The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African
Republic, Chile, China, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia,
Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong,
Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea,
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi,
Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco,
Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,
Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South
Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,
Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,
Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,
Zimbabwe
**********
developed countries (DCs)
Note - the top group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive
hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern
Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs);
includes the market-oriented economies of the mainly democratic
nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South Africa, and the
European ministates; also known as the First World, high-income
countries, the North, industrial countries; generally have a per
capita GNP/GDP in excess of $10,000 although some OECD countries
and South Africa have figures well under $10,000 and two of the
excluded OPEC countries have figures of more than $10,000. The
34 DCs are: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda,
Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein,
Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, San
Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US,
Vatican City
**********
developing countries
Note - an imprecise term for the less developed countries with
growing economies; see less developed countries (LDCs)
**********
East African Development Bank (EADB)
established - 6 June 1967
effective - 1 December 1967
aim - to promote economic development
members - (3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
**********
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
established - 28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and
the Far East (ECAFE)
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission
for the UN's ECOSOC
members - (39) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia,
Iran, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives,
Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New
Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri
Lanka, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western
Samoa
associate members - (10) American Samoa, Cook Islands, Guam, Hong
Kong, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia,
Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands (Palau)
**********
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
established - 9 August 1973 as Economic Commission for Western
Asia (ECWA)
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission
for the UN's ECOSOC
members - (12 and the Palestine Liberation Organization) Bahrain,
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
**********
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
established - 26 June 1945
effective - 24 October 1945
aim - to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN;
includes five regional commissions (see Economic Commission for
Africa, Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission
for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Commission for
Western Asia) and six functional commissions (see Commission for
Social Development, Commission on Human Rights, Commission on
Narcotic Drugs, Commission on the Status of Women, Population
Commission, and Statistical Commission)
members - (54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
**********
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)
established - 29 April 1958
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of
the UN's ECOSOC
members - (52) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina,
Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,
Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia,
Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast,
Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,
Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles,
Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Sudan,
Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia,
Zimbabwe
**********
Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)
<p>see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
(ESCAP)
**********
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
established - 28 March 1947
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of
the UN's ECOSOC
members - (33) Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, US, Yugoslavia
**********
Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA)
<p>see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
(ECLAC)
**********
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
established - 25 February 1948 as Economic Commission for Latin
America (ECLA)
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of
the UN's ECOSOC
members - (41) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas,
Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa
Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,
France, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica,
Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal,
Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US,
Uruguay, Venezuela
associate members - (5) Aruba, British Virgin Islands,
Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Virgin Islands
**********
Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)
Note - see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
(ESCWA)
**********
Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) - acronym
from Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale
established - 18 October 1983
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and establish a
Central African Common Market
members - (10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad,
Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe,
Zaire
observer - (1) Angola
**********
Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)
Note - acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands
Lacs
established - 26 September 1976
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and integration
members - (3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire
**********
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
established - 28 May 1975
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation
members - (16) Benin, Burkina, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana,
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania,
Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
**********
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
established - 15 April 1991
aim - to facilitate the transition of seven centrally planned
economies in Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland,
Romania, former USSR, and former Yugoslavia) to market economies
by committing 60% of its loans to privatization
members - (35) Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada,
Cyprus, Denmark, European Community (EC), Egypt, European
Investment Bank (EIB), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland,
Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liechtenstein,
Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US; note -
includes all 24 members of the OECD and the EC as an institution
**********
European Community (EC)
established - 8 April 1965
effective - 1 July 1967
aim - a fusing of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom),
the European Coal and Steel Community (ESC), and the European
Economic Community (EEC or Common Market); the EC plans to
establish a completely integrated common market in 1992 and an
eventual federation of Europe
members - (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece,
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
associate member - (1) Czechoslovakia
**********
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
established - 4 January 1960
effective - 3 May 1960
aim - to promote expansion of free trade
members - (6) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden,
Switzerland
**********
European Investment Bank (EIB)
established - 25 March 1957
effective - 1 January 1958
aim - to promote economic development of the EC
members - (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece,
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
**********
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
Note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization Conseil
Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire
established - 1 July 1953
effective - 29 September 1954
aim - to foster nuclear research for peaceful purposes only
members - (16) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK
observers - (2) Turkey, Yugoslavia
**********
European Space Agency (ESA)
established - 31 July 1973
effective - 1 May 1975
aim - to promote peaceful cooperation in space research and
technology
members - (13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany,
Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
UK
associate member - (1) Finland
**********
First World
Note - another term for countries with advanced, industrialized
economies; this term is fading from use; see developed countries
(DCs)
**********
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
established - 16 October 1945
aim - UN specialized agency to raise living standards and
increase availability of agricultural products
members - (157) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Estonia,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova,
Russia, San Marino, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members are
Cook Islands, Switzerland, Tonga
**********
Former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE)
Note - the middle group in the comprehensive but mutually
exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former
USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed
countries (LDCs); these countries are in political and economic
transition and may well be grouped differently in the near
future; this includes Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czecholovakia,
Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,
Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia
**********
Four Dragons
Note - the four small Asian less developed countries (LDCs) that
have experienced unusually rapid economic growth; also known as
the Four Tigers; this group includes Hong Kong, South Korea,
Singapore, Taiwan
**********
Four Tigers
Note - another term for the Four Dragons; see Four Dragons
**********
Franc Zone (FZ)
established - NA
aim - monetary union among countries whose currencies are linked
to the French franc
members - (15) Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, Central African
Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon,
Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo; note - France includes
metropolitan France, the four overseas departments of France
(French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion), the two
territorial collectivities of France (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and
Miquelon), and the three overseas territories of France (French
Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna)
**********
Front Line States (FLS)
established - NA
aim - to achieve black majority rule in South Africa
members - (7) Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania,
Zambia, Zimbabwe
**********
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
established - 30 October 1947
effective - 1 January 1948
aim - to promote the expansion of international trade on a
nondiscriminatory basis
members - (98) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,
Austria, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Botswana,
Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central
African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus,
Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Finland,
France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala,
Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,
Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South
Korea, Kuwait, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco,
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan,
Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,
Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad
and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia,
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
**********
Group of 2 (G-2)
established - informal term that came into use about 1986
aim - bilateral economic cooperation between the two most
powerful economic giants
members - (2) Japan, US
**********
Group of 3 (G-3)
established - NA October 1990
aim - mechanism for policy coordination
members - (3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela
**********
Group of 5 (G-5)
established - 22 September 1985
aim - the five major non-Communist economic powers
members - (5) France, Germany, Japan, UK, US
**********
Group of 6 (G-6)
Note - not to be confused with the Big Six
established - 22 May 1984
aim - seeks to achieve nuclear disarmament
members - (6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden, Tanzania
**********
Group of 7 (G-7)
Note - membership is the same as the Big Seven
established - 22 September 1985
aim - the seven major non-Communist economic powers
members - (7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus
Canada and Italy
**********
Group of 8 (G-8)
established - NA October 1975
aim - the developed countries (DCs) that participated in the
Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC), held in
several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977
members - (8) Australia, Canada, EC (as one member), Japan,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, US
**********
Group of 9 (G-9)
established - NA
aim - informal group that meets occasionally on matters of mutual
interest
members - (9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland,
Hungary, Romania, Sweden, Yugoslavia
**********
Group of 10 (G-10)
Note - also known as the Paris Club
established - NA October 1962
aim - wealthiest members of the IMF who provide most of the money
to be loaned and act as the informal steering committee; name
persists in spite of the addition of Switzerland on NA April 1984
members - (11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
**********
Group of 11 (G-11)
Note - also known as the Cartagena Group
established - 22 June 1984, in Cartagena, Colombia
aim - forum for largest debtor nations in Latin America
members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
**********
Group of 15 (G-15)
Note - byproduct of the Non-Aligned Movement
established - 1989
aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing nations;
to act as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement
members - (15) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, India,
Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal,
Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe
**********
Group of 19 (G-19)
established - NA October 1975
aim - the less developed countries (LDCs) that participated in
the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC) held
in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977
members - (19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Egypt,
India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan,
Peru, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia
**********
Group of 24 (G-24)
established - NA January 1972
aim - to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa,
Asia, and Latin America within the IMF
members - (24) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt,
Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Ivory Coast,
Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka,
Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire
**********
Group of 30 (G-30)
established - NA 1979
aim - to discuss and propose solutions to the world's economic
problems
members - (30) informal group of 30 leading international
bankers, economists, financial experts, and businessmen organized
by Johannes Witteveen (former managing director of the IMF)
**********
Group of 33 (G-33)
established - NA 1987
aim - to promote solutions to international economic problems
members - (33) leading economists from 13 countries
**********
Group of 77 (G-77)
established - NA October 1967
aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing countries;
name persists in spite of increased membership
members - (127 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)
Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The
Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan,
Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi,
Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,
Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus,
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El
Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia,
Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,
Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica,
Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon,
Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives,
Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco,
Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman,
Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia,
Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands,
Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania,
Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE,
Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen,
Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation
Organization
**********
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
Note - also known as the Cooperation Council for the Arab States
of the Gulf
established - 25-26 May 1981
aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic, social,
political, and military affairs
members - (6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE
**********
Habitat
Note - see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS)
**********
Hexagonal Group
Note - HG - the old Pentagonal Group plus one)
established - July 1991
aim - to form an economic and political cooperation group for the
region between the Adriatic and the Baltic Seas
members - (6) Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, Poland,
Yugoslavia
**********
high-income countries
Note - another term for the industrialized countries with high
per capita GNPs/GDPs; see developed countries (DCs)
**********
industrial countries
Note - another term for the developed countries; see developed
countries (DCs)
**********
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
Note - also known as Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo (BID)
established - 8 April 1959
effective - 30 December 1959
aim - to promote economic and social development in Latin America
members - (44) Argentina, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados,
Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland,
France, Germany, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Israel,
Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway,
Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Suriname, Sweden,
Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela,
Yugoslavia
**********
Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD)
established - NA January 1986
aim - to promote cooperation on drought-related matters
members - (6) Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda
**********
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
established - 26 October 1956
effective - 29 July 1957
aim - to promote peaceful uses of atomic energy
members - (115) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina,
Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia,
Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile,
China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia,
Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,
Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana,
Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,
Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan,
Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon,
Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,
Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,
Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone,
Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden,
Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda,
Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam,
Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
**********
International Bank for Economic Cooperation (IBEC)
Note - established in 22 October 1963; aim was to promote
economic cooperation and development - members were Bulgaria,
Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland,
Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now a Russian bank with a new charter
**********
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
Note - also known as the World Bank
established - 22 July 1944
effective - 27 December 1945
aim - UN specialized agency that initially promoted economic
rebuilding after World War II and now provides economic
development loans
members - (156) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Brunei, Cuba, Estonia, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan,
Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated
States of Micronesia, Moldova, San Marino, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members are Kiribati,
Tonga
**********
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
established - NA 1919
aim - to promote free trade and private enterprise and to
represent business interests at national and international levels