Fisher, the Phryne of her day, daughter of a German staymaker. She
married in 1766 Mr. Norris, son of the M.P. for Rye, and died in
1771. Half-length, sitting, with a white dove in her lap and another
fluttering from the back of the sofa to join its mate. Painted in
1759; repetitions in Munro Collection, London, and in Lenox Gallery,
New York. Another portrait, at Petworth House, represents her
half-length, full face, sitting behind a table on which she rests
her arms, with an open letter before her; a third depicts her as
Cleopatra dissolving the pearl (engraved by Fisher); a fourth, Lord
Lansdowne, in profile, with a parrot on her finger; a fifth, Lord
Carysfort, an unfinished head in powder, and a fly-cap, perhaps the
loveliest of all. One sold by Chrystie (1874), 114 gs.--Leslie &
Taylor, Life, i. 163; Pulling, 22.
FISHER, WILLIAM MARK, born in Massachusetts, contemporary. Landscape
painter, pupil of George Inness, and afterwards studied in Europe.
Opened a studio in Boston, but, meeting with little success, removed
to London. Lived in 1884 at Steyning, Sussex. Works: Noon (1872);
Early Summer (1875); Scotch Hillside, On the Cam (1876); The Meadows
(1877); Pastorals (1878); Pevensey Castle, Spring, Weaned Calves,
Spring Labour (1879); Coast Pastures, Last of Autumn, Normandy
Orchard (1880); Milking Time (1881); Sunlight and Shade, Melancholy
Days, Marguerites (1882); Timber Wagon, Early Summer (1883); Sussex
Pasture, Homewards (1884); Low Tide, A Sketch in Ireland, A Kerry
Pastoral (1885).
FISHERS OF THE ADRIATIC, Leopold _Robert_, Neuchâtel Museum; canvas,
dated 1834. Paturle sale (Paris, 1872), £3,320.
FITCH, JOHN L., born in Hartford, Conn., in 1836. Landscape painter,
pupil in Hartford of George F. Wright; went to Europe in 1855 and
studied under Albert, Max, and Richard Zimmerman in Munich and Milan.
Exhibits at the National Academy, of which he is an Associate. Studio
in New York since 1866. Works: Mountain Brook (1870); Outlet (1871);
In the Cañon--Granville (1873); Stray Sunbeam (1875); In the Woods,
Autumn (1876); Twilight on Gill’s Brook (1878); Study on Long Island
(1879); On Spruce Creek (1880); Study of Beeches (1881); Path near
Blue Mountain Lake (1882); Study on the Croton, Pastoral (1883);
Study on the Raymondskill, Neglected Road (1884).
FITGER, ARTHUR, born at Delmenhorst, Oldenburg, Oct. 4, 1840. History
painter, pupil of Munich Academy, where he was much influenced by
Cornelius and Genelli. In Antwerp he studied Rubens, and in Italy
(1863–65) the old Venetian masters. Settled in Bremen in 1870. Works:
Fisher-Boat attacked by Mermaids; German Saga on Giant’s Grave;
Erlking’s Daughters; Procession of Witches; Waking of Barbarossa;
Night and Dreams; Prodigal Son, Good Samaritan, Remberti Church,
Bremen; Development of German Civilization, Rutenhof, Bremen; Brema
with her Children, Feast of Bacchus, Four Praisers of Wine, Roland
and Rose, Rathskeller, Bremen; Five Continents, Four Winds, Bremen’s
Sea-Trade (1880), Exchange, Bremen.--Müller, 175; Kunst-Chronik, x.
291, 312; xiii. 489; xiv. 569.
FLACCO. See _Fiacco_.
FLAGELLATION (Fr., Christ à la Colonne; Ital., Nostro Signore
flagellato alla Colonna; Sp., Cristo á la columna; Ger., Geisselung
Christi), the scourging of Christ previous to crucifixion (Matt.
xxvii. 26; Mark xv. 15; Luke xviii. 16; John xix. 1). Sometimes
called Christ at the Column.
By _Murillo_, Duke of Wellington, London; canvas, H. 1 ft. 4 in. × 10
in. An executioner scourges the Saviour while another prepares the
crown of thorns; in background, a wall and a grated window. Three
figures, full-length. Companion to Pietà, also in possession of Duke
of Wellington.
Subject treated also by Sodoma, Siena Gallery; Antonello da Messina,
Venice Academy; Paolo Morando, Verona Gallery; Murillo, Louvre;
Gaudenzio Ferrari, S. M. delle Grazie, Milan; Sebastian del Piombo,
S. Pietro in Montorio, Rome; Lodovico Carracci, Bologna Gallery;
Alonso Cano, Madrid Museum; Zurbaran, Berlin Museum; David Teniers,
younger, Madrid Museum; Pelegrino Tibaldi, ib.; Th. van Tulden,
Brussels Museum; Fr. Vanni, Vienna Museum; Ambrogio Borgognone,
Brera, Milan; Pedro Ruiz, Dresden Gallery; Joseph Heinz, ib.; Karl
Lehmann, Church of St. Nicholas, Boulogne-sur-Mer; Hans Holbein,
elder, Munich Gallery; Hans Holbein, younger, Basle Museum.
FLAGG, GEORGE WHITING, born at New Haven, Conn., June 26, 1816.
Subject painter, pupil of his uncle, Washington Allston; later
studied three years in Europe. Painted six years in London before
settling finally in New York; elected N.A. in 1851. Works: Jacob
and Rachel at the Well; Portrait of Mme. Pico as Cenerentola; Good
Samaritan; Landing of the Atlantic Cable; Murder of the Princes in
the Tower; Young Greek; Landing of the Pilgrims; Washington receiving
his Mother’s Blessing (often engraved); Mouse Boy; Match Girl;
Haidee; Scarlet Letter; Columbus and the Egg (1867); Tennyson’s Maud
(1881); Hester Prynne, Portrait of Dr. Eben M. Flagg (1883); Portrait
of a Lady in Fancy Dress, Mrs. S. P. Cleveland, Boston.--Tuckerman,
407.
FLAGG, JARED BRADLEY, born at New Haven, Conn., June 16, 1820. Genre
and portrait painter, pupil of his brother, George W. Flagg, and a
short time of Washington Allston. Elected N.A. in 1849, on exhibiting
Angelo and Isabella. Mr. Flagg, who was instrumental in organizing
the Yale College Art Gallery, became a clergyman of the Episcopal
Church in 1854, since which time he has rarely exhibited, though he
still paints. Ideal works: Measure for Measure (1849); Paul before
Felix (1850); Grandfather’s Pet; Poet’s Captive (1877); Intercepted
Letter; Holy Thoughts. Portraits: Of his Father (1836); Commodore
Vanderbilt (1876); Bishop Littlejohn (1880); Reverdy Johnson; Henry
Stanbery; Judge Peckham; Chief-Justice Church (1884). His sons,
Montague and Charles Noel, both pupils of the École des Beaux Arts,
are genre painters in New York.--Tuckerman, 408.
FLAHAUT, LÉON, born in Paris, Dec. 6, 1831. Landscape painter,
pupil of L. Fleury and of Corot. Medal in 1869; 2d class, 1878; L.
of Honour, 1881. Works: Canal of Briare; Sheepfold at Salles, The
River Loing; Beach of Berneval; Landscape; Evening; Under the Wood,
Souvenir of the Normandy Coast (1869); Farm at Sunset, The Loing
(1874); High Sea at Puys, Environs of Montbouy (1878); Evening
(1879); Bridge at Mortuaille, The Croisic (1880); Returning to the
Farm (1881); Solitude (1882); The River Loing (1883); Ferme de la
Brosse (1884); October Morning, On Shore of a Pond (1885).
[Illustration: Bust]
FLAMENG, FRANÇOIS, born in Paris in 1859. History painter, son of
the engraver Leopold Flameng; pupil of Cabanel, Edmond Hédouin,
and Jean Paul Laurens. Medal, 2d class, 1879; prix du Salon, 1879.
Works: Reading Desk (1875); Portrait of a Bishop, Barbarossa
visiting Charlemagne’s Tomb (1876); Portrait of his Father (1877);
The Girondins Summoned (1879); Capo di Monte Road at Naples,
Conquerors of the Bastile (1881); In the Woods, Camille Desmoulins
(1882); A Duel (1883); _Massacre_ of Machecoul, Rehearsal in 18th
Century (1884); Bowlers, Marie Antoinette going to Execution
(1885).--Larousse.
FLAMENG, MARIE AUGUSTE, born at Metz (Lorraine), July 17, 1843.
Landscape and marine painter, pupil of Palianti, E. Verrier, Dubufe,
Mazerolle, E. Delaunay, and Puvis de Chavannes. Medal, 3d class,
1881. Works: Village in Lorraine (1870); Valley of Vancotte, Normandy
(1872); Low Tide at Cancale (1874); Fishing Boat at Cancale (1875);
Oyster Women in the Bay of Mont Saint Michel (1876); Fishermen at
Cancale (1878); Banks of the Seine at Ivry, Yport (1879); A Corner
of the Sea at Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue, Sea-weed at Low Tide in La
Manche (1880); Fishing Boat at Dieppe (1881), Luxembourg Museum;
Three-Master leaving Havre, Schooner at Wharf (1882); Bassin Vauban
at Havre (1883); Fishing Bark (1884); Cale de messageries maritimes
at Bordeaux (1885).
FLAMM, ALBERT, born in Cologne in 1823. Landscape painter, pupil in
Düsseldorf of Andreas Achenbach; later much influenced by Oswald
Achenbach (1840–41), with whom he travelled through Italy. Works:
Wood Landscape in Sunset (1845); Morning Landscape (1846); View in
North Italy (1850); Approaching Storm in the Campagna (1862); Castel
Gandolfo (1867); Pilatus on Lake Luzerne; Grave-Ruins near Rome;
Outlook on Bay of Naples; View near Nerma in Volsker Mountains; Via
Appia near Rome, Kunsthalle, Hamburg; View of Cumæ, National Gallery,
Berlin; Siebengebirge (1880); Coast of Sorrento (1884).--Müller, 177;
Wiegmann, 381.
FLANDIN, EUGÈNE NAPOLEON, born in Naples, Aug. 15, 1809, died in
1876. Landscape and marine painter, studied in Italy, accompanied the
French expedition to Constantine in 1836, visited Persia in 1840–41,
and Assyria in 1844; published, with the architect Pascal Coste,
“Voyage en Perse,” (Paris, 1843–54), which made him famous, followed
by several other publications on his travels, notably “L’Orient”
(1856–64). Medal, 2d class, 1837; L. of Honour, 1842. Works: View of
Venice, Bridge of Sighs (1836); View of Hôtel de Ville in Algiers
(1837); Storming of Constantine (1838); View of Golden Horn and of
Stamboul, Great Mosque of Ispahan, View of Constantinople, Entrance
of the Bosporus (1855); Interior of St. Mark’s, Venice, View of
Tripolis (1857); Corner of Doge’s Palace, Venice (1866).--Larousse,
viii. 431.
[Illustration: Bust]
FLANDRIN, (JEAN) HIPPOLYTE, born in Lyons, March 23, 1809, died in
Rome, March 21, 1864. History and portrait painter, son of a poor
miniature painter; studied under the sculptor Legendre and under
Revoil in the Lyons Academy; then, with his younger brother, Paul,
a pupil of Ingres in Paris. Won in 1832 the grand prix de Rome with
his Theseus recognizing his Father, and after living in Rome six
years returned to Paris (1838) and executed many decorative works,
especially in St. Germain des Prés (1842–61), St. Paul, Nîmes
(1847–49), St. Vincent de Paul, Paris (1850–54), Conservatoire des
Arts et Métiers (1854), and Church of Ainay, near Lyons (1855). L.
of Honour, 1841; Officer, 1853; Member of Academy, 1853; professor
of painting, 1857. Works: St. Clair healing the Blind (1836), Nantes
Cathedral; Reverie, Nantes Museum; Euripides (1835), Dante and Virgil
in Purgatory (1836), Lyons Museum; Christ blessing Little Children
(1837), Lisieux Museum; Savonarola preaching in Florence (1840);
Mater Dolorosa (1844); Study of Figure (1855), portrait of Young Girl
(1863), Louvre, Paris; Tower of Babel (1861), Lille Museum; portraits
of Cherubini after Ingres, Marie Anne de Bourbon, Marie Françoise de
Noailles, Cardinal de Tournon, Diana of Poitiers, Versailles Museum;
and portraits of Napoleon III., Jérome Napoleon, Comte Duchâtel,
Comtesse Duchâtel, Comte Walewski, and M. Say.--Delaborde, Lettres
et Pensées (Paris, 1865); Christian Painter of 19th Century (London,
1875); Ch. Blanc, Artistes de mon Temps, 263; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1864), xvii. 105, 243; (1865), xviii. 66, 187; (1868), xxiv. 20.
FLANDRIN, JEAN PAUL, born in Lyons, May 8, 1811. Landscape painter,
brother of Hippolyte, pupil of Ingres. Medals: 2d class, 1839; 1st
class, 1847; 2d class, 1848; L. of Honour, 1852. Works: Exile’s
Farewell (1839); Shepherds’ Brawl, Lioness Hunting (1847); Penitents
of the Roman Campagna (1840); Solitude, Sabine Mountains (1852),
Luxembourg Museum; Nymph’s Grotto, Gorge of Atlas, The Archers
(1855); Jesus and the Canaanite Woman, The Rhône, (1857); Environs
of Marseilles (1859), Angers Museum; Flight into Egypt, Ministry of
State; Park of Vaux-le-Peng (1861); Valley of Montmorency (1863);
Souvenir of Yères, Souvenir of Southern France (1865); View in
Languedoc, Souvenir of Bugey (1866); Solitude (1867); By the Water,
Abandoned Race-Course (1868); Idyl, During the Harvest (1869); Grove
of Green Oaks, Palace of the Popes at Avignon (1870); Souvenir of
Provence (1873); Souvenir of Provence, Idyl, Meadow near Nantua
(1874); Souvenir of Bas-Breau, Border of a Pine Wood at Pornic
(1875); Landscape, In the Woods (1876); Garden near Nîmes (1877);
View near Étretat (1878); View in Provence, View at Bugey (1879);
River Alberine, Road of Étroits near Lyons (1880); Souvenir of Bugey,
Provence (1881); Road near Montmorency, View from the Heights above
Sèvres (1882); Landscape, Autumn near Montmorency (1883); In Autumn,
Diggers at Work (1884); Autumn Reminiscence, Shades (1885). Pictures
in the Museums of Nîmes, Lyons, and Langres. His elder brother,
Auguste René (1804–43), pupil of Ingres, was director of Lyons
Academy.--Bellier de la Chavignerie, i. 556.
FLATZ, GEBHARD, born at Wolffurt, Vorarlberg, June 11, 1800. History
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy; then studied at Munich, and went
to Rome, where, excepting a short stay at Innsbrück, he has since
lived, forming himself after the works of Fra Angelico and Raphael,
allied in close friendship with Overbeck, and, like him, among the
foremost modern painters of religious subjects. Most of his works
have been bought for England and America. Works: Paris challenged by
Hector (1827), Ferdinandeum, Innsbrück; Allegory on Incarnation of
Christ (1842); Madonna (1843); Transfiguration of St. Francis (1845);
Abraham and the Angels; Madonna adoring the Infant; Fiesole after
a Vision painting the Madonna; Mary with Martha, John and Lazarus
listening to the Lord; Christ bestowing upon Souls in Purgatory
the Boon of his Sacrifice (1854); Bishop of Lodi, the Founder
of Figlie del sagro Cuvre at Trent; Mary and Joseph adoring the
newborn Saviour, Imperial Chapel, Vienna; St. Francis Xavier on his
Death-bed; Cycle of Five Scenes in Life of Christ (1858). In fresco:
Cycle representing the Teaching of Christ.--Wurzbach, iv. 264; xxvi.
379.
[Illustration: Signature]
FLEMAEL (Flémalle), BARTHOLET, born at Liège, May 23, 1614, died
there, July 10, 1675. Flemish school; history and portrait painter,
son of Renier Flemael, glass-painter; pupil of Gerard Doufet and
of Jordaens; went to Italy in 1638, stayed principally at Rome and
Florence, and on his way homeward painted with great repute in the
Carmelite and Augustin churches in Paris, where, on a second visit in
1670, he was made member and professor of the Academy. Returned to
Liège in 1647, and two years later took up his abode temporarily at
Brussels. Shows the influence of Nicolas Poussin. Works: Chastisement
of Heliodorus, Brussels Museum; Flight of Æneas from Troy, Dresden
Gallery; Alexander leaving for Asia, Death of Lucretia, Cassel
Gallery; Raising of the Cross, Crucifixion, Liège Museum; Nativity,
Caën Museum; Mysteries of the Old and New Testaments, Louvre.--Biog.
nat. de Belgique, vii. 96; Helbig, Hist. de la peinture à Liège;
Fétis, Les Artistes belges à l’étranger, ii. 374.
FLERS, CAMILLE, born in Paris, Feb. 15, 1802, died at Annet
(Seine-et-Marne), June 27, 1868. Landscape painter, pupil of Paris.
Bred in the old school of landscape painting, but became a leader of
the new in 1831. His best works were painted before 1855. Medals:
3d class, 1840; 2d class, 1847; L. of Honour, 1849. Works: Cascade
of Pissevache (1831); Mill on the Marne; View of the Meilleraye;
Road in Normandy, Environs of Dunkirk; Animals in a Pasture,
Castle of Arques; Environs of Compiègne; Mill of Toucque, Island
of Samoïs (1838); Banks of the Marne (1848); Four Seasons (1855);
eight views and interiors (1857); Willows on the Beuvronne; Mill
of Coillour (1859); Hazel Trees on Banks of the Bresle; Orchard at
Aumale; Henriette Island at Annet; Tuileries du Perrey at Havre;
Water-Mill near Quillebœuf; Washing-Places on the Bresle; Mill at
Annet (1861); The Allier at Vichy after an Inundation; Mill at Aunay
(1863).--Bellier de la Chavignerie, i. 557.
FLEURY, FRANÇOIS ANTOINE LÉON, born in Paris, Dec. 18, 1804, died
Oct. 19, 1858. Landscape and history painter, son and pupil of
Claude Antoine F., history and portrait painter of beginning of
19th century; later pupil of Hersent and Bertin. Subjects usually
taken from central France. Medals: 3d class, 1841; 2d class, 1837;
1st class, 1845; L. of Honour, 1851. Works: Baptism of Christ,
St. Marguérite, Paris; Saint Geneviève, St. Etienne du Mont, ib.;
Ischia (1833); Environs of Maubeuge, View of Clermont, Hell’s Hole,
The Bridge of Arche (1840); Village of Cagnes (1845), formerly in
Luxembourg Museum; Monte Calvo, near Nice, Mill of Coutivert (1847);
The Grove, Pasture in Normandy, Environs of Trouville (1852), bought
by the Emperor; View on Coast of Genoa, Orléans Museum; Landscape,
Nantes Museum.--Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), i. 302.
FLICKEL, PAUL, born in Berlin, April 8, 1852. Landscape painter,
pupil of Weimar Art School under Theodor Hagen, went in 1874 to
Düsseldorf, and settled in 1876 in Berlin; travelled in Germany and
Austria, and in 1877 in Italy. Works: Garden near Naples; Villa
d’Este; View of Naples from Capo di Monte.--Müller, 178.
FLIGHT INTO EGYPT (Fr., Fuite en Egypte; It., Fuga in Egitto; Sp.,
Huida á Egipto; Ger., Flucht nach Egypten). The flight of Jesus,
Mary, and Joseph into Egypt to escape the pursuit of Herod.
By _Claude_ Lorrain, Dresden Museum; canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. × 4 ft. 4
in. The Virgin, with Jesus in her arms, is mounted upon an ass, which
is preceded by an angel; behind, Joseph, leaning on his staff. The
landscape, one of the most beautiful by the painter, has a cascade
in the middleground, which forms a rivulet crossed by a bridge; in
background, a city and mountains. Other figures, besides the Holy
Family, are two travellers in antique costume, and a shepherd and
shepherdess. From the Mazarin Collection. Another Flight into Egypt
by Claude, engraved by Morel, is in the Ashburton Collection, London.
By Alexandre _Decamps_, private gallery, Paris; canvas, H. 9 in. ×
1 ft. 1 in. The Holy Family about to cross a torrent at evening; an
angel leads by the bridle the ass upon which the Virgin and Child are
sitting. Salon, 1850; Pereire sale (1872), 15,150 francs.
By Edwin _Long_, London; canvas, H. 8 ft. × 16 ft. Called by the
painter Anno Domini. The Holy Family in foreground, the Virgin and
Child seated upon an ass, beside which walks Joseph; beyond, issuing
from the gate of an Egyptian temple in background, at the left of
which the Pyramids are seen, marches a procession--minstrels followed
by bearers of the golden image of Isis, by priests, by a Roman
officer in a chariot, and by the sacred bull Apis. In the foreground,
near the Holy Family, are a young lover fastening an amulet around
the neck of his betrothed, a negro carrying for sale a tray of
Egyptian gods, and a mother holding in her arms a sick child, before
whose unconscious face three girls and a negro girl-slave hold up
images of the gods.
By Holman Hunt. See _Triumph_ of the Innocents.
[Illustration: Flight into Egypt, Murillo, Duchesse de Galliera.]
By _Murillo_, Duchesse de Galliera, Paris; canvas, H. 7 ft. × 5 ft. 6
in. The Virgin, mounted on an ass walking to right, tenderly regards
the Child, who lies with his head on her right arm; St. Joseph,
in broad-brimmed hat and mantle, walks leading the animal: night
scene--landscape of arid country with tree on left. First manner.
Painted about 1648 for convent of La Merced Calzada, now the Seville
Museum; carried off by Soult; sold at his sale for 51,500 fr.--C.
Bermudez, ii. 59, Carta, 55; Ponz, Viage, ix. 107; Curtis, 167.
By _Rubens_, Louvre; wood, H. 2 ft. 6 in. × 3 ft. 3 in. Night scene,
the stars and the moon reflected in the water of a river which the
Holy Family are about to cross. Mary, holding Jesus in her arms, is
seated upon an ass led by an angel, while a second angel flies at her
right; Joseph, walking with his staff, turns and looks with anxiety
at two horsemen galloping to right on the river-bank; in background,
left, under a rock shaded by trees, shepherds and their flocks around
a fire. Collection of Louis XIV. Engraved by I. C. Marinus; C. Galle;
R. Lowry. Same composition with changes, Cassel Gallery, to which it
was returned in 1815 from Paris.
By _Tintoretto_, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice; canvas. A lovely
landscape, with the Madonna and St. Joseph pacing along a shady path
on the banks of a river. The Virgin’s head is very beautiful; the
head of the ass is wonderfully painted.--Ruskin, Stones of Venice,
iii. 328.
By Adrian van der _Werff_, Hague Museum; wood, H. 1 ft. 6 in. × 1
ft. 3 in.; signed, dated 1710. The Virgin, with Jesus in her arms,
is seated upon an ass led by Joseph beside a stream, near which are
trees and the ruins of a portico. Painted by the artist for his
daughter, who sold it for 4,000 florins to J. van Schuylenburg, at
The Hague, from whom it passed through several other hands to the
Hague Museum. Carried to Paris under the empire; returned in 1815.
Engraved by Avril in Musée français.--Filhol.
Subject treated also by Guido, Brussels and Naples Museums; Carlo
Maratti, Vienna Museum; Il Scarsellino, Dresden Museum; Alessandro
Turchi, Madrid Museum; Luca Cambiaso, Palazzo Barberini, Rome;
Gaudenzio Ferrari, Church of Minorites, Varallo; Lodovico Cardi,
Louvre; L. Bassano, Madrid Museum; Murillo, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg; id., Pesth Gallery; id., Mrs. Culling Hanbury, Bedwell
Park, Herts; Adam Elsheimer, Munich and Dresden Galleries, Louvre,
and Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna; Domenico Feti, Vienna Museum;
Filippo Lauri, ib.; Herri de Bles, ib.; Joachim de Patinir, Munich
and Madrid Museums and London Gallery; Velvet Brueghel, Besançon
Museum; Frans Francken, elder, Dresden Museum; Frans Francken,
younger, Uffizi, Florence; François Boucher, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg; Eugène Devéria (Salon, 1838); P. A. Jeanron (Exposition
Universelle, 1855); Joseph Beaume (ib.); J. J. Bellel (ib.); Paul
Flandrin (Salon, 1861).
[Illustration: Bust]
[Illustration: Signature]
FLINCK, GOVAERT, born at Cleves, Jan. 25, 1615, died in Amsterdam,
Feb. 2, 1660. Dutch school; history and portrait painter, pupil
of Lambert Jacobzen at Leeuwarden, then of Rembrandt, under whom
his talent developed so rapidly that after one year his pictures
could scarcely be distinguished from those of the master. He left
Rembrandt in 1638, and took the freedom of Amsterdam in 1652. After
Eeckhout, he was the scholar who approached nearest to Rembrandt.
His best pictures are of the period 1640–50; later, having studied
the old Italian masters, he aimed at precision of form rather than
at chiaroscuro effects, and lost ground. He enjoyed the favour
of the Elector William of Brandenburg, and of Prince Maurice of
Nassau, for whom he executed many pictures. Works: Annunciation
to the Shepherd, Portrait of a Young Girl (1641), Louvre; Female
portrait (1640), Brussels Museum; Loving Couple (attributed), Antwerp
Museum; Isaac blessing Jacob (1638), Fête of the Civic Guard (1648),
National Museum, Amsterdam; Marcus Curius Dentatus, Solomon praying
for Wisdom, Royal Palace, ib.; The Archers (1642), City Hall, ib.;
Portrait of a Man and his Sister (1646), Rotterdam Museum; Solomon
and Queen of Sheba (with Dirk van Delen), Lille Museum; Female
portrait (1636), Brunswick Museum; do., Städel Gallery, Frankfort;
Woman and Child, Darmstadt Museum; Guard Room, Old Pinakothek Munich;
3 male portraits (two dated 1639, 1643), David and Uriah, Dresden
Gallery; Female portrait (1641), Expulsion of Hagar, Berlin Museum;
2 portraits, Copenhagen Gallery; 3 portraits (one dated 1637),
Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Portrait of Old Man (1651), Vienna Museum;
Portrait of a Lady (1648), Marquis of Bute, London; Bathsheba’s
Appeal to David, National Gallery, Dublin.--Allgem. d. Biogr., vii.
122; Ch. Blanc, École hollandaise; Havard, A. & A. hol., ii. 73;
Repertorium f. K., iv. 108; Riegel, Beiträge, ii. 269; Zeitschr. f.
b. K., x. 224, 381.
FLORA. See _Columbine_.
[Illustration: Flora, Titian, Uffizi, Florence.]