Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (including Army, Navy, Air and
Air Defense Command), National Police
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 1,056,686; 624,027 fit for military service; 50,916 reach
military age (17) annually; conscription now being implemented
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $NA, 11.1% of GDP (1987)
:Liechtenstein Geography
Total area:
160 km2
Land area:
160 km2
Comparative area:
about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
78 km; Austria 37 km, Switzerland 41 km
Coastline:
none - landlocked
Maritime claims:
none - landlocked
Disputes:
none
Climate:
continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to
moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
Terrain:
mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third
Natural resources:
hydroelectric potential
Land use:
arable land 25%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 38%; forest and
woodland 19%; other 18%
Environment:
variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation
Note:
landlocked
:Liechtenstein People
Population:
28,642 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992)
Birth rate:
13 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
5 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
74 years male, 81 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
1.5 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Liechtensteiner(s); adjective - Liechtenstein
Ethnic divisions:
Alemannic 95%, Italian and other 5%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 87.3%, Protestant 8.3%, unknown 1.6%, other 2.8% (1988)
Languages:
German (official), Alemannic dialect
Literacy:
100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 10 and over can read and write (1981)
Labor force:
19,905, of which 11,933 are foreigners; 6,885 commute from Austria and
Switzerland to work each day; industry, trade, and building 53.2%, services
45%, agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 1.8% (1990)
Organized labor:
NA
:Liechtenstein Government
Long-form name:
Principality of Liechtenstein
Type:
hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Vaduz
Administrative divisions:
11 communes (gemeinden, singular - gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin,
Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz
Independence:
23 January 1719, Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein established
Constitution:
5 October 1921
Legal system:
local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday:
Assumption Day, 15 August
Executive branch:
reigning prince, hereditary prince, head of government, deputy head of
government
Legislative branch:
unicameral Diet (Landtag)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal cases and Superior Court
(Obergericht) for civil cases
Leaders:
Chief of State:
Prince Hans ADAM II (since 13 November 1989; assumed executive powers 26
August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein (born 11
June 1968)
Head of Government:
Hans BRUNHART (since 26 April 1978); Deputy Head of Government Dr. Herbert
WILLE (since 2 February 1986)
Political parties and leaders:
Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto HASLER; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP),
Emanuel VOGT; Free Electoral List (FW)
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
Diet:
last held on 5 March 1989 (next to be held by March 1993); results - percent
of vote by party NA; seats - (25 total) VU 13, FBP 12
Member of:
CE, CSCE, EBRD, IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UPU,
WIPO
Diplomatic representation:
in routine diplomatic matters, Liechtenstein is represented in the US by the
Swiss Embassy
US:
the US has no diplomatic or consular mission in Liechtenstein, but the US
Consul General at Zurich (Switzerland) has consular accreditation at Vaduz
Flag:
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the
hoist side of the blue band
:Liechtenstein Economy
Overview:
The prosperous economy is based primarily on small-scale light industry and
tourism. Industry accounts for 53% of total employment, the service sector
45% (mostly based on tourism), and agriculture and forestry 2%. The sale of
postage stamps to collectors is estimated at $10 million annually. Low
business taxes (the maximum tax rate is 20%) and easy incorporation rules
have induced about 25,000 holding or so-called letter box companies to
establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein. Such companies, incorporated
solely for tax purposes, provide 30% of state revenues. The economy is tied
closely to that of Switzerland in a customs union, and incomes and living
standards parallel those of the more prosperous Swiss groups.
GDP:
purchasing power equivalent - $630 million, per capita $22,300; real growth
rate NA% (1990 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.4% (1990)
Unemployment rate:
1.5% (1990)
Budget:
revenues $259 million; expenditures $292 million, including capital
expenditures of NA (1990)
Exports:
$1.6 billion
commodities:
small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery
partners:
EFTA countries 20.9% (Switzerland 15.4%), EC countries 42.7%, other 36.4%
(1990)
Imports:
$NA
commodities:
machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles
partners:
NA
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
23,000 kW capacity; 150 million kWh produced, 5,340 kWh per capita (1989)
Industries:
electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food
products, precision instruments, tourism
Agriculture:
livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes
Economic aid:
none
Currency:
Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural - francs, franken, or franchi); 1
Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi
Exchange rates:
Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.5079 (March 1992),
1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Liechtenstein Communications
Railroads:
18.5 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and
included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways
Highways:
130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads
Civil air:
no transport aircraft
Airports:
none
Telecommunications:
limited, but sufficient automatic telephone system; 25,400 telephones;
linked to Swiss networks by cable and radio relay for international
telephone, radio, and TV services
:Liechtenstein Defense Forces
Branches:
Police Department
Note:
defense is responsibility of Switzerland
:Lithuania Geography
Total area:
65,200 km2
Land area:
65,200 km2
Comparative area:
slightly larger than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
1,273 km; Belarus 502 km, Latvia 453 km, Poland 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad)
227 km
Coastline:
108 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone:
NA nm
Continental shelf:
NA meter depth
Exclusive fishing zone:
NA nm
Exclusive economic zone:
NA nm
Territorial sea:
NA nm
Disputes:
dispute with Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) over the position of the Neman
River border presently located on the Lithuanian bank and not in midriver as
by international standards
Climate:
maritime; wet, moderate winters
Terrain:
lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil
Natural resources:
peat
Land use:
49.1% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 22.2% meadows and pastures; 16.3%
forest and woodland; 12.4% other; includes NA% irrigated
Environment:
NA
:Lithuania People
Population:
3,788,542 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992)
Birth rate:
15 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
4 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
66 years male, 76 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
2.1 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Lithuanian(s); adjective - Lithuanian
Ethnic divisions:
Lithuanian 80.1%, Russian 8.6%, Poles 7.7%, Byelorussian 1.5%, other 2.1%
Religions:
Catholic NA%, Lutheran NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA%
Languages:
Lithuanian (official), Polish NA%, Russian NA%
Literacy:
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write
Labor force:
1,836,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%,
other 40% (1990)
Organized labor:
Lithuanian Trade Union Association; Labor Federation of Lithuania; Union of
Workers
:Lithuania Government
Long-form name:
Republic of Lithuania
Type:
republic
Capital:
Vilnius
Administrative divisions:
none - all rayons are under direct republic jurisdiction
Independence:
1918; annexed by the Soviet Union 3 August 1940; restored independence 11
March 1990; and regained indpendence from the USSR 6 September 1991
Constitution:
NA; Constitutional Commission has drafted a new constitution that will be
sent to Parliament for ratification
Legal system:
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts
National holiday:
Independence Day, 16 February; Defenders of Freedom Day, 13 January
Executive branch:
prime minister, Council of Ministers, Government,
Legislative branch:
unicameral Supreme Council, Parliament
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; district and city courts; Procurator
General of Lithuania
Leaders:
Chief of State:
Chairman, Supreme Council Vytautas LANDSBERGIS (since March 1990), Deputy
Chairmen Bronius KUZMICKAS (since March 1990), Ceslovas STANKEVICIUS (since
March 1990)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Gediminas VAGNORIUS (since January 1991); Deputy Prime
Ministers Algis DOBROVOLSKAS (since January 1991), Vytantas PAKALNISKIS
(since January 1991), Zigmas VAISVILA (since January 1991)
Political parties and leaders:
Christian Democratic Party, FNU KATILIUS, chairman; Democratic Labor Party
of Lithuania, Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS, chairman; Lithuanian Democratic
Party, Sauluis PECELIUNAS, chairman; Lithuanian Green Party, Irena
IGNATAVICIENE, chairwoman; Lithuanian Humanism Party, Vytautas KAZLAUSKAS,
chairman; Lithuanian Independence Party, Virgilijus CEPAITIS, chairman;
Lithuanian Liberty League, Antanas TERLECKAS; Lithuanian Liberals Union,
Vytautus RADZVILAS, chairman; Lithuanian Nationalist Union, Rimantas
SMETONA, chairman; Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Aloizas SAKALAS,
chairman
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
President:
last held March 1990 (elected by Parliament); results - LANDSBERGIS,
BRAZAUSKAS
Supreme Council:
last held 24 February 1990; results - Sajudis (nationalist movement won a
large majority) (90) 63%; seats - (141 total)
Other political or pressure groups:
Sajudis; Lithuanian Future Forum; Farmers Union
Member of:
CSCE, IAEA, ILO, NACC, UN, UNCTAD
:Lithuania Government
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Stasys LOZORAITIS, Jr.; Embassy at 2622 16th St. NW, Washington,
DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-5860, 2639
US:
Ambassador Darryl JOHNSON; Embassy at Mykolaicio putino 4, Vilnius; (mailing
address is APO AE 09862); telephone [7] (01-22) 628-049
Flag:
yellow, green, and red horizontal stripes
:Lithuania Economy
Overview:
Lithuania is striving to become a small, independent, largely privatized
economy rather than a segment of a huge, centrally planned economy. Although
substantially above average in living standards and technology in the old
USSR, Lithuania historically lagged behind Latvia and Estonia in economic
development. It is ahead of its Baltic neighbors, however, in implementing
market reform. The country has no important natural resources aside from its
arable land and strategic location. Industry depends entirely on imported
materials that have come from the republics of the former USSR. Lithuania
benefits from its ice-free port at Klaipeda on the Baltic Sea and its rail
and highway hub at Vilnius, which provides land communication between
Eastern Europe and Russia, Latvia, Estonia, and Belarus. Industry produces a
small assortment of high-quality products, ranging from complex machine
tools to sophisticated consumer electronics. Thanks to nuclear power,
Lithuania is presently self-sufficient in electricity, exporting its surplus
to Latvia and Belarus; the nuclear facilities inherited from the USSR,
however, have come under world scrutiny as seriously deficient in safety
standards. Agriculture is efficient compared with most of the former Soviet
Union. Lithuania holds first place in per capita consumption of meat, second
place for eggs and potatoes, and fourth place for milk and dairy products.
Grain must be imported to support the meat and dairy industries. As to
economic reforms, Lithuania is pressing ahead with plans to privatize at
least 60% of state-owned property (industry, agriculture, and housing)
having already sold many small enterprises using a voucher system. Other
government priorities include stimulating foreign investment by protecting
the property rights of foreign firms and redirecting foreign trade away from
Eastern markets to the more competitive Western markets. For the moment,
Lithuania will remain highly dependent on Russia for energy, raw materials,
grains, and markets for its products.
GDP:
purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capita NA; real growth rate -13%
(1991)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
200% (1991)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues 4.8 billion rubles; expenditures 4.7 billion rubles (1989 economic
survey); note - budget revenues and expenditures are not given for other
former Soviet republics; implied deficit from these figures does not have a
clear interpretation
Exports:
700 million rubles (f.o.b., 1990)
commodities:
electronics 18%, petroleum products 16%, food 10%, chemicals 6% (1989)
partners:
Russia 60%, Ukraine 15%, other former Soviet republics 20%, West 5%
Imports:
2.2 billion rubles (c.i.f., 1990)
commodities:
oil 24%, machinery 14%, chemicals 8%, grain NA%
partners:
NA
External debt:
$650 million (1991 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate -1.3% (1991)
Electricity:
5,875,000 kW capacity; 25,500 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1991)
:Lithuania Economy
Industries:
employs 25% of the labor force; its shares in the total production of the
former USSR are metal-cutting machine tools 6.6%; electric motors 4.6%;
television sets 6.2%; refrigerators and freezers 5.4%; other production
includes petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture making,
textiles, food processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical
equipment, electronic components, computers, and amber
Agriculture:
employs 29% of labor force; sugar, grain, potatoes, sugarbeets, vegetables,
meat, milk, dairy products, eggs, and fish; most developed are the livestock
and dairy branches - these depend on imported grain; Lithuania is a net
exporter of meat, milk, and eggs
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to
Western Europe
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million;
Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million
Currency:
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency but planning early introduction
of ``litas''
Exchange rates:
NA
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Lithuania Communications
Railroads:
2,010 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines
(1990)
Highways:
44,200 km total (1990); 35,500 km hard surfaced, 8,700 km earth
Inland waterways:
600 km perennially navigable
Pipelines:
NA
Ports:
maritime - Klaipeda; inland - Kaunas
Merchant marine:
66 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 268,854 GRT/315,690 DWT; includes 27
cargo, 24 timber carrier, 1 container, 3 railcar carrier, 11 combination
bulk
Civil air:
NA
Airports:
NA
Telecommunications:
better developed than in most other former USSR republics; 22.4 telephones
per 100 persons; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 26 FM, 1 SW, 1 LW, 3 TV;
landlines or microwave to former USSR republics; leased connection to the
Moscow international switch for traffic with other countries; satellite
earth stations - (8 channels to Norway)
:Lithuania Defense Forces
Branches:
Ground Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops),
National Guard/Volunteers; Russian Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, and Air
Defense)
Manpower availability:
NA
:Luxembourg Geography
Total area:
2,586 km
Land area:
2,586 km
Comparative area:
slightly smaller than Rhode Island
Land boundaries:
359 km; Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km
Coastline:
none - landlocked
Maritime claims:
none - landlocked
Disputes:
none
Climate:
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Terrain:
mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to
slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle floodplain in
the southeast
Natural resources:
iron ore (no longer exploited)
Land use:
arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and
woodland 21%; other 34%
Environment:
deforestation
Note:
landlocked
:Luxembourg People
Population:
392,405 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992)
Birth rate:
12 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
7 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
73 years male, 80 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
1.6 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Luxembourger(s); adjective - Luxembourg
Ethnic divisions:
Celtic base, with French and German blend; also guest and worker residents
from Portugal, Italy, and European countries
Religions:
Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3%
Languages:
Luxembourgisch, German, French; many also speak English
Literacy:
100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)
Labor force:
177,300; one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly from Portugal,
Italy, France, Belgium, and FRG; services 65%, industry 31.6%, agriculture
3.4% (1988)
Organized labor:
100,000 (est.) members of four confederated trade unions
:Luxembourg Government
Long-form name:
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Type:
constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Luxembourg
Administrative divisions:
3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg
Independence:
1839
Constitution:
17 October 1868, occasional revisions
Legal system:
based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
National Day (public celebration of the Grand Duke's birthday), 23 June
(1921)
Executive branch:
grand duke, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of Ministers
(cabinet)
Legislative branch:
unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes); note - the Council of
State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory body whose views are considered by the
Chamber of Deputies
Judicial branch:
Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de Justice)
Leaders:
Chief of State:
Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964); Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of
Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July 1984); Vice Prime Minister
Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984)
Political parties and leaders:
Christian Social Party (CSV), Jacques SANTER; Socialist Workers Party
(LSAP), Jacques POOS; Liberal (DP), Colette FLESCH; Communist (KPL), Andre
HOFFMANN; Green Alternative (GAP), Jean HUSS
Suffrage:
universal and compulsory at age 18
Elections:
Chamber of Deputies:
last held on 18 June 1989 (next to be held by June 1994); results - CSV
31.7%, LSAP 27.2%, DP 16.2%, Greens 8.4%, PAC 7.3%, KPL 5.1%, other 4.1%;
seats - (60 total) CSV 22, LSAP 18, DP 11, Greens 4, PAC 4, KPL 1
Other political or pressure groups:
group of steel industries representing iron and steel industry, Centrale
Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor
unions; Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation
Member of:
ACCT, Australia Group, Benelux, CCC, CE, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB,
EMS, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG,
OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Alphonse BERNS; Chancery at 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-4171; there are Luxembourg
Consulates General in New York and San Francisco
:Luxembourg Government
US:
Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL; Embassy at 22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, 2535
Luxembourg City; PSC 11 (mailing address is APO AE 09132-5380); telephone
[352] 460123; FAX [352] 461401
Flag:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to
the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; design
was based on the flag of France
:Luxembourg Economy
Overview:
The stable economy features moderate growth, low inflation, and negligible
unemployment. Agriculture is based on small but highly productive
family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until recently dominated by
steel, has become increasingly more diversified, particularly toward
high-technology firms. During the past decade, growth in the financial
sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Services,
especially banking, account for a growing proportion of the economy.
Luxembourg participates in an economic union with Belgium on trade and most
financial matters and is also closely connected economically to the
Netherlands.
GDP:
purchasing power equivalent - $7.83 billion, per capita $20,200; real growth
rate 2.5% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.7% (1990)
Unemployment rate:
1.3% (1990)
Budget:
revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion, including capital
expenditures of NA (1988)
Exports:
$6.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
commodities:
finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass, aluminum, other
industrial products
partners:
EC 75%, US 5%
Imports:
$7.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
commodities:
minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods
partners:
Belgium 37%, FRG 31%, France 12%, US 2%
External debt:
$131.6 million (1989 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate - 0.5% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDP
Electricity:
1,500,000 kW capacity; 1,163 million kWh produced, 3,170 kWh per capita
(1991)
Industries:
banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal products,
engineering, tires, glass, aluminum
Agriculture:
accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry); principal products -
barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes; cattle raising
widespread
Economic aid:
none
Currency:
Luxembourg franc (plural - francs); 1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1 - 32.462 (January 1992), 34.148 (1991),
33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987); note - the
Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates freely
in Luxembourg
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Luxembourg Communications