US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.7 billion;
Communist countries (1970-89), $110 million
Currency:
Mexican peso (plural - pesos); 1 Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates:
market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 3,068.5 (January 1992),
3,018.4 (1991) 2,940.9 (January 1991), 2,812.6 (1990), 2,461.3 (1989),
2,273.1 (1988), 1,378.2 (1987)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Mexico Communications
Railroads:
24,500 km total; breakdown NA
Highways:
212,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone,
62,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction, 55,000
km unimproved earth roads
Inland waterways:
2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals
Pipelines:
crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km;
petrochemical 1,400 km
Ports:
Acapulco, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Progreso,
Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Veracruz
Merchant marine:
58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 875,239 GRT/1,301,355 DWT; includes 4
short-sea passenger, 3 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 30
petroleum tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 1 bulk, 1 combination
bulk, 4 container
Civil air:
186 major transport aircraft
Airports:
1,815 total, 1,505 usable; 200 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
runways over 3,659 m; 33 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 284 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
highly developed system with extensive radio relay links; privatized in
December 1990; connected into Central America Microwave System; 6,410,000
telephones; broadcast stations - 679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22 shortwave; 120
domestic satellite terminals; earth stations - 4 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and
1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
:Mexico Defense Forces
Branches:
National Defense (including Army and Air Force), Navy (including Marines)
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 23,023,871; 16,852,513 fit for military service; 1,138,455
reach military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, less than 1% of GDP (1982 budget)
:Micronesia, Federated States of Geography
Total area:
702 km2
Land area:
702 km2; includes Pohnpei, Truk, Yap, and Kosrae
Comparative area:
slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
none
Coastline:
6,112 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands;
located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe damage
Terrain:
islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral
atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk
Natural resources:
forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals
Land use:
arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and
woodland NA%; other NA%
Environment:
subject to typhoons from June to December; four major island groups totaling
607 islands
Note:
located 5,150 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean,
about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Indonesia
:Micronesia, Federated States of People
Population:
114,694 (July 1992), growth rate 3.4% (1992)
Birth rate:
29 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
12 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
39 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
65 years male, 69 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
4.1 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Micronesian(s); adjective - Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s),
Trukese (singular and plural), Yapese (singular and plural)
Ethnic divisions:
nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups
Religions:
predominantly Christian, divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant;
other churches include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day
Adventist, Latter-Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith
Languages:
English is the official and common language; most indigenous languages fall
within the Austronesian language family, the exceptions are the Polynesian
languages; major indigenous languages are Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, and
Kosrean
Literacy:
90% (male 90%, female 85%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
Labor force:
NA; two-thirds are government employees; 45,000 people are between the ages
of 15 and 65
Organized labor:
NA
:Micronesia, Federated States of Government
Long-form name:
Federated States of Micronesia (no short-form name)
Type:
constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of
Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986
Capital:
Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei); note - a new capital is being built
about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valley
Administrative divisions:
4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap
Independence:
3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship; formerly the
Kosrae, Pohnpei, Truk, and Yap districts of the Trust Territory of the
Pacific Islands)
Constitution:
10 May 1979
Legal system:
based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal,
common, and customary laws
National holiday:
Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979)
Executive branch:
president, vice president, Cabinet
Legislative branch:
unicameral Congress
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government:
President Bailey OLTER (since 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since
21 May 1991)
Political parties and leaders:
no formal parties
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
President:
last held ll May 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - President
Bailey OLTER elected president; Vice-President Jacob NENA
Congress:
last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of
vote NA; seats - (14 total)
Member of:
ESCAP (associate), ICAO, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU; Embassy at 1725 N St., NW, Washington, DC
20036; telephone (202) 223-4383
US:
Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEAL; Embassy at address NA, Kolonia (mailing address
is P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941); telephone
691-320-2187; FAX 691-320-2186
Flag:
light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are
arranged in a diamond pattern
:Micronesia, Federated States of Economy
Overview:
Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The
islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade
phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness
of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development.
Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the
US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the l990s. Geographical
isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to
long-term growth.
GNP:
purchasing power equivalent - $150 million, per capita $1,500; real growth
rate NA% (1989 est.); note - GNP numbers reflect US spending
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%
Unemployment rate:
NA
Budget:
revenues $165 million; expenditures $115 million, including capital
expenditures of $20 million (1988)
Exports:
$2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988)
commodities:
copra
partners:
NA
Imports:
$67.7 million (c.i.f., 1988)
commodities:
NA
partners:
NA
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
18,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, 380 kWh per capita (1990)
Industries:
tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood, and
pearls
Agriculture:
mainly a subsistence economy; copra, black pepper; tropical fruits and
vegetables, coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens
Economic aid:
under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide $1.3
billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001
Currency:
US currency is used
Exchange rates:
US currency is used
Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September
:Micronesia, Federated States of Communications
Highways:
39 km of paved roads on major islands; also 187 km stone-, coral-, or
laterite-surfaced roads
Ports:
Colonia (Yap), Truk (Kosrae), Okat (Kosrae)
Airports:
6 total, 5 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439
Telecommunications:
telephone network - 960 telephone lines total at Kolonia and Truk; islands
interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes);
16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987); broadcast stations - 5
AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
:Micronesia, Federated States of Defense Forces
Note:
defense is the responsibility of the US
:Midway Islands Geography
Total area:
5.2 km2
Land area:
5.2 km2; includes Eastern Island and Sand Island
Comparative area:
about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
none
Coastline:
15 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone:
12 nm
Continental shelf:
200 m (depth)
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds
Terrain:
low, nearly level
Natural resources:
fish and wildlife
Land use:
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
woodland 0%; other 100%
Environment:
coral atoll
Note:
located 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu at the western end of Hawaiian
Islands group, about one-third of the way between Honolulu and Tokyo; closed
to the public
:Midway Islands People
Population:
453 US military personnel (1992)
:Midway Islands Government
Long-form name:
none
Type:
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under
command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed
cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US
Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System;
legislation before Congress in 1990 proposed inclusion of territory within
the State of Hawaii
Capital:
none; administered from Washington, DC
Diplomatic representation:
none (territory of the US)
Flag:
the US flag is used
:Midway Islands Economy
Overview:
The economy is based on providing support services for US naval operations
located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.
Electricity:
supplied by US Military
:Midway Islands Communications
Highways:
32 km total
Pipelines:
7.8 km
Ports:
Sand Island
Airports:
3 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
:Midway Islands Defense Forces
Note:
defense is the responsibility of the US
:Moldova Geography
Total area:
33,700 km2
Land area:
33,700 km2
Comparative area:
slightly more than twice the size of Hawaii
Land boundaries:
1,389 km; Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km
Coastline:
none - landlocked
Maritime claims:
none - landlocked
Disputes:
potential dispute with Ukraine over former southern Bessarabian areas;
northern Bukovina ceded to Ukraine upon Moldova's incorporation into USSR;
internal with ethnic Russians in the Trans-Dnestr and Gagauz Muslims in the
South
Climate:
mild winters, warm summers
Terrain:
rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea
Natural resources:
lignite, phosphorites, gypsum
Land use:
NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated
Environment:
NA
:Moldova People
Population:
4,458,435 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992)
Birth rate:
19 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
-2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
64 years male, 71 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
2.6 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Moldovan(s); adjective - Moldovan
Ethnic divisions:
Moldavian (Moldovan) 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13.0%, Gagauz 3.5%,
Jews 1.5%, Bulgarian 2.0%, other 1.0% (1989 figures)
Religions:
Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist only about 1,000 members, other
1.0%; note - almost all churchgoers are ethnic Moldovan; the Slavic
population are not churchgoers (1991 figures)
Languages:
Romanian; (Moldovan official), Russian
Literacy:
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write
Labor force:
2,095,000; agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures)
Organized labor:
NA
:Moldova Government
Long-form name:
Republic of Moldova
Type:
republic
Capital:
Chisinau (Kishinev)
Administrative divisions:
previously divided into 40 rayons; now to be divided into 7-9 larger
districts at some future point
Independence:
27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union; formerly Soviet Socialist Republic of
Moldova)
Constitution:
formulating a new constitution; old constitution is still in effect but has
been heavily amended during the past few years
Legal system:
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does not
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and CSCE documents
National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 August 1991
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers
Legislative branch:
Moldovan Supreme Soviet
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (highest civil court in Moldova)
Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government:
Prime Minister Valeriy MURAVSKY (since 28 May 1991), 1st Deputy Prime
Minister Constantin OBOROC (since June 1990); 1st Deputy Prime Minister
Constantin TAMPIZA (since June 1990); 1st Deputy Prime Minister Andrei
SANGHELI (since June 1990)
Chief of State:
President Mircea SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990)
Head of Legislature:
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (Premier) Valeriy MURAVSKIY (since May 1991);
1st Deputy Prime Minister Ian HADIRCA (since 11 May 1990); Deputy Prime
Minister Victor PUSCASU, 21 November 1989; Deputy Prime Minister Mihial
PLASICHUK, NA
Political parties and leaders:
Moldovan Popular Front, Yuriy ROSHKA, chairman (since summer 1990);
Unitatea-Yedinstvo Intermovement, V. YAKOVLEV, chairman; Bulgarian Rebirth
Society, Ivan ZABUNOV, chairman; Democratic Group, five cochairmen
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
President:
last held 8 December 1991; results - Mircea SNEGUR won 98.17% of vote
Moldovan Supreme Soviet:
last held 25 February 1990; results - Moldovan Popular Front 33%,
Intermovement 34%, Communist Party 32%; seats - (366 total) Popular Front
Club 35; Sovereignty Club 35; Club of Independent Deputies 25; Agrarian Club
110; Club Bujak 15; Reality Club 25; Soviet Moldova 80; remaining 41 seats
probably belong to Onestr region deputies who usually boycott Moldovan
legislative proceedings
:Moldova Government
Other political or pressure groups:
United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; Social
Democratic Party of Moldova (SDPM), V. CHIOBATARU, leader; The Ecology
Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The Christian Democratic
League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; National Christian
Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; The Peoples
Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic Party of
Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working People of
Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president
Member of:
CSCE, UN
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador vacant
US:
Charge Howard Steers; Interim Chancery at #103 Strada Alexei Mateevich,
Kishinev (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone 8-011-7-0422-23-28-94
at Hotel Seabeco in Kishinev
Flag:
same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side),
yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle carrying a
cross in its beak and an olive branch in its claws
:Moldova Economy
Overview:
Moldova, the next-to-smallest of the former Soviet republics in area, is the
most densely inhabited. Moldova has a little more than 1% of the population,
labor force, capital stock, and output of the former Soviet Union. Living
standards have been below average for the European USSR. The country enjoys
a favorable climate, and economic development has been primarily based on
agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Industry
accounts for 20% of the labor force, whereas agriculture employs more than
one-third. Moldova has no major mineral resources and has depended on the
former Soviet republics for coal, oil, gas, steel, most electronic
equipment, machine tools, and major consumer durables such as automobiles.
Its industrial and agricultural products, in turn, have been exported to the
other former Soviet republics. Moldova has freed prices on most goods and
has legalized private ownership of property, including agricultural land.
Moldova's economic prospects are dimmed by the difficulties of moving toward
a market economy and the political problems of redefining ties to the other
former Soviet republics and Romania.
GDP:
NA; per capita NA; real growth rate -12% (1991)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
97% (1991)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital
expenditures of $NA million (1992)
Exports:
$400 million rubles (f.o.b., 1990)
commodities:
foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals
(1991)
partners:
NA
Imports:
$1.9 billion rubles (c.i.f., 1990)
commodities:
oil, gas, coal, steel machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumer
durables
partners:
NA
External debt:
$650 million (1991 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate -7% (1991)
Electricity:
3,000,000 kW capacity; 13,000 million kWh produced, 2,806 kWh per capita
(1991)
Industries:
key products (with share of total former Soviet output in parentheses where
known): agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and
freezers (2.7%), washing machines (5.0%), hosiery (2.0%), refined sugar
(3.1%), vegetable oil (3.7%), canned food (8.6%), shoes, textiles
Agriculture:
Moldova's principal economic activity; products (shown in share of total
output of the former Soviet republics): Grain (1.6%), sugar beets (2.6%),
sunflower seed (4.4%), vegetables (4.4%), fruits and berries (9.7%), grapes
(20.1%), meat (1.7%), milk (1.4%), and eggs (1.4%)
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe
:Moldova Economy
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (1991), $NA, Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1991), $NA million
Currency:
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Moldova Communications
Railroads:
1,150 km (includes NA km electrified) (1990); does not include industrial
lines
Highways:
20,000 km total (1990); 13,900 km hard-surfaced, 6,100 km earth
Inland waterways:
NA km perennially navigable
Pipelines:
NA
Ports:
none - landlocked
Merchant marine:
NA
Civil air:
NA major transport aircraft
Airports:
NA
Telecommunications:
poorly supplied with telephones; 215,000 unsatisfied applications for
telephone installations (31 January 1990); connected to Ukraine by landline
and countries beyond the former USSR through the switching center in Moscow
:Moldova Defense Forces
Branches:
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops); Russian Forces
(Ground, Navy, Air, and Air Defense)
Manpower availability:
NA
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP
:Monaco Geography
Total area:
1.9 km2
Land area:
1.9 km2
Comparative area:
about three times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
4.4 km; France 4.4 km
Coastline:
4.1 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Terrain:
hilly, rugged, rocky
Natural resources:
none
Land use:
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
woodland 0%; other 100%
Environment:
almost entirely urban
Note:
second-smallest independent state in world (after Vatican City)
:Monaco People
Population:
29,965 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992)
Birth rate:
7 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
9 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
72 years male, 80 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
1.1 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s); adjective - Monacan or Monegasque
Ethnic divisions:
French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 95%
Languages:
French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
Literacy:
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
Labor force:
NA
Organized labor:
4,000 members in 35 unions
:Monaco Government
Long-form name:
Principality of Monaco
Type:
constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Monaco
Administrative divisions:
4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine,
Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo
Independence:
1419, rule by the House of Grimaldi
Constitution:
17 December 1962
Legal system:
based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
National Day, 19 November
Executive branch:
prince, minister of state, Council of Government (cabinet)
Legislative branch:
National Council (Conseil National)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)
Leaders:
Chief of State:
Prince RAINIER III (since November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT
Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958)
Head of Government:
Minister of State Jean AUSSEIL (since 16 September 1985)
Political parties and leaders:
National and Democratic Union (UND), Democratic Union Movement (MUD), Monaco
Action, Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)
Suffrage:
universal adult at age 25
Elections:
National Council:
last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24 January 1993); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) UND 18
Member of:
ACCT, CSCE, IAEA, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
Diplomatic representation:
Monaco maintains honorary consulates general in Boston, Chicago, Los
Angeles, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco, and honorary consulates
in Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and Washington
US:
no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, is
accredited to Monaco; Consul General R. Susan WOOD; Consulate General at 12
Boulevard Paul Peytral, 13286 Marseille Cedex (mailing address APO AE
09777); telephone [33] (91) 549-200
Flag:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of
Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and
red
:Monaco Economy