and see Anaesthetic
Nasturtium, 565
Nativities, 152, 212, 255, 300, 326, 369, 585, 700, 893, 895, 955-6
Nature, 733, 857;
nothing impure in, 30;
medieval love of, 537
Navigation, 80, 177, 236, 654;
and see Compass
Nebuchadnezzar, 299, 449, 897-8;
era of, 898
Necromancy, chap. lxvi, 166;
Michael Scot on, 319, 322, 327;
William of Auvergne, 343, 358;
Albert, 549-52, 555-6, 579;
Bacon, 661;
at Paris, 707, 713;
in experimental books, 782, 800, 803;
Arnald on, 848-50;
Lull and theistic argument from, 861, 872-3;
relation to science, 72, 80, 177, 346, 734;
images of, 258, 280, 356, 696, 698, 701, 705-6, 731, 899-900;
Abano and, 912, 946;
Cecco and, 963-6
Nectanebus, 246, 264, 350, 587, 700
Needle, 227
Neo-Platonism, 531
Nero, emperor, 134
Nestorians, 239
Nightingale, 144
Night time, and magic, 319, 899, 976;
and see Midnight
Nigromancy, see Necromancy
Nile, 583
Nine, 143, 280, 496, 563
Nitrate, 484
Noah, 254;
as one of three Hermeses, 215, 222;
sons of, 837
Nogaret, 843
Noiseless guns and powder, 807
Noon, 140
Norman and Normandy, 45, 51
Nose, why above mouth, 30
Nosebleed, 761
Notebook, 264
Notory art, chap. xlix, 235, 319, 604, 903-4
Nudity, 802
Number, observed and perfect, 53, 276-7, 366, 444, 485, 702, 904
Numerals, Hindu-Arabic, 237, 312
Nymph, 357
Oak, 387
Obscenity, in magic or medicine, 561, 743-4, 817
Observation, by Adelard, 39;
medieval astronomers, 186, 262;
Bartholomew, 406;
Witelo, 456;
Albert, 532, 534, 539-41, 547;
sculptors, 536-7;
Bacon, 652;
reputed Chaldean, 838;
Arnald, 843, 864;
Abano, 884
Occult virtue, discussed in general by, John of Salisbury, 160-1;
Neckam, 201-2;
Maimonides, 209-10;
Michael Scot, 324, 331;
William of Auvergne, 361ff.;
Thomas of Cantimpré, 387-8;
Peter of Spain, 494, 507, 511;
Albert, 565-6;
Aquinas, 607;
Bacon, 664, 667;
Arnald, 854-5;
Abano, 892-3;
relation to fetishism and animism, 893;
miscellaneous, 766, 769, 779, 972
Octave, 203, 325
Odor, 434, 905
Oil, 413, 484, 505-6, 561, 737, 753, 762, 766, 786, 817
Old men, death of, desired, 526
Old-wives, 351, 358, 482, 608, 662, 851, 853;
and see Witch
Oliviera, Martin de, 937
Olympias, mother of Alexander, 587
Olympus, Mt., 242
Omens and portents, 159-60, 301
_Onager_, or wild ass, 474
Onocentaur, 380
Onyx, 243
Ophites, a Gnostic sect, 867
_Opthalmius_, a gem, 729
“Opinion,” in animals, 35
Opium, 496, 755
Optics, 80, 89, 409, 592;
Grosseteste, 438, 440-3;
Witelo, 454-6;
Roger Bacon, 619, 629-30, 638, 649, 667-8;
optical illusions, 561, 736, 787, 885
Oracle, 269, 291, 298
Orbelian, John, 240
Ordeal, 736-7, 786, 903
Originality, 10, 53, 131, 618, 635, 764
_Origanum_, an herb, 508, 564
Ostia, 279
Ostrich, 386, 541
Ouija board, 110
Owl, 195, 336, 729
Ox, 807
Oxford, 190, 355, 438, 525, 621, 629, 634, 637-8, 685-6, 863
Oyster, 191
Padua, 456, 523, 875-6, 879-83, 888-9, 914-6, 930-3, 941-7
Paganism, 102, 141, 288
Pain, 886
Painting, 889
Palazzo della Ragione, 889
Palermo, 638
Palestine, 244
Palmistry, 282;
and see Chiromancy
Pamphile, a witch, 975-6
Pan, a kind of spirit, 104
Panacea, 471
Papacy, 238-9, 596;
and poisons, 905, 909, 938;
papal physicians, 244-5, 479, 490, chap. lviii, 844-6, 881;
other patronage of science, 311-2, 622ff., 643, 689, 758, 881,
901,
939, 945;
abuses at papal court, 437
Paradise, 198, 238, 242, 387, 462, 474
Paralysis, 145, 506, 560, 588, 768, 887
Parchment, 227, 288, 482, 627, 788, 800
Pard, 382
Parietary, 852
Paris, and university of, 4, 52, 155, 172-3, 189, 237, 306, 313-4,
339, 355, 362, 374, 381, 403, 405, 415, 427, 489-90, 523-8,
545, 576, 595ff., 601, 628, 634, 637-40, 645, 657, 675, 694,
707, 712, 742, 792, 801, 803, 842-4, 863, 869-71, 877, 915,
929
Parliament, 621
Parrot, 473
Parsley, 508, 565
Partridge, 496
_Paternoster_, see Lord’s prayer
Patriarchs, 283, 632, 646, 671, 894
Paul, apostle, 333;
potion of, 481, 860
Paul II, pope, 832
Peacock, 195
Pearl, 513
Peking, 674
Pelican, 542
Penalty, 273
Penance, 391, 952
Penates, 358
Pentagon, 280, 288, 351
Peony, 209, 359
People, 273
Pepper, 472, 506, 733, 817, 851
Peripatetic, 37, 70, 450, 584, 896, 902, 939
Persecution, reputed cases of, 31, 311, 620ff., 628, 674-7, 682,
685,
707
Persia and Persian, 228, 239-40, 261, 278, 293, 299-300, 449, 612,
898
Persian fire, 565
Personification, 23, 48, 102
Perspective, see Optics
Peter III, king of Aragon, 843
Peter, _Judex de Altichino_, 933
Pharaoh’s fig, 877;
magicians, 8, 296, 350, 408, 552
Pharmacy, 480, 856
Philip of Macedon, 262
Philip IV, the Fair, king of France, 843, 938
Philology, see Etymology, and Languages, scientific study of
Philosopher’s stone, 215ff., 802
Philosophy, Greek, 25, 30, 174, 179, 195, 480;
history of, 448-50, 646-7;
medieval, 53, 70, 157, 340, 522, 630, 635, 637, 765, 889-91;
divisions of, 283;
and magic, 72, 663
Phison river, 239
Phoenix, 532
Phoenicia, 361
_Physica_, 10, 160
Physics, 72, 89, 198, 591, 649, 765
_Physicus_, 422
Physiognomy, 169, 328-9, 485, 575, 887, 890, 910
Physiology, 408
Pie, 505
Pietro di Tarantasia, see Innocent V
Pig, 57, 325, 412, 505, 764, 766
Pill, 140, 331, 482, 753, 761, 769
Pisa, 638
Pith, 563
Place names, 30
Placides, 791
Plagiarism, 88, 216, 626-7
Plagues of Egypt, 223, 352, 583
Planetary week, 203
Planets, motion, 195;
properties, 57, 417-8, 820, 829, 834-5, 849, 868-9;
and metals, 42, 323, 335, 445, 452, 797;
and herbs, 908;
and human body, 486, 833, 855-6;
and religious change, 42, 370, 672,
and see Conjunctions;
spirits of, 323, 820, 888, 900
Plantagenet, an herb, 139, 482
Plaster, 324, 412, 480, 766, 852
Plate, metal, 854
Platonism, 5, 55, 178
Plumbing, 392, 678
Plurality of benefices, 312
Poetry, 100, 191, 862
Poison, Maimonides on, 210-1;
Abano, 904-10;
poisonous human beings, 277, 483, 544;
other cases of, 413, 483, 504, 714, 861;
safeguards against, 144, 242, 386,
and see Antidote
Poland, 454, 526, 545
Politics, 11, 953-4
Poplar, 506
Populace and Popular risings, control of stars over, 369, 586, 610,
671, 890;
and see _Vulgus_
Pork, 147, 505
Pottery, 34, 572, 801
_Practica_, 801-2
Practical utility, Roger Bacon’s insistence on, 630, 641, 651, 678,
681
Practice, medical, 480, 575, 684, 740, 761, 881
_Praestigium_, 15, 320, 551, 556
Prayer, 55, 126, 274, 327, 369, 549, 666;
and see Incantation, Lord’s Prayer, Notory art
Predestination, 866
Prester John, chap. xlvii, 270
Priest, 39, 391, 497, 740-2, 835, 850
Priscillianists, 611
Private parts, 480, 561
Professions, learned, 54, 317, 769
Prometheus, 647
Prophecy, 168, 212, 354, 357, 359, 461, 558, 902
Providence, 166, 589
Psychology, 408, 461, 497
Pulse, 887
Pun, 189
Purgatory, 286, 325
Purification, 142, 288, 320, 352, 729
Purple, 231, 421
Pygmy, 357
Pyrenees, 322
Pyrites, 431
Pyromancy, 86, 701-2
Pythagorean, 487, 566, 574, 895
_Quadrivium_, 10, 22, 80, 156
Quadruped, 145ff.
Qualities, four, 34, 54, 480, 507, 733, 871, 886;
innate, 732
Quicklime, 782, 785, 793
Quicksilver, 263, 499, 500, 573, 793, 797, 907;
and see Mercury
_Quinquefolium_, an herb, 725
Quinsy, 852-3, 858
Rabbi, 206, 209
Races, monstrous, 241, 376
Radiation of force, light, etc., 443, 455, 648, 667, 906
Rainbow, 440, 547, 652
Rain-making, 780-1, 910, 976
Rain-water, 133
Raphael, the angel, 288, 900
Rat, 792
Raymond, archbishop of Laon, 33, 627
Raymond, archbishop of Toledo, 73, 76
Readers and Reading, medieval, 10, 481
Reason, process of, 299, 317, 983;
and experience, 28-9, 78, 298-301, 499, 508ff., 727, 734, 765,
854-5;
life of, 981
Red, used, 231, 413, 482
Red Sea, 236, 387, 729
Reed, 363, 497
Reformed churches, 845
Reflection and Refraction, see Optics
_Regulus_, a serpent, 905
Reims, 340
Relics, 601
Religion, medieval attitude, 192, 493, 528, 571, 649, 678, 764-7,
779, 826, 888, 939;
and magic and astrology, 42, 284, 370, 962;
and science, 28, 31, 58-62, 131, 168-9, 175, 179ff., 197-8,
207-8,
305-6, 327-8, 340ff., 415, 439, 530-1, 600ff., 631-2, 640,
644,
709-13, 863, 939, 971-2;
and see Theology
Renaissance, 273, 593, 883
Reputation for magic, see Accusation of
Resurrection of the body, 355-6, 671, 944
Resuscitation of corpses, 287, 656, 831, 903
Revelation, 647, 855
Revolutions, astrological, 700, 832-4, 895-6, 960
Rhetoric, 24, 72, 100, 296-7, 341, 788-9
Rheum, 858
Rialto, 244
Rich, Edmund, archbishop of Canterbury, 459
Richard I, king of England, 188
Richard, bishop of Bayeux, 21, 44ff.
Riddles, 789
Right, hand, etc., used or preferred, 144-6, 231, 329, 421, 482,
508, 729-30, 762, 767, 854, 887
Ring, 143, 280, 321, 351, 387, 793, 853, 908, 959
Ringworm, 473
River, 132-3, 802
Roads, medieval, 623
Robbers, 232, 574
Robert, king of Naples, 846, 967
Romances, medieval vernacular, 263
Rome, 189, 239, 525, 596-7, 629, 861, 863
Rose, 561, 787;
oil of, 384
Royal Society, 804
Ruddy complexion, 336
Rue, 386;
eaten by weasel, 506
Ruins excavated, 526
Rustic experience, 509
Sabians, 756
Sacrament, last, 832
Sacrifice, 228, 288, 321, 347, 556, 603, 652, 666, 669, 755, 817,
820;
human, 319-21, 964
Saffron, 140, 820
Saga, Norse, 540
Sage, the spice, 790
Saint, see Canonization, Relics
St. Albans, 188
Saladin, 206
Sal ammoniac, 472, 793, 797
Salamander, 242, 473, 909
Salary, professor’s, 931-3
Salerno, 46, 190, 200, 210, 482, 757, 851
Saliva, 142ff., 202, 211, 277, 360, 483, 561, 817, 860
Salmon, 143
Salt, 336, 453, 483, 573, 797;
and see Holy
Saltpeter, 690, 737, 793, 807
Salvia, 386, 744, 790
Sanjar the Seljuk, 240
Sapphire, 242, 363, 431, 553, 566, 855
Sardonix, a gem, 242
Sarpedon, 290
_Satia_, a spirit, 358
Satire, 872
Saturn, the planet, 57, 289, 418, 820, 869, 894
Satyr, 358
Saxony, 526, 545
Scab, 473
Scammony, 511
Scarification, 412
Scepticism, see Credulity and
Schism, papal, 126
Scholasticism, chap. xxxv, 19, 26, 272, 315, 502, 613, 632-3, 641,
647, 681, 730, 738, 885
Scholiast and Scholium, 232
Sciatica, 761
Scientific spirit, curiosity, etc., 27, 31ff., 139, 196-7, 406,
503ff., 535ff., 657, 663, 792, 816, 886, 891-2, 970-1, 978-9;
and see Experience, Observation, Religion and science
Scorpion, 210, 383, 413, 561, 699, 768, 796, 899
Scot and Scotland, 428
Sculpture, 536-7
Sea, 132, 341;
of sand, 242
Sea-calf, 899;
fowl, 190;
serpent, 544
Seasons, four, 300, 886-7
Secrecy, 197, 224, 258, 265, 267, 271, 284, 299, 320, 571, 621, 625,
636, 663, 754, 761, 763, 765, 805, 835, 905, 982
Seed, grows instantly, 782
_Semen_, 332, 345
Sense, deceived, 789;
of nature, 348, 350, 361, 407;
origin of all ideas, 847
Sepulcher, 423
Serf and Servant, 410
Sermon, 375-6, 634, 952
_Serpentaria_, a root, 908
Seven, 41, 72, 111, 153, 224, 276, 323, 392, 498, 563, 737, 788,
817-9, 866
Seven Sleepers, 725, 759
Sex and Sexual, observed in magic, 147, 353, 494, 563, 736, 899;
predicted, 329, 469, 590, 744, 838;
controlled, 730;
medieval and modern attitude to discussion of, 742-3;
of snake, 413;
of palms, 361;
of planets, 164, 417;
intercourse, 224, 329, 331, 353, 358, 382, 546, 561, 901
Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, 298
Shaving the head, 142, 412, 563
Sheep, 190, 348, 733
Sheepskin, 147
Shem, 321, 449
Ship, 349, 835
Shipwreck, 232
Shirt, 483
Shoe, 143
Sicily, 30, 45, 309-10, 341
Sick room, 506
Siena, 489
Sieve, 903
Sigmund, Count Palatine, 740
Silence, observed, 482, 487
Silk, 231, 819
Silvanus, 104
Silver, 202, 224, 470, 818, 853-4, 907
Simon Magus, 320, 954
Simples, 510, 816-7
Sin, 286, 324, 328, 474-5, 858, 870;
effect on nature, 136, 192, 201;
as an obstacle to science, 632
_Sinciput_, 737
Siphon, 199, 249, 790, 804
Siren, 380
Skin, 143, 145, 484, 560;
changing, 795
Skull, 859
Slav and Slave, 909
Sleep, 887
Sleight-of-hand, 343, 345, 661, 669, 789
Smallpox, 482-3
Smoke, 362
Snake, Alexander and, 262, 266;
experiments with, 656, 785, 794-6;
charming, 904;
safeguards against, 420, 483, 506, 539, 561;
medicinal and other use of, 226, 413, 484, 513, 769;
skin of, 74, 345, 363, 498;
poison of, 905, 908
Sneeze, divination from, 330, 606
Soap bubble, 787, 790
Socrates, 112, 262ff., 278, 908;
and see other index
Sodom, apples of, 387
Solids, regular, 648
Solon, 647
Soporific, 262, 753
Sorcery, 7, 265, 319, 332, 423, 731, 848-50;
counter-magic against, 139-40, 497, 850-1;
and see Witchcraft
_Sortilegi_, 14
Soul, human, discussions of, 376, 408, 485, 735;
Plato on, 104, 865;
immorality of, 255, 462, 838;
power of, 574-5, 664-5, 674, 849;
from stars, 40, 211;
or from God?, 329, 584;
relation to stars, 590, 614, 710;
other than human, 35, 348, 362, 564-6, 584, 710;
and see World
Sound, 32
Spain and Spanish, chap. xxxviii, 172-3, 181, 322, 813, 862;
era of, 74
Sparrow, 505
Spatulamancy, 86
Species, 443, 732, 855, 893, 906;
permanence of, 533, 867;
for Specific form, see Form
Spice, 472
Spider, 348, 413, 544, 763
Spirits, good or evil, discussed by, Athelardus, 42-3;
William of Conches, 55, 61;
Bernard Silvester, 104;
Hildegard, 134ff.;
Maimonides, 208;
Pseudo-Aristotle, 259-60;
William of Auvergne, 353ff.;
Thomas of Cantimpré, 393;
Bartholomew, 407;
Vincent, 462, 468;
Roger Bacon, 667;
Abano, 889;
Cecco, 963-6;
expulsion of, and power over, 135, 143, 232, 357, 359-60, 387,
965,
and see Exorcism;
fall of, 55, 104, 130, 134, 136, 357;
in the air, 55, 104, 135, 139, 323, 357, 394, 466;
in heavens and stars, 55, 136, 287, 289, 323, 343, 355-6, 468,
581-2, 608, 670, 710, 849, 897, 899, 953, 958, 963;
in the moon, 323, 698;
in nature, 7, 135ff., 355, 358-60, 387;
invocation of, 280, 320ff., 327, 422, 556, 674, 712, 781, 807,
chap. lxvi, 848-9, 892, 912, 953, 959, 963,
and see Necromancy, Notory art;
magic, astrology, arts and sciences ascribed to, 6, 138, 154, 158,
160, 298, 319ff., 343, 551-2, 603-6, 661, 669, 733-4, 818,
899;
mediums between God or gods and man, 55, 208, 227, 461;
orders of, 55, 104, 285, 317, 357-8;
possession by, 355, 497, 816;
safeguards against, 135, 148, 241-2, 261, 470
Spiritual Franciscans, 842
_Spiritus_, 33, 298, 385
Spleen, 470, 504, 565
Spring, water, 133, 744;
caused to flow, 819;
and see Fountain, Seasons
Stars, nature of, 5, 40-1, 48, 103, 149, 208, 366, 381, 697;
as signs and not causes, especially of evil, 149ff., 316, 367;
affected by magic, 225-6;
fixed, 368, 418, 820;
shooting, 320;
and see Astrology, Planets, etc.
State, 157
Statue, of Abano, 947;
animated, 351;
and see Head, speaking
Steel, 135, 392, 453, 788, 791
Stephen, St., 160, 327-8
Stoic, 582, 895-6
Stomach, 145, 470, 472, 504, 565, 853-4
Stone, the disease, 546, 844, 847, 857-8
Stork, 422
Storm-averting magic, 232, 287, 353, 469-70, 821
Strasburg, 597
Stupor, 761
Style, literary, 54, 129, 157, 191, 216, 261, 290, 410, 693, 725,
764
Stylus, 227, 762
Submarine, 263, 654
Substance and accident, 734
Succubus, 358, 897, 960
Sucking out poison, 908
Suffumigation, see Fumigation
Sugar, 325, 817
Suggestion, force of, 346
Suicide, 107
Sulphur, 471, 573, 737, 786, 793, 797, 817
Sun, and magic, 153, 470, 728;
rising, 140;
before sunrise, 232, 472;
before sunset, 140, 232;
miraculous suns, 318;
variations in heat of, 368;
oracle of, 269;
tree of, 387
Surgery, 480, 760, 856, 894
Swallow, 420-1, 767, 853;
wort and stone, 420-1
Swan, 145
Sweat, 135
Sword, magic, 227;
poisoned, 561, 910
Symbolism, 137, 198, 402;
in alchemy, 217, 562
Sympathetic magic, 202, 497, 561, 852, 907
Symptoms, 766
Syria, Syriac, and Syrian, 66, 231, 237, 239, 244, 248, 261, 294,
756
Syringe, 908
Tables, astronomical, 68, 92, 262, 638, 644, 668, 814;
of contents, 130-1
Talisman, 264, 675;
and see Amulet, Image
Tambourine, 819
Tape-worm, 887
Tarasia, queen, 76
Tarragona, 843, 846
Tartars, 645, 674
_Taxo_, a beast, 336
Teacher and Teaching, see Education
Tears, 345, 817;
and see Weeping
Telescope, 112, 441
Temistius, horn of, 265
Templars, 910
Ten, 444, 819
_Terra sigillata_, 210, 909
Testicles, 561, 850;
and see Beaver
Tetragrammaton, 210, 800, 857
Text, Textual criticism and history, 213, 230, 240, 268ff., 450,
460-3, 491-2, 519, 647, 722, 739;
and see Interpolation
Textbooks, 406, 456, 489, 491, 620, 641
Thamur, or worm of Solomon, 386-7
Thaumaturgy, 456
Theater, 32, 82, 158
Thebes, 284
Theft, discovery of, or recovery of stolen objects, 287, 348, 603,
728, 800, 804, 806-8, 903;
prevention of, 143, 348-9
Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, 156
Theobald, king of Navarre, 296
Theodoric the East Goth, 803
Theodosius de Flisco, 836
Theology, attitude, chap. lii. 3, 169, 317, 462, 466, 530-1, 602,
631-2, 792;
teaching of, 11, 156, 375, 475, 595-8, 639-40, 848, 865-6;
boy theologians, 11, 639;
grades of theologians, 451;
criticism of, 634, 638-41, 831;
and magic, 660;
and astrology and astronomy, 90-1, 621, 694, 703, 709ff., 830-3,
869-71, 892, 899, 901, 949;
Arnald and, 843-5;
and see Religion
Theriac, 210, 361, 473, 755, 909-10
Theurgy, 286
Thomas, apostle, chap. xlvii, 475, 477
Thorn, 483
Thoth, god, 227
Thought, freedom of, 103;
indestructibility of, 983-4
Three, 142-3, 140, 277, 496, 744, 851-2
Threshold, 497
Throat, 492
Thunder, divination from, 223, 320, 351, 804;
miscellaneous, 326, 562, 583
Tide, 57, 366
Tiger, 542
Tigris river, 239
Time, ways of telling, 68, 223, 325;
divisions of, 419;
observed in magic, 209, 293, 300, 365, 603, 800;
and see Day, Month, Moon, Sun, Calendar, etc.
Timeo, 743, 791
Tin, 392, 802, 959
Toad, 201, 336, 352, 381, 386, 545-7, 768, 796, 909
Toledo, 87-88, 171ff., 179-80, 262, 284, 310, 638, 668, 784, 814
Tongue, 231, 408, 555
Tooth, 209, 273, 470, 482, 560, 574, 728, 762-3, 767, 782, 851
Toothache, cures for, 144, 492, 496, 561, 565, 767-8
Toothpowder, 496
Topaz, 331, 363
Torpedo, 361
Tortoise, 362, 564, 854
Torture, 273, 903
Touch, 886, 905
Toulouse, 156, 262, 668
Tours, 46, 100
Tradition, see Authority, Textual history
Transformation, magic, 320, 345, 603, 662, 674, 736, 821, 965
Translation, chaps. xxxviii, lxiv, lxv;
from Greek into Arabic, 213, 249, 260, 759, 764;
vernacular, 66, 74, 241, 405-6, 480, 490-1, 677, 827, 846, 877,
926;
pretended Latin, 26-7, 66, 240;
of Aristotle and the Psuedo-Aristotle, 194-5, 247ff., 269ff., 276,
310ff., 394-5, 576, 598-600, 633, 708;
Roger Bacon on, 633-4, 643;
by Abano, 877-9, 883-4, 888, 927;
miscellaneous Latin, 20ff., 100, 111-2, 119-20, 205-7, 214ff.,
229-30, 233, 291ff., 310ff., 394-5, 438, 455-6, 487, 643,
708,
778-9, 847, 929-30, 972
Travel, 45, 156, 238, 481, 541, 843, 877
Treasure, hidden, 557, 603, 807, 838, 965
Tree, 139, 231, 296, 325, 387, 539, 817, 853;
of life, 266;
of sun and moon, 474;
figure of, in Lull’s Art, 867;
poisonous, 907
Tree-toad, 139
Treviso, 880-1, 930-1
Trials for heresy and magic, 674-7, 843-5, 860-1, 938, 942-7, chap.
lxxi;
and see Accusation, Inquisition
Trinity, 53, 58-60, 317-8, 407, 462, 493
_Trivium_, 10
Trophonius, 290
Tropics, 583, 878
Trumpet, 803
Truth, 25, 211, 489, 642, 652, 662-3, 732
Tunny fish, 143
Turk, 294;
see Bath for Turkish bath
Turpentine, 784, 793
Turquoise, 431
Turtle, 541, 736
Twins, marvelous, 557, 745;
and astrology, 895
Tyriac, see Theriac
Ugo, brother, 832
Ulcer, 470, 472, 566
Underworld, 13, 356, 671, 827
Unguent, 142, 144, 480, 561
Unicorn, 146
Universals and particulars, 535, 633
Universe, theories of, 12-3, 35-8, 129ff., 150ff., 175ff., 275, 366,
413, 439, 462;
duration of, 255, 317, 341, 648, 898
Universities, see names of cities, as Paris, Oxford, Treviso,
Bologna
Urban IV, pope, 94, 453, 459, 597, 599
Urine, use of, 251, 331, 336, 360, 392, 487, 506, 563, 736, 788,
817,
860
Uucathon, a spirit, 289
Vacuum, 37, 196, 199, 648
Valbona, battle of, 638, 827
Valence, 906
Valencia, 842, 844
Vein, 131
_Veneficus_, 904-5
Venibene, John, tyrant of Ascoli, 956
Venice, 426, 523
Ventriloquism, 651
Venus, the planet, 109, 260, 356, 552, 672, 955
Verbena or Vervain, 555
Villa, 183, 525
Vinegar, 412, 816
Viper, 413, 483, 564
Virgin and Virginity, 365, 382, 386, 729, 819
Virtue, animal, natural, and vital, 886;
and see Occult
Virtues, seven, 886
Vision, theories of, 32-3, 409, 440, 456, 901
Visions, 126ff., 155, 212, 549, 559, 577
Viterbo, 456, 597
Vitriol, 336
Vivisection, 487
Voice, 359, 661, 665
Vomiting, 273, 510, 908
_Vulgus_, 54, 190, 369, 621, 631, 636, 731, 738, 859
_Vultivoli_, 158
Vulture, 144, 262, 348, 496-7, 851
Wager of battle, 241
Wall of house, 199, 497
Walrus, 144
Wand, magic, 680
War, 196, 273, 275, 469, 634, 671, 838;
decried, 30, 136
Warts, to get rid of, 852
Washing, feet, 500;
head, 860
Water, 199, 508;
bodies of, 423;
drinking, 133-4, 507, 887;
in which washed, 147, 500;
soaked in, 143-6;
dissolves magic, 139-40;
made to appear by magic, 344;
hot thought to freeze faster, 656;
jar, organ, and works, 38-9, 196, 790;
waters above firmament, 57-8, 133, 355, 413, 464;
marvelous, medical, and chemical, 251ff., 320, 326, 500-1, 797-9;
and see Fountain, Holy, Sea, etc.
Wax, images in magic, 227, 264, 349, 353, 790, 818;
used in medicine, 146, 345;
light, 359;
cloth, 860
Weasel, 146, 200, 231, 506, 767
Weather, prediction, 160, 164, 294, 325, 445, 473, 586, 656, 766,
893;
and see Rain-making, Storm-averting magic
Weeping for joy and as a salutation, 34, 154
Weights, 435, 649, 654, 789
Well, 349, 523
Wenzel II, king of Bohemia, 263, 266
Werwolf, 359
Whale, 423-4, 505, 540, 899
Wheat, 234
Wheel, divining, 116
White, 321, 801
Wick, 561
Will, free, 16, 152, 574, 866;
and astrology, 6, 12, 106, 164, 203, 212, 311, 326, 369, 393, 446,
452, 469, 584, 609ff., 669, 671, 699-701, 711, 833, 869-70,
901, 953, 959, 962;
power, and magic, 665, 902;
and experimental science, 659;
last wills and testaments, 832;
of Arnald, 845, 934;
Lull, 863-4;
Abano, 881-2, 931-5, 940-3
William the Bad of Sicily, 89
William, bishop of Syracuse, 21, 44ff.
Wind, 132, 150, 223, 323, 429
Wine, 140, 144, 191, 231, 320, 326, 413, 473, 504, 546, 768, 789,
817, 854, 886
Witch and Witchcraft, 38, 162, 497, 605, 608, 653, 675, 805, 903,
973
Wolf, 202, 348, 385, 393, 433, 497, 560, 728, 733, 736, 767, 817
Woman, 60, 607;
of Norwich, 671;
diseases of, 213, 378, 739-45;
adornment of, 742-3
Wood, 344, 698
Wool, 426
Words, power of, 140-1, 148, 202, 232, 282ff., 351-2, 361, 603-4,
610-1, 658, 661, 665-6, 674, 731, 801, 849, 873, 981
World soul, 53, 341, 366-7, 566, 586, 710
Worms, 348, 386, 473, 484, 543
Wormwood, 472
Wound, 505, 795
Wren, 200
Writing, materials, 111, 173, 227, 788;
invisible, 736, 787-8, 792;
legible in mirror, 788
Youth, perpetual or renewed, see Elixir, Fountain, and Longevity
Zodiac, 150, 332, 582, 671, 829, 858, 871;
and parts of human body, 177, 324, 417, 833, 856, 871, 894, 957
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX
Titles and periodicals in italics. Abbreviations such as CE, EB, HL,
PL, are not indexed. In the abbreviated titles such opening words as
_De_ and _Liber_ are omitted to facilitate alphabetical arrangement. In
proper names _De_ and _Von_ are usually designated by _d._ and _v._,
and are treated as initials.
Aaron and Evax, 430, 729
Abano, Peter of, chap. lxx;
works listed in appendix ii; 120, 316, 362, 477, 800, 961-2
_Abraham Aben Ezra_, 911, 917, 927
_Addition to Mesue_, 880, 923, 939
_Alexander of Aphrodisias_, 878, 918
_Astrolabe_, 879, 900, 920
_Conciliator_, 362, 710, 814, chap. lxx
_Dioscorides_, 877, 880, 923-4
_Galen_, 877, 879, 918-9
_Lucidator_, 258, 879-80, 884, 892, 895, 898-9, 901, 904, 911-2,
921
_Motu octave spere_, 878-80, 898, 901, 920-1
_Phisionomia_, 626, 877, 910, 917-8
_Poisons_, see _Venenis_
_Problems of Aristotle_, 877, 879-80, 911, 921-2
_Pseudo-Hippocrates_, 894, 911, 924
_Venenis_, 255, 262-5, 277, 877, 879, 881, 905-10, 922-3, 935-8
dubious or spurious,
_Annulorum experimenta_, 912, 926
_Circulus philosophicus_, 926
_Elucidarium necromanticum_, 911-2, 926
_Geomantia_, 880, 912, 925
_Heptameron_, 911-2, 925-6
_Prophecies_, 912, 925
Abdallah, 119
Abelard, Peter, chap. xxxv, 59, 156, 611
Abenragel, 77
_Abhandl. d. Bayr. Akad._, 247
_Abhandl. d. Sächs. Gesell._, 238
_Abhandl. z. Gesch. d. Math. Wiss._, 22, 87, 929
_Abhandl. z. Mittl. u. Neuer. Gesch._, 842
Abrachys, 449, 896
Abraham Aben Ezra (Avenezra), works listed, chap. lxx., app. iii,
326, 586, 877-8
Abraham Bar Chasdai, 930
Abraham of Barcelona, 930
Abraham Judaeus, 764, 898, 929, 930
Abraham the patriarch, 445
Abraham the physician, 763
Abrarem, 815
Abu-Shâker, 264
_Accad. dei Lincei, Atti d._, 916
Achaason, 755
Achillini, 277
Achmet, 291ff., 300
Achot of Greece, 226, 552, 706
_Act. Acad. Vindob._, 129
_Acta Sanctorum_, 125, 129
Actor (Auctor?), 462
Adam, first man and prophet, works ascribed to, 660, 816
Adam Marsh, 437, 629
Adams, G. B., 45
Adamson, 648
Adelard of Bath, chap. xxxvi;
works listed, 19-22;
other mentions of him, 50, 53, 172, 175, 179, 201, 650, 984;
of his _Questiones naturales_, 172, 196, 379, 464, 503, 636, 721,
792
Adelinus, 382
Aeschylus, 421
Aesculapius, 496, 556, 646
_Membris_, 432-3
Aesop, 193-4
Aëtius, 479
Agarges, 755
Agrippa, H. C., 119, 925, 969
Ahmed ben Sirin, 291ff.
Ahmetus filius Ameti, 292
Ahrens, K., 248
Ailly, Pierre d’, various works of cited, 255, 444, 644-7, 675-6,
695, 962
Alanus, 794
Alatus, J. A., 743
Albategni (Al-Battani), 42, 86, 895
Albedatus, 119
Alberic des Trois Fontaines, 52
Albericus, 191
Albert of Bologna, 740
Albert of Saxony, 722
Albert, P. P., 520
Albertus Bohemus (or, Beham), 264
Albertus Magnus, chaps, lix, lxii, lxiii, 207, 266, 346, 374-5, 377,
381, 394-5, 397, 404, 448, 450-2, 467, 489-90, 495, 594-5,
598,
600, 607, 611, 622, 634, 638-9, 650, 664, 666, 668, 674, 690,
768-9, 909, 929, 971
_Animalibus_, 219, 422, 461, 524ff., 540-5, 562ff., 574, 762
_Apprehensione_, 577
_Causis et procreat._, 529ff., 577ff.
_Causis et propriet._, 255, 262, 526, 529ff., 569, 578, 581ff.
_Coelo et mundo_, 528ff., 577, 585ff.
_Creaturis_, 577
_Daniel_, 553-4
_Generat. et corrupt._, 563, 585
_Intellectu et intelligibili_, 581ff.
_Luke_, 552
_Matthew_, 553-4, 580
_Meteor._, 314-5, 523-4, 528ff., 547-8, 577, 581ff.
_Metaphysics_, 581, 708
_Micah_, 551
_Mineral._, 226, 237, 250, 255, 261, 430, 459, 523-4, 529ff.,
545-6, 556-7, 566ff., 574, 583, 621, 696, 698, 705, 714, 718,
729
_Motibus animalium_, 558, 745
_Natura et origine animae_, 581
_Natura locorum_, 526, 529ff., 538, 585.
_Physics_, 528ff.
_Politics_, 526, 545, 639
_Principiis motus processivi_, 527
_Sensu et sensato_, 524
_Sententiae_, 461, 523, 552, 554, 557-9, 742
_Somno et vigilia_, 268, 461, 524, 528ff., 558-9, 574-7, 585
_Speculum astronomiae_, chap. lxii, 74, 76, 118, 220, 223, 226,
234, 256, 258, 280, 321, 390, 419, 522, 530, 578ff., 677,
800,
900, 911, 966
_Summa theologiae_, 525, 531, 552, 554, 559, 577, 579, 584,
589ff.,
703, 706
_Veget. et plantis_, 230, 260, 461, 529ff., 539, 547, 555-6,
564ff., 581, 717
dubious or spurious, chap. lxiii
_Aggregationis_, see _Experimenta_
_Alchimia_ (and other treatises of alchemy), 569-71, 798
_Almagest_, 529
_Anathomia_, 741
_Catoptric_, 529
_Chiromancy_, 575
_Determinationes_, 741
_Experimenta_, chap. lxiii, 220, 530, 788
_Fato_, 613
_Lapidibus_, 567
_Lapidibus et herbis_, 724
_Mirabilibus mundi_, chap. lxiii, 422, 530, 778, 780, 817
_Naturis signorum_, 578
_Perspective_, 529
_Philosophia pauperum_, 529
_Plantationibus_, 529, 747
_Secreta_, see _Experimenta_
_Secreta de serpente_, 796
_Secretis mulierum_, chap. lxiii, 308, 395, 530
_Secretum secretorum_, 724
Albohali, 75, 82
Albucasis, 82, 89
Albumasar, 41, 77, 111, 292, 379, 404, 418, 449, 452, 463, 469, 583,
672, 695, 697, 701, 703, 827, 898, 961
_Greater Introduction_, 84-5
_Lesser Introduction_, 22
_Rains_, 86-7
_Sadan_, 900
Alcabitius, 77, 97, 221, 322, 827, 898
Alcanus, 795
Alcerius, John, 799
Alchabitius, see Alcabitius
Alchandianus, 115
Alchanus, 794
Alcherius, 119
Alchemist, 472
Alchiranus, 232
Alchyldis, 432
Alcorath, 727
Aldhelm, 379, 542
Alexander
_Divinatione_, 575, 613
_Experimenta_, 893
_Fato_, 575, 613
Alexander the Great, alchemistic and astrological, 233, 253, 259,
728
_Mirabilibus Indiae_, 246, 378, 387
Alexander III, pope,
_Letter to Prester John_, 244, 271
Alexander of Aphrodisias, 566, 568-9, 878
Alexander of Hales, 207, 404, 414-5, 448, 450, 526, 640
Alexander of Tralles, 160, 378, 806, 878
Alexius Affricus, 233
Al-Farabi, 79-80, 89, 177, 346
Alfonso X, the Wise, of Castile, 69, 96, 601, 637, 813-4, 929-30
Alfonso, Pedro, see Pedro
Alfonso of Toledo, 69
Alfraganus, 74, 86, 177, 195, 198, 292, 379, 418, 804, 809, 882
Alfred of England (or of Sarchel or Sareshel), 195, 404, 450
_Meteorology_, 249, 313
_Motu cordis_, 187, 196
_Vegetabilibus_, 181, 187, 260, 313, 461
Alganus, 794
Algazetes, 896
Algazel, 449, 551, 558, 574
Al-Hazen, 33, 89, 442, 454, 456, 649, 885
Alkandrinus, 259
Alkardianus, 115ff.
Alkindi, 77, 258
_Geomancy_, 119-20
_Radiis stellicis_, 443, 667, 719
Al-Khowarizmi, 21ff., 40, 237
Allchamus, 794
Allen, T., 810
Almansor, 82
Al-Masʿûdî, 214, 264
Almeida, F.d., 646
Alpetragius or Alpetrangi, 310, 314
Alpharinus, 119
Alphraganus, see Alfraganus
Al-Quifti, 756
_Amalricus_, 115ff.
Ambrose, 382, 385
_Hexaemeron_, 377-80, 473
Amplonius, 695, 795
_Analecta Franciscana_, 629
Anaxagoras, 112, 115
André, M., 862
Andreas Michelius, 806
Andrew the Jew, 314
Angelus, J., 826
_Annal. Boland._, 520
_Annalen d. Vereins f. Nassau_, 125
_Annalen d. hist. Vereins f. d. Niederrhein_, 520
_Annales de l’Institut Supérieur de Philosophie_, 598
_Annals of Forlì_, 826, 828
Anselm, St., 62, 194
Anselm, bishop of Havelberg and Ravenna, 240
_Antimaquis_, 224, 260
Antiochus, 257
Antiphon, 290
Antonius _Bibl. Hisp. Vet._, 871
Antonius de Rosellis, 742
_Anzeiger f. Kunde d. deutschen Vorzeit_, 125
Aomar, 75, 827
_Apocrypha_, 611
Apollonius,
_Angelica factione_, 282, 964
_Artis magicae_, 282, 964
_Golden Flowers_, 282
_Secrets of Nature_, 43
Apollonius of Pergamum, 235
Apollonius of Thebes, 41
Apollonius of Tyana, 235
Appiani, Padre, 967
Apuleius of Madaura, 158, 194, 221, 407, 466, 582
_Herbarium_ (pseudo-), 473, 728, 804
Aquinas, Thomas, chap. lx, 152, 207, 313, 316, 374, 394-5, 461, 467,
522, 524, 526, 529, 532, 578-80, 634, 639, 702, 707, 709, 901
_Contra Gentiles_, 602ff., 608, 611
_Divinibus nominibus_, 609
_Fide_, 609ff.
_Isaiah_, 605
_Judiciis astrorum_, 609ff.
_Matthew_, 609, 611
_Meteor._, 607
_Occultis operibus_, 606-7, 613
_Potentia_, 602ff.
_Quodlibet_, 604ff.
_Responsio ad Joannem de Vercellis_, 609
_Responsio ad lectorem Bisuntinum_, 611
_Responsio ad lectorem Venetum_, 609
_Sententiae_, 596, 602, 605, 607
_Somno et vigilia_, 605
_Sortibus_, 605-7, 610ff.
_Substantiis separatis_, 603, 609
_Summa_, 602ff., 607ff.
_Trinitate_, 609
_Unitate intellectus_, 708 dubious or spurious,
alchemistic treatises, 608
_Almagest_, 531
_Fato_, 575, 612-5
Aratus, 56
_Archaeologia_, 237
Archelaus, 783
Archigenes, 735
Archimedes, 89, 110, 199, 449, 668
Architas, 734
_Archiv f. Gesch. d. Medizin_, 87, 770, 861
_Archiv f. Gesch. d. Naturwiss. u. d. Technik_, 173, 315
_Archiv f. Kulturgesch._, 861
_Archiv f. Naturgesch._, 521
Aristippus, 67, 249, 313
Aristotle, chap. lxviii, 48, 84, 107, 134, 174, 191, 197, 201, 207,
306, 312ff., 353, 356, 366-7, 377, 380, 394, 404, 408, 411,
415, 421, 423, 430-4, 437, 441, 445, 449, 467-8, 485, 502,
508,
528, 533, 544, 575, 581, 589, 594, 598-9, 608, 613, 633-4,
639,
646-7, 653, 697, 725, 733, 762, 779, 786, 804, 815-7, 884,
896,
900, 904, 971
_Anima_, 195, 314
_Animals, History of_, 194, 260, 310, 314, 324, 379-84, 393, 440,
508, 780, 879
_Auditu naturali_, 172, 177
_Coelo et mundo_, 89, 172, 177, 194, 314, 416, 893
_Ethics_, 599
_Generatione et corruptione_, 89, 195, 258, 670
_Laws_, 634
_Metaphysics_, 195, 254, 312ff., 395, 478, 708, 726, 894
_Meteorology_, 89, 195, 249, 253, 313, 324, 333, 393, 471
_Organon_, 314
_Physics_, 37, 89, 172, 313
_Politics_, 634
_Posterior Analytics_, 89
_Problems_, 30-1, 503; and see Abano
_Rhetoric_, 878
_Sensu et sensato_, 172, 177
_Somno et vigilia_, 301, 558 dubious or spurious,
alchemistic treatises, 218, 251, 391
_Antimaquis_, 260
astrological treatises, 256
_Causis proprietatum_, 90, 255, 416
_Chiromancy_, 266
_Colors_, 249-50
_Epistola ad Alexandrum_, 252
Images, works on, 257-8
_Impressionibus coelestibus_, 248, 256, 633
_Lapidary_, 90, 260-3, 469-70, 780
_Mineralibus_, 250
_Morte animae_, 258, 525
_Natura serpentum_, 265
_Perfecto magisterio_, 252
_Physiognomy_, 266, 804, 910
_Pomo_, 254, 930
_Secret of Secrets_, 132, 219, 244-5, 257, 264-78, 310, 313, 328,
587, 633, 674, 750, 789, 792
_Speculo adurenti_, 172, 177
_Theology_, 248, 254
_Twelve Waters_, 251
_255 Books of the Indians_, 85-7, 256
_Vegetabilibus_, 195, 313
Aristoteles Milesius, 255
Arnald of Villanova, chap. lxviii, 218, 301, 477, 511, 798, 906, 934
_Antichrist_, 844
_Antidotarium_, 847, 855, 857-8, 860
_Breviarium_, 315, 847, 851-4, 860
_Compendium_, 853
_Conservanda iuventute_, 846, 855, 858
_Contra calculum_, 847, 856, 860
_Epilepsia_, 847-8, 853-6
_Improbatione maleficiorum_, 847-8
_Judiciis_, 847
_Medic. introd. speculum_, 847, 855, 858
_Ornatu mulierum_, 742, 750
_Parte operativa_, 853-7
_Regimen podagre_, 847, 853
_Regimen Salernitanum_, 847
_Regimen sanitatis_, 847, 856
_Regulae generates_, 484, 847-8, 855
_Remedia contra maleficia_, 422, 847, 850, 853
_Repetitio_, 855, 858
_Sigilla_, 847
_Sword of Truth_, 842
_Tetragrammaton_, 843
_Venenis_, 854
_Vinis_, 854-5
Arnold of Barcelona, 67
Arnold of Liège, 724
Arnold of Saxony, 261, 430, 469-70
Arpenius, 813
_Ars episcopalis_, 800
_Ars experimentorum_, 570
_Arsenal des secrets, L’_, 806
Artemidorus, _Oneirocritica_, chap. l
Artemon, 290
Artephius or Artesius, 351-4, 655, 664
_Artis Auriferae_, 215, 252
_Artis Chemicae Principes_, 472
_Asclepius_, see Hermes
Ashmole, E., _Theatrum chem. Brit._, 218, 334
_Assoc. des Études grecques_, 247
Astrampsychos, 291
_Astrolabium planum_, 900, 920
Astruc, J., 841ff.
Athaharan, 755
Athelardus, 41
_Atti d. R. Accad. d. Lincei_, 916
_Atti d. R. Istituto Veneto_, 916
Augustine, 166, 169, 175, 320, 369, 389, 407-9, 449, 466, 469,
589-92, 602, 609, 661, 668
_Anima_, 378
_Civitate Dei_, 387, 446
_Contra Faustum_, 611
_Doctrina Christiana_, 159, 375
_Enchiridion_, 5
_Genesi ad litteram_, 33, 39
_Quaest. vet. et nov. test._, 612
_Retractiones_, 5
_Sermones_, 612
_Trinitate_, 609
Augustinus Justinianus, 207
Autolycus, 89
Avenalpetras, 451
Avenzoar, 936-8
Averroes, 69, 84, 313-4, 322, 379, 464, 478, 576, 601, 887-8, 900
Avezac d’, 238ff.
Avicenbros, 354-5
Avicenna, 89, 249-50, 252, 266, 277, 313, 366, 408, 413, 423, 432,
437, 450, 463, 467, 473, 495, 508, 551, 557-8. 562, 564, 567,
574, 647, 665, 669, 721, 745, 910
_Anima_, 74, 310, 471, 665
_Cantica_, 845
_Flores_, 775
_Generatione lapidum_, 250
_Lepra_, 740
_Meteorology_, 250
_Naturalia_, 731
Azarchel, 92, 638
Bacher, W., 205
Bacon, Francis, 642, 647, 681, 688
_New Atlantis_, 681-2